Broken Symmetries and Transport in Holography

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Broken Symmetries and Transport in Holography Broken Symmetries and Transport in Holography Memoria de Tesis Doctoral realizada por Amadeo Jim´enez presentada ante el Departamento de F´ısicaTe´orica de la Universidad Aut´onomade Madrid para optar al T´ıtulode Doctor en F´ısicaTe´orica Tesis Doctoral dirigida por Karl Landsteiner, Investigador del Instituto de F´ısicaTe´oricaUAM/CSIC Departamento de F´ısicaTe´orica Universidad Aut´onomade Madrid Instituto de F´ısicaTe´orica UAM/CSIC Marzo de 2015 Agradecimientos Por suerte tengo mucho que agradecer. En primer lugar quiero expresar mi gratitud a Karl, que ha iluminado mi odisea a trav´esde la ocuridad hologr´afica. Por su infinita paciencia y su buen humor. Por estar siempre dispuesto a discutir y ayudarme a comprender. Realmente ha sido un placer y un honor. Gracias por ponerme en el camino en el que estoy. He tenido la suerte de coincidir con Luis, mi \hermano" de tesis, a lo largo de este viaje. Gracias por explicarme tantas cosas. Estoy convencido de que no hubiera llegado hasta aqu´ısin tu ayuda. No olvidar´elas conversaciones de f´ısicay de no f´ısicacon Dani, Diego, Javi, Jo~ao, Mateo y Pablo d´ıatras d´ıa.Ojal´ase repitan. Querr´ıatambien mencionar a algunos profesores con los que he tenido la oportunidad de conversar y que me han iluminado e inspirado especialmente: Ho-Ung, Ioannis y Pepe. No me olvido de mis amigos de siempre: Bad´ıa, Blanco, Charlie, Hector, Jaime, Juan y Tupi. Con vosotros la vida es mejor. Hay un lugar especial aqu´ıpara Irene, el gusano que me ha acompa~nadoy soportado en esta maravillosa etapa de mi vida. Gracias por ense~narmelo bueno que puede ser el mundo. Por ´ultimoagradecer a mis incondicionales, mis padres Amadeo y Susana y mi hermano V´ıctor.Soy vuestro. Contents 1 Introducci´on1 Part I: Background7 2 Breaking Symmetries with the Vacuum7 2.1 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking........................7 2.2 Counting Nambu-Goldstone Bosons...................... 10 3 Breaking symmetries with ~ 13 3.1 Anomalies..................................... 13 3.2 Adler-Bardeen theorem............................. 16 3.3 Covariant and consistent currents........................ 18 3.4 Anomalous transport............................... 19 4 Transport 23 4.1 Hydrodynamics.................................. 23 4.2 Linear response and Kubo formulae...................... 25 4.3 Landau: Symmemtry breaking & Phase transitions.............. 29 4.4 Superfluid hydrodynamics: The phenomenological model........... 31 5 Holography 33 5.1 Massive Scalar Field in AdS4 .......................... 35 5.2 Holographic Renormalization.......................... 36 5.3 Black Holes in holography............................ 40 Part II: Holographic Models 44 6 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking I 45 6.1 Spontaneous symmetry breaking in holography................ 48 6.2 A field theoretical model with type II Goldstone boson............ 50 6.3 SSB in Holography with TypeII NG-Bosons: The ungauged model..... 53 6.4 SSB in Holography with TypeII NG-Bosons: The gauged model....... 63 6.5 Discussion..................................... 78 7 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking II 81 7.1 The Landau criterion............................... 83 7.2 The U(2) superfluid with superflow....................... 85 7.3 Landau criterion for the U(1) sector...................... 90 7.4 Landau criterion for holographic Type II Goldstone bosons......... 96 7.5 Discussion..................................... 99 8 Spontaneous + Explicit Symmetry Breaking 101 8.1 The s+p-wave holographic superconductor................... 103 8.2 Unbalanced Superconductors.......................... 106 8.3 Discussion..................................... 108 9 Anomalies 109 9.1 Chiral anomalies with external gauge fields in holography.......... 111 9.2 Holographic St¨uckelberg mechanism with a U(1) Gauge Field........ 113 9.3 The St¨uckelberg U(1)xU(1) model....................... 120 9.4 Discussion..................................... 130 10 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking & Anomalies 133 10.1 Broken Anomalous symmetry.......................... 137 10.2 Model with axial and vector currents...................... 142 10.3 Discussion..................................... 147 11 Conclusiones 153 A Appendices 157 A.1 Matrix valued Kramers-Kronig relation.................... 157 A.2 Solving the fluctuation equations........................ 159 A.3 Fluctuation equations in the (0) − (3) sector.................. 160 A.4 Fluctuation equations in the (1) − (2) sector.................. 161 A.5 Holographic Renormalization.......................... 163 A.6 Correlators in the U(1) model.......................... 167 A.7 Correlators in the U(1)xU(1) model...................... 