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Consequences of the Introduction of Individuals Within Harvested Populations : the Case of the Mallard Anas Platyrhynchos

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Consequences of the Introduction of Individuals Within Harvested Populations : the Case of the Mallard Anas Platyrhynchos UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC T H E S E pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II Discipline : Biologie de l’évolution et écologie Ecole Doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences, Environnement CONSEQUENCES OF THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUALS WITHIN HARVESTED POPULATIONS : THE CASE OF THE MALLARD ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (Translation of the French original version) Jocelyn CHAMPAGNON Soutenue publiquement le 15 décembre 2011 devant le jury composé de: William SUTHERLAND , Professeur, Université de Cambridge, Royaume-Uni , Rapporteur Jean-Michel GAILLARD , Directeur de recherche, CNRS, Lyon, France , Rapporteur Isabelle OLIVIERI , Professeur, Université Montpellier 2, France , Examinatrice Johan ELMBERG , Professeur, Université de Kristianstad, Suède , Examinateur Matthieu GUILLEMAIN , Ingénieur, ONCFS, Arles, France , Directeur Michel GAUTHIER-CLERC , Directeur de recherche, Tour du Valat, Arles, France , Co-directeur Jean-Dominique LEBRETON , Directeur de recherche, CNRS, Montpellier, France , Invité Note: This version is a quick translation of the original thesis wrote in French and it is destined to non-speaking French reviewers. It has not been corrected by native English speaking Acknowledgements First a warm thank to Matthieu, who initiated this thesis, ever available and supporting director. With his sharp eye on the studied topics and his resources to answer questions, I could not have expected a better supervisor. A great thank to Michel who co-supervised me with competence and clever advice. Thanks to him, the Tour du Valat hosted me generously. I thank Jean-Dominique, co-supervisor who made himself available despite his numerous solicitations. His experience and advice were of great value. His sympathy always made our meeting very pleasing. I wish to thank the jury members Bill Sutherland, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Isabelle Olivieri and Johan Elmberg for having accepted this reading during a busy period, hoping to have raised some interest for this work. The whole of this thesis was followed from abroad by Johan Elmberg, member of the thesis committee, through an efficient and friendly collaboration. Thanks to the Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage for funding and support to this project. A great thank to Jean-Marie Boutin, Vincent Schricke, Valérie Guérineau and all the CNERA Avifaune Migratrice staff. The Tour du Valat is a foundation with a happy, dynamic and determined staff that I want to thank. I greatly liked this sympathetic and stimulating atmosphere. I personally thank Jean Jalbert, Patrick Grillas and Jean-Jacques Bravais for having largely complemented my PhD grant and some of the research, as well as Marie who makes everything so simple. Thanks to the SIBAGHE doctoral school for the financial support to my stay in the Czech Republic, which made some of the work presented here possible. Many people contributed to this thesis scientifically. In particular, the expertise of CEFE researchers was of paramount importance. First, thanks to Pierre-André Crochet to train me to population genetics analyses in a nice and efficient context. Thanks to Olivier Gimenez for making himself available, his advice and sympathy. Lastly, I thank Roger Pradel and Rémi Choquet, two super-competent scientists who always answered my multiple questions. I thank Pierre Legagneux and Olivier Devineau for our collaboration and friendly exchanges. I also appreciated working with Jakub Kreisinger and Dasa Čížková, in addition to being overwhelmed with a memorable week with them. A large part of the experiments took place at the Marais du Vigueirat thanks to Jean-Laurent Lucchesi, as well as Grégoire Massez, Rémi Tiné, the managing wardens and all the staff working in a friendly atmosphere on this nice marsh. Another important part of the fieldwork was on twenty communal and private hunting estates in Camargue. We wish to thank the landowners, managers and wardens of these domains who helped us during our experiments, especially those who accepted to let us sample their hunting bags. All hunters largely collaborated through Mallard ring reporting, and we sincerely thank them for this. We warmly thank the curators of museums and owners of private naturalised bird collections for letting us sampling Mallard DNA. We also thank the owners of Mallard farms for letting us sample their birds or directly sending DNA samples. Jean-Baptiste Mouronval showed a great involvement and helped me all along this thesis. I