DOCSLIB.ORG

Anthropogenic Litter and Microplastic in Urban Streams: Abundance, Source, and Fate

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anthropogenic Litter and Microplastic in Urban Streams: Abundance, Source, and Fate Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 2015 Anthropogenic Litter and Microplastic in Urban Streams: Abundance, Source, and Fate Amanda Rae Mccormick Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Mccormick, Amanda Rae, "Anthropogenic Litter and Microplastic in Urban Streams: Abundance, Source, and Fate" (2015). Master's Theses. 3144. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/3144 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2015 Amanda Rae Mccormick LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO ANTHROPOGENIC LITTER AND MICROPLASTIC IN URBAN STREAMS: ABUNDANCE, SOURCE, AND FATE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE PROGRAM IN BIOLOGY BY AMANDA RAE MCCORMICK CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2015 Copyright by Amanda Rae McCormick, 2015 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was funded by the Illinois Water Resource Center and the Graduate School of Loyola University Chicago. Thank you to my thesis adviser Timothy Hoellein and committee members Martin Berg and John Kelly for their comments on this thesis. Thanks also to Maxwell London, Miguel Rojas, Joshua Hittie, Melaney Dunne, Margaret Sladek, Maxwell Jabay, Joseph Schluep, and the Hoellein Lab at Loyola University Chicago for their assistance in the field and laboratory. Thank you to Roy Kressman, Mike Wisniewski, Bill Perry, Jake Callahan, Jim Gorman, Carl Christensen, and Kyle Sinclair for their assistance in sample collection. Finally, thank you to my family and friends for encouraging me throughout the thesis writing process. iii To Kyle, for your constant support in all past, current, and future endeavors. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 Human alterations to global ecosystems ......................................................................... 1 AL distribution and abundance ....................................................................................... 2 Ecological, social, and economic implications of AL ..................................................... 4 Microplastic distribution and sources ............................................................................. 5 Ecological effects of microplastic ................................................................................... 8 Rivers are important in AL and microplastic research .................................................. 11 Thesis objectives ........................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER II: ABUNDANCE, COMPOSITION, SOURCES, AND MOVEMENT OF ANTHROPOGENIC LITTER IN URBAN STREAMS ......................................... 14 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 14 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................. 16 Study sites .................................................................................................................. 16 Collection and categorization of benthic and riparian AL ........................................ 17 Riverine AL compared to marine benthic habitats and beaches ............................... 19 AL flux: study sites ................................................................................................... 20 AL flux: seasonal measurement ................................................................................ 20 AL flux: biweekly measurement ............................................................................... 22 The effect of sampling interval on AL accumulation rates ....................................... 22 Data analysis .............................................................................................................. 23 Results ........................................................................................................................... 28 AL abundance across streams and between habitats ................................................. 28 Relative AL composition among streams and between habitats ............................... 29 Anthropogenic factors influencing the AL density ................................................... 31 AL density, mass, and composition across ecosystem types ..................................... 32 Seasonal flux: net accumulation and export rates ..................................................... 33 Biweekly flux: net accumulation and export rates .................................................... 34 The effect of sampling interval on AL accumulation rates ....................................... 36 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 54 AL abundance and composition differed between riparian and benthic habitats ...... 54 v Reach-scale, not watershed-scale factors explained AL abundance and composition........................................................................................................... 54 Hydrology and AL material type influence accumulation and export ...................... 57 AL is a dynamic, mobile substrate ............................................................................ 59 Scaling up AL density, mass, and flux to the watershed ........................................... 60 AL abundance and composition across ecosystems .................................................. 61 AL is abundant and mobile in rivers, with unknown biological effects .................... 64 CHAPTER III: MICROPLASTIC IN URBAN STREAMS: SOURCE, ABUNDANCE, AND SELECTION OF UNIQUE BACTERIA ASSEMBLAGES .... 66 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 66 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................. 