@Maxkemman Groningen University

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

@Maxkemman Groningen University Interdisciplinary Collaborations as Trading Zones @MaxKemman University of Luxembourg | March 21, 2017 Groningen University Today • About me • What is an academic discipline • What is interdisciplinarity • Trading zones • Practicing trading zones • Conclusions About me • BSc Cognitive Artificial Intelligence (Utrecht University 2006-2009) • MSc Information Science (Utrecht University 2009-2011) • Junior researcher History department (Erasmus University Rotterdam 2011-2014) • PhD Candidate History department/Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (University of Luxembourg 2014-present) Twitter: @MaxKemman Blog: www.maxkemman.nl About my PhD Digital History as methodological interdisciplinarity: using tools, methods, and concepts from other disciplines to the benefit of historical research (Klein 2014) Alignment of scholarly values with digital technology as two-way street: • The tool needs to fit the practices (social shaping) • The practices need to fit the tools (technological determinism) Other interests • Google Scholar • Open access, open data • Digital libraries: linked data • Artificial Intelligence What is an academic discipline? What makes your discipline a discipline? How is it different from Computer Science? Why did you choose this discipline? Becher & Parry (2005) The Endurance of the Disciplines Disciplines can be described according to 2 aspects: cognitive & social Cognitive aspect • Subject - 'a particular, restricted aspect of reality' (Whitley 1974) • Techniques of enquiry • Methods • Resources • "Sustain an active and reasonably well-organised research frontier or pattern of conceptual development" Social aspect • Incorporation within a typical academic organisation • Shared set of cultural values • Recognition by the Academy at large • Journals, conferences, associations Sugimoto & Weingart (2015) The kaleidoscope of disciplinarity • Cognitive • Social • Communicative (discourse) • Separatedness (boundary work) • Tradition • Institutional Communicative Technical terminology per field: • Hermeneutics • Annotation • Query • Event Communicative Becher (1987) Disciplinary discourse Praising peers • History: scholarly, original, rigorous, stimulating, well-written • Sociology: rigorous, stimulating, persuasive, powerful, perceptive • Physics: elegant, economical, productive Criticising peers • History: thin, 'sound', sloppy, jargon-ridden • Sociology: Anecdotal, contentious • Physics: sloppy, 'accurate', 'rigorous' Separatedness Gieryn (1983) Boundary-Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non- Science Boundary work: defining a disciplinary field by contrasting it with other fields Just as readers come to know Holmes better through contrasts to his foil Watson, so does the public better learn about "science" through contrasts to "non-science." P. 791 Limitations of concept of 'discipline' Is Digital History a disciplinary activity? • No room for different practices within a single department • No room for people from outside university Communities of Practice • Mutual engagement (involving regular interaction). • Joint negotiated enterprise (mutual goal and accountability). • Shared repertoire of negotiable resources (such as jargon and practices). (Wenger, 1998) Limitations: • No room for non-human engagement Epistemic Cultures [T]hose sets of practices, arrangements and mechanisms bound together by necessity, affinity and historical coincidence which, in a given area of professional expertise, make up how we know what we know Knorr Cetina (2007) Conclusions Disciplines demarcate a group of peers, concerned with specific techniques, and subjects More flexible concepts are "community of practice" or "epistemic culture" Why would we want to be interdisciplinary? Wanneer er reden is om verschillende disciplines te onderscheiden ... is er tevens reden ze niet met elkaar te vermengen Ankersmit (1983) What is interdisciplinarity? Did any of you follow courses from other disciplines? Why? What are limitations of your discipline? Multi, Inter, Trans Choi & Pak (2006) Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in health research, services, education and policy • Multi-: "draws on knowledge from different disciplines but stays within the boundaries of those fields" (additive) • Inter-: "analyzes, synthesizes and harmonizes links between disciplines into a coordinated and coherent whole" (interactive) • Trans-: "integrates the natural, social, and health sciences in a humanities context, and in so doing transcends each of their traditional boundaries" (holistic) A case for transdisciplinarity Gibbons (1994) The New Production of Knowledge Mode 1: complex of ideas, methods, values, norms, and ensure "compliance with what is considered sound scientific practice" Mode 1 Mode 2 • Problems are solved within academic context and • Problems are solved within interests of the community context of application • Disciplinary • Transdisciplinary • Homogeneous • Heterogeneous • Hierarchical, tends to preserve its form • Heterarchical and transient • + More socially accountable and reflexive Challenges to practicing interdisciplinarity Let's view interdisciplinary per the typology of Becher & Parry (2005) Cognitive challenges • Subject - 'a particular, restricted aspect of reality' (Whitley 1974) • Techniques of enquiry • Methods • Resources • "Sustain an active and reasonably well-organised research frontier or pattern of conceptual development" Social challenges • Incorporation within a typical academic organisation • Shared set of cultural values • Recognition by the Academy at large • Journals, conferences, associations "What do you call