thank him for his points of view, vision, doubts and insight, in the field or regarding our shared subjects of thought. Thanks to Marion Vittecoq, for our arrangements on the hunting as well as scientific grounds, and mostly for her energy and good mood. Thanks to Franck Latraube and François Bourguemestre for having been involved in the Loire Estuary and the Brenne, respectively. A great thank to the “released Mallards” students: Perrine Lair, Quentin Charel, Aurélien Villard and Mathieu Famette. I would also like to acknowledge Pär Söderquist, PhD student on Mallard releases in Sweden who did a great job during Camargue fieldwork, sometimes under harsh conditions. A special final thank to those who shared great irrational moments in my office, just for fun: François Cavallo, Guillaume Gayet, Anne-Laure Brochet, Jonathan Fuster. All were of great scientific, proofreading, and administrative or fieldwork help. For many a PhD thesis is a rite of passage where the candidate has to demonstrate his abilities through day and night work during three years. For a few others, it is just short-term contract. The work of the doctorate is certainly between these extremes, sometimes causing deep depression or joy… I tried to find a stable and meaningful way, which was made possible by the wonderful people I met over these three years. The closest ones first, then the music companions, the happy daily workers, the Camargue naturalists as well as all those who happened to visit Tour du Valat. Simply thanks to those who share some bits of life I Arles, in l’Ecole, in the Rendez-vous are here forever, for a while or are already gone. To the NACICCA spirit and all its actors, To all my growing family, To Magui and Nature . ABSTRACT The consequences of releasing captive-bred game animals into the wild have received little attention, despite their potential impact for target populations in terms of demography, behaviour, morphometrics, genetics and pathogens. The present study considers Mallards Anas platyrhynchos released for hunting purposes, an increasing practice in Europe over the last 30 years. Because of domestication process in game farm facilities, our study shows high natural mortality of these ducks once released compared to wild Mallards, in addition to high vulnerability to hunting. A clear genetic differentiation allows discrimination of released and wild Mallards. Hybridization with wild Mallards exists, but did not result into significant introgression. Generally, genetic as well as demographic contributions of captive-bred birds to the natural population were low, but a morphological modification associated with releases was recorded over 30 years in natural population. Ecological consequences of the releases for the wild population seem to be limited, but caution should be maintained on the possible transmission of pathogens (occasionally high prevalence of avian Influenza A in some breeding facilities) and the genetic risks associated with long-term releases. Keywords : Population dynamics, Population genetics, Restocking, Hunting, Duck, Domestication CONSEQUENCES DES INTRODUCTIONS D ’INDIVIDUS DANS LES POPULATIONS EXPLOITEES: L’EXEMPLE DU CANARD COLVERT ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS RESUME Le renforcement des populations naturelles exploitées par des individus captifs est rarement évalué, bien qu’il puisse induire des modifications notables sur la population naturelle à de nombreux niveaux: démographie, comportement, morphologie, génétique, pathogènes. Ce travail de thèse concerne les introductions de canards colverts Anas platyrhynchos réalisées à des fins cynégétiques. Cette pratique est très répandue en Europe, depuis plus de trente ans. Du fait de leur domestication en élevage, les canards lâchés subissent une mortalité naturelle très forte comparée aux oiseaux sauvages, à laquelle s’ajoute une plus grande vulnérabilité à la chasse. Une différenciation génétique marquée permet de discriminer les oiseaux lâchés de leurs congénères sauvages. Des croisements entre les deux groupes sont détectés, mais l’introgression reste limitée. Globalement, la contribution démographique and génétique des individus d’élevage à la population sauvage est faible, même si une modification morphologique attribuable aux lâchers a été constatée dans la population sauvage en trente ans. Les conséquences écologiques pour la population réceptrice semblent donc limitées, mais une vigilance continue doit s’exercer concernant la diffusion de pathogènes (forte prévalence occasionnelle de virus Influenza A dans les élevages) and les risques génétiques associés au renforcement sur le long terme. Mots clés : Dynamique des populations, Génétique des populations, Renforcement, Chasse, Canard, Domestication CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. - 8 - MAN IN ITS ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................
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