URBANISATION AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL FOR THE SOURCE OF WATER IN CITY MEERA MUNUSAMY National Hydraulic Research Institute of (NAHRIM) Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MALAYSIA

08 March 2010 PRESENTATION OUTLINE

1. Socio‐economic condition of KL City 2. Scenario of quantity and quality of water 3. Effluent Load to the water source 4. Current measures on quality control 5. Issues on quality control 1. Socio‐economical and natural conditions of Kuala Lumpur

Area : 243 km2 Population : 1,655,100 Population Density : 6,811/km2 Districts around Valley : Gombak, Hulu ,Klang, Petaling Peninsular of Malaysia Population around

State/District Populations Annual Average Precipitation 1980 1990 2000 2009 Selangor 1,515,536 2,413,567 4,188,876 •Equatorial •Average annual rainfall Gombak 688,700 2500mm4000 a year and the average Klang 840,700 temperature3500 is 27 °C (81 °F) Ulu Langat 1,170,900 3000 2500 KL Federal 977,102 1,226,708 1,379,310 1,655,100 2000 Territory 1500 1000 500 0 Population Density, 2009 Peninsular Sarawak Sabah

State/District Area (sq. Population (‘000) Population Average Annual Sex Ratio Median Age km) Density (per sq. Population (years) km.) Growth Rate (%) 2008‐2009

Selangor Gombak 628 688.7 1,097 1.9 103 26.1 Klang 636 840.7 1,822 1.9 110 27.0 Petaling 501 1,547.1 8,088 2.2 102 27.1 Hulu Langat 840 1,170.9 1,394 2.5 103 26.7 KL Federal Territory 243 1,655.1 6,811 1.6 103 29.0

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia y The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Kuala Lumpur (at purchasers’ value in 1987 prices) has increased from RM21,157 million in 1995 to RM25,968 million in 2000, an average annual growth rate of 4.2 percent. Malaysia’s GDP average annual growth rate during the same period was 4.7 percent

Area GDP (in RM million) Average Annual Growth Rate (%) 1995 2000 KL 21,157 26,968 4.2

Malaysia 166,625 209,269 4.7 Source: 8th Malaysian Plan

• The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur during the period 1995 to 2000 rose from RM22,799 to RM30,727, an average annual growth rate of 6.1 percent. The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur was more than twice that of the national average

Area Per Capita GDP (in RM Average Ratio of Per Capita GDP TO Million) Annual Malaysia Average Growth Rate (%) 1995 2000 1995 2000

Source: 8th Malaysian Plan KL 22,799 30,727 6.1 2.12 2.11 Malaysia 10,756 14,584 6.3 1.00 1.00 Industry Players in Water Resources Management Public Access to Tapped Water System

State Populat‐ % Population served Popula % Population served ion Year 2007 tion Year 2008 served served Urban Rural State Urban Rural State total (%) total (%)

Selangor 6,560,306 100 99 99.9 6,694,775 100 99 99.9

Public Access to Water Supply Treatment Plants in Kuala Lumpur

Water Actual Design 2008 2009 treatment Capacity (m3/day) plant Actual Total Production(m3/year) Actual Total Production(m3/year) 145,000 44,600,394 50,086,538 Sg Langat 386,400 173,141,058 169,404,599 Wangsa Maju 45,000 16,975,080 16,675,514

Source: SPAN % people who can access domestic wastewater treatment systems 1998 2000 2004 2008 Proportion of commercial properties 16,843 19,021 30,518 48,038 with access to an urban sanitation system Proportion of residential properties 142,303 157,159 221,285 197,182 with access to an urban sanitation system

Source: IWK Commercial: residential = 1: 4

1994: Federal Government appointed a concessionaire > design, implement and manage a unified sewerage scheme for Kuala Lumpur The concessionaire implemented a sewerage master plan : divides Kuala Lumpur into 7 catchments, each of which has been provided with a regional waste treatment plant Figure: Location of sewerage treatment facilities, 2000 ) 20% in ) R M B lid T o N r (S S ) A x L ry a P ay ill eacto ay e D T /d (M g 3 R N l-08 l-06 d /h e/d E n lu W M n atch 95.2 M T k (S 100,000 200,000 M 17-Ju 17-Ju B 0 A S 8 to g R 6 E 25,000 m S ,7 R D cin 1 O T en E u , B G B A eq S ry W o E ORIGINAL STP S ateg K C A Z A R N NEW STP UNDER JBIC PROJECT U al) T R ctu n A D (A tio N p ard A ced m d u B ate acity d su st E tan n ap o ro E o er D t S P v e C te P te l C ate ss n e P n a e m g er C D ita ce d P w lu ltim esig ap L o ro fflu lu o ake O TAMAN HIJAU P P E U S D V T C D BARAT ‐ TAMAN