69 Study sites .................................................................................................................. 69 Sample collection and microplastic quantification .................................................... 69 DNA extraction and sequencing ................................................................................ 72 Water chemistry......................................................................................................... 73 Data analysis .............................................................................................................. 73 Results ........................................................................................................................... 77 Physical and chemical characteristics of study streams ............................................ 77 Microplastic concentration ........................................................................................ 77 Bacterial assemblages across habitats ....................................................................... 79 Microplastic bacterial assemblages ........................................................................... 82 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 98 Microplastic concentrations in urban rivers .............................................................. 98 Microplastic concentration in urban rivers is higher than other ecosystems........... 100 Bacterial assemblages colonizing microplastic are unique from natural habitats ... 102 WWTP effluent influences water column bacteria assemblages ............................ 105 The fate of riverine microplastic ............................................................................. 106 Future research and management implications ....................................................... 107 APPENDIX A: SUPPLEMENTAL ANTHROPOGENIC LITTER AND MICROPLASTIC TABLES ........................................................................................ 114 LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................... 120 VITA................................................................................................................................138 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Location and land use characteristics for the 15 study reaches in streams used for anthropogenic litter (AL) characterization…………………………………...25 Table 2. Anthropogenic activity for the 15 study reaches in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Doc Thesis Revisited 2.Pages
    A’’ Aalto University Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, 00076 AALTO School of Arts, Design www.aalto.fi and Architecture Master of Art Thesis Abstract Author: Julia Ganotis Title of Thesis:Ocean Plastic Waste as Art Material Department: Art, Design and Architecture Degree Program: ViCCA Year: 2017 Number of pages: 65 Language: English Abstract Through the inventive use of the waste of industrial production and the personal vision of a responsible society, some artists believe that it is possible to influence consumers’ attitudes and adopt a more responsible environmental behavior. Many artists do not only work with plastic waste but their ideals and methodologies are intimately related with a strong personal commitment in the environmental field. How can they produce new ways to acknowledge phenomena like the plastic pollution of oceans and the hazards it produces to our environment ? This Master of Arts thesis will endeavor to highlight the critical rethinking that contemporary artists are calling for, for this specific aspect of our consumer’s society and the consequences it entails on our future life. It will deal with the ocean plastic waste and pollution problem and artists’ role in mediating with the public through their practice and aesthetic vision. The thesis consists of three parts: a research, interviews with international artists and a production part. The first part of the thesis targets the significance of waste as material in contemporary art, familiarises the reader with a short history of the origins of plastic and examines the specific problem of ocean plastic waste. The second part focuses on interviews with artists who use ocean plastic waste as materials in their art practice.
    [Show full text]
  • New Plastic Formations in the Anthropocene
    Science of The Total Environment, vol. 754, 2021, pp. 14221-6. New plastic formations in the Anthropocene. De-la-Torre, Gabriel Enrique, Dioses-Salinas, Diana Carolina, Pizarro-Ortega, Carlos Ivan y Santillán, Luis. Cita: De-la-Torre, Gabriel Enrique, Dioses-Salinas, Diana Carolina, Pizarro- Ortega, Carlos Ivan y Santillán, Luis (2021). New plastic formations in the Anthropocene. Science of The Total Environment, 754, 14221-6. Dirección estable: https://www.aacademica.org/gabriel.e.delatorre/7 Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons. Para ver una copia de esta licencia, visite https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es. Acta Académica es un proyecto académico sin fines de lucro enmarcado en la iniciativa de acceso abierto. Acta Académica fue creado para facilitar a investigadores de todo el mundo el compartir su producción académica. Para crear un perfil gratuitamente o acceder a otros trabajos visite: https://www.aacademica.org. Science of the Total Environment 754 (2021) 142216 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Review New plastic formations in the Anthropocene Gabriel Enrique De-la-Torre a,⁎, Diana Carolina Dioses-Salinas a, Carlos Ivan Pizarro-Ortega a, Luis Santillán a,b a Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Av. La Fontana 501, Lima 12, Peru b Peruvian Centre for Cetacean Research (CEPEC), Pucusana, Peru HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • New plastic-associated contaminants have been recently reported in litera- ture. • The fate and effects depend on the char- acteristics of each new contaminant. • Plastic pollution monitoring guidelines must include the new terminology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Consequence That Is Plastiglomerate
