Standard Procedure List – AC Diagnostic Topics
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Nuclear Medicine for Medical Students and Junior Doctors
NUCLEAR MEDICINE FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS AND JUNIOR DOCTORS Dr JOHN W FRANK M.Sc, FRCP, FRCR, FBIR PAST PRESIDENT, BRITISH NUCLEAR MEDICINE SOCIETY DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE, 1ST MEDICAL FACULTY, CHARLES UNIVERSITY, PRAGUE 2009 [1] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would very much like to thank Prof Martin Šámal, Head of Department, for proposing this project, and the following colleagues for generously providing images and illustrations. Dr Sally Barrington, Dept of Nuclear Medicine, St Thomas’s Hospital, London Professor Otakar Bělohlávek, PET Centre, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague Dr Gary Cook, Dept of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, London Professor Greg Daniel, formerly at Dept of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, currently at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Past President, American College of Veterinary Radiology Dr Andrew Hilson, Dept of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, Past President, British Nuclear Medicine Society Dr Iva Kantorová, PET Centre, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague Dr Paul Kemp, Dept of Nuclear Medicine, Southampton University Hospital Dr Jozef Kubinyi, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University Dr Tom Nunan, Dept of Nuclear Medicine, St Thomas’s Hospital, London Dr Kathelijne Peremans, Dept of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent Dr Teresa Szyszko, Dept of Nuclear Medicine, St Thomas’s Hospital, London Ms Wendy Wallis, Dept of Nuclear Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, London Copyright notice The complete text and illustrations are copyright to the author, and this will be strictly enforced. Students, both undergraduate and postgraduate, may print one copy only for personal use. Any quotations from the text must be fully acknowledged. It is forbidden to incorporate any of the illustrations or diagrams into any other work, whether printed, electronic or for oral presentation. -
Nuclear Pharmacy Quick Sample
12614-01_CH01-rev3.qxd 10/25/11 10:56 AM Page 1 CHAPTER 1 Radioisotopes Distribution for Not 1 12614-01_CH01-rev3.qxd 10/25/1110:56AMPage2 2 N TABLE 1-1 Radiopharmaceuticals Used in Nuclear Medicine UCLEAR Chemical Form and Typical Dosage P Distribution a b HARMACY Radionuclide Dosage Form Use (Adult ) Route Carbon C 11 Carbon monoxide Cardiac: Blood volume measurement 60–100 mCi Inhalation Carbon C 11 Flumazenil injection Brain: Benzodiazepine receptor imaging 20–30 mCi IV Q UICK Carbon C 11 Methionine injection Neoplastic disease evaluation in brain 10–20 mCi IV R Carbon C 11 forRaclopride injection Brain: Dopamine D2 receptor imaging 10–15 mCi IV EFERENCE Carbon C 11 Sodium acetate injection Cardiac: Marker of oxidative metabolism 12–40 mCi IV Carbon C 14 Urea Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection 1 µCi PO Chromium Cr 51 Sodium chromate injection Labeling red blood cells (RBCs) for mea- 10–80 µCi IV suring RBC volume, survival, and splenic sequestration Cobalt Co 57 Cyanocobalamin capsules Diagnosis of pernicious anemia and 0.5 µCi PO Not defects of intestinal absorption Fluorine F 18 Fludeoxyglucose injection Glucose utilization in brain, cardiac, and 10–15 mCi IV neoplastic disease Fluorine F 18 Fluorodopa injection Dopamine neuronal decarboxylase activity 4–6 mCi IV in brain Fluorine F 18 Sodium fluoride injection Bone imaging 10 mCi IV Gallium Ga 67 Gallium citrate injection Hodgkin’s disease, lymphoma 8–10 mCi IV Acute inflammatory lesions 5 mCi IV Indium In 111 Capromab pendetide Metastatic imaging in patients with biopsy- -
Recent Advances in Radiological and Radionuclide Imaging and Therapy