MUTIARA BARAT CATCHMENT BOUNDARY STPBDR. TUN RAZAK

2

R R

TAMAN M TAMAN CONNAUGHT TAYNTON VIEW LEBUHRAYA TIMUR TAMAN TONG LIAN LEGEND BANDAR TUN RAZAK TAMAN MIDAH TAMAN MRR2 KLR 129 KLR TAMAN MULIA TAMAN DIAGRAM GENERAL FLOW EXISTING LANDUSE EXISTING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT Take Over Date 16-Sep-06 DLP Date 16-Sep-08 Volume Capacity 37,000 m3/day Design PE 150,000 Ultimate PE 1,000,000 Sludge Produced (Actual) 25 tonne/day Effluent Standard Category B, BOD SS (Sludge Dry Solid Min 20%) Process Advance Activated Sludge Power Consumption 1,523 kW/h (Max) KG. PASIR Capital Cost PANJANG RM 90 Mill ORIGINAL STP (AL)

EXISTING LANDUSE

SERI PETALING PHASE 3&4 TAMAN SERI SENTOSA

AY PRESSW LAM EX TAMAN SHAH A SERI PETALING KLR 142 O.U.G PHASE 1&2

PUCHONG POND NEW STP UNDER JBIC PAK SIONG

NATIONA L SPORTS T. BUKIT CENTRE KUCHAI

BUKIT JALIL ESTATE TAMAN TECHNOLOGY BANDAR MALAYSIA PHASE 1 KINRARA

LEGEND GENERAL FLOW DIAGRAM CATCHMENT BOUNDARY PUCHONG STP 2. Scenario of quantity and quality of water Name Volume of available Volume of Beneficial use Water quality water (m3) abstracted water (domestic,industry, (m3) agriculture) (%) Reservoirs: Water supply dam and is one of the Klang Gate 25,104 million major suppliers of liter drinking water to Dam residents of Klang Valley Batu Dam Holding capacity is Water abstracted for Flood control and 36.6 Mm3. The domestic and water supply dam Sungai Batu water industrial water constructed under treatment plant supply to some parts the Kuala Lumpur produces 114 million of Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation litres per day of Project treated water Rivers: Monitoring stations AMPANG SP BATU SP BUNOS SP DAMANSARA P GOMBAK SP JINJANG P KERAYONG P KEROH SP KLANG P KUYOH SP PENCALA P SEMELA C ‰ Natural drainage system in KL‐ 3 primary rivers : total length of 32.8 kilometres and 8 other rivers with a combined length of 40.6 kilometres

Figure: Rivers, drainage and retention pond system, Groundwater usage by sector in Langat Basin

District Usage (m3/hr) Total usage m3/hour Domestic Industry

Hulu 110.1 125.16 235.26 Langat

Kuala 1128.0 1295.5 2506.19 Langat

Sepang 103.27 0 103.27

Distribution of wells in the Langat Basin

Details District Hulu Langat Kuala Langat Sepang

Domestic 27 11 18

Industry 9 6 0

Observation 6 4 1

Test Well 0 14 0

Unknown 5 1 0

Figure: Rivers, 2000 3. Effluent Load to the Water Source

Figure: Composition of water pollution sources by sector, 2007

Land use by category, 2000 Figure : Trend of Pollutant Parameter at Klang River, Year 2005 – 2007 As recorded in the Malaysia Environmental Quality Reports of 2000, Water Quality Index (WQI) showed that water quality for Sungai Klang and Sungai Gombak is still polluted (WQI Class III 51.9‐ 76.5) which requires extensive treatment

Pollutant Load to the receiving water course around KL City ƒFrom wastewater effluent discharge into Klang River BOD (kg/day) COD NH3‐N O& G SS (kg/day) (kg/day) (kg/day) (kg/day)

13,548.44 35,348.92 7,131.57 2,521.50 15,663.83

ƒFrom Septic tank & Pour Flush Systems

BOD (kg/day) COD NH3‐N O& G SS (kg/day) (kg/day) (kg/day) (kg/day)

3,431.00 13,724.10 13,724.10 688.20 6,882.10 Total BOD load (kg/day)from Sewage Treatment Plants, Environmental Quality Report 2007 4. Current Measures on Quality Control for Water source A. Water Quality Index Standard The Department of Environment is responsible for standards of effluent discharged from municipal sewerage treatment plants and all associated environmental matters. B. Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia y Contemplates on eco‐friendly stormwater management practices based on: 9 Stormwater Quantity Control – Flash Flood 9 Stormwater Quality Control‐ River pollution 9 Erosion and Sediment Control Plan y Used by: y Consultants, local authorities, housing developers, public and DID

C. Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) y Promotes legislation process y Engineering and technology Æsupport decision making in river basin management

D. CASE STUDY: KLANG RIVER CLEAN UP PROGRAM y Construction, maintenance, desilting, beautitification y Relocation of squatters y Treatment of pig waste y Rehabilitation of aquatic life y Education y Water pollution control y Enforcement E. River water quality monitoring programme by DOE

y 1978 ‐ establish baselines and detect water quality changes in river water quality and extended to identifying of pollution sources

y Water samples collected at regular intervals from designated stations for in‐situ and laboratory analysis to determine its physico‐chemical and biological characteristics.

