Digital Data Storage Program Thomas Leedy NIST Advanced Technology Program THIC - Oct. 1996 Need for Data Storage Focused Program Two Themes: Audio, video, and graphical information is being converted from analog formats to digital formats to meet massive information demands. Digital document storage and retrieval is big business ... but traditional ways of doing data storage R&D in US won’t be adequate to meet market needs. THIC - Oct. 1996 NIST Laboratory Support to ATP Projects Picture of Kodak Camera CD-ROM here THIC - Oct. 1996 NIST Laboratory Support to ATP Projects Picture of Kodak camera being used to photograph a vandalism. THIC - Oct. 1996 Data Storage Parameters are Multidimensional Access Time (milliseconds to first byte) Data Rate (MB/s) Media Cost ($/GB) Read/Write or WORM System Cost Capacity ($) (GB) THIC - Oct. 1996 Trends in Hard Disk Drive Market - Worldwide 60 40 Petabytes/Yr 20 Source: National Storage Cost / Megabyte ($) Industry Consortium 0 “The U.S. Recording 86 Industry” 88 Revenue ($B) 90 92 Note: Petabyte = 94 1000 Terabytes Year 96 Note: Not all data for all years available; some data points interpolated THIC - Oct. 1996 The Computer Storage Market - Worldwide Petabytes Shipped 3000 2500 2000 1500 Data for 1995, actual; 1000 remainder, estimated 500 Source: International 0 Data 1995 '96 '97 '98 '99 2000 Corporation Year THIC - Oct. 1996 Current U.S. Products in Markets Affected by Digital Data Storage ENTERTAINMENT EDUCATION INFORMATION PROCESSING HEALTH-CARE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS DATA STORAGE DEVICES STORAGE MEDIA THIC - Oct. 1996 Digital Data Storage: Examples of Present and Future Markets Users are asking for higher capacity and higher performance: ◆ Entertainment: – Time Warner: Move photos on-line with an initial 500 gigabyte database; scheduled to grow to over 2 terabyte in a year for a 10 terabyte ultimate size. ◆ Scientific: – Shell Oil has seismic data on 900,000 cartridges and one million reels of stored data. THIC - Oct. 1996 Digital Data Storage: Examples of Present and Future Markets ◆ Commercial Transactions: – Wal-Mart: 6 terabyte data warehouse storing all POS transactions; growing 30%/year. – Pacific Bell: records 200 million-plus daily phone calls in a database of more than 5 terabytes. ◆ Human Services: – State of Wisconsin: 350 gigabyte database for 5 million people. THIC - Oct. 1996 History of ATP Focused Program in Digital Data Storage ‘90 ‘91 General ‘92 Competition ‘93 ‘94 ‘95Projects ‘96 Establishes Industrial Interest ‘White Papers’ Received from Industry Digital Data Storage Workshop Year Digital Data Storage Program Chosen Competition Held Project Work Starts THIC - Oct. 1996 Program Scope ◆ To address specific technical barriers in optical and magnetic data storage: – Optical: e.g.: new light sources; improved performance for optical tape – Magnetic: e.g.: new heads to achieve a 10 to 100 times in areal data density ◆ To develop integrated systems solutions for diverse data storage applications. THIC - Oct. 1996 Technical Goals ◆ Magnetic Recording: ◆ Optical Recording: – Magnetic modeling – Waveguide-based and analysis optoelectronics – New materials for new – Integrated optical magnetoresistive heads heads – Microtribology – Blue-sensitive super- – Advanced tape resolving storage mechanics media – Magnetic metrology – Multi-channel and imaging modulation and error correction coding THIC - Oct. 1996 ATP Projects in Data Storage ◆ From the General Competitions: – A High-Density and High-Speed Read-Only Optical Data Storage System -- (SA) Calimetrics – Electron-Trapping Optical Memory for Digital Recording Applications - - (SA) Optex Communications Corporation – Short-Wavelength Sources for Optical Recording -- (JV) National Storage Industry Consortium (NSIC) (Lead) with Carnegie Mellon University, Eastman Kodak Company, IBM Corporation, and Uniphase, Inc. – Ultra-High Density Magnetic Recording Heads -- National Storage Industry Consortium (NSIC) (Lead) with Applied Magnetics Corporation, Carnegie Mellon University, Censtor Corporation, Digital Equipment Corporation, Eastman Kodak Company, George Washington University, Hewlett Packard Company, IBM, Quantum Corporation, Read-Rite Corporation, Seagate Technology, Stanford University, University of Alabama, University of California, San Diego, University of Minnesota, and Washington University. THIC - Oct. 1996 ATP Projects in Data Storage - (continued) ◆ From the Focused Competition: – A Revolutionary, High-Density, High-Speed, Low-Cost Optical Information Storage Technology -- (SA) Optex Communications Corporation – Digital Data Storage Technology via Ultrahigh-Performance Optical Tape Drive Using a Short-Wavelength Laser -- (SA) LOTS Technology, Inc.. – Technology Development for Optical-Tape-Based Rapid Access Affordable Mass Storage (TRAAMS) -- (JV) Terabank Systems, Inc. (Lead) and Carnegie Mellon University, Energy