    COMMENT The consequence that is plastiglomerate Patricia L. Corcoran 1* and Kelly Jazvac2 First documented in 2014, plastiglomerate continues to proliferate across the Earth’s surface. While these materials represent long- lasting symbols of anthropogenic impacts on the environment, they also highlight the need to address the global plastic crisis. Plastiglomerate is a material that describes rock frag- the potential to become buried, preserved, and form ments, sand grains, plastic debris and organic materials part of the rock record. Moreover, given their coastal (such as shells, wood and coral debris) held together in a occurrence, plastiglomerate might be washed out to sea matrix of once-molten plastic (Fig. 1a), and is one of very during storm events and become part of the benthic sed- few examples of preservation of plastic debris in rock. imentary record. Thus, along with global deposition of Generated in beach locations by human- induced fires — combustion-related products (for example, fly ash), and either as a purposeful solution to remove trash or acci- collapse and burial of building materials (concrete dentally as a result of campfires — these anthropogenic and asphalt), plastiglomerate joins an ever- expanding ‘stones’ were first reported on Kamilo Beach, Hawai’i group of long- lived human impacts. These remnants in 2014 (REF.1), but have since been identified in many or casts of the initial plastic products will remain fused coastal locations: from Bali, Indonesia, to California, into the lithosphere as Earth’s future rock record and USA, Madeira, Portugal and Ontario, Canada. As well can be used as a marker of the Anthropocene, when as their geographic distribution, the range of plasti- human activities began to rapidly alter the Earth and glomerate types has also expanded beyond their initial its atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Pressions of Volcanic Rock Outcrops, in Situ Ments Sampled from Kamilo Beach
    Kelly Jazvac Rock Record September 9 – October 15, 2017 FIERMAN presents Rock Record, a solo exhibition by Canadian artist Kelly Jazvac. Rock Record features found materials presented both as art objects and as scientific evidence that plastic pollution has irrevocably changed Earth. The show centers on plastiglomerate – a term collaboratively coined by Jazvac, geologist Patricia Corcoran, and oceanographer Charles Moore in 2013—a new type of stone first described on Kamilo Beach, Hawaii, and later identified on beaches around the globe. Plastiglomerate is a hybrid stone produced when plastic debris melts and fuses with naturally-found sediment such as sand, shells, rock, and wood. For several years, Jazvac has presented these stones in art galleries and museums, emphasizing their poetic, affective, and pedagogical potential. Through their simultaneously natural and artificial forms, each plastiglomerate works to visualize the dense entanglements of human consumption and the environments that adapt and react to our overwhelming presence. However, these stones are not simply, nor primarily, artworks. They are also scientific evidence of how anthropogenic materials are altering Earth’s geology, as explained by Jazvac, Corcoran, and Moore in a co-authored scientific paper published in 2014. They argue that plastiglomerate has the potential to sink into Earth’s strata: due to the increased density of this plastic-sediment fusion, as plastiglomerate becomes buried, so too will the material be preserved for centuries to come. Both Corcoran and Jazvac are founding members of an interdisciplinary research team that considers the ways in which art and culture can contribute to scientific research. This team works collaboratively to make largely unseen aspects of plastic pollution visible.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Pollution from Pyroplastics
    University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences 2019-12-01 Marine pollution from pyroplastics Turner, A http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/14834 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133610 Science of the Total Environment Elsevier All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. 1 Marine pollution from pyroplastics 2 Andrew Turner*a, Claire Wallersteinb, Rob Arnoldb, Delia Webbc 3 4 aSchool of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 5 University of Plymouth 6 Drake Circus 7 Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK 8 [email protected] 9 10 bRame Peninsula Beach Care 11 56 Fore Street 12 Kingsand 13 Torpoint PL10 1NA, UK 14 15 cFriends of Portheras Cove 16 Village Community Centre 17 Pendeen TR19 7SE, UK 18 19 Accepted 25th July 2019 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.13 1 21 Abstract 22 Items of marine plastic litter are conventionally classified as primary or secondary, depending on 23 whether they are distinct objects or angular fragments, respectively. “Pyroplastic” is an additional 24 type of plastic litter that is described here, based on observations made on beached samples from 25 south west England. Pyroplastics are derived from the informal or more organised burning of 26 manufactured plastics and may be angular “plastiglomerates”, comprising pieces of plastic debris 27 within a matrix, or rounded plastic “pebbles”, where agglomerated material has been weathered 28 and smoothed into more brittle and neutrally-coloured geogenic-looking clasts.