European Journal of Endocrinology (2004) 151 15–27 ISSN 0804-4643 REVIEW Recent advances in radiological and radionuclide imaging and therapy of neuroendocrine tumours Gregory Kaltsas, Andrea Rockall1, Dimitrios Papadogias, Rodney Reznek1 and Ashley B Grossman Departments of Endocrinology and 1Academic Radiology, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London ECIA 7BE, UK (Correspondence should be addressed to Ashley B Grossman, Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, UK; Email: [email protected]) Abstract Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) constitute a heterogeneous group of tumours that are able to express cell membrane neuroamine uptake mechanisms and/or specific receptors, such as somatostatin receptors, which can be of great value in the localization and treatment of these tumours. Scintigra- phy with 111In-pentetreotide has become one of the most important imaging investigations in the initial identification and staging of gastro-enteropancreatic (GEP) tumours, whereas helical computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), endoscopic and/or peri-operative ultrason- ography are used for the precise localization of GEPs and in monitoring their response to treatment. Scintigraphy with 123I-MIBG (meta-iodobenzylguanidine) is sensitive in the identification of chromaf- fin cell tumours, although scintigraphy with 111In-pentetreotide may also have a role in the localiz- ation of malignant chromaffin cell tumours and medullary thyroid carcinoma; for further localization and monitoring of the response to treatment both CT and MRI are used with high diagnostic accu- racy. More recently, positron emission tomography (PET) scanning is being increasingly used for the localization of NETs, particularly when other imaging modalities have failed, although its precise role and utility remain to be defined. -
Yale New Haven Health- Nuclear Medicine Octreotide Imaging Exam
Yale New Haven Hospital Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging NewHaven Nuclear Medicine- Octreotide Scan Health Pre-exam Information and Instructions Thank you for choosing Yale New Haven Hospital We are looking forward to providing you with exceptional care. Your doctor has ordered an Octreotide scan. This is an imaging test that is used for localization of primary and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors bearing somatostatin receptors. This exam consists of 3 appointments over two days. Yale New Haven Hospital Preparation for this Exam: Before Arriving for Your Exam Please arrive 15 minutes early to check in. Children accompanying patients during visits: o Unfortunately, we cannot routinely supervise your children during your imaging study. We believe that you are best served when we can provide 100% of our attention to you. Therefore, we encourage you to make childcare arrangements or to bring a responsible adult with you to supervise your children. There are no pre-exam instructions. The injection for this exam is specifically ordered for you and is very expensive, if you are unable to keep your appointment or have any questions, please call us at 203-688-1011 option 7. Wear loose comfortable clothing, since you will need to lie still for a period of time. We want to make your waiting time as pleasant as possible. Consider bringing your favorite magazine, book or music player to help you pass the time. Please leave your jewelry and valuables at home. After Arriving Upon arrival, a technologist will explain your procedure and answer any questions you may have. ATTENTION Females (ages 10 to 55) To ensure Radiation Safety, the following is YNHH Policy on pregnancy test for this Radiology exam. -
Use of DOTATATE PET/CT Scan in the Diagnosis and Staging Of
WJOESWJOES DOTATATE10.5005/jp-journals-10002-1231 PET/CT in Thymic Carcinoid CASE REPORT Use of DOTATATE PET/CT Scan in the Diagnosis and Staging of Thymic Atypical Carcinoid Tumor in a Patient with Secondary ACTH-dependent Cushing Syndrome: Look Twice and Cut Once 1John Agzarian, 2Hisham Quandeel, 3Irina Bancos, 4Geoffrey B Johnson, 5Stephen C Scharf, 6Geoffrey B Thompson 7Joanne Yi, 8Xiaotun Zhang, 9K Robert Shen ABSTRACT Keywords: DOTATATE, Mediastinal, Positron emission tomog- raphy, Thymic carcinoid. Neuroendocrine thymic tumors represent the least common type of primary thymic tumor with a prevalence of 2 to 5%. We How to cite this article: Agzarian J, Quandeel H, Bancos I, present a case of locally advanced thymic atypical carcinoid Johnson GB, Scharf SC, Thompson GB, Yi J, Zhang X, Shen KR. tumor diagnosed incidentally while investigating progressive Use of DOTATATE PET/CT Scan in the Diagnosis and Staging of Thymic Atypical Carcinoid Tumor in a Patient with Second- Cushing syndrome. Computed tomography (CT) scan demon- ary ACTH-dependent Cushing Syndrome: Look Twice and Cut strated a large 2.9 cm exophytic thyroid nodule and a 2.0 cm Once. World J Endoc Surg 2018;10(2):127-133. anterior mediastinal mass. Biopsy of the thyroid nodule demon- strated benign thyroid tissue, and octreotide scan revealed avid Source of support: Nil uptake in the right thyroid lobe with minimal uptake in the thymic Conflict of interest: None tumor. 68Gallium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″N′″- tetraacetic acid-D-Phe1,Tyr 3-octreotate (Ga-68 DOTATATE) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan showed intense INTRODUCTION uptake in the thyroid gland followed by a moderate amount of activity in the anterior mediastinal mass. -
