URBANISATION AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL FOR THE SOURCE OF WATER IN KUALA LUMPUR CITY MEERA MUNUSAMY National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MALAYSIA 08 March 2010 PRESENTATION OUTLINE 1. Socio‐economic condition of KL City 2. Scenario of quantity and quality of water 3. Effluent Load to the water source 4. Current measures on quality control 5. Issues on quality control 1. Socio‐economical and natural conditions of Kuala Lumpur Area : 243 km2 Population : 1,655,100 Population Density : 6,811/km2 Districts around Klang Valley : Gombak, Hulu Selangor,Klang, Petaling Peninsular of Malaysia Population around Klang Valley State/District Populations Annual Average Precipitation 1980 1990 2000 2009 Selangor 1,515,536 2,413,567 4,188,876 •Equatorial •Average annual rainfall Gombak 688,700 2500mm a year and the average Klang 840,700 temperature is 27 °C (81 °F) Ulu Langat 1,170,900 4000 3500 KL Federal 977,102 1,226,708 1,379,310 1,655,100 3000 2500 Territory 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Population Density, 2009 Peninsular Sarawak Sabah State/District Area (sq. Population (‘000) Population Average Annual Sex Ratio Median Age km) Density (per sq. Population (years) km.) Growth Rate (%) 2008‐2009 Selangor Gombak 628 688.7 1,097 1.9 103 26.1 Klang 636 840.7 1,822 1.9 110 27.0 Petaling 501 1,547.1 8,088 2.2 102 27.1 Hulu Langat 840 1,170.9 1,394 2.5 103 26.7 KL Federal Territory 243 1,655.1 6,811 1.6 103 29.0 Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia y The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Kuala Lumpur (at purchasers’ value in 1987 prices) has increased from RM21,157 million in 1995 to RM25,968 million in 2000, an average annual growth rate of 4.2 percent. Malaysia’s GDP average annual growth rate during the same period was 4.7 percent Area GDP (in RM million) Average Annual Growth Rate (%) 1995 2000 KL 21,157 26,968 4.2 Malaysia 166,625 209,269 4.7 Source: 8th Malaysian Plan • The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur during the period 1995 to 2000 rose from RM22,799 to RM30,727, an average annual growth rate of 6.1 percent. The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur was more than twice that of the national average Area Per Capita GDP (in RM Average Ratio of Per Capita GDP TO Million) Annual Malaysia Average Growth Rate (%) 1995 2000 1995 2000 Source: 8th Malaysian Plan KL 22,799 30,727 6.1 2.12 2.11 Malaysia 10,756 14,584 6.3 1.00 1.00 Industry Players in Water Resources Management Public Access to Tapped Water System State Populat‐ % Population served Popula % Population served ion Year 2007 tion Year 2008 served served Urban Rural State Urban Rural State total (%) total (%) Selangor 6,560,306 100 99 99.9 6,694,775 100 99 99.9 Public Access to Water Supply Treatment Plants in Kuala Lumpur Water Actual Design 2008 2009 treatment Capacity (m3/day) plant Actual Total Production(m3/year) Actual Total Production(m3/year) Bukit Nanas 145,000 44,600,394 50,086,538 Sg Langat 386,400 173,141,058 169,404,599 Wangsa Maju 45,000 16,975,080 16,675,514 Source: SPAN % people who can access domestic wastewater treatment systems 1998 2000 2004 2008 Proportion of commercial properties 16,843 19,021 30,518 48,038 with access to an urban sanitation system Proportion of residential properties 142,303 157,159 221,285 197,182 with access to an urban sanitation system Source: IWK Commercial: residential = 1: 4 1994: Federal Government appointed a concessionaire > design, implement and manage a unified sewerage scheme for Kuala Lumpur The concessionaire implemented a sewerage master plan : divides Kuala Lumpur into 7 catchments, each of which has been provided with a regional waste treatment plant Figure: Location of sewerage treatment facilities, 2000 LEGEND CATCHMENT BOUNDARY BDR. TUN RAZAK STP ORIGINAL STP TAMAN TONG LIAN BANDAR TUN RAZAK 2 R R EXISTING LANDUSE M TAMAN MIDAH TAMAN MULIA TAMAN MUTIARA BARAT NEW STP UNDER JBIC PROJECT TAMAN TAYNTON VIEW BANDAR TUN RAZAK SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT Take Over Date 17-Jul-06 DTAMANLP Date HIJAU 17-Jul-08 3 KLR 129 LEBUHRAYA TIMUR ‐ BARATVolume Capacity 25,000 m/day Design PE 100,000 MRR2 TAMAN CONNAUGHTUltimate PE 200,000 GENERAL FLOW Sludge Produced (Actual) 8 tonne/day DIAGRAM Effluent Standard Category B, BOD SS (Sludge Dry Solid Min 20%) Process Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) Power Consumption 1,760 kW/h (Max) Capital Cost RM 95.2 Mill PUCHONG SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT Take Over Date 16-Sep-06 DLP Date 16-Sep-08 Volume Capacity 37,000 m3/day Design PE 150,000 Ultimate PE 1,000,000 Sludge Produced (Actual) 25 tonne/day Effluent Standard Category B, BOD SS (Sludge Dry Solid Min 