A Pragmatic Analysis of Speech Acts Used by the Main Character in Amc’S Tv Series the Walking Dead

A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACTS USED BY THE MAIN CHARACTER IN AMC’S TV SERIES THE WALKING DEAD

A THESIS

MUHAMMAD KHAIRI ARMIS

REG. NO. 170705016

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2021

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, MUHAMMAD KHAIRI ARMIS, STATE THAT I AM THE ONLY AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS TAKEN IN TERMS OF CONTEXT OF ITS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONDUCTS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN A WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSONAGE’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOLEDEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE IN ANY PEDAGOGY ELEMENT OF EDUCATION

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Date : 2021

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : MUHAMMAD KHAIRI ARMIS

THESIS ENTITLED : PRAGMATICS ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACTS USED BY THE MAIN CHARACTER IN AMC'S TV SERIES THE WALKING DEAD

QUALIFICATION : S-1 / SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

I AM DECLARING WILLINGLY THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE TO ANTICIPATE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE CONSTITUTIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

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Date : 2021

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank to our only God; Allah SWT who has given us to be always in a good condition to create a research in linguistics which has been for the status quo of human being, and encourages me to finish the thesis by doing as such. Nevertheless, may peace and salutations be elevated upon the prophet Muhammad SAW, who has led all human being from the stupidity to become lightness which will never be forgotten as Muslim ummah I would also like to express my heart warmed and gratitude to those who have supported me in order to finish the study and applied research respectively: Your honorable The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. T. Thyrhaya Zein, M.A; The Head of English Department Prof. T. Silvana Sinar M.A, Ph.D instantly to become my supervisor respectively who always directed me in completing my thesis and strengthening my spirit; and Secretary of the department Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D. without your outstanding material this will not be happened as it is; My examiners, Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed.TESOL, Prof. Syahron Lubis, M.A., and Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A., assisted with lot of useful ideas, devoted a considerable amount of time, and made a significant contribution to the completion of my thesis until the end; All of the lecturers of English Department who have provided me with a wealth of information and trustworthiness of the research itself that can be seen by all the lecturers who are teaching on the same side of the faculty; To my beloved father Armis Abubakar S.H. and My undying love mother Midaiyana A.Md. who have supported me in different situation Thank you for your undying love, support, fidelity towards me; My eldest brother, Fadrilah Andre, my second older sister, Ardita Dwi Nuryanti, my third older sister Fauziyah Ardilla and my younger sister Afifah Armiya and my brother-in-law Faizal Al Marawi who has been helping me out to during college began until it ends here. They deserve to receive special appreciation due to their support to guide me all way to the finish of my thesis itself. They always encourage me to be a better personage in the distant future,

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA which can be seen through the glance of my success itself to become something more and who always be there to support me as such as material and immaterial. It's been a privilege to have you all in this reality. “You guys are always unbelievable people, awesome and very special to me as well. Without having you, this research won‟t be finished”. To my girlfriend, the most important girl who has encouraged me to do a good deed and spirit in order to finish the thesis, remove my boredom in doing so and she‟s the most precious thing to analyze together by not misspelling me as her guidance for me as well. I really worship your kindness from the time we were friends to the time we became lovers, and can't tell you how much you care for me. “You are such an incredible person who was trusted me to in every circumstance”. This deed can‟t be done without your existence by doing so, I‟ll still be lazy and boredom would come towards me in every direction. I hope we could complete our journey together by getting the jobs that we want the most, we could break the ice of challenges which can be prevented to block the aspiration that could cause some fandom for sort. My best pals, Tantawi Zauhari Siregar, Ridho Rambe and Vico Prasetyo Thank you for always being there for me, for all of your attention and motivations to support the situation within me, so that I could finish this without any hesitation. Thank you for being such a close friend, and I sincerely hope that we will be able to realize our dream and that our friendship will lead us to Allah SWT heaven or we should call it as “Jannah” in afterlife. Amen Eventually, this thesis is far from being pitch perfect, so I thank all of you who have given ideas, stigmas and support to complete this fundamental research thesis. Medan, 11th of July 2021