a grad student without a supervisor: Interdisciplinary." - @ChadGaffield (via @AcademicsSay) Conclusions Interdisciplinarity is interesting, but not the easiest route to take To be truly interdisciplinary, need coordination Trading Zones [A]n arena in which radically different activities could be locally, but not globally, coordinated Galison (1996) Local vs global? The assumption is that the different communities in this 'arena' cannot coordinate actions on a global scale Why not? For example, why can't history and computer science do that? • Ideas of what is interesting • Values of what is important • Jargon • Communication (e.g., publications) Global incommensurability Cannot judge one discipline in the terminology of another No neutral ground on which to compare the two Local coordination Define common goals Create a shared language: pidgin/creole Establish shared practices? Acculturation & Dimensions [T]he process by which the beliefs and practices of one community diffuse across the boundaries of another and subsequently alter the second community's practices and interpretations Barley (1988) • Contact & Participation • Cultural maintenance • Coercion Collins et al (2007) Trading zones and interactional expertise What kind of trading zones do we see with Digital History? Homogeneous Heterogeneous Collaboration Digital History as inter-language Digital History as fractioned trading zone - A new discipline? - A dual citizenship for practioners and research - McCarty (2005) objects? - Svensson, Klein, Hunter, Rieder & Röhle Coercion Digital History as subversive Digital History as enforced - Historians assuming the practice - A power struggle of who decides what the digital of Computer Science, but not the expertise (or technology will do? vice versa)? - Mounier (2015) Problem: DH discussed as a homogeneous phenomenon, a single trading zone Fractioned trading zones Commonly assumed the category of digital humanities TZ Two different types: boundary objects and interactional expertise Boundary objects [O]bjects which are both plastic enough to adapt to local needs and the constraints of the several parties employing them, yet robust enough to maintain a common identity across sites. They are weakly structured in common use, and become strongly structured in individual site use. Star & Griesemer (1989) Related to the earlier mentioned pidgin Interactional expertise Evans & Collins (2010) describe 3 forms of expertise: 1. No expertise 2. Interactional expertise 3. Contributory expertise Both types of experts share the same social environment Interactional experts can share the discussion, but not add in practice Imitation Game Contact & Participation • Digital History as collaboration with (a.o.) computer scientists • Digital History as end-users of tools • Digital History as building tools independently • Project • Lab • International network • THATCamp Different forms of interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity can then occur on several levels: • Contact between different disciplines • Individuals taking methods, concepts, tools from other disciplines • Within a discipline focused around a subject, with different methods/concepts around it When is a discipline? Conclusions Global incommensurability between disciplines Within trading zones: local coordination Acculturation: what happens when you are long enough in a TZ? Practicing Trading Zones Sit in groups of 4, with people from different backgrounds Discuss the following questions • What do you understand by data? • What is evidence? • Can research be objective? • What are questions you can ask to distinguish an expert from non-expert in your discipline? Conclusions (last time) Academia structured into disciplines Interdisciplinary research promising for engaging with a subject from different perspectives, but not easy Within interdisciplinary contact, trading zones form to coordinate language and practices
Recommended publications
  • Interactional Expertise and Embodiment Harry Collins
    Interactional Expertise and Embodiment Harry Collins For Jorgen Sandberg, Linda Rouleau, Ann Langley, and Haridimos Tsoukas (eds) 2016 Skillful Performance: Enacting Expertise, Competence, and Capabilities in Organizations: Perspectives on Process Organization Studies (P-PROS), volume 7, Oxford: Oxford University Press Abstract In Part 1 of this paper, I introduce the idea of interactional expertise while in Part 2, I focus on its implications for philosophical theories of the importance of the body in forming our conceptual world. I argue that the way philosophers have dealt with the body turns attention away from the most important questions and that we cannot answer these questions without making the notion of socialisation, and therefore interactional expertise, a central concept in our thinking. This makes language at least as important, and often more important than bodily practice in our understanding of the world. The notion of a disembodied socialised agent leads in the direction of interesting questions while the notion of an embodied but unsocialised human actor is unimaginable. Keywords Interactional Expertise, Language, Embodiment, Dreyfus Part I: Interactional Expertise The philosophical idea of interactional expertise first arose before the term was invented. This was in the mid-1990s, in the context of the discussion of the limitations of artificial intelligence (AI); the question was can machines without human-like bodies be intelligent?1 The first published appearance of the term ‘interactional expertise’ (IE) was in the ‘Third Wave’ paper by Collins and Evans, published in 2002 but this paper dealt with the concept ‘by-the-way’ while attempting to shift social scientists’ attention to expertise in general.