    [Show full text]
  • Plastiglomerate, the Anthropocene's New Stone
    04/04/2016 Plastiglomerate, the Anthropocene’s New Stone Plastiglomerate, the Anthropocene’s New Stone by Ben Valentine on November 25, 2015 http://hyperallergic.com/249396/plastiglomerate­the­anthropocenes­new­stone/ 1/7 04/04/2016 Plastiglomerate, the Anthropocene’s New Stone Kelly Jazvac, “Plastiglomerate Samples” (2013), plastic and beach sediment, including sand, basalt rock, wood and coral. All of these found­object artworks are the results of a collaboration between Jazvac, geologist Patricia Corcoran, and oceanographer Charles Moore. (all photos by Jeff Elstone) The idea of the Anthropocene, a proposed geologic epoch triggered by the effects of humans on the Earth, is increasingly gaining traction. People, myself included, are desperate for a framework in which to understand, discuss, and therefore confront our devastating impact on our planet. The Anthropocene is a large­scale admission of guilt — one that, if accepted worldwide, could hold the power to move us to action in a way that national and international bodies have been shockingly unable to. The dates, the efficacy of the term “Anthropocene,” and even the existence of a new geologic age itself are, however, hotly contested. Scholars in the humanities have joined the discussion recently, debating the merits of differing terms such as “Capitalocene” (placing the blame on the overconsumption of capitalism) or “Plasticine” (pointing to the material that is choking our planet). Yet the determination and coining of a geologic epoch are ultimately scientific matters. The idea of the Anthropocene as distinct from the Holocene was first popularized in 2000 by atmospheric chemist and Nobel Prize winner Paul Crutzen.
    [Show full text]
  • Plastiglomerate Are Many Things and Can Range from Rocky Outcrops to Lush Vegetation
    The conditions that obtained when life had not yet emerged from the oceans have not subsequently changed a great deal for the cells of the human body, bathed by the primordial wave which continues to flow in the arteries. Our blood in fact has a 01/14 chemical composition analogous to that of the sea of our origins, from which the first living cells and the first multicellular beings derived the oxygen and the other elements necessary to life É The sea where living creatures were at one time immersed is now enclosed within their bodies. – Italo Calvino, Blood, Sea1 Kirsty Robertson What is a beach actually? It is marginalia, a footnote to the essay that is the ocean. Beaches Plastiglomerate are many things and can range from rocky outcrops to lush vegetation. But the sandy beach of popular imagination is made up of sediment, of particles coming from eroded coral reefs in the ocean, sediment from the sea floor, eroded sections of the continental shelf, or weathered and eroded rocks from nearby cliffs.2 In Hawai’i, volcanic basalt sometimes contributes to the mix, creating black beaches of small-to-tiny particles that are eroded by the constant, lapping wave action of the ocean. Beaches are far from sedentary. They are in constant motion, as wind and water wear away at rocks, coral, shells, and other matter. They also stretch across time as certain minerals, such as quartz and feldspar, are chemically stable and strong enough to last well through erosion, often n o 3 s forming the base of beaches millennia old.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Visit Educator's Guide