Muhammad Khairi Armis

Reg. No. 170705016

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

The research thesis is entitled as “PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACTS USED BY THE MAIN CHARACTER IN AMC’S TV SERIES THE WALKING DEAD”. The aims of this thesis are to identify types of speech acts which are prominently used by the main character in the data source TV series from season 1-2, and to find out the dominant items of Illocutionary acts found in the data. The research study is a qualitative descriptive method and applies documentation type of data collection method. The researcher intentionally used qualitative method to describe and analyze of the data of selected utterances which are said in script without any hesitation to enhance the capability throughout words scattered in the sayings. The researcher emphasizes on the Illocutionary acts of speech acts could come into main concern as types, functions and context situation would be for Illocutionary acts as the most spoken statements based on what the main character could‟ve said in the story, nevertheless Illocutionary acts are distributed as follows; Representative, Directives, Commisives, Expressives, Declaratives. The results of the study are stated as follows: 1) the 84 utterances stated by the main character from season 1 and season 2 are regarded of types of Illocutionary acts could come into the movie script itself; 2) over than 39 times of utterances in the Illocutionary acts are dominated by directives type which are uttered.

Keywords: Speech acts, Illocutionary speech acts, The Walking Dead Movie script, Context of language

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Skripsi ini berjudul “ANALISIS PRAGMATIKA TINDAK TUTUR YANG DIUCAPKAN OLEH KARAKTER UTAMA DALAM SERIES TV AMC THE WALKING DEAD”. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi jenis tindak tutur yang paling menonjol digunakan oleh karakter utama dalam serial TV dari musim 1-2, peneliti mencoba mengidentifikasi item di seluruh naskah film yang disediakan. Tindak tutur dibedakan menjadi 3 jenis, yaitu tindak lokusi, tindak ilokusi, dan tindak perlokusi. Dalam penelitian ini, perhatian utama adalah tindak ilokusi yang menerapkan maksud pembicara untuk berbicara dengan pembicara lain. desain penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif dan menggunakan metode pengumpulan data jenis dokumentasi. Sumber data dikumpulkan melalui tuturan dari tokoh utama sendiri yang ada dalam naskah. Penulis sengaja menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis ucapan terpilih yang diucapkan dalam naskah yang ada untuk meningkatkan kemampuan seluruh kata yang tersebar dalam ucapan, kemudian peneliti mengklasifikasikan menurut teori John Searle (1969) yang menekankan pada definisi bagaimana tindak ilokusi dapat diklasifikasikan seperti itu dan bagaimana tindak tutur dapat menjadi perhatian utama sebagai jenis, fungsi dan situasi konteks untuk tindak ilokusi sebagai pernyataan yang paling diucapkan berdasarkan apa yang bisa dikatakan karakter utama dalam cerita, namun demikian Tindak ilokusi didistribusikan sebagai berikut; Representatif, Direktif, Komisi, Ekspresif, Deklaratif. jelas bahwa Ilokusi akan ketat masing-masing menurut Austin (1962). Hasil penelitian dinyatakan sebagai berikut; peneliti menemukan 84 pernyataan yang dikatakan oleh karakter utama dari musim 1 hingga akhir musim 2 yang dianggap jenis tindakan ilokusi dapat masuk ke dalam naskah film itu sendiri. Studi ini membutuhkan banyak usaha untuk dianalisis karena massa item itu sendiri. Pernyataan berdasarkan tindak ilokusi yang paling banyak diucapkan adalah direktif yang diucapkan lebih dari 39 kali.

Kata Kunci: Tindak tutur, Tindak tutur Ilokusi, Naskah Film The Walking Dead, Konteks Berbahasa

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR‟SDECLARATION...... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...... iii

ABSTRACT...... v

ABSTRAK...... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS...... vii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION...... 1

1.1 Background of Study...... 1

1.2 Problem of Study...... 5

1.3 Objective of Study...... 5

1.4 Scope of Study...... 6

1.5 Significance of Study...... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE...... 7

2.1 Related Theories ...... 7

2.1.1 Pragmatics...... 7

2.1.2 Speech Act...... 8

2.1.3 Types of Speech Act...... 9

2.1.4 Movie...... 15

2.1.5 The Walking Dead Movie Series...... 17

2.2 Relevant Studies...... 19

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.3. Conceptual Framework...... 20