    [Show full text]
  • Trading Zones and Interactional Expertise
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. 38 (2007) 657–666 www.elsevier.com/locate/shpsa Trading zones and interactional expertise Harry Collins a, Robert Evans a, Mike Gorman b,1 a Centre for the Study of Knowledge Expertise and Science (KES), Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff CF10 3WT, UK b Department of Department of Science, Technology, & Society, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4746, USA Abstract The phrase ‘trading zone’ is often used to denote any kind of interdisciplinary partnership in which two or more perspectives are com- bined and a new, shared language develops. In this paper we distinguish between different types of trading zone by asking whether the collaboration is co-operative or coerced and whether the end-state is a heterogeneous or homogeneous culture. In so doing, we find that the voluntary development of a new language community—what we call an inter-language trading zone—represents only one of four possible configurations. In developing this argument we show how different modes of collaboration result in different kinds of trading zone, how different kinds of trading zone may be ‘nested’ inside each other and discuss how a single collaboration might move between different kinds of trading zone over time. One implication of our analysis is that interactional expertise is a central component of at least one class of trading zone. Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Trading zones; Interactional expertise; Interdisciplinarity; Creole When citing this paper, please use the full journal title Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Expertise in Evidence-Based Medicine: a Tale of Three Models Sarah Wieten
    Wieten Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine (2018)13:2 DOI 10.1186/s13010-018-0055-2 RESEARCH Open Access Expertise in evidence-based medicine: a tale of three models Sarah Wieten Abstract Background: Expertise has been a contentious concept in Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM). Especially in the early days of the movement, expertise was taken to be exactly what EBM was rebelling against—the authoritarian pronouncements about “best” interventions dutifully learned in medical schools, sometimes with dire consequences. Since then, some proponents of EBM have tried various ways of reincorporating the idea of expertise into EBM, with mixed results. However, questions remain. Is expertise evidence? If not, what is it good for, if anything? Methods: In this article, I describe and analyze the three historical models of expertise integration in EBM and discuss the difficulties in putting each into practice. I also examine accounts of expertise from disciplines outside of medicine, including philosophy, sociology, psychology, and science and technology studies to see if these accounts can strengthen and clarify what EBM has to say about expertise. Results: Of the accounts of expertise discussed here, the Collins and Evans account can do most to clarify the concept of expertise in EBM. Conclusions: With some additional clarification from EBM proper, theoretical resources from other disciplines might augment the current EBM account of expertise. Keywords: Evidence-based medicine, Expertise, Evidence, Amalgamation Background skills,’ and ‘judgment’ are all relevant to the discussion of Expertise has been a contentious concept in expertise, though they emphasize different aspects of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM). Especially in the this method of knowing.
    [Show full text]
  • Trading Zones Revisited Collins, Harrya, Evans, Roberta, And
    Trading zones revisited Collins, Harrya, Evans, Roberta, and Gorman, Michaelb a Cardiff University b University of Virginia Abstract We describe and then elaborate the model of trading zones first presented in Collins et al 2007 – ‘Trading Zones and Interactional Expertise’. We believe this expanded version of the model includes some very important but previously overlooked ways for separate language communities to communicate. We illustrate the argument with examples. Keywords Trading zone; Interactional expertise; Ambassadorial model; Consultant; Interdisciplinarity E-mail addresses: [email protected] (H. Collins), [email protected] (R. Evans), [email protected] (M. Gorman). 1 Introduction In Collins, Evans and Gorman’s 2007 paper – ‘Trading Zones and Interactional Expertise’ – interactions between separate linguistic communities, often known as ‘trading zones’, were shown to work in variety of different ways. The term ‘trading zone’ was introduced by Peter Galison as a supposed resolution of the problem caused by Kuhn’s notion of ‘paradigm incommensurability’. Under paradigm incommensurability, the concepts belonging to one paradigm cannot be translated into those of another paradigm. We tend to agree with Kuhn’s characterisation of the problem but apply it far more generally to ‘forms of life’ which vary hugely in scale and are embedded within one another.1 We refer to all cases in which there is tension caused by problems of translation between forms of life as trading zones; we note that where there is no problem of translation there is merely unproblematic ‘trade’. Galison’s supposed resolution to the general problem was to posit the existence of in-between languages – creoles and pidgins – which developed to enable ‘trade’ to happen between communities with radically different languages.
