Interactional Expertise and Embodiment Harry Collins
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Trading Zones and Interactional Expertise
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. 38 (2007) 657–666 www.elsevier.com/locate/shpsa Trading zones and interactional expertise Harry Collins a, Robert Evans a, Mike Gorman b,1 a Centre for the Study of Knowledge Expertise and Science (KES), Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff CF10 3WT, UK b Department of Department of Science, Technology, & Society, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4746, USA Abstract The phrase ‘trading zone’ is often used to denote any kind of interdisciplinary partnership in which two or more perspectives are com- bined and a new, shared language develops. In this paper we distinguish between different types of trading zone by asking whether the collaboration is co-operative or coerced and whether the end-state is a heterogeneous or homogeneous culture. In so doing, we find that the voluntary development of a new language community—what we call an inter-language trading zone—represents only one of four possible configurations. In developing this argument we show how different modes of collaboration result in different kinds of trading zone, how different kinds of trading zone may be ‘nested’ inside each other and discuss how a single collaboration might move between different kinds of trading zone over time. One implication of our analysis is that interactional expertise is a central component of at least one class of trading zone. Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Trading zones; Interactional expertise; Interdisciplinarity; Creole When citing this paper, please use the full journal title Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 1. -
Symmetry Forced Asymmetry Direct Apprehension and Elective
This is an Open Access document downloaded from ORCA, Cardiff University's institutional repository: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/86120/ This is the author’s version of a work that was submitted to / accepted for publication. Citation for final published version: Collins, Harold Maurice 2015. Symmetry, forced asymmetry, direct apprehension, and elective modernism. Journal of Critical Realism 13 (4) , pp. 411-421. 10.1179/1476743014Z.00000000036 file Publishers page: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1476743014Z.00000000036 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1476743014Z.00000000036> Please note: Changes made as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing, formatting and page numbers may not be reflected in this version. For the definitive version of this publication, please refer to the published source. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite this paper. This version is being made available in accordance with publisher policies. See http://orca.cf.ac.uk/policies.html for usage policies. Copyright and moral rights for publications made available in ORCA are retained by the copyright holders. Collins, Harold Maurice, 2014. Symmetry, forced asymmetry, direct apprehension, and elective modernism. Journal of Critical Realism 13 (4), pp. 411-421. DOI: 10.1179/1476743014Z.00000000036 Symmetry, Forced Asymmetry, Direct Apprehension and Elective Modernism Harry Collins Cardiff University, UK Crazily, Norris seems to think sociology is at war with philosophy; it is not. I respond to his hostile comments on the sociology of scientific knowledge, which was inspired by Wittgenstein, by explaining the need for symmetry in the explanation of scientific knowledge, methodological relativism, elective modernism and a number of other issues. -
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Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 4 (2018), 386-407 DOI:10.17351/ests2018.228 Challenging Power, Constructing Boundaries, and Confronting Anxieties: Michael Kattirtzi Talks with Andrew Stirling MICHAEL KATTIRTZI1 UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH ANDREW STIRLING2 UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX Abstract In this interview, Andy Stirling talks to Michael Kattirtzi about what initially drew him to Science and Technology Studies, his account of the impact of the Science Wars on the field, and why it matters that STS researchers do not shy away from challenging incumbents. Through a series of thoughtful reflections on his encounters with STS researchers, Stirling arrives at the conclusion that we should not expect the field to reconcile tensions that are more deeply rooted in society. Nonetheless, he hopes that in the future STS researchers will be more open and admitting of a plurality of epistemic perspectives within the field and avoid overly constraining it––all the while as he continues to demonstrate the value of appreciating such epistemic pluralism to policy- makers and stakeholders. A reflection by Michael Kattirtzi follows the interview. Keywords interview; Andy Stirling; epistemic diversity; normative commitments; disciplines; reflexivity First Encounters MK Let’s start with your own involvement with Science and Technology Studies, and your own sort of background––I know you remember your time in Edinburgh fondly. AS It was a formative experience for me––one of the most galvanizing of my intellectual life. Actually also my personal life, because it was in the Science Studies Unit (SSU) that I met my partner, Topsy Jewell (who was studying science studies with zoology). But I only had a small exposure to the SSU compared to other people you’ll be interviewing, because I was just an undergraduate. -