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...... 21

3.1 Research Design...... 21

3.2 Data and Data Source...... 22

3.3 Data Collection Methods...... 23

3.4 Instrument...... 23

3.5 Data Analysis Methods………………………………………………... 24

3.6 Data Display………………………………………………………….... 24

3.7 Trustworthiness……………………………………………………….... 25

3.8 Triangulation the Data Source………………………………………….. 25

CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION...... 27

4.1 Findings...... 27

4.1.1 Representatives...... 30

4.1.2 Directives...... 36

4.1.3 Commisive...... 40

4.1.4 Expressive...... 42

4.1.5 Declaratives...... 46

4.2 Findings………………………………………………………………….49

4.2.1 Types of Illocutionary acts……………………………………………....49

4.2.2 Causes of Illocutionary acts…………………………………………….. 50

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION...... 51

5.1 Conclusion...... 50

5.2 Suggestion...... 51

REFERENCES……………………………………………...... 52

APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………..

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study This chapter mainly discusses about the background of the study, problems of the study, objectives of the study, scope of the study, and significances of the studies. All of these will be further explained as follows. Contemporarily, communication is needed to get an information from the others, not only the information would we get from the communication, it‟s a key to interact one to another, by approaching this interaction, we could finally define what‟s like to have a communication with others, and how could this term involve human in terms of the discussion which is never impermanent among other human, this will be the key to background of the study how this could be the one that could reprimand the definition of communication itself one to another. By communication to the others, we can also express our feelings, stigmas and intuition which is based on what we‟re going to say and what would be the features for us to interact and communicate with each other. This is one of the examples which language is needed to be combined with communication, and how it could be vice-versa with others. The way to communication except speaking are by letter, message, email, fax, etc. We definitely ever communication by one of ways mention above. However, communication has a device which is called language. Language is a part of communication also which has function to express our feeling, idea, and thought. Varga (2010: 9) states humans communicate in lots of ways, but the most effective way of human communication is linguistic communication, i.e., the use of language. Linguistic communication has the purpose of sending message. Communicating process happened between the sender, the receiver, and the massage that is delivered. Communicating with language is not only by talking to one another, it can also be done through different media. Talking about express our feeling by language, there is another way except the way of communication which are mention above. People use the utterances

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA with implied meaning sometimes in their life communication, to guess that meaning they should know where or when the utterance is stated or base on the context in order to achieve the goal of utterances itself and it called for how the addressee's interpretation of what speaker's really want to the addressees. The context is also important to help the address to interpret the meaning of the utterances because context can stimulate and contribute to hearer in interpreting the meaning. How people use language to communicate is studied through pragmatics. Pragmatics is the study of human communication: the choices speakers make to express their intended meaning and the kinds of inferences that hearers draw from an utterance in the context of its use (Allan, 2012: vii). In communication indeed, not only do the speakers produce utterances, but they also perform action through the utterances. They are doing things with their utterances when they speak because language is used not only to explain words, but also to perform an action which is intended to have a function and effect on the hearer. Those actions that are performed via utterances are called speech acts (Yule, 1996: 47). Common people make communication unstructured; it does not become problem because the most important of that is their speech can be understood and accepted by others. Language reflects not only in oral communication, but also in written, such as in magazine, newspaper, letters and others kinds includes manuscript on some document in movie or history. Many people like watching movie but according to the researcher not all of people understand about the form or the function of language that used there. Sometimes people do not care about the form or the function of communication used in the movie. Common people believe that the important is interesting story or not, or they watch film because of the actors or actress who plays in that movie. In the study of language, what people do by saying words is called speech acts. Speech acts has three types included, they are locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. (Yule, 1996:48) Locutionary act is literal meaning of the utterances, illocutionary act is the action behind the utterances and perlocutionary act is the effect of utterances to hearer. Illocutionary act is one of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA types of speech act that is very elaborate and has got more division than others types, in determining the illocutionary act of an utterance is called for enough knowledge about its illocutionary act. There are five basic types of illocutionary can perform in speaking. They are representatives, directives, commissive, expressive and declarative. Representative focuses to what the speaker believes to be the case or not, directive concerns to the speaker want to hearer or someone else to do something, commissive concerns on speaker commitment to the future action, expressive deals with expression or speaker feels, declaratives are related with act having immediately changes. To be able to gain the types of speech act, the researcher needs to find one of oral or written communication whether they are monolog or dialog. Conversation is one of the sources of getting types of speech act because through conversation, the researcher may gain many utterances, which are not directly spoken to the listener so that the researcher needs to analyze those utterances into a target meaning. By doing so, it means that the researcher needs to analyze to understand a deep meaning of what is said by the speaker. The way of speaker to communicate is not only in the oral language speech or face to face talking but also in the written language such as in newspaper, magazine, book, novel, movie script, short story and many others (Zamzami, 2016). Movie is one of the ways which used by the speaker to convey the utterances. Movie is a sequence of picture projected on a screen from a develop and prepared film especially with an accompanying sound track (James, 2020:229). Movie also medium of education that can demonstrate to the human audio visual so people with such a device would be easier to accept education movie is similarly one of the tools used to deliver the events. It is defined as motion pictures considered esp. as a source of entertainment or as an art. The conversation in the movie can be a good example of speech acts because it represents the complex case of speech acts in order to find out what the main character do by saying something. In this case, a script of a movie is an essential