    [Show full text]
  • How Do You Know You've Alternated?
    How Do You Know You’ve Alternated? Harry Collins Until I read Stolzenberg’s (2004: 82) review, I had not realised I had really misread Bricmont and Sokal’s argument: I thought they were just ‘nit- picking’. I’m still not so sure, but I’ll leave that to readers of the book. I’ll concentrate on the more substantive question of ‘alternation’ discussed in his last paragraph. Stolzenberg (2004: 86) points out that he has been told that good sociologists acquire the skill of alternating between world views during their training but that he is suspicious: Not only do they make it seem too easy ‘to take on the ways of being in the world that are characteristic of the groups they study’, but they also fail to explain how they know when they have gotten it right. Nor do they say whether, when they ‘return home’, they have any better luck commun- icating their findings than did Square, upon his return to Flatland from Spaceland. These are very reasonable suspicions and in the spirit of The One Culture?, which tries to move things forward, I’ll address them in a positive way. Let me say first that these are problems that continually engage social scientists and they are far from settled among our community. Exactly the same suspicions could very reasonably be expressed by a practising social scientist and we talk about these things all the time even in our own regular Cardiff seminar groups with our own colleagues and graduate students. We think we have a pretty good answer to the first problem – how do we know we’ve achieved a degree of ‘native competence’ – but all we can do is ‘make a stab’ at communicating with the folks back home.
    [Show full text]
  • AI in Digital Humanitarian Innovation
    Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 6 (2020), 591-614 DOI:10.17351/ests2020.459 Social Dynamics of Expectations and Expertise: AI in Digital Humanitarian Innovation GUILLAUME DANDURAND1 UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE FRANÇOIS CLAVEAU2 UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE JEAN-FRANÇOIS DUBÉ3 UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE FLORENCE MILLERAND4 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Abstract Public discourse typically blurs the boundary between what artificial intelligence (AI) actually achieves and what it could accomplish in the future. The sociology of expectations teaches us that such elisions play a performative role: they encourage heterogeneous actors to partake, at various levels, in innovation activities. This article explores how optimistic expectations for AI concretely motivate and mobilize actors, how much heterogeneity hides behind the seeming congruence of optimistic visions, and how the expected technological future is in fact difficult to enact as planned. Our main theoretical contribution is to examine the role of heterogeneous expertises in shaping the social dynamics of expectations, thereby connecting the sociology of expectations with the study of expertise and experience. In our case study of a humanitarian organization, we deploy this theoretical contribution to illustrate how heterogeneous specialists negotiate the realization of contending visions of “digital humanitarianism.” Keywords expectations; expertise; artificial intelligence; digital humanitarianism; performativity 1Guillaume Dandurand, Email: [email protected] 2François Claveau, Email: [email protected] 3Jean-François Dubé, Email: [email protected] 4Florence Millerand, Email: [email protected] Copyright © 2020 (Guillaume Dandurand, François Claveau, Jean-François Dubé, Florence Millerand). Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd). Available at estsjournal.org. Dandurand et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Behaviour on a Beer Mat: Law, Interdisciplinarity & Expertise
    1 Behaviour on a Beer Mat: Law, Interdisciplinarity & Expertise NICKY PRIAULX & MARTIN WEINEL* Introduction In this paper we seek to offer an original theoretical platform for thinking about the nature of legal knowledge produced through ‘legal interdisciplinarity’. The context for our discussion is the emergence of a ‘behavioural boom’ in the field of law where researchers increasingly turn to fields like behavioural economics and allied disciplines as a means of encouraging shifts in legal and social governance architecture. Our contribution raises serious concerns about the capacity of legal researchers to meaningfully navigate non-legal domains and the value of such work in policy-making terms. While the considerations raised here are not restricted to legal knowledge as it emerges through the scholastic interdisciplinary paradigm this is the primary vehicle we use to operationalize our concerns.1 We articulate our concerns through a case study which illustrates both the promise and perils of legal interdisciplinarity by focusing upon the work of two American researchers, Samuel Bagenstos and Margo Schlanger, who engage psychological theory to encourage significant shifts in the civil law of damages. While the work is indicative * Nicky Priaulx ([email protected]),Reader in Law, Cardiff Law School, Cardiff University; Martin Weinel ([email protected]), Research Associate, IMGAME, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University). We are very grateful to Professor Geoffrey Samuel, Kent Law School, University of Kent, U.K. for his insightful and thought-provoking comments on an earlier version of this piece, as well as offering extraordinary scholarly support in the form of lively discussion, laughter and many, many hours of email exchange.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Online Comment Spaces As Sites of Negotiated Expertise
