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Natural History Notes on the Pale-Throated Serra- Finch (Embernagra Longicauda) in Eastern Brazil

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Natural History Notes on the Pale-Throated Serra- Finch (Embernagra Longicauda) in Eastern Brazil ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 20: 597–607, 2009 © The Neotropical Ornithological Society NATURAL HISTORY NOTES ON THE PALE-THROATED SERRA- FINCH (EMBERNAGRA LONGICAUDA) IN EASTERN BRAZIL Diego Hoffmann1, Leonardo Esteves Lopes1, & Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos1,2 1Departamento de Zoologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany. Resumo. – Notas de história natural sobre o Tibirro-rupestre (Embernagra longicauda) no leste do Brasil. – O Tibirro-rupestre (Embernagra longicauda) é restrito às serras e chapadas do leste do Bra- sil e quase nada se conhece sobre sua história de vida. Nós apresentamos, pela primeira vez, descrições detalhadas de seu ninho, ovos, ninhegos, dieta, padrão de muda, massa corporal e habitat. O ninho é um cesto grande apoiado pela base e construído principalmente com folhas e colmos de cap- ins. A espécie é onívora, sendo sua dieta composta predominantemente por artrópodes e frutos carno- sos, com menor representatividade de sementes secas. Uma muda completa ocorre entre março–abril, após o período reprodutivo. Com relação a seu estado de conservação, o Tibirro-rupestre pode ser clas- sificado como fora de risco. Abstract. – The Pale-throated Serra-finch (Embernagra longicauda) is restricted to the mountains and plateaus of eastern Brazil and almost nothing is known about its life history. Here, we present for the first time detailed descriptions of its nest, eggs, nestlings, diet, molt pattern, body mass, and habitat. The nest is a large cup supported from its bottom and constructed mainly with grass culms and leaves. The spe- cies is omnivorous, its diet is composed predominantly of arthropods and fleshy fruits, with a small com- ponent of dry seeds. A complete molt occurs during March–April, after the reproductive season. The conservation status of the Pale-throated Serra-finch may be classified as lower risk – least concern. Accepted 27 October 2009. Key words: Embernagra longicauda, Pale-throated Serra-finch, nest, egg, molt, diet, body mass, Brazil. INTRODUCTION the mountain tops of the Espinhaço Range (Carnevalli 1982, Mattos & Sick 1985). The Pale-throated Serra-finch (Embernagra Further studies also revealed isolated popula- longicauda) was described based on two tions along the Rio Doce river basin specimens from South America (unspecified (Machado et al. 1998, Vasconcelos 2000, Alves locality) (Strickland 1844, Benson 1999), et al. 2009) and in the Serra do Caparaó high- and was only rediscovered more than one lands (Vasconcelos 2003, 2008, Vasconcelos et century later (O’Brien 1968). Subsequently, al. 2003). several authors found this species to be sur- The biology of the Pale-throated Serra- prisingly common in the state of Minas finch is still poorly known, and just some Gerais, southeastern Brazil, particularly in anecdotal information on its habitat (Mattos 597 HOFFMANN ET AL. & Sick 1985, Vasconcelos 2000, 2001) and Fieldwork in PESRM was non-systematic behavior (Freitas & Rodrigues 2008) were and conducted during a study of the biology already reported. Also, a brief nest description of the Gray-backed Tachuri (Polystictus super- (Mattos & Sick 1985) and nestling and juve- ciliaris) (Hoffmann 2006, Hoffmann et al. nile descriptions (Vasconcelos & Silva 2003, 2007). Aiming to precise the reproductive Freitas et al. 2009) were published. Aiming to period of the Pale-throated Serra-finch, we fill this gap, we present, for the first time, a closely inspected 46 skins of this species detailed description of nests, eggs, nestlings, collected in the state of Minas Gerais and diet, molt, and body mass of the Pale- housed in the ornithological collection of throated Serra-finch, also presenting some the Department of Zoology of the Univer- information on habitat use and conservation sidade Federal de Minas Gerais (DZUFMG), of this species. Belo Horizonte, Brazil, looking for molt and gonad conditions. Although limited, this is by STUDY SITES AND METHODS far the largest series of this species in the world. Field observations were conducted principally We analyzed the stomach contents of 20 in the Serra do Rola Moça State Park (hereaf- specimens collected in Minas Gerais and ter PESRM), municipality of Nova Lima, from which their carcasses have been pre- Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil (20°03’S, served in alcohol. Eighteen specimens are 44°00’W, between 1300 and 1500 m a.s.l.). housed in DZUFMG and two, in the Museu The PESRM harbors an area of almost 4000 de História Natural de Taubaté (MHNT), ha in the transition zone between the Cerrado Taubaté, Brazil. Methods used for stomach and the Atlantic forest. The sampled site is contents examination follow Lopes et al. composed by a peculiar kind of vegetation (2005a). Foraging behavior is described from growing over iron ore rich soils, locally non systematic, qualitative field observations. known as “canga”, which can be subdivided Additional field observations were also con- in two types (Rizzini 1997, Vincent 2004): 1) ducted in other mountains and plateaus along “canga couraçada”, restricted to the mountain Espinhaço Range (states of Minas Gerais and tops, is a continuous and compact layer of Bahia) and in the Serra do Caparaó (in the iron ore, partially covered by rupestrian herbs boundaries of the states of Espírito Santo and and shrubs. This vegetation is especially rich Minas Gerais). in Velloziaceae, terrestrial Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae; 2) “canga nodular”, occurs on RESULTS the mountain slopes, where the iron ore out- crop is very fragmented, and grasses domi- Nests, eggs, and nestlings. The Pale-throated nate the landscape, with only small shrubs, Serra-finch becomes very secretive when especially “canelas-de-ema” (Vellozia spp., breeding and activities, such as nest construc- Velloziaceae). tion and rearing youngs are generally not per- Climate is highly seasonal, receiving formed in the presence of an observer. It is around 1350 and 1700 mm of annual rains, common to observe adult birds carrying food mainly restricted between November and or nest material on its bill for long periods March. Winter is exceptionally dry. Mean after what birds leave it on the ground with- temperatures range from 9–37°C (Mutuca out feeding the young or constructing their and Catarina Meteorological Stations, nest. This kind of behavior turns nest loca- unpubl.). tion a difficult task. 598 NATURAL HISTORY OF EMBERNAGRA LONGICAUDA We found two nests with nestlings and nest was found damaged without eggs on 25 one with eggs in PESRM. All nests were November 2008. large cups supported from its bottom and In addition to the nests found, we structurally very simple. The external surface obtained breeding records for five other pairs was composed by thicker leaves of grasses, in the PESRM: 1) adult carrying food on its while the inner chamber was represented bill on 21 and 24 October 2005. On 1 Decem- by thinner culms of grasses. Nests were not ber 2005, probably the same individual was lined or ornated on its exterior by any mate- observed feeding two juveniles; 2) adult carry- rial. ing food on its bill on 26 October 2005; 3) Nest # 1 was found on 19 November adult carrying nest material on 27 October 2005, and was constructed in a small shrub, in 2005; 4) adult carrying nest material on sev- the transitional zone between the “canga nod- eral occasions between 19 November and 2 ular” and the “canga couraçada”. The nest and 5 December 2005; 5) adult feeding juve- was 60 cm above ground, measuring (in mm): nile on 19 December 2005; 6) adult vocalizing external diameter 130, internal diameter 95, nearby a juvenile on 25 December 2008. height 100, and depth 65. This nest harbored A juvenile (DZUFMG 3326) was also col- two nestlings covered with long, grayish lected at Campina do Bananal (16º51’S, downy plumage and with closed eyes. They 43º02’W), municipality of Botumirim, on 25 were highly parasitized by botfly larvae, and January 2002. Two females (DZUFMG 4590 about 90 flies emerged from the nest after its and 4591) collected in Serra do Mascate collection. In spite of an average of 45 larvae (20º27’S, 43º55’W), municipality of Congon- per nestling, they successfully left the nest on has, on 14 November 2005, and two females 1 December 2005. (DZUFMG 5157 and 5158) collected in Nest # 2 was found on 2 December 2005, Retiro das Pedras (20º05’S, 43º59’W), munici- constructed well hidden in a grass bush, in the pality of Nova Lima, on 13 January 2006, pre- “canga nodular”. The nest was 30 cm above sented brood patches. Annual variation in ground, measuring: 145, 82, 90, and 63 (in the testicle size of 24 males deposited in same order as above). It was constructed DZUFMG indicates that breeding starts in mainly with culms and entire leaves of September, extending until February–March Paspalum scalare (Poaceae), one of the com- (Fig. 3). monest grasses in the study area. The nest harbored two nestlings with opened eyes, Diet. The Pale-throated Serra-finch hops on completely covered with pin feathers on back the ground gleaning its prey from substrate. It (Fig. 1). These nestlings left the nest on 7 also explores small shrubs, gleaning fruits and December 2005. arthropods from leaves and twigs. Higher Nest # 3 was found on 18 November perches (above 2 m) are generally used only 2008, c. 50 cm above ground, among for singing. This species is omnivorous, branches of a shrub of Mimosa calodendron ingesting mainly arthropods and fleshy fruits, (Leguminosae) in the “canga couraçada”. This with a small component of dry seeds (Fig. 4). nest could not be measured but it contained Formicidae, Isoptera, and Coleoptera were two eggs measuring (in mm): 25.0 x 18.9 and commonly ingested, corresponding to 96% of 25.6 x 18.9.
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