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA part in a movie because the script contains the dialogues spoken by the characters on the film. This study uses movie script as the object of the study because movie script is full of conversations. Therefore, Walking Dead‟s movie series 1-2 movie script is chosen as the object of the research. This fact becomes one of the reasons that makes the phenomena of speech acts are interesting to discuss in this article. This proposal will focus on the analysis of speech act that is used by the main character in Walking Dead‟s movie series 1-2 movie script. In doing this research, the researcher has already read some previous study that related to this research, from the previous study researcher has got references that can be used to know how to conduct the study to analyze the speech act in Walking Dead‟s movie series 1-2 movie script. Previous research is written by Dahlia (2012) entitled as “A Speech Act Analysis Used by Anna as The Second Character In “Frozen” Movie Script”. In that analysis the writers find out the utterances that appear and the influence for the hearer aster the utterances is stated. Each speech shows three parts of speech acts, namely locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary. However, this study only focuses on the discussion of illocutionary acts because basically the aim of the research is to find out what illocutionary acts used by Anna as one of the characters in the frozen movie so that the sense of a speech can be understood well in certain social interaction. The film of Frozen was chosen as the source of the data in this research because of the many illocutionary acts of speech spoken by Anna. The data was collected from the “Frozen” movie script. Based on the result of the study, the data found there are five kinds of illocutionary acts in the script, namely; 102 representatives forces, 32 directives forces, 11 commissive forces, 41 expressive forces, and 1 declarative force. Others previous research is written by Isnawati (2016) et al “Speech Acts Analysis of The Main Character in Shrek Movie Script”. The study of speech acts discusses not only everyday life interaction but also interaction in the film. This research concerns with speech acts produced by the main character in Shrek movie script. The aims of this research are to describe the types of speech acts and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA to analyze the most dominant speech acts produced by the main character. Besides, the aim of this research is also to know and describe the purposes of Shrek as the main character to use speech acts. The objects of this research are texts in the form of movie script. Austin‟s (1962) theory of speech acts is applied in this research as the major theory. The types of research in this study are qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research is applied to analyze the data in the form of the text. Quantitative research is used to count the member of speech acts used by Shrek to conclude which types of speech acts is dominantly used. There are 50 utterances to be analyzed. The result of this research shows that the four types of speech acts produced by Shrek are directives, representatives, expressive, and commissive. This study shows that the dominant speech acts used is directives. It reaches 44%. It indicates that Shrek uses directives because he wants to make the hearer do something. Besides, Shrek also wants to be admitted by the people that he is actually a kind ogre. Based on the problems and the previous research above the researcher had conducted a research with title Speech Act Analysis of Main Character in AMC‟s TV series the Walking Dead‟s movie series 1-2 Movie Script.

1.2 Problems of the Study Based on the background of the research above, there are three research questions that will be discussed in this thesis: 1. What are the types of Illocutionary acts are found in The Walking Dead‟s movie series 1-2 movie script produced by the main character? 2. What are the most dominant Illocutionary acts used by the main character in The Walking dead‟s movie series 1-2 movie script?