    SISSA – International School for Advanced Studies Journal of Science Communication ISSN 1824 – 2049 http://jcom.sissa.it/ RECEIVED: Octorber 15, 2009 PUBLISHED: February 22, 2010 Article SPECIAL ISSUE ON PEER-TO-PEER AND USER-LED SCIENCE Changing the meaning of peer-to-peer? Exploring online comment spaces as sites of negotiated expertise Marie-Claire Shanahan ABSTRACT: This study examines the nature of peer-to-peer interactions in public online comment spaces. From a theoretical perspective of boundary-work and expertise, the comments posted in response to three health sciences news articles from a national newspaper are explored to determine whether both scientific and personal expertise are recognized and taken up in discussion. Posts were analysed for both explicit claims to expertise and implicit claims embedded in discourse. The analysis suggests that while both scientific and personal expertise are proffered by commenters, it is scientific expertise that is privileged. Those expressing scientific expertise receive greater recognition of the value of their posts. Contributors seeking to share personal expertise are found to engage in scientisation to position themselves as worthwhile experts. Findings suggest that despite the possibilities afforded by online comments for a broader vision of what peer-to-peer interaction means, this possibility is not realized. Increasing calls for public engagement in science and the ever growing accessibility of information has lead to important questions about whom is to be considered expert and whose contributions are to be taken seriously when public policy, discussion and decision making involves science and scientists. Traditional boundaries marked those with scientific credentials as experts and those without as non- experts.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the `PERIODIC TABLE' of EXPERTISES [COPYRIGHT HARRY COLLINS and ROB EVANS] This Is a Draft That, All Being Well, Will Become T
    1 THE `PERIODIC TABLE' OF EXPERTISES [COPYRIGHT HARRY COLLINS AND ROB EVANS] This is a draft that, all being well, will become two chapters of a book entitled Expertise. Here we present the periodic table of expertises and drafts of the two chapters which explain it. IF YOU REFER TO THIS PIECE IT PLEASE CITE AS COLLINS HARRY, AND EVANS ROBERT, (2004) `PERIODIC TABLE OF EXPERTISES' WWW.CF.AC.UK/SOCSI/EXPERT PLEASE SEND COMMENTS ON THE DRAFT TO [email protected] and/or [email protected] 2 UBIQUITOUS EXPERTISES DISPOSITIONS Interactive Ability Reflective Ability SPECIALIST UBIQUITOUS TACIT Knowledge SPECIALIST TACIT Knowledge Beer-mat Popular Primary Source Interactional Contributory EXPERTISES Knowledge Understanding Knowledge Expertise Expertise META- EXTERNAL INTERNAL Ubiquitous Local Technical Downward Referred EXPERTISES Discrimination Discrimination Connoisseurship Discrimination Expertise META- CRITERIA Credentials Experience Track-Record PERIODIC TABLE OF EXPERTISES 3 DRAFT CHAPTER 1 THE LADDER OF EXPERTISE UBIQUITOUS EXPERTISES Ordinary people are talented and skillful almost beyond comprehension. We can say `almost beyond comprehension' with confidence because a lot of very clever people have tried to encapsulate the talents of ordinary people in computer programs entirely failing to realise how hard a task it would be. What we will call `ubiquitous expertises' include all the endlessly indescribable skills it takes to live in a human society; these were once thought of as `mere commonsense.'1 For any specific society, its `form-of-life,'
    [Show full text]
  • Organizational Interactional Expertise in a Knowledge Based
    INTEGRATING CONSTRUCTIONIST AND MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVES: ORGANIZATIONAL INTERACTIONAL EXPERTISE IN A KNOWLEDGE BASED COMPANY by Julie Ann Williamson B.B.A., James Madison University, 1990 M.B.A., University of Denver, 1993 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Communication 2011 This thesis entitled: Integrating Constructionist and Managerial Perspectives: Organizational Interactional Expertise in a Knowledge Based Company has been approved for the Department of Communication Michele H. Jackson Tim Kuhn Matt Koschmann Pamela Shockley-Zalabak Karen Tracy Date The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we Find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards Of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. IRB protocol # 11-0015 iii Williamson, Julie (Ph.D., Communication) Integrating Constructionist and Managerial Perspectives: Organizational Interactional Expertise in a Knowledge Based Company Thesis directed by Michele H. Jackson The paradigm in business of tacit and explicit forms of knowledge and movement between these two forms leaves a gap in our understanding of the practices of knowledge as active and emergent rather than static. Work practices and related knowledge accomplishing activities that evidence organizational interactional expertise provide a way of seeing emergent, socially embedded knowledge enacted as expertise as an asset within a business world where the static construct of “knowledge” as an explicit, tangible object is privileged. The practices and related knowledge accomplishing activities identified in this study provide a way of seeing knowledge in action—the ways in which knowledge is continually constructed and reconstructed as related to interactional expertise in problem and solution definition—jointly developed between consultants and clients.
