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Affordable and Appropriate Housing for Women Equality Rights Alliance Women’S Voices for Gender Equality

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Affordable and Appropriate Housing for Women Equality Rights Alliance Women’S Voices for Gender Equality National Plan on Gender Equality Affordable and Appropriate Housing for Women Equality Rights Alliance Women’s Voices for Gender Equality Key Information Housing policy is not age or gender neutral Older single women emerged in the 2016 Women’s housing needs are reflected in housing census as the fastest growing cohort of people support and service use: experiencing housing stress and homelessness. o Women make up 63% of people aged 15+ The number of homeless women 55+ went up by assisted by specialist homelessness services 31% and the number of homeless women aged (AIHW 2018). 65 – 74 increased by 51%. o Women are 62% of social housing tenants (AIHW 2019). Domestic and family violence is the number one o 45% of rent assistance recipients are single reason women become homeless in Australia. women (while 30% are single men and 20% 40% of female clients cite it as the main reason are couples).2 for seeking homelessness assistance.1 Women’s housing needs are influenced by: o Low incomes – 51.5% of people living in poverty are girls and women (Davidson, et al., 2018) – 51% of low-paid employees are women, despite making up only 47% of the total workforce (ACOSS, 2019) o Caring responsibilities – There are 959,543 single parent families in Australia – 81.8% are single mother families (ABS, 2019c) o Domestic and family violence – 91% of adults seeking homelessness support as a result of domestic & family violence are women (AIHW 2018). 1 CHP analysis of AIHW, Specialist Homelessness Services Collection, 2017-18. 2 2018 data on Commonwealth Rent Assistance commissioned from Department of Social Services for ERA. National Plan on Gender Equality: Affordable and Appropriate Housing for Women 1 Equality Rights Alliance Women’s Voices for Gender Equality Background Housing affordability remains a chronic problem in Australia. Affordable rental properties are increasingly unavailable for people on low incomes (Anglicare Australia, 2019), the number of people seeking assistance from homelessness services rises every year (AIHW, 2018) and the national waiting lists for social housing remain at approximately 190 000 households (SCRGSP, 2016). Further, 897 000 of households living in the private rental market satisfy income eligibility tests for public housing, pointing to an even greater latent demand (Wood, 2016). Gendered experiences of economic insecurity, such as the gendered pay, wealth and superannuation gaps make access to affordable housing particularly difficult for women. The lack of affordable housing that is appropriate to the needs of women with caring responsibilities is a critical issue. In addition, gendered experiences of violence affect women’s housing security and stability (Flinders Institute for Housing, Urban and Regional Research, 2018). Consequently, women are the main beneficiaries of housing support systems. According to the 2016 Census, women and girls make up 42% of people experiencing homelessness and, according to the ABS Survey of Income and Housing, women make up 52% of persons living in low income households in rental stress (ABS, 2016). Further, women are the majority of public housing tenants, Commonwealth Rent Assistance payment recipients,3 and specialist homelessness services clients (AIHW, 2018, 2019). Housing Support and Assistance Demand Reflects Gendered Needs The high levels of women’s housing needs are reflected in their high levels of use and demand for housing assistance and support. For example, the typical social housing tenant is a woman: in public housing she is a woman over 55 and living alone; in State Owned and Managed Indigenous Housing, she is a woman aged 25-54 with dependent children, and in community housing, she is a woman over 45 and living alone (AIHW, 2017a). As a result of these high usage levels the under-resourcing of housing safety nets and funding cuts to services disproportionately affect women and undermines the Australian Government’s gender equality objectives (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, 2016). For example, of the people in receipt of the maximum rate of CRA, 47.5% are single women (25% are single men and 27.4% are couples). Of the people who remain in housing stress after receiving CRA, 50% are single women (30.3% are single men and 19.6% are couples). Further, women make up 63% of people aged 15 years and over assisted by specialist homelessness services and 70% of unassisted requests for homelessness services (AIHW, 2018). The Impacts of Violence on Housing Domestic and family violence is a primary driver of homelessness and pathways into housing insecurity for women and their children. 