1.3 Objectives of Study Referring with the problems to discuss above, this study has objectives as follows:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. To describe the types of Illocutionary acts are found in Walking Dead‟s movie series 1-2 movie script produced by the main character. 2. To analyze Illocutionary acts used by the main character in Walking Dead‟s movie series 1-2 movie script.

1.4 Scope of the Study The scope of this research will discuss about what are the types of Illocutionary acts are found in Walking Dead‟s movie series 1-2 movie script produced by the main character. For the limitation, the writer will limit the research to focus on analyzing the most dominant speech acts are used by the main character in Walking Dead‟s movie series 1-2 movie script.

1.5 Significances of the study After doing research the writer hope that the result of the analysis can be useful contribution to the development of teaching in introduction to literature material. According to the C.R. Kothari (2004: 6) "Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry." Briefly the writer hope the result of the results of analysis will contribute to the writer its self, to the readers, lecture, and university students of english departement. 1. The writer gets more understanding in use of speech act. The analysis of speech act in movie script can make the writer clearly comprehend. 2. The readers will get an example of speech act's analysis. 3. The lectures get benefit from the result of research so, he can use the analysis as an example of the material in teaching subject related to the speech act. 4. For university students of english departement, they can use the research as substance of study and get more example the use of speech act closer.

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1. Related Theories This chapter is devoted to review the related literature of the present study. These reviews are expected to serve important background information to support the study and the discussion of the findings. It is divided into four subtopics:

2.1.1 Pragmatic Studying pragmatics is very interesting because it learns the meaning of utterances by involving the context. Pragmatic is known as one of the branch of linguistic study. This study is not dealing with what the utterances really mean, instead, it deals with the interpretation of what the speaker‟s mean by their utterances. Pragmatic is aiming for analyzing speaker‟s intended meanings, their assumptions, their purpose, and even the intended action that they are try to convey. For that, pragmatic is also known as the study of „invisible‟ meaning. According to Griffiths (2006: 6), pragmatic is the study of utterances meaning. Utterances are interpreted in context. Pragmatics is dealing with meaning with context to consider. Based Allan and Jaszczolt‟s statement (2012: 1), Pragmatics is the study of human communication: the choices speakers make to express their intended meaning and the kinds of inferences that hearers draw from an utterance in the context of its use. According to Valeika (2010: 7) stated that Linguistic pragmatics focuses on the speaker, his or her intended meaning, and the addressee and his or her interpretation of the speaker‟s meaning. The exchange or relay of information, message, attitude, feelings or values from one person to another contributes to the interpretation of meaning. Pragmatic analysis of language use in talk is an investigation of how language has functioned in communication. Therefore, it can

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA be concluded that pragmatics is the study of how people use language to communicate. It deals with the intended10 meaning of an utterance in a particular context communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a hearer.

2.1.2 Speech act According to Austin (in Cutting, 2008: 13) defines speech acts as the actions performed in saying something or how the languages could imply the meaning in some way so that the speaker and the listener could have same interaction one to another the how the actions are performed and uttered are based on the context This is similar to Yule (1996: 47) who proposes that speech acts are actions performed via utterances. Furthermore, Searle (1969: 16) states that the production or issuance of a sentence token under certain conditions is a speech act, and speech acts are the basic or minimal units of linguistic communication. Speaking a language is performing speech acts such as making 15 statements, giving commands, asking questions, making promises, etc. Thus, viewing speech acts as the basic unit of communication allows Searle to explicitly associated speech acts with the study of language (its production, its interpretation) and meaning (both speaker meaning and linguistic meaning) (Schiffrin, 1994: 55). The study of speech act is very important for us. The one importance of studying speech act is to make us comprehend what message that discovered in every utterance. Speech act also decided by the language ability of speaker to convey the message in communication. When someone could understand about the meaning of speech act itself, by seeing the context so the utterance wouldn‟t be baffling based on what the researcher wants to acknowledge from the source data, eventually the utterances which are from the resource itself. So, when we speak with other people in the communication or conversation, the speaker not only speak source (the utterance has no intention and goal), but the speaker must interpret of the speaker‟s meaning to the hearer, and the speaker can make hearer to understand the meaning of that utterance by speaker said. Speech act just perform in conversation or dialogue which performed by speaker and hearer.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Its line with Huang (2010: 682) the theory holds that people use language, the purpose is not only to speak, or express a thought, but by talking to achieve certain goals, that is, words and deeds matter. People to communicate, not only must be good at understanding the speaker's "words in conduct" or "explicit performative" is more important is to understand the speaker's "illocutionary act" or "hidden SHI" and "indirect speech behavior." Speech acts is the basic analysis in pragmatics. This opinion has relation with the objects of pragmatics which most of them are speech acts in communication. Speech acts term appears as a result of uttering something, the speakers do not just utter something, and there is a meaning behind it. So, it can be concluded that speech acts are the activity done by uttering something.

