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Petitions-Atlas 2018/19

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Petitions-Atlas 2018/19 2018/19 Petitions-Atlas Bund und Länder 1 Petitions-Atlas 2018/19 - openpetition.de Die freie und gemeinnützige Online-Petitionsplattform openPetition fördert seit 2010 politische Beteiligung und digitale Demokratie. Bürgerinnen und Bürger wer- den zu Wortführenden, finden Unterstützende und tre- ten in Dialog mit politischen Entscheidungstragenden. Mit 7 Mio. Nutzerinnen und Nutzer ist die Plattform das größte politische Dialogportal Deutschlands. openPe- tition ist gemeinnützig, überparteilich, transparent und spendenfinanziert. openPetition gGmbH Haus der Demokratie und Menschenrechte Greifswalder Str. 4 10405 Berlin [email protected] www.openpetition.de 2 Petitions-Atlas 2018/19 - openpetition.de Liebe Aufmischer, Einmischer und Mitmischer, Online-Petitionen sind ein wichtiges Werkzeug beim von den Vorteilen, aber auch den Hürden von Online-Pe- Ausbau einer nachhaltigen und stabilen Demokratie: Sie titionen in Deutschland und in den EU-Staaten. verleihen den Menschen nicht nur eine Stimme, sondern auch die Parlamente können ihren Bürgerinnen und Bür- Ein besonderer Dank gilt den Petitionsausschüssen der gern auf diese Weise viel leichter und ohne Umwege Ge- Länder und des Bundes für ihre Zuarbeit bei der Datener- hör schenken. Denn erst Digitale Petitionen entfalten das hebung und den stets konstruktiven Austausch im Inter- ganze Potential der repräsentativen Demokratie. esse einer starken, partizipativen Zivilgesellschaft. Seit unserem letzten Bericht 2018 hat sich einiges getan: Viel Spaß beim Lesen, Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen openPetition und den Jörg Mitzlaff & das openPetition-Team einzelnen Ausschüssen ist enger geworden. In einigen Sitzungen der Petitionsausschüsse wurde über mehr Beteiligung durch openPetition gesprochen und disku- tiert. Zahlreiche Länder wie Thüringen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Berlin und Bayern haben bei uns gestartete Petitionen in ihren Ausschüssen behandelt. Auch dieses Jahr haben wir wieder unseren Petitions- Atlas mit einem aktuellen Ranking der einzelnen Petiti- onsausschüsse erstellt, in dem wir deren Arbeitsweise miteinander vergleichen. Auf den nachfolgenden Seiten erzählen wir, angefangen bei der Geschichte der Petition, 1 Petitions-Atlas 2018/19 - openpetition.de Inhalt 01 Die (deutsche) Geschichte der Petition 04 02 Mit einer Unterschrift fängt es an 07 Was können Petitionen bewirken? 03 Update für Bürgerbeteiligung 11 Wie funktioniert eine Online-Petition? 04 Länder-Ranking 15 Wie transparent, bürgernah und digitalisiert ist Ihr Bundesland? 05 Länder-Steckbriefe 21 Wie behandelt das Parlament Ihre Petition? Deutschland 22 Baden-Württemberg 24 Bayern 26 Berlin 28 Brandenburg 30 Bremen 32 Hamburg 34 Hessen 36 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 38 Niedersachsen 40 Nordrhein-Westfalen 42 Rheinland-Pfalz 44 Saarland 46 Sachsen 48 Sachsen-Anhalt 50 Schleswig-Holstein 52 Thüringen 54 2 Petitions-Atlas 2018/19 - openpetition.de 06 Petitionen in Europa 56 Was können europäische Länder voneinander lernen? 07 Ausblick 64 Wie wird sich Bürgerbeteiligung zukünftig wandeln? 08 Glossar & Lexikon 69 Impressum 72 03 Petitions-Atlas 2018/19 - openpetition.de Die (deutsche)01 Geschichte der Petition 04 Petitions-Atlas 2018/19 - openpetition.de Petitionen sind in der Geschichte der Menschheit tief verwurzelt. Bereits im alten Petitionen sind Gesuche, Bittschriften oder Beschwer- Rom durften Bürgerinnen und Bürger sich den, die sich an eine offizielle Stelle richten, beispielswei- mit einer Bitte an den Kaiser wenden. Auch se eine Behörde, ein Parlament oder eine Firma. Manch- im Heiligen Römischen Reich Deutscher mal wird statt Petition auch der Begriff Eingabe genutzt, Nation konnte die Bevölkerung schriftlich früher auch Supplik oder Fürbitte. eine Fürbitte bzw. ein Supplik an den Fürs- ten, Kaiser oder König richten. Beurteilt wurde meist willkürlich. Im Immerwährenden Reichs- tag, der Ständevertretung des Reiches, wurde Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts schließlich das Supplik-Recht ausgebaut, indem auch Gruppen statt nur Einzelper- sonen Bitten einreichen durften und ein zuständiger Ausschuss gegründet wurde. Die Entscheidungs- macht lag jedoch noch immer bei den Monarchen. In Preußen wurde 1794 durch das Landrecht eine rechtliche Verpflichtung zur Behandlung von Petitio- nen geschaffen. An der sogenannten Bittschriftenlin- de, einem Baum am Potsdamer Stadtschloss, konn- ten Bürgerinnen und Bürger Suppliken anbringen, Nationalversammlung 1848 im Paulskirchenparlament in die vom preußischen Kaiser entgegengenommen Frankfurt a.M. wurden. Besonders Friedrich der Große tat dies oft. Mit der Paulskirchenverfassung, der Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches 1848/49, wurde das Fundament für unser heutiges Petitionsrecht gelegt. Jeder und jede Deutsche hatte das Recht, sich einzeln oder ge- meinsam an die Volksvertretung zu wenden. Der Pe- titionsausschuss tagte einmal pro Woche und erst, wenn alle vorgelegten Berichte bearbeitet worden wa- ren, durfte zur Tagesordnung übergegangen werden. Unter Reichskanzler Bismarck war das Petitionsrecht zwar kein Grundrecht, trotzdem konnte der Reichstag eingereichte Petitionen sachlich prüfen und an den Kanzler überweisen. Hiervon machte Otto von Bis- marck häufig Gebrauch. Friedrich II. nimmt an der Bittschriftenlinde in Potsdam Petitio- nen entgegen. 