    Plastic Entanglements: Ecology, Aesthetics, Materials Educator’s Guide Pre-Visit Activities Plastic Entanglements: Ecology, Aesthetics, Materials Educator’s Guide Pre-Visit Activities About the Exhibition Plastic Entanglements: Ecology, Aesthetics, Materials September 13, 2019 to January 5, 2020 Pleasant T. Rowland Galleries Chazen Museum of Art 750 University Avenue Madison, WI Developed and written by GINNY CARLTON, education outreach specialist, Wisconsin Sea Grant ANNE MOSER, senior special librarian and education coordinator Wisconsin Water Library and Wisconsin Sea Grant Reviewed by ADRIENNE RICH, assistant curator of education, Chazen Museum of Art Produced by MORGAN WITTE, layout, Wisconsin Sea Grant ELIZABETH WHITE, editor, Wisconsin Sea Grant 2 GUIDE NAVIGATION INTRODUCTION TO PRE-VISIT ACTIVITIES 4 ACTIVITIES 4 Each section below includes background information on the topic, one or more student activities, and suggestions on what to view in the exhibition. Plastic’s Past Interviewing for Historical Perspectives 4 Plastic’s Present Plastic in my Life - an Inventory 14 Different Types of Plastics 16 Plastic’s Future Concerns on the Horizon – Marine Debris 23 Concerns on the Horizon – Microplastics 27 REFERENCES CITED 30 3 INTRODUCTION TO PRE-VISIT ACTIVITIES The activities below will introduce learners to the concepts explored throughout the exhibition. The lessons are organized in a similar fashion to the exhibit itself: beginning with plastic’s past, examining the present situation and speculating about the future of plastic. Each lesson plan contains background information, activity descriptions and a section identifying items in the exhibit that directly relate to each activity. After your visit, the Educator Guide: Post-Visit Activities document provides engaging ways to reflect on and learn more about what you’ve learned before and during the museum visit.
    [Show full text]
  • Human-Free Earth and Other Actions Which Are Part of the Project Plasticity of the Planet Are Intended to Help Us Recognise the Issues at Stake
    U–jazdowski 4 15/03–22/09/2019 4 exhibition 4 2Human -Free Earth 4 2 4as part of the project Plasticity of the Planet 42Artists 4 2 2Ursula Biemann and Mo Diener, Gast Bouschet and Nadine Hilbert, Bonita Ely, Kelly Jazvac, Agnieszka Kurant, Diana Lelonek, Angelika Markul, the Mycological Twist (Eloïse Bonneviot and Anne de Boer), Pakui Hardware (Neringa Černiauskaitė and Ugnius Gelguda), Tom Sherman, Aleksandra Ska, Monika Zawadzki, Marina Zurkow 42Curator 4 2 2Jarosław Lubiak 42Curatorial collaboration 4 2 2Michał Grzegorzek 42Academic consultation 4 2 2Prof . Monika Bakke, UAM 42Exhibition architecture 4 2 2Paulina Tyro-Niezgoda Piotr Matosek 42Graphic design 4 2 2Monika Zawadzki Olo Jean-Claude Zawadzki 42Co -ordination 4 2 2Maria Sapeta Anna Kobierska Donna Haraway suggests ’staying with the trouble‘ – rather than ignoring it or running away from it if it proves insoluble.1 Haraway urges us to take care of the natural environment. This can only succeed if we first recognise the existing problems. The exhibition Human-Free Earth and other actions which are part of the project Plasticity of the Planet are intended to help us recognise the issues at stake. 3We must face the irreversible changes in the natural environ- ment. In Alan Weisman‘s The World Without Us,2 published in 2007, the author speculates on what would happen to our planet if all the people were to disappear. This is not an apocalyptic vision, however – quite the opposite, in fact. Weisman reflects mainly on how long it would take nature to take over the infrastructure created by humans. He thinks, for example, that after five hundred years, in Europe, and in Poland, the primaeval forest would return to resemble its remnants that still persist in Białowieża.