170 A.8 U(1)xU(1) Model: perturbations for the CMW................ 172 A.9 Computing the Conductivities.......................... 172 A.10 Equations of Motion............................... 174 Bibliography 179 1 Introducci´on Los tres pilares principales de esta tesis se encuentran en el t´ıtulo. El primer concepto que en ´elencontramos es el de simetr´ıaso, m´asconcretamente, el de simetr´ıasrotas. En f´ısica,la siemtr´ıaha sido una herramienta de gran utilidad desde tiempos inmemoriales. La definici´onmatem´atica de simetr´ıaes \invariancia bajo una transformaci´on".Esta idea aparentemente simple esconde una vasta cantidad de profundas implicaciones en nuestra manera de entender la naturaleza. Tal es as´ıque el teorema de Noether (que establece la existencia de corrientes conservadas en base al contenido de simetr´ıasde la teor´ıa)se conoce como el teorema principal de la f´ısicate´orica.Sin embargo, en esta tesis, no son exactamente las simetr´ıassino sus versiones rotas lo que nos interesa. No solo en f´ısica, la idea de simetr´ıarota hace referencia a una simetr´ıaque hab´ıaantes y que de alg´un modo ya no hay. Sin embargo se entiende que debe haber cierta memoria, cierto rema- nente de dicha simetr´ıaausente: una simetr´ıarota no es lo mismo que la ausencia total de simetr´ıa.Para nosotros los restos de una simetr´ıapueden ser de igual o m´asvalor que la propa simetr´ıaen si misma. En este sentido los f´ısicossomos m´asafortunados que otros. La segunda noci´onb´asica de este trabajo es la de transporte. De nuevo, el signifi- cado que tiene esta palabra para la f´ısicano dista mucho del que tiene para todo el mundo: transportar algo significa moverlo de un sitio a otro. A pesar de que los seres humanos han transportado cosas durante miles de aos, la importancia de este concepto aument´o dram´aticamente con la revoluci´onindustrial y el desarrollo de la termodin´amica: la necesi- dad de un a descripcion concisa de sistemas de muchos cuerpos dio lugar a los conceptos de transporte de energ´ıa,part´ıculasetc... A pesar de lo antiguo de estos conceptos, aun queda mucho por descubrir. Cada d´ıase descubren nuevos materiales con propiedades fascinantes: Los superconductores de alta temperatura siguen siendo un misterio desde el punto de vista te´orico.EL grafeno promete revolucionar nuestras vidas con sus extremas propiedades. Los fen´omenosde transporte no disipativos esperan a la vuelta de la esquina. Sin duda, es una ´epoca interesante en lo que se refiere a los fen´omenosde transporte. A pesar de esto, una tesis sobre la relaci´onentre transporte y simetr´ıaser´ıam´aspropia de mediados del siglo XX. Es precisamente el tercer (y m´asex´otico)concepto que aparece en el t´ıtuloel que nos trae de vuelta al siglo XXI. Holograf´ıa,la dualidad gauge/gravedad o simplemente AdS/CFT es una idea surgida hace menos de veinte aos y que ha abierto un puerta de gran inter´esy profundidad para la f´ısica te´orica. Esta dualidad relaciona teor´ıasgauge en acoplo fuerte con teor´ıasde gravedad en acoplo d´ebily viceversa. Su descubriemiento tuvo y sigue teniendo un fuerte impacto en la comunidad cient´ıfica. Por un lado, la conexi´onentre teor´ıasde gravedad 1 Chapter 1. Introducci´on y teor´ıasgauge es una de las m´asimpresionantes y sugestivas que uno pueda imaginar dentro del campo de la f´ısicate´orica. Lo que este inesperado matrimonio intenta decirnos no ha sido comprendido completamente a´un.Por otro lado, la dualidad nos brinda una oportunidad ´unicapara desarrollar las herrmaientas adecuadas para estudiar sistemas en acoplo fuerte, uno de los problemas abiertos en la f´ısicade las ´ultimasd´ecadas. Obtener una comprensi´onm´asprofunda sobre la relaci´onde estos conceptos es el objetivo de esta tesis. A lo largo de los siguientes cap´ıtulosse presenta un estudio de varios modelos, con ´enfasisen sus fen´omenosde transporte desde el punto de vista hologr´afico. Para ello el concepto de simetr´ıaser´anuestra herrmienta principal e indispensable. Por ello, comprender c´omoesta se manifiesta en la dualidad es de vital importancia. La tesis est´aorganizada del siguiente modo. En la primera parte revisamos los conceptos anteriormente mencionados: Ruptura de simet´ıaen las seciones2-3, transporte en la seci´on4 y holograf´ıaen la secci´on5. Estos repasos se hacen con el fin de servir como recordatorio de los conceptos m´asb´asicos, haciendo ´enfaissen las ideas que aparecen en nuestros modelos hologr´aficos. En el cap´ıtulo2 introducimos el concepto de ruptura espont´aneade simetr´ıa. En la secci´on 2.2 presentamos el teorema de Goldstone y sus extensiones. Este cap´ıtuloest´a basado en [1,2]. En el cap´ıtulo2 revisamos la idea de anomal´ıas, invluyendo la derivaci´onde integral de camino, el teorema de no renormalizaci´ony algunos apuntes sobre las definiciones covariante y consistente de las anomal´ıas. Adem´asse incluye una introducci´ona los fen´omenosde
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