Digital Program

Thomas Leedy NIST Advanced Technology Program

THIC - Oct. 1996 Need for Data Storage Focused Program

Two Themes:

Audio, video, and graphical information is  being converted from analog formats to digital formats to meet massive information demands.

 Digital document storage and retrieval is big business ... but traditional ways of doing data storage R&D in US won’t be adequate to meet market needs.

THIC - Oct. 1996 NIST Laboratory Support to ATP Projects

Picture of Kodak Camera CD-ROM here

THIC - Oct. 1996 NIST Laboratory Support to ATP Projects

Picture of Kodak camera being used to photograph a vandalism.

THIC - Oct. 1996 Data Storage Parameters are Multidimensional

Access Time (milliseconds to first byte) Data Rate (MB/s) Media Cost ($/GB)

Read/Write or WORM

System Cost Capacity ($) (GB)

THIC - Oct. 1996 Trends in Market - Worldwide

60

40 Petabytes/Yr 20 Source: National Storage Cost / Megabyte ($) Industry Consortium 0 “The U.S. Recording 86 Industry” 88 Revenue ($B) 90 92 Note: Petabyte = 94 1000 Terabytes Year 96

Note: Not all data for all years available; some data points interpolated THIC - Oct. 1996 The Storage Market - Worldwide Petabytes Shipped

3000

2500

2000

1500

Data for 1995, actual; 1000 remainder, estimated

500 Source: International 0 Data 1995 '96 '97 '98 '99 2000 Corporation Year

THIC - Oct. 1996 Current U.S. Products in Markets Affected by Digital Data Storage

ENTERTAINMENT EDUCATION

INFORMATION PROCESSING HEALTH-CARE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS

DATA STORAGE DEVICES STORAGE MEDIA THIC - Oct. 1996 Digital Data Storage: Examples of Present and Future Markets Users are asking for higher capacity and higher performance:

◆ Entertainment: – Time Warner: Move photos on-line with an initial 500 gigabyte database; scheduled to grow to over 2 terabyte in a year for a 10 terabyte ultimate size. ◆ Scientific: – Shell Oil has seismic data on 900,000 cartridges and one million reels of stored data.

THIC - Oct. 1996 Digital Data Storage: Examples of Present and Future Markets

◆ Commercial Transactions: – Wal-Mart: 6 terabyte data warehouse storing all POS transactions; growing 30%/year. – Pacific Bell: records 200 million-plus daily phone calls in a database of more than 5 terabytes. ◆ Human Services: – State of Wisconsin: 350 gigabyte database for 5 million people.

THIC - Oct. 1996 History of ATP Focused Program in Digital Data Storage

General Competition Projects Establishes Industrial Interest‘White Papers’ ReceivedDigital DataDigital Storage Data Workshop Storage from Industry Program CompetitionChosenProject Held Work Starts ‘90 ‘91 ‘92 ‘93 ‘94 ‘95 ‘96 Year

THIC - Oct. 1996 Program Scope

◆ To address specific technical barriers in optical and magnetic data storage: – Optical: e.g.: new light sources; improved performance for optical tape – Magnetic: e.g.: new heads to achieve a 10 to 100 times in areal data density ◆ To develop integrated systems solutions for diverse data storage applications.

THIC - Oct. 1996 Technical Goals

◆ Magnetic Recording: ◆ Optical Recording: – Magnetic modeling – Waveguide-based and analysis optoelectronics – New materials for new – Integrated optical magnetoresistive heads heads – Microtribology – Blue-sensitive super- – Advanced tape resolving storage mechanics media – Magnetic metrology – Multi-channel and imaging modulation and error correction coding

THIC - Oct. 1996 ATP Projects in Data Storage

◆ From the General Competitions: – A High-Density and High-Speed Read-Only Optical Data Storage System -- (SA) Calimetrics – Electron-Trapping Optical Memory for Digital Recording Applications - - (SA) Optex Communications Corporation – Short-Wavelength Sources for Optical Recording -- (JV) National Storage Industry Consortium (NSIC) (Lead) with Carnegie Mellon University, Eastman Kodak Company, IBM Corporation, and Uniphase, Inc. – Ultra-High Density Magnetic Recording Heads -- National Storage Industry Consortium (NSIC) (Lead) with Applied Magnetics Corporation, Carnegie Mellon University, Censtor Corporation, Digital Equipment Corporation, Eastman Kodak Company, George Washington University, Hewlett Packard Company, IBM, Quantum Corporation, Read-Rite Corporation, Seagate Technology, Stanford University, University of Alabama, University of California, San Diego, University of Minnesota, and Washington University.