Expertise in Evidence-Based Medicine: a Tale of Three Models Sarah Wieten
Wieten Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine (2018)13:2 DOI 10.1186/s13010-018-0055-2 RESEARCH Open Access Expertise in evidence-based medicine: a tale of three models Sarah Wieten Abstract Background: Expertise has been a contentious concept in Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM). Especially in the early days of the movement, expertise was taken to be exactly what EBM was rebelling against—the authoritarian pronouncements about “best” interventions dutifully learned in medical schools, sometimes with dire consequences. Since then, some proponents of EBM have tried various ways of reincorporating the idea of expertise into EBM, with mixed results. However, questions remain. Is expertise evidence? If not, what is it good for, if anything? Methods: In this article, I describe and analyze the three historical models of expertise integration in EBM and discuss the difficulties in putting each into practice. I also examine accounts of expertise from disciplines outside of medicine, including philosophy, sociology, psychology, and science and technology studies to see if these accounts can strengthen and clarify what EBM has to say about expertise. Results: Of the accounts of expertise discussed here, the Collins and Evans account can do most to clarify the concept of expertise in EBM. Conclusions: With some additional clarification from EBM proper, theoretical resources from other disciplines might augment the current EBM account of expertise. Keywords: Evidence-based medicine, Expertise, Evidence, Amalgamation Background skills,’ and ‘judgment’ are all relevant to the discussion of Expertise has been a contentious concept in expertise, though they emphasize different aspects of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM). Especially in the this method of knowing. -
Downloading Physics Preprints from Arxiv Would Be Quite Unaware That a Paper in General Physics Has to Be Treated Differently to Papers in Other Categories
1 The Ecology of Fringe Science and its Bearing on Policy Harry Collins, Andrew Bartlett and Luis Reyes-Galindo School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University1 emails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Introduction Fringe science has been an important topic since the start of the revolution in the social studies of science that occurred in the early 1970s.2 As a softer-edged model of the sciences developed, fringe science was a ‘hard case’ on which to hammer out the idea that scientific truth was whatever came to count as scientific truth: scientific truth emerged from social closure. The job of those studying fringe science was to recapture the rationality of its proponents, showing how, in terms of the procedures of science, they could be right and the mainstream could be wrong and therefore the consensus position is formed by social agreement. One outcome of this way of thinking is that sociologists of science informed by the perspective outlined above find themselves short of argumentative resources for demarcating science from non-science. The distinction with traditional philosophy of science, which readily demarcates fringe subjects such as parapsychology by referring to their ‘irrationality’ or some such, is marked.3 For the sociologist of scientific knowledge, that kind of demarcation comprises 1 This paper is joint work by researchers supported by two grants: ESRC to Harry Collins, (RES/K006401/1) £277,184, What is scientific consensus for policy? Heartlands and hinterlands of physics (2014-2016); British Academy Post-Doctoral Fellowship to Luis Reyes-Galindo, (PF130024) £223,732, The social boundaries of scientific knowledge: a case study of 'green' Open Access (2013-2016). -
Trading Zones Revisited Collins, Harrya, Evans, Roberta, And
Trading zones revisited Collins, Harrya, Evans, Roberta, and Gorman, Michaelb a Cardiff University b University of Virginia Abstract We describe and then elaborate the model of trading zones first presented in Collins et al 2007 – ‘Trading Zones and Interactional Expertise’. We believe this expanded version of the model includes some very important but previously overlooked ways for separate language communities to communicate. We illustrate the argument with examples. Keywords Trading zone; Interactional expertise; Ambassadorial model; Consultant; Interdisciplinarity E-mail addresses: [email protected] (H. Collins), [email protected] (R. Evans), [email protected] (M. Gorman). 1 Introduction In Collins, Evans and Gorman’s 2007 paper – ‘Trading Zones and Interactional Expertise’ – interactions between separate linguistic communities, often known as ‘trading zones’, were shown to work in variety of different ways. The term ‘trading zone’ was introduced by Peter Galison as a supposed resolution of the problem caused by Kuhn’s notion of ‘paradigm incommensurability’. Under paradigm incommensurability, the concepts belonging to one paradigm cannot be translated into those of another paradigm. We tend to agree with Kuhn’s characterisation of the problem but apply it far more generally to ‘forms of life’ which vary hugely in scale and are embedded within one another.1 We refer to all cases in which there is tension caused by problems of translation between forms of life as trading zones; we note that where there is no problem of translation there is merely unproblematic ‘trade’. Galison’s supposed resolution to the general problem was to posit the existence of in-between languages – creoles and pidgins – which developed to enable ‘trade’ to happen between communities with radically different languages. -