Conversion Devices, Motorola, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Polaroid Corporation, University of Arizona. – Ultrahigh-Capacity Optical Disk: Multilayer Short-Wavelength Write- Once and Erasable Optical Disk Recording System -- (JV) National Storage Industry Consortium (NSIC) (Lead) and Eastman Kodak, SDL, and Carnegie Mellon University. – Enhanced Rigid Disk Drive Technology: High Resonance Suspension - - (SA) Hutchinson Technology, Inc. – High-Performance, Variable-Data-Rate, Multimedia Magnetic Tape Recorder -- (JV) Imation (spinoff of 3M) (Lead) , 3M (original company), and Seagate Tape Technology Inc. THIC - Oct. 1996 ATP Competition 95-03: Digital Data Storage (Total Number of Awards: 6) (Total Amount Awarded: $28 M) UNIVERSITY PARTICIPATION Joint Venture Participants Subcontractors Number of Award with University Participation 23 Number of Universities 38 ATP Funding 2,637 2,952 Amount, $K Participating Carnegie Mellon U. (2 awards) Arizona State U. Universities U. of Arizona Carnegie Mellon U. (2 awards) Ohio State U. Stanford U. University of Alabama University of California University of Minnesota THIC - Oct. 1996 Methodologies Recording Media Calimetrics, LOTS Technology Optex Error NSIC/Ultra High Capacity Optical Disk Detection/Correction Terabank Systems / TRAAMS Tribology NSIC Heads Project 3M Magnetic Tape Recorder Materials Science NSIC Heads Project NSIC Short Wavelength Source Advanced Mechanical Design Hutchinson Technology LOTS Technology Systems Integration NSIC/Ultra High Capacity Optical Disk Terabank Systems / TRAAMS THIC - Oct. 1996 Speed/Capacity of Digital Data Storage Projects TRAAMS (Optical Tape) 100 LOTS Optex Communications Technology (Electron Trapping) Present Hard- Disk Technology NSIC (Optical 10 Disk) 3M (Linear Magnetic Tape) Hutchinson Technology (Suspension Improvements 1 for Hard Disk Drives) 1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 Megabytes Gigabytes Terabytes Transfer Rate (Megabytes/second) Transfer Capacity THIC - Oct. 1996 Present-Day Storage Performance 100 Present Hard- Tape Back-up Disk Technology Systems 10 Present Optical Tape Systems CD-ROM 1 1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 Megabytes Gigabytes Terabytes Transfer Rate (Megabytes/second) Transfer Capacity THIC - Oct. 1996 Performance / Cost for Different Applications High Motion Picture Medical Imaging Consumer Photography Performance and Commercial Photography Requirements Multimedia File Size Business Games Reliability Business Time to First data On-Line etc. Video on Demand Home Computing Low Extreme Modest COST REQUIREMENTS Cost Cost Sensitivity Sensitivity THIC - Oct. 1996 NIST Laboratory Support to ATP Projects ◆ Magnetic Materials and Measurements – Materials and basic physics of GMR and spin valve sensors (CSTL - NSIC/HEADS). – Precision magnetic measurements and imaging (PL - 3M Variable Data Rate Tape Recorder). ◆ Reliability Issues – Thin-film reliability issues (electromigration) (EEEL - NSIC/HEADS). – New lubrication systems for use between heads and data media (tribology studies) (MSEL - NSIC/HEADS Project). ◆ Standards – Standards that promote interoperation of data storage systems (ITL - LOTS Technology). THIC - Oct. 1996 NIST Laboratory Support to ATP Projects Picture of Bill Egelhoff and his GMR apparatus here. THIC - Oct. 1996 Early Successes - LOTS Technology Data written on optical tape 0.7 µm Written line 0.7 micrometers wide at 3 meters/s 8X Magnification of written line, above THIC - Oct. 1996 Early Successes - NSIC / HEADS Project Fundamental Understanding of GMR Physics Advanced Models for Prediction of I I Performance Microfabrication Methods Developed THIC - Oct. 1996 Early Successes - NSIC / Ultra High Capacity Optical Disk 101100010101011100010 101100010101011100010 Forward 101010101010100010101010 101010101010100010101010 Processor 0101010101010101010 0101010101010101010 Equalizer EDAC Significant Progress Toward Modeling Bit Error Rate Using Partial Response Schemes New Methods of Testing for High Performance MO or WORM Channels THIC - Oct. 1996 New Industry Directions ◆ The National Storage Industry Consortium launched new emphasis on the business aspects of the data storage industry. – extended membership to suppliers and customers of data storage devices – featured promising future applications – facilitated networking among firms THIC - Oct. 1996 New Industry Directions ◆ National Media Laboratory (NML) provides center for activity for pooling resources and knowledge to advance new optical tape technologies. – LOTS and Terabank projects start dialog with NML on stability of optical tape as archival media ◆ American Association of Information Management (AIIM) starts standards activity devoted to optical storage. – industry standards will be needed to lower technical and non- technical barriers to system integration of optical storage THIC - Oct. 1996.