(a) Manual Water Quality Monitoring (MWQM) Programme ‐ In 2006 : 1,064 manual stations in 146 river basins were monitored ‐ 30 Manual Water Quality monitoring stations around Klang Valley ‐ Sampling Frequency = 4 to 12x/yr/station.

(b) Continuous Water Quality Monitoring (CWQM) Programme ‐ 1 CWQM station at Klang River MANUAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING MWQM PROGRAMME y Parameter for in‐situ measurement – DO (%), DO (mg/l) ‐ Turbidity (NTU) ‐ Conductivity (Us/cm) ‐ Salinity (ppt) ‐ pH ‐ Temperature

y Parameter for lab analysis BOD, COD, SS, NH3‐N, pH, DS, TS, NO3‐N, Cl, PO4‐P, O&G, MBAS, E.coli, Coliform, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na. [ 24 chemical and biological parameters ] ALAM SEKITAR MALAYSIA SDN BHD CONTINUOUS WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS THROUGHOUT PENINSULAR MALAYSIA-13 STATIONS

Perai River Kuala Terengganu George Town Terengganu River

Ipoh

Perak River

Kuantan

Selangor River Klang River, Keratong River, Kuala Lumpur

Langat River Batang Benar River, Seremban Labu River Linggi River

Malacca River Putat River

Malacca

Skudai River, Johore Bharu 22

Source

5. Current Issues on Quality Control for Water What Are The Sources Of Sewage Pollution? What Are The Sources Of Sewage Pollution? ? ODOUR

NOISE FROM PLANTS

SLUDGE DISPOSAL

BUFFER POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY VISUAL AND AESTHETICS IMPACTS FROM SEWERAGE ACTIVITIES

EFFLUENT FROM TREATMENT PLANTS & OVERFLOW DISCHARGES ISSUES AND PROBLEMS 1. IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

Legislative and Institutional Issues Regarding to Water Resources: ‰ Matters pertaining to water – State Government jurisdiction ‰ Fragmentation in the management of water resources – many institutions involved ‰ Some laws: relatively oldÆ review

Enforcement Activities: y Coordinated approach by each State y Department of Irrigation and Drainage and DOE as secretariat y Maximum fine RM2,000 : Solid waste dumping y Maximum compound RM250,000

Eg :Challenges faced with USMMM: y Maintenance y Workload, expertise, funds y Land 2. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT y About 50 tons of solid waste needs to be removed from the Klang River basin daily y Between 500‐800 tones entered the river system daily with only 80 tones (15%) picked out by existing trapping and removal mechanism y 2006: Alam Flora – “fish out” 50,000 tonnes of rubbish from Klang River daily y Solid waste composition in 2006 : reported at 36 %factories, 25 % squatters, 17 % hawkers, 10 % debris,and 18%from individuals 3. WATER QUALITY

4. SEWERAGE y 1998: 46 % Wastewater treatment plants comply with DOE discharge standards y 2005: DOE expected 85% plants comply standards 5. SQUATTERS y 1998: Population in squatters 130,000 y Squatter settlements presently occupying approximately 571 hectares or 2.4 percent of total land use y Composition of illegal immigrants was reported high : 30% y Average consumption of 150 l/day/person*(based on a US survey projection) Æ total sullage and sewerage generated and channeled directly to Klang River Æ 4.5 million litres daily y Poorly managed solid waste and rubbish thrown at common dumping area beside river y 2011: 80% improvementÆ KL squatter free area 6. SULLAGE WATER/ ILLEGAL FACTORIES y Year 2000: No of licensed hawkers and petty traders: 35,120– mainly at markets, night markets, kiosks, secured stalls and attachments outside buildings‐ 65 % stalls located in City Centre> discharge sullage water y Water usage : 100l/stall/day Æ total output of sullage water generated: 2.2 million cu. Litres/day y Large number of residents – have 3rd kitchen connected to storm water drainage system rather than to the sewerage system y Estimate total residence in KL about 1.6 Million and considering 2% of these houses discharge kitchen and laundry water into storm drainsÆ 8 million litres of sullage water discharged into rivers daily (based on average daily household use of water of 250 litres/family/day) y Pollutants from factories comprises chemicals and metals which are discharged into the rivers