37.2% of people assisted by specialist homelessness services are experiencing domestic and family violence, with 27.6% reporting violence as the main reason for seeking assistance (AIHW 2018). The vast majority are women and children, with women making up 91% of adults seeking homelessness support as a result of domestic & family violence (AIHW 2018). There is also evidence that a lack of available and affordable housing is a reason that women remain in dangerous situations, particularly Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women (Flanagan et al., 2019, Cripps and Habibis, 2019). 3 Data on Rent Assistance Income Units by Sex provided to ERA by Department of Social Services. National Plan on Gender Equality: Affordable and Appropriate Housing for Women 2 Equality Rights Alliance Women’s Voices for Gender Equality Tenancy laws compound issues of debt and housing insecurity for people experiencing domestic and family violence (Flanagan et al., 2019). Increasingly State and Territory-based tenancy laws are providing more protections for victims and survivors, however, strong national standards are required to guide reform across all jurisdictions. Affordable housing and appropriate support from housing and homelessness service providers is an essential component of any comprehensive efforts. For women on temporary visas experiencing violence, there are myriad systemic failures which impact on housing security. Many women on temporary visas, including those seeking asylum, are ineligible for many government support payments, such as Centrelink, leaving many victims/survivors financially dependent on a perpetrator (partner or other family member) or with no income. Women on temporary visas may not be eligible for many support services, such as crisis or social housing, depending on the policies of the relevant State or Territory, as well as of the individual crisis services. Even when access to crisis support services is possible, women on temporary visas have limited pathways to re-establish economic independence and are reliant on prolonged assistance from crisis support services (Harmony Alliance, 2019). This puts heavy pressure on already under-resourced support services. In its survey of 387 women on temporary visas experiencing violence and accessing support services, the National Working Group on Women on Temporary Visas Experiencing Violence (2018) found that 24% of women were living in crisis accommodation, 11% were living in temporary accommodation, and 10% were living at home with a partner, increasing their risk of experiencing further violence. Further, almost one third of women had been supported by a service for more than six months, 8% for between a year and two years, and 5% of for more than two years. The report concluded that crisis and long-term housing was the service most needed by women on temporary visas experiencing violence that organisations were unable to provide. Older Women Single, older women are one of the fastest growing cohorts of people facing homelessness (National Older Women’s Housing and Homelessness Working Group, 2018). Older people in Australia are increasingly facing more precarious housing futures, with growing numbers of retirees holding mortgage debt or living in the private rental market. In particular, single women are more likely than single men or couples to be renting or still paying off a mortgage in their retirement (Senate Economic References Committee, 2016). Between the 2011 and 2016 censuses there was a 31% rise in homelessness among older women and a 97% increase in the number of older women forced to rent in an increasingly unaffordable private market (National Older Women’s Housing and Homelessness Working Group, 2018). According to the 2016 Census, there are 290 326 single women over the age of 45 living in the private rental market. The median weekly income of this group is $579. There are 249 610 men in the same situation and the median weekly income for this group is $7254. 4 Data commissioned by Equality Rights Alliance from the ABS in 2018. The median weekly income is calculated using the weighted average of median income for the four rental categories Rented: Real estate agent, Rented: Person not in same household, Rented: Other landlord type and Rented: Landlord type not stated. National Plan on Gender Equality: Affordable and Appropriate Housing for Women 3 Equality Rights Alliance Women’s Voices for Gender Equality The Housing Needs of Single Mothers and their Children Single mothers and their children are acknowledged to be one of Australia’s most disadvantaged populations (AIHW, 2017), but there is a lack of research about their experiences of homelessness and about the significant barriers (such as ineligibility for public housing) to their access to housing support. Single parent-headed families are one of the most common family types approaching homelessness services and over 40%of single parent families reside in the private rental sector (Stone et al., 2016), compared with one quarter of the overall population (ABS, 2019b). One third of single parent families live under the 50% of median income and under the poverty line (ACOSS and SPRC, 2016), and the rate of poverty among unemployed single parent families rose by 24% from 35% in 2013 to 59% in 2015 (Davidson et al., 2018). According to the ABS, women-headed one-parent families are projected to rise by between 43% and 50% from 2016 to 2041 (ABS, 2019a).
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