THIC - Oct. 1996 ATP Projects in Data Storage - (continued)

◆ From the Focused Competition: – A Revolutionary, High-Density, High-Speed, Low-Cost Optical Information Storage Technology -- (SA) Optex Communications Corporation – Digital via Ultrahigh-Performance Optical Using a Short-Wavelength Laser -- (SA) LOTS Technology, Inc.. – Technology Development for Optical-Tape-Based Rapid Access Affordable Mass Storage (TRAAMS) -- (JV) Terabank Systems, Inc. (Lead) and Carnegie Mellon University, Energy Conversion Devices, Motorola, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Polaroid Corporation, University of Arizona. – Ultrahigh-Capacity Optical Disk: Multilayer Short-Wavelength Write- Once and Erasable Optical Disk Recording System -- (JV) National Storage Industry Consortium (NSIC) (Lead) and Eastman Kodak, SDL, and Carnegie Mellon University. – Enhanced Rigid Disk Drive Technology: High Resonance Suspension - - (SA) Hutchinson Technology, Inc. – High-Performance, Variable-Data-Rate, Multimedia Recorder -- (JV) Imation (spinoff of 3M) (Lead) , 3M (original company), and Seagate Tape Technology Inc.

THIC - Oct. 1996 ATP Competition 95-03: Digital Data Storage

(Total Number of Awards: 6) (Total Amount Awarded: $28 M) UNIVERSITY PARTICIPATION

Joint Venture Participants Subcontractors Number of Award with University Participation 23 Number of Universities 38 ATP Funding 2,637 2,952 Amount, $K Participating Carnegie Mellon U. (2 awards) Arizona State U. Universities U. of Arizona Carnegie Mellon U. (2 awards) Ohio State U. Stanford U. University of Alabama University of California University of Minnesota THIC - Oct. 1996 Methodologies

Recording Media Calimetrics, LOTS Technology Optex Error NSIC/Ultra High Capacity Optical Disk Detection/Correction Terabank Systems / TRAAMS

Tribology NSIC Heads Project 3M Magnetic Tape Recorder Materials Science NSIC Heads Project NSIC Short Wavelength Source Advanced Mechanical Design Hutchinson Technology LOTS Technology Systems Integration NSIC/Ultra High Capacity Optical Disk Terabank Systems / TRAAMS THIC - Oct. 1996 Speed/Capacity of Digital Data Storage Projects

TRAAMS (Optical Tape)

100 LOTS Optex Communications Technology (Electron Trapping)

Present Hard- Disk Technology NSIC (Optical 10 Disk) 3M (Linear Magnetic Tape) Hutchinson Technology (Suspension Improvements 1 for Hard Disk Drives) 1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 Megabytes Gigabytes Terabytes Transfer Rate (Megabytes/second) Transfer Capacity THIC - Oct. 1996 Present-Day Storage Performance

100

Present Hard- Tape Back-up Disk Technology Systems 10

Present Optical Tape Systems CD-ROM 1 1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 Megabytes Gigabytes Terabytes Transfer Rate (Megabytes/second) Transfer Capacity THIC - Oct. 1996 Performance / Cost for Different Applications

High

Motion Picture Medical Imaging Consumer Photography Performance and Commercial Photography Requirements Multimedia File Size Business Games Reliability Business Time to First data On-Line etc. Video on Demand Home Computing Low Extreme Modest COST REQUIREMENTS Cost Cost Sensitivity Sensitivity

THIC - Oct. 1996 NIST Laboratory Support to ATP Projects

◆ Magnetic Materials and Measurements – Materials and basic physics of GMR and spin valve sensors (CSTL - NSIC/HEADS). – Precision magnetic measurements and imaging (PL - 3M Variable Data Rate Tape Recorder). ◆ Reliability Issues – Thin-film reliability issues (electromigration) (EEEL - NSIC/HEADS). – New lubrication systems for use between heads and data media (tribology studies) (MSEL - NSIC/HEADS Project). ◆ Standards – Standards that promote interoperation of data storage systems (ITL - LOTS Technology).

THIC - Oct. 1996 NIST Laboratory Support to ATP Projects

Picture of Bill Egelhoff and his GMR apparatus here.

THIC - Oct. 1996 Early Successes - LOTS Technology

Data written on optical tape 0.7 µm

Written line 0.7 micrometers wide at 3 meters/s

8X Magnification of written line, above

THIC - Oct. 1996 Early Successes - NSIC / HEADS Project

Fundamental Understanding of GMR Physics

Advanced Models for Prediction of I I Performance

Microfabrication Methods Developed

THIC - Oct. 1996 Early Successes - NSIC / Ultra High Capacity Optical Disk

101100010101011100010 101100010101011100010 Forward 101010101010100010101010 101010101010100010101010 Processor 0101010101010101010 0101010101010101010 Equalizer

EDAC

Significant Progress Toward Modeling Bit Error Rate Using Partial Response Schemes

New Methods of Testing for High Performance MO or WORM Channels

THIC - Oct. 1996 New Industry Directions

◆ The National Storage Industry Consortium launched new emphasis on the business aspects of the data storage industry. – extended membership to suppliers and customers of data storage devices – featured promising future applications – facilitated networking among firms

THIC - Oct. 1996 New Industry Directions

◆ National Media Laboratory (NML) provides center for activity for pooling resources and knowledge to advance new optical tape technologies. – LOTS and Terabank projects start dialog with NML on stability of optical tape as archival media ◆ American Association of Information Management (AIIM) starts standards activity devoted to . – industry standards will be needed to lower technical and non- technical barriers to system integration of optical storage

THIC - Oct. 1996