    [Show full text]
  • Collaboration,Interdisciplinarity,And the Epistemology of Contemporary
    COLLABORATION, INTERDISCIPLINARITY, AND THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE Hanne Andersen, Section for History and Philosophy of Science, Department of Science Education, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Published in Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, A 56:1-10 (2016) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2015.10.006 Abstract: Over the last decades, science has grown increasingly collaborative and interdisciplinary and has come to depart in important ways from the classical analyses of the development of science that were developed by historically inclined philosophers of science half a century ago. In this paper, I shall provide a new account of the structure and development of contemporary science based on analyses of, first, cognitive resources and their relations to domains, and second of the distribution of cognitive resources among collaborators and the epistemic dependence that this distribution implies. On this background I shall describe different ideal types of research activities and analyze how they differ. Finally, analyzing values that drive science towards different kinds of research activities, I shall sketch the main mechanisms underlying the perceived tension between disciplines and interdisciplinarity and argue for a redefinition of accountability and quality control for interdisciplinary and collaborative science. Over the last century, science has grown increasingly collaborative, and most scientific knowledge today is produced by groups in which multiple scientists collaborate in order to combine their knowledge, manpower, materials and other resources (Wuchty, Jones, & Uzzi, 2007). Further, much scientific research today cut across disciplinary boundaries (Braun & Schubert, 2003; Porter & Rafols, 2009). But at the same time, there is an ever ongoing specialization in which new scientific specialties and disciplines continuously proliferate (Stichweh, 1992; 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Experiments with Interactional Expertise
    EXPERIMENTS WITH INTERACTIONAL EXPERTISE. HARRY COLLINS, ROB EVANS, RODRIGO RIBEIRO, AND MLL DRAFT FOR SUBMISSION (FIGURES AND TABLES ARE AT THE END OF THE PAPER) ABSTRACT `Interactional expertise' is developed through linguistic interaction without full scale practical immersion in a culture. Interactional expertise is the medium of communication in peer review in science, in review committees, in interdisciplinary projects, and in public understanding of science. It is also the medium of specialist journalists and interpretative methods in the social sciences. We describe imitation game experiments designed to make concrete the idea of interactional expertise. The experiments show that the linguistic performance of those well-socialized in the language of a specialist group is indistinguishable from those with full-blown practical socialization but distinguishable from those who are not well-socialized. The imitation game can also be used to indicate whether an individual can enter an esoteric domain and master the interactional expertise, a skill required by interpretative sociologists of science, anthropologists, ethnographers, and the like. EXPERIMENTS WITH INTERACTIONAL EXPERTISE.1 INTRODUCTION: THE IDEA OF INTERACTIONAL EXPERTISE The experiments described in this paper are one approach to `studies of expertise and experience' (SEE -- Collins and Evans, 2002). Here we look at `interactional expertise.' The idea of interactional expertise is readily exemplified by the skill required by a sociologist of scientific knowledge who learns to engage respondents in technical discussions of a scientific domain without being able to publish or carry out experiments; the sociologist develops interactional expertise without developing `contributory expertise,' the ability to contribute to the science.2 1 Rodrigo Ribeiro acted as research assistant and made many valuable contributions toward the understanding of the meaning and form of the protocols.
    [Show full text]