20%) Process Advance Activated Sludge Power Consumption 1,523 kW/h (Max) KG. PASIR Capital Cost PANJANG RM 90 Mill ORIGINAL STP (AL) EXISTING LANDUSE SERI PETALING PHASE 3&4 TAMAN SERI SENTOSA AY PRESSW LAM EX TAMAN SHAH A SERI PETALING KLR 142 O.U.G PHASE 1&2 PUCHONG POND NEW STP UNDER JBIC PAK SIONG NATIONA L SPORTS T. BUKIT CENTRE KUCHAI BUKIT JALIL ESTATE TAMAN TECHNOLOGY BANDAR MALAYSIA PHASE 1 KINRARA LEGEND GENERAL FLOW DIAGRAM CATCHMENT BOUNDARY PUCHONG STP 2. Scenario of quantity and quality of water Name Volume of available Volume of Beneficial use Water quality water (m3) abstracted water (domestic,industry, (m3) agriculture) (%) Reservoirs: Water supply dam and is one of the Klang Gate 25,104 million major suppliers of liter drinking water to Dam residents of Klang Valley Batu Dam Holding capacity is Water abstracted for Flood control and 36.6 Mm3. The domestic and water supply dam Sungai Batu water industrial water constructed under treatment plant supply to some parts the Kuala Lumpur produces 114 million of Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation litres per day of Project treated water Rivers: Monitoring stations AMPANG SP BATU SP BUNOS SP DAMANSARA P GOMBAK SP JINJANG P KERAYONG P KEROH SP KLANG P KUYOH SP PENCALA P SEMELA C Natural drainage system in KL‐ 3 primary rivers : total length of 32.8 kilometres and 8 other rivers with a combined length of 40.6 kilometres Figure: Rivers, drainage and retention pond system, Groundwater usage by sector in Langat Basin District Usage (m3/hr) Total usage m3/hour Domestic Industry Hulu 110.1 125.16 235.26 Langat Kuala 1128.0 1295.5 2506.19 Langat Sepang 103.27 0 103.27 Distribution of wells in the Langat Basin Details District Hulu Langat Kuala Langat Sepang Domestic 27 11 18 Industry 9 6 0 Observation 6 4 1 Test Well 0 14 0 Unknown 5 1 0 Figure: Rivers, 2000 3. Effluent Load to the Water Source Figure: Composition of water pollution sources by sector, 2007 Land use by category, 2000 Figure : Trend of Pollutant Parameter at Klang River, Year 2005 – 2007 As recorded in the Malaysia Environmental Quality Reports of 2000, Water Quality Index (WQI) showed that water quality for Sungai Klang and Sungai Gombak is still polluted (WQI Class III 51.9‐ 76.5) which requires extensive treatment Pollutant Load to the receiving water course around KL City From wastewater effluent discharge into Klang River BOD (kg/day) COD NH3‐N O& G SS (kg/day) (kg/day) (kg/day) (kg/day) 13,548.44 35,348.92 7,131.57 2,521.50 15,663.83 From Septic tank & Pour Flush Systems BOD (kg/day) COD NH3‐N O& G SS (kg/day) (kg/day) (kg/day) (kg/day) 3,431.00 13,724.10 13,724.10 688.20 6,882.10 Total BOD load (kg/day)from Sewage Treatment Plants, Environmental Quality Report 2007 4. Current Measures on Quality Control for Water source A. Water Quality Index Standard The Department of Environment is responsible for standards of effluent discharged from municipal sewerage treatment plants and all associated environmental matters. B. Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia y Contemplates on eco‐friendly stormwater management practices based on: 9 Stormwater Quantity Control – Flash Flood 9 Stormwater Quality Control‐ River pollution 9 Erosion and Sediment Control Plan y Used by: y Consultants, local authorities, housing developers, public and DID C. Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) y Promotes legislation process y Engineering and technology Æsupport decision making in river basin management D. CASE STUDY: KLANG RIVER CLEAN UP PROGRAM y Construction, maintenance, desilting, beautitification y Relocation of squatters y Treatment of pig waste y Rehabilitation of aquatic life y Education y Water pollution control y Enforcement E. River water quality monitoring programme by DOE y 1978 ‐ establish baselines and detect water quality changes in river water quality and extended to identifying of pollution sources y Water samples collected at regular intervals from designated stations for in‐situ and laboratory analysis to determine its physico‐chemical and biological characteristics. (a) Manual Water Quality Monitoring (MWQM) Programme ‐ In 2006 : 1,064 manual stations in 146 river basins were monitored ‐ 30 Manual Water Quality monitoring stations around Klang Valley ‐ Sampling Frequency = 4 to 12x/yr/station. (b) Continuous Water Quality Monitoring (CWQM) Programme ‐ 1 CWQM station at Klang River MANUAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING MWQM PROGRAMME y Parameter for in‐situ measurement – DO (%), DO (mg/l) ‐ Turbidity (NTU) ‐ Conductivity (Us/cm) ‐ Salinity (ppt) ‐ pH ‐ Temperature y Parameter for lab analysis BOD, COD, SS, NH3‐N, pH, DS, TS, NO3‐N, Cl, PO4‐P, O&G, MBAS, E.coli, Coliform, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na.