05 Petitions-Atlas 2018/19 - openpetition.de Der Petitionsausschuss des Bundes tagt regelmäßig im Bundestag in Berlin. In der Weimarer Republik war das Petiti- onsrecht in der Verfassung festgehalten. Petitionsausschüsse sind Kommissionen, die sich mit Besonderer Wert wurde darauf gelegt, dass den eingereichten Petitionen beschäftigen. Die Aus- man sich sowohl individuell als auch per schüsse bearbeiten die Eingaben, holen Stellungnah- Massen- oder Mehrfachpetition an Behör- men ein und geben eine Beschlussempfehlung an die den oder die Volksvertretung wenden durfte. Regierung weiter. Es gibt sie in parlamentarischen Ein- richtungen wie dem Bundestag oder den Landtagen. Zur Zeit der NS-Diktatur wurde mit der Im Bundestag findet eine öffentliche Anhörung vor dem Stummschaltung der Opposition auch das Petitionsausschuss statt, wenn ein Anliegen mindestens Petitionsrecht massiv eingeschränkt. Ein- 50.000 Unterschriften gesammelt hat. gaben aus dem Volk wurden in der Regel an Hitler bzw. seine Kanzlei gerichtet und oppositionelle Äußerungen, falls sie überhaupt noch In der BRD wurde das Petitionsrecht 1949 zum Grund- getätigt wurden, strafrechtlich verfolgt. Ein NSDAP- recht, 1975 wurde der Petitionsausschuss ebenfalls Reichsleiter war für die an Hitler gerichteten Bitten im Grundgesetz verankert. Dadurch erhielt er erwei- zuständig. Ab 1943 bearbeitete Martin Bormann, terte Rechte zur Sachaufklärung und konnte ähn- Sekretär der NSDAP-Kanzlei und Vertrauter Hitlers, lich wie ein Untersuchungsausschuss fungieren. alle Petitionen. In der heutigen Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist das Petitionsrecht in Artikel 17 des Grundgesetzes festge- In der DDR wurde in den 1960ern ein Eingabewesen halten. Seit 2005 können Petitionen an den Bundes- eingeführt, das dazu dienen sollte, das Vertrauen der tag auch via Online-Formular eingereicht werden, die Menschen in Staat und Justiz zu festigen. Häufig wur- Petitionsausschüsse der Bundesländer zogen nach. de sich über die Mangelwirtschaft beklagt, wirkliche Seit 2010 entstehen zunehmend freie und interaktive oppositionelle Funktionen hatten Petitionen nicht. Online-Petitionsplattformen. 06 Petitions-Atlas 2018/19 - openpetition.de Mit einer Unterschrift fängt es an Was können02 Petitionen bewirken? 07 Petitions-Atlas 2018/19 - openpetition.de Mit Petitionen können Menschen mobilisiert sowie On- & Offline-Protest verbunden werden. Petitionen können auf unterschiedliche Art und Weise ihre Wirkung entfalten. Dabei un- Entscheidungstragende bzw. Empfängerinnen und Emp- terscheiden sich die Möglichkeiten je nach fänger der Petition sind Personen, Parlamente, Organi- Petitionsart und Anliegen. Online-Petitionen sationen oder Ähnliche, an die eine Petition gerichtet ist. zeichnet beispielsweise aus, dass sie ei- Dies kann beispielsweise der Petitionsausschuss des nen hohen Grad an öffentlichem Interesse Bundestages, ein lokaler Sportverein oder der Gemeinde- generieren können. Werden Medien auf ein rat sein. Anliegen aufmerksam, erhöht das den öf- fentlichen Druck auf Entscheidungstragende und die Thematik fließt oft in den aktuellen Vorteile von Online-Petitionen Diskurs ein. Dabei hilft es, wenn viele Menschen das Anliegen unterstützen. Niedrige Petitionen zeigen, dass die Gruppe der Betroffenen Hürden weitaus größer ist, als zunächst angenommen. Nicht selten kommt es vor, dass Petitionen auf eine Förderung von Schnell und Situation aufmerksam machen, die entscheidungs- Demokratie kostenlos tragenden Personen zuvor noch nicht bewusst war. Mit einer Petition kann zudem gezeigt werden, dass die Gruppe der Betroffenen weitaus größer ist, als zu- nächst angenommen. Auf kommunaler Ebene können Ab einer Unter- Hohe dadurch viele Angelegenheiten bereits durch direkte schrift gültig Reichweite Gespräche Betroffener mit Abgeordneten schnell und unbürokratisch beigelegt werden. 08 Petitions-Atlas 2018/19 - openpetition.de Ab wann sind Petitionen erfolgreich? Eine allgemeingültige Definition, ab wann eine Petition erfolgreich ist, gibt es nicht. Teilweise entsprochene Petitionen, auch Teil- oder Etap- Im Bundes- oder Landtag zählen Petitionen penerfolge genannt, sind Petitionen, denen nicht kom- offiziell als erfolgreich, wenn ihnen vom je- plett zugestimmt wird, aber ein Kompromiss zwischen weiligen Ausschuss
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