Philosophia Scientiæ, 17-3 | 2013, “Tacit and Explicit Knowledge: Harry Collins’S Framework” [Online], Online Since 01 October 2013, Connection on 15 January 2021
Philosophia Scientiæ Travaux d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences 17-3 | 2013 Tacit and Explicit Knowledge: Harry Collins’s Framework Léna Soler, Sjoerd D. Zwart and Régis Catinaud (dir.) Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/philosophiascientiae/876 DOI: 10.4000/philosophiascientiae.876 ISSN: 1775-4283 Publisher Éditions Kimé Printed version Date of publication: 1 October 2013 ISBN: 978-2-84174-641-5 ISSN: 1281-2463 Electronic reference Léna Soler, Sjoerd D. Zwart and Régis Catinaud (dir.), Philosophia Scientiæ, 17-3 | 2013, “Tacit and Explicit Knowledge: Harry Collins’s Framework” [Online], Online since 01 October 2013, connection on 15 January 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/philosophiascientiae/876; DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.4000/philosophiascientiae.876 This text was automatically generated on 15 January 2021. Tous droits réservés 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Editorial Introduction: Collins and Tacit Knowledge Léna Soler and Sjoerd D. Zwart Building an Antenna for Tacit Knowledge Harry Collins Tacit Knowledge and Realism and Constructivism in the Writings of Harry Collins Trevor Pinch At the Margins of Tacit Knowledge Michael Lynch Taking the Collective Out of Tacit Knowledge Stephen Turner Tacit Knowledge and Its Antonyms Tim Thornton Collins’s Taxonomy of Tacit Knowledge: Critical Analyses and Possible Extensions Léna Soler and Sjoerd D. Zwart Ships that Pass in the Night: Tacit Knowledge in Psychology and Sociology Harry Collins and Arthur Reber Refining the Tacit Harry Collins Varia Unix selon l’ordre des raisons : la philosophie de la pratique informatique Baptiste Mélès Introduction au rapport inédit de Helmholtz sur Mosso Alexandre Métraux Ein unveröffentlichter Bericht über verschiedene Arbeiten Angelo Mossos Hermann von Helmholtz Un rapport inédit sur divers travaux d’Angelo Mosso Hermann von Helmholtz Philosophia Scientiæ, 17-3 | 2013 2 Editorial Introduction: Collins and Tacit Knowledge Léna Soler and Sjoerd D. -
How Do You Know You've Alternated?
How Do You Know You’ve Alternated? Harry Collins Until I read Stolzenberg’s (2004: 82) review, I had not realised I had really misread Bricmont and Sokal’s argument: I thought they were just ‘nit- picking’. I’m still not so sure, but I’ll leave that to readers of the book. I’ll concentrate on the more substantive question of ‘alternation’ discussed in his last paragraph. Stolzenberg (2004: 86) points out that he has been told that good sociologists acquire the skill of alternating between world views during their training but that he is suspicious: Not only do they make it seem too easy ‘to take on the ways of being in the world that are characteristic of the groups they study’, but they also fail to explain how they know when they have gotten it right. Nor do they say whether, when they ‘return home’, they have any better luck commun- icating their findings than did Square, upon his return to Flatland from Spaceland. These are very reasonable suspicions and in the spirit of The One Culture?, which tries to move things forward, I’ll address them in a positive way. Let me say first that these are problems that continually engage social scientists and they are far from settled among our community. Exactly the same suspicions could very reasonably be expressed by a practising social scientist and we talk about these things all the time even in our own regular Cardiff seminar groups with our own colleagues and graduate students. We think we have a pretty good answer to the first problem – how do we know we’ve achieved a degree of ‘native competence’ – but all we can do is ‘make a stab’ at communicating with the folks back home. -
AI in Digital Humanitarian Innovation
Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 6 (2020), 591-614 DOI:10.17351/ests2020.459 Social Dynamics of Expectations and Expertise: AI in Digital Humanitarian Innovation GUILLAUME DANDURAND1 UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE FRANÇOIS CLAVEAU2 UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE JEAN-FRANÇOIS DUBÉ3 UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE FLORENCE MILLERAND4 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Abstract Public discourse typically blurs the boundary between what artificial intelligence (AI) actually achieves and what it could accomplish in the future. The sociology of expectations teaches us that such elisions play a performative role: they encourage heterogeneous actors to partake, at various levels, in innovation activities. This article explores how optimistic expectations for AI concretely motivate and mobilize actors, how much heterogeneity hides behind the seeming congruence of optimistic visions, and how the expected technological future is in fact difficult to enact as planned. Our main theoretical contribution is to examine the role of heterogeneous expertises in shaping the social dynamics of expectations, thereby connecting the sociology of expectations with the study of expertise and experience. In our case study of a humanitarian organization, we deploy this theoretical contribution to illustrate how heterogeneous specialists negotiate the realization of contending visions of “digital humanitarianism.” Keywords expectations; expertise; artificial intelligence; digital humanitarianism; performativity 1Guillaume Dandurand, Email: [email protected] 2François Claveau, Email: [email protected] 3Jean-François Dubé, Email: [email protected] 4Florence Millerand, Email: [email protected] Copyright © 2020 (Guillaume Dandurand, François Claveau, Jean-François Dubé, Florence Millerand). Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd). Available at estsjournal.org. Dandurand et al. -