Octreotide Imaging
Nuclear Medicine Patient Information Octreotide Imaging . A radioactive tracer will be administered through the IV. Welcome to VCU Health Nuclear Medicine. We are . An image will be taken 4 hours after your located in the Gateway Building, 2nd floor, 1200 East injection. Marshall Street. Our hours of operation are Monday . You may go on with normal activities in between through Friday, 7 am to 5 pm. Advanced scheduling is the injection and scan (eat and drink as normal). required for all nuclear medicine exams. Please review . You will lie down while the camera takes pictures the following information about your test. Please call of your whole body for 30 minutes. (804) 828-6828 to schedule your test or if you have any . The images will be checked for quality by our questions about your nuclear medicine exam. Physician and more pictures may be needed. Day 2 - 3 What is it? . You will lie down while the camera takes pictures Imaging of tumors bearing somatostatin receptors. of your whole body and possibly a SPECT (360 degree picture of your body) for 1 – 2 hours. 3. Why are you having this test? . The images will be checked for quality by our An Octreotide scan is used for localization of primary and Physician and more pictures may be needed. metastatic neuroendocrine tumors bearing somatostatin receptors. Neuroendocrine relates to the interaction 6. After Care Information between the nervous system and the glands that produce • You may return to all your normal activities. the hormones (endocrine system). This may include, but • Most of the radioactive tracer leaves your body not limited to: carcinoid tumors, neuroendocrine tumors. -
Acr Practice Parameter for the Performance of Gallium-68 Dotatate Pet/Ct for Neuroendocrine Tumors
The American College of Radiology, with more than 30,000 members, is the principal organization of radiologists, radiation oncologists, and clinical medical physicists in the United States. The College is a nonprofit professional society whose primary purposes are to advance the science of radiology, improve radiologic services to the patient, study the socioeconomic aspects of the practice of radiology, and encourage continuing education for radiologists, radiation oncologists, medical physicists, and persons practicing in allied professional fields. The American College of Radiology will periodically define new practice parameters and technical standards for radiologic practice to help advance the science of radiology and to improve the quality of service to patients throughout the United States. Existing practice parameters and technical standards will be reviewed for revision or renewal, as appropriate, on their fifth anniversary or sooner, if indicated. Each practice parameter and technical standard, representing a policy statement by the College, has undergone a thorough consensus process in which it has been subjected to extensive review and approval. The practice parameters and technical standards recognize that the safe and effective use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiology requires specific training, skills, and techniques, as described in each document. Reproduction or modification of the published practice parameter and technical standard by those entities not providing these services is not authorized. Adopted 2018 (Resolution 32)* ACR PRACTICE PARAMETER FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF GALLIUM-68 DOTATATE PET/CT FOR NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS PREAMBLE This document is an educational tool designed to assist practitioners in providing appropriate radiologic care for patients. Practice Parameters and Technical Standards are not inflexible rules or requirements of practice and are not intended, nor should they be used, to establish a legal standard of care1. -
Uroradiology Tutorial for Medical Students Lesson 3: Cystography & Urethrography – Part 1