    [Show full text]
  • ACSA Faculty Design Honorable Mention 2016-2017 Winner: Submission Materials
    ACSA Faculty Design Honorable Mention 2016-2017 Winner: Submission Materials POST ROCK MEREDITH L. MILLER & THOM MORAN University of Michigan Post Rock Plastiglomerate, a combination of waste plastics and rock, is the first material of the anthropocene. Post Rock captures this geological phenomenon through design and experimental fabrication, offering new aesthetic and tectonic possibilities for sustainable construction in the 21st century. 2016-2017 ACSA Faculty Design Award Submission Each year, 270 million tons of plastic are produced worldwide.* This amount is roughly equivalent to the total weight of the earth’s human population. In other words, for every person on earth, a corresponding mass of plastic is added to the environment year after year after year…. * Erik R. Zettler, Tracy J. Mincer, Linda A. Amaral-Zettler, “Life in the ‘Plastisphere’: Microbial Communities on Plastic Marine Debris,” Environmental Science and Technology 47 (2013): 7,137−46. ...so is it any wonder that entire islands of trash have formed in our oceans? While these monumental gyres have captured the attention of designers and environmentalists alike, they remain a distant and intangible testament to a throw- away culture. Plastic flotsam in the Pacific Ocean 2 Post Rock 2016-2017 ACSA Faculty Design Award Submission Sample of plastiglomerate discovered by scientists at Kamilo Beach, Hawaii Meanwhile, the earth has responded to this global proliferation of plastic by making a new material. Waste polymers in oceans and coastal ecosystems are fusing with sand, rock, and other inorganic materials. The resulting “rocks” have recently compelled scientists to establish a new classification of stone called “plastiglomerate.” They define plastiglomerate as “an indurated, multi-composite material made hard by agglutination of rock and molten plastic.”* In other words, a plastiglomerate is an emergent product of both human and geological processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Studio Anne Holtrop ETH Zürich Design Studio FS20 MATERIAL
    Studio Anne Holtrop ETH Zürich design studio FS20 MATERIAL GESTURE: WEAVING AND BONDING CONTENTS 7 MATERIAL GESTURE: WEAVING AND BONDING 11 DESIGN STUDIO 13 ASSIGNMENT 15 SCHEDULE 21 GUESTS 25 HISTORY OF WEAVING (PRE-OIL PERIOD) 53 PLASTIC ERA '60s–'70s 85 CURRENT RESEARCH ON SYNTHETIC MATERIALS AND RECENT PROJECTS 123 BIBLIOGRAPHY MATERIAL GESTURE: WEAVING AND BONDING We currently live in a geological age called the Anthropocene Epoch, in which humans are the primary cause of permanent planetary change. Our interest in the Anthropocene Epoch centres around the invention of materials that did not exist before as they cannot be found in nature. For this semester, we focus on man-made materials that are synthesized from naturally found oil. The development of synthetic materials, commonly misunderstood as plastics, began alongside the production of oil as a fuel. In 1907, Bakelite, the first truly synthetic plastic, was invented. Marketed as “the material of a thousand uses,” Bakelite could be shaped or molded into almost anything. After the Second World War, many architectural experiments were conducted, 7 fully embracing the new materials and their possibilities. In 1956, Alison and Peter Smithson made a complete plastic interior for their House of the Future. In the movie The Touchables (1968), a large transparent pneumatic dome featured as the house of a rock star. In the late 1960s, the Finnish architect, Matti Suuronen, made the Futuro, which could be ordered anywhere in the world as a weekend house. The first plastic age in architecture ended with the oil crisis in 1973. Nowadays, plastics are still used in almost every aspect of our consumption and have become a huge problem in recycling.
    [Show full text]
  • Plastic Debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes System, North America: Analysis of Types, Abundances, and Sources
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 2-2-2021 2:00 PM Plastic debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes System, North America: Analysis of types, abundances, and sources Ian A. Arturo, The University of Western Ontario Supervisor: Corcoran, Patricia L., The University of Western Ontario A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the Master of Science degree in Geology © Ian A. Arturo 2021 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Environmental Health and Protection Commons, Environmental Monitoring Commons, and the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Arturo, Ian A., "Plastic debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes System, North America: Analysis of types, abundances, and sources" (2021). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 7758. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/7758 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ii Abstract Understanding plastic pollution in the Laurentian Great Lakes system requires investigation of all plastic debris sizes and categories. Visible polymeric debris (VPD) mainly characterize shorelines, and microplastics (MPs; <5 mm) are found in benthic and beach sediment. Field sampling of VPD from all five Great Lakes, visual and chemical identification of VPD types, and implementation of a matrix scoring technique (MST) indicate that plastic industries, urban areas, and shoreline recreation are major sources of VPD. Sampling for MPs in the St. Clair system, followed by preliminary density separation, and microscopy, suggest that wastewater treatment plants are a major source.
    [Show full text]