@Maxkemman Groningen University
Interdisciplinary Collaborations as Trading Zones @MaxKemman University of Luxembourg | March 21, 2017 Groningen University Today • About me • What is an academic discipline • What is interdisciplinarity • Trading zones • Practicing trading zones • Conclusions About me • BSc Cognitive Artificial Intelligence (Utrecht University 2006-2009) • MSc Information Science (Utrecht University 2009-2011) • Junior researcher History department (Erasmus University Rotterdam 2011-2014) • PhD Candidate History department/Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (University of Luxembourg 2014-present) Twitter: @MaxKemman Blog: www.maxkemman.nl About my PhD Digital History as methodological interdisciplinarity: using tools, methods, and concepts from other disciplines to the benefit of historical research (Klein 2014) Alignment of scholarly values with digital technology as two-way street: • The tool needs to fit the practices (social shaping) • The practices need to fit the tools (technological determinism) Other interests • Google Scholar • Open access, open data • Digital libraries: linked data • Artificial Intelligence What is an academic discipline? What makes your discipline a discipline? How is it different from Computer Science? Why did you choose this discipline? Becher & Parry (2005) The Endurance of the Disciplines Disciplines can be described according to 2 aspects: cognitive & social Cognitive aspect • Subject - 'a particular, restricted aspect of reality' (Whitley 1974) • Techniques of enquiry • Methods • Resources • "Sustain an active -
Behaviour on a Beer Mat: Law, Interdisciplinarity & Expertise
1 Behaviour on a Beer Mat: Law, Interdisciplinarity & Expertise NICKY PRIAULX & MARTIN WEINEL* Introduction In this paper we seek to offer an original theoretical platform for thinking about the nature of legal knowledge produced through ‘legal interdisciplinarity’. The context for our discussion is the emergence of a ‘behavioural boom’ in the field of law where researchers increasingly turn to fields like behavioural economics and allied disciplines as a means of encouraging shifts in legal and social governance architecture. Our contribution raises serious concerns about the capacity of legal researchers to meaningfully navigate non-legal domains and the value of such work in policy-making terms. While the considerations raised here are not restricted to legal knowledge as it emerges through the scholastic interdisciplinary paradigm this is the primary vehicle we use to operationalize our concerns.1 We articulate our concerns through a case study which illustrates both the promise and perils of legal interdisciplinarity by focusing upon the work of two American researchers, Samuel Bagenstos and Margo Schlanger, who engage psychological theory to encourage significant shifts in the civil law of damages. While the work is indicative * Nicky Priaulx ([email protected]),Reader in Law, Cardiff Law School, Cardiff University; Martin Weinel ([email protected]), Research Associate, IMGAME, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University). We are very grateful to Professor Geoffrey Samuel, Kent Law School, University of Kent, U.K. for his insightful and thought-provoking comments on an earlier version of this piece, as well as offering extraordinary scholarly support in the form of lively discussion, laughter and many, many hours of email exchange. -
Logical Empiricism
Logical Empiricism HISTORICAL CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES Edited by Paolo Parrini, University ofFlorence Wesley C. Salmon, University ofPittsburgh Merrilee H. Salmon, University of Pittsburgh UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH PRESS This book is dedicated to the memory of Wesley C . Salmon 1925-2001 Published by the University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, P&, 15260 Copyright ® 2003, University of Pittsburgh Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Printed on add-free paper 10987654321 ISBN 0 - 8n9- 4194-5 Contents Preface Introduction r Paolo Parrini and Wesley Salmon I. Turning Points and Fundamental Controversies rt A Turning Point in Philosophy : Carnap-Cassirer-Heidegger 13 Michael Friedman Carnap's "Elimination of Metaphysics through Logical Analysis of Language" : A Retrospective Consideration of the Relationship between Continental and Analytic Philosophy 30 Gottfried Gabriel Schlick and Husserl on the Essence of Knowledge 43 Roberta Lanfredini Carnap versus Gbdel on Syntax and Tolerance 57 S. Awodey and A. W Carus II. On the Origins and Development of the Vienna Circle 65 On the Austrian Roots of Logical Empiricism: The Case of the First Vienna Circle 67 Thomas Uebel On the International Encyclopedia, the Neurath-Carnap Disputes, and the Second World War 94 George Reisch Carl Gustav Hempel : Pragmatic Empiricist log Gereon Wolters III. The Riddle of Wittgenstein 123 The Methods of the Tractatus: Beyond Positivism and Metaphysics? 125 David G. Stern IV Philosophy of Physics 157 Two Roads from Kant : Cassirer, Reichenbach, and General Relativity ' 159 T A. Ryckman Vienna Indeterminism II : From Exner to Frank and von Mises 194 'Michael Stoltzner V. The Mind-Body Problem 231 The Mind-Body Problem in the Origin of Logical Empiricism : Herbert Feigl and Psychophysical Parallelism 233 Michael Heidelberger Logical Positivism and the Mind-Body Problem 263 Jaegwon Kim VI.