Uroradiology Tutorial For Medical Students Lesson 3: Cystography & Urethrography – Part 1 American Urological Association Introduction • Conventional radiography of the urinary tract includes several diagnostic studies: – Cystogram – Retrograde urethrogram – Voiding cystourethrogram • All of these studies answer questions that are essential to urologic patient management Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) • The voiding cystourethrogram is a dynamic test used to define the anatomy and, in part, the function of the lower urinary tract. It is performed by placing a catheter through the urethra into the bladder, filling the bladder with contrast material and then taking x-rays while the patient voids. You can imagine how popular it is among children. Scout Film • Several films are taken when performing a VCUG. The first image is a KUB called the scout film. On this film one can evaluate the bones of the spine and pelvis (injury or congenital anomaly such as spina bifida) and the soft tissues (calcifications, foreign bodies, etc.). • Normal scout image • What gender? Scout Film • Patients with urologic problems (urine infection or incontinence) may have a spinal abnormality that results in abnormal innervation of the bladder. Such anomalies are commonly associated with anomalies of the vertebral column. Let’s look at some spines. • Here is a spine from a normal KUB or scout film. Notice that the posterior processes of all the vertebrae are intact. You can see the posterior process behind and below each vertebral body. • Here is another scout film. Notice that the posterior processes are absent below L-4. This patient has lower lumbar spina bifida. Read This Scout Film • The bones are normal • What about soft tissues (bowel, etc.)? • This child has significant constipation. -
FDA-Approved Radiopharmaceuticals
Medication Management FDA-approved radiopharmaceuticals This is a current list of all FDA-approved radiopharmaceuticals. USP <825> requires the use of conventionally manufactured drug products (e.g., NDA, ANDA) for Immediate Use. Nuclear medicine practitioners that receive radiopharmaceuticals that originate from sources other than the manufacturers listed in these tables may be using unapproved copies. Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturer Trade names Approved indications in adults (Pediatric use as noted) 1 Carbon-11 choline Various - Indicated for PET imaging of patients with suspected prostate cancer recurrence based upon elevated blood prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels following initial therapy and non-informative bone scintigraphy, computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to help identify potential sites of prostate cancer recurrence for subsequent histologic confirmation 2 Carbon-14 urea Halyard Health PYtest Detection of gastric urease as an aid in the diagnosis of H.pylori infection in the stomach 3 Copper-64 dotatate Curium Detectnet™ Indicated for use with positron emission tomography (PET) for localization of somatostatin receptor positive neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in adult patients 4 Fluorine-18 florbetaben Life Molecular Neuraceq™ Indicated for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of the brain to Imaging estimate β amyloid neuritic plaque density in adult patients with cognitive impairment who are being evaluated for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or other causes of cognitive decline 5 Fluorine-18 -
Radionuclide Cystography 138
The American College of Radiology, with more than 30,000 members, is the principal organization of radiologists, radiation oncologists, and clinical medical physicists in the United States. The College is a nonprofit professional society whose primary purposes are to advance the science of radiology, improve radiologic services to the patient, study the socioeconomic aspects of the practice of radiology, and encourage continuing education for radiologists, radiation oncologists, medical physicists, and persons practicing in allied professional fields. The American College of Radiology will periodically define new practice guidelines and technical standards for radiologic practice to help advance the science of radiology and to improve the quality of service to patients throughout the United States. Existing practice guidelines and technical standards will be reviewed for revision or renewal, as appropriate, on their fifth anniversary or sooner, if indicated. Each practice guideline and technical standard, representing a policy statement by the College, has undergone a thorough consensus process in which it has been subjected to extensive review, requiring the approval of the Commission on Quality and Safety as well as the ACR Board of Chancellors, the ACR Council Steering Committee, and the ACR Council. The practice guidelines and technical standards recognize that the safe and effective use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiology requires specific training, skills, and techniques, as described in each document. Reproduction or modification of the published practice guideline and technical standard by those entities not providing these services is not authorized. Revised 2010 (Res. 25)* ACR–SPR–SNM PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF ADULT AND PEDIATRIC RADIONUCLIDE CYSTOGRAPHY PREAMBLE These guidelines are an educational tool designed to assist Therefore, it should be recognized that adherence to these practitioners in providing appropriate radiologic care for guidelines will not assure an accurate diagnosis or a patients. -
Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine Investigations in the Management of Thyroid Cancer Susan E.M
27 Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine Investigations in the Management of Thyroid Cancer Susan E.M. Clarke Introduction cancer, computed tomography (CT) will detect macroscopic lung metastases, brain and liver metastases, and magnetic resonance imaging Whilst radionuclide imaging of the thyroid has (MRI) has proven sensitivity for detecting long been used in the management of patients marrow involvement. with thyroid cancer, its proven role is the subject Although 131I iodine has been used for over 50 of discussion. 131I iodine has a clearly estab- years to image and treat thyroid cancer, it is in lished place in the imaging and treatment of his- the last 20 years that there has been the devel- tologically proven differentiated papillary and opment of many new radiopharmaceuticals follicular thyroid cancer but the role of radio- that are now being used to image patients with nuclide imaging in diagnosis remains con- thyroid cancer. Whilst many of these remain of troversial. Similarly, in patients with medullary research interest only, 18fluorodeoxyglucose thyroid cancer, radionuclide imaging is utilized (18FDG) is rapidly becoming established as a very variably. It is in the centers where there is valuable agent in patients with 131I iodine scan a close collaboration between the thyroid onco- negative disease. logy service and the nuclear medicine depart- Whilst radionuclide imaging is a comple- ment that the contribution of radionuclide mentary imaging technique to other anatomical imaging is most frequently recognized. imaging methods, it has two main advantages. Diagnostic nuclear medicine techniques may The first is the provision of whole-body infor- be used in the detection of metastatic spread mation that facilitates accurate staging at to the skeleton. -
Radionuclide Techniques for the Detection of Vesicoureteral Reflux
Review Article Radionuclide techniques for the detection of vesicoureteral reflux and their clinical significance Abstract We discuss and try to evaluate the detection of vesicoureteral reux (VUR) by radionuclide techniques and especially direct radionuclide cystography (DRC). Direct radionuclide cystography is applied for more than half a century mainly in children. Vesicoureteral reux has a complex pathology not yet completely under- Christodoulos Likartsis1 MD, BSc stood and is often related to urinary tract infection (UTI) and renal parenchyma scarring that can lead to 2 long-term renal function impairment. Since there is no consensus on the optimal imaging algorithm after Nikoleta Printza MD, PhD 1 the rst febrile urinary tract infection, many imaging strategies have been proposed for VUR detection in Athanasios Notopoulos MD, the last decade, including or not DRC. Views opposing or accepting its use are also presented. MDA, PhD Hell J Nucl Med 2020; 23(2): 180-187 Epub ahead of print: 27 July 2020 Published online: 24 August 2020 Introduction 1. Nuclear Medicine Department, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece 2. 1st Pediatric Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, bout 30% to 40% of children diagnosed with urinary tract infection (UTI), have Greece primary vesicoureteral reux (VUR) [1]. Children with VUR have 2.6 times higher Aprevalence of renal scarring compared to children without VUR [2]. For most of children with VUR, treatment involves continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP). Mictura- ting cystourethrography (MCU) and direct radionuclide cystography (DRC) are mainly applied for the detection and follow-up of VUR respectively [3] although some authors are not agreeable as for their indications [4, 5].