2.1.3 Types of Speech act Austin's theory was based on his belief that speakers do not merely use language to say things, but to do things and those utterances could be regarded as speech acts. Austin (1962: 108) states that in issuing an utterance, a speaker can perform three acts simultaneously. They are a locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. Searle (1969: 23-24) starts with the notion that when a person speaks, s/he performs three different acts, i.e., utterance acts, propositional acts, and illocutionary acts. Utterance acts simply consist of uttering strings of words (morphemes, sentences). Meanwhile, propositional acts (referring, predicating) and illocutionary acts (stating, questioning, commanding, promising, etc.) characteristically consist of uttering words in the sentences in certain context, under certain condition and with certain intention. Action performed by producing the utterance will consist of three related acts. It is appropriate with Austin a cited Yule book that isolates three basic senses in which in saying something one is doing something (Yule: 48). In this condition, there are three basic kinds of acts perform in speech; locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocution act. 2.1.3.1. Locutionary Act

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Austin (1962: 108) states that locutionary act is roughly equivalent to uttering a certain sentence with certain sense and reference, which again is roughly equivalent to meaning in the traditional sense. Meanwhile Yule (1996) stated, locutionary act is “what is said” in the form of utterance that is the act of saying something. If someone says: “knock the door!”, the locutionary act is the realization of the speaker‟s utterance. The locutionary acts are acts of speaking in the construction of speech, such as uttering certain sounds or making certain marks, using particular words and using them in conformity with the grammatical rules of a particular language and with certain senses and certain references as determined by the rules of the language from which they are drawn. 2.1.3.2. Illocutionary Act Illocutionary act is “what is done in uttering the word”, the function of the word, and the specific purpose of the speaker‟s mind. The utterance “I swear to give it back next time” is used to perform the illocutionary act of promising (Yule, 1996). Austin (1962: 108) says that illocutionary act is an utterance which has a certain force. It is an act performed in saying something. It is the intention behind the words. It is the act of using utterance to perform a function. When saying something, a speaker does not only produce utterance with no purpose. S/he forms an utterance with some kind of function in mind. Examples of illocutionary acts include accusing, apologizing, 17 blaming, congratulating, declaring war, giving permission, joking, marrying, nagging, naming, promising, ordering, refusing, swearing, and thanking. The functions or actions just mentioned are also commonly referred to as the illocutionary “force‟ (“point‟) of the utterance. Further, Austin (1962: 150-151) classifies illocutionary acts into five major classes. Therefore, Searle proposed that speech act could be grouped into general categories based on the relation of word and world. There are five basic kinds of actions that one can perform on speaking or utterance, by means of the following types: representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declaratives. There are five types of classification speech acts also stare by (Yule, 1996), there are representative, expressive, directive, commissive and declarative.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.1.3.2. 1. Representative Representatives tells about the truthfully of the utterance. In other words, it presents external reality by making their utterance or words fit with the world as they believe it to be. Searle (1979: 12) states that the point or purpose of the members of the representative class is to commit the speaker to something‟s being the case, to the truth of the expressed proposition, e.g., stating, boasting, complaining, claiming and reporting. Therefore, testing a representative can be done by simply questioning whether it can be categorized as true or false. This is similar to Yule‟s definition (1996: 53) that representatives state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. By performing a representative or an assertive, the speaker makes the words fit the world (belief). For examples, (a) The name of British queen is Elizabeth. (b) The earth is flat.

The two examples represent the world‟s events as what the speaker believes. Example (a) implies the speaker‟s assertion that the British queen‟s name is Elizabeth. In example (b), the speaker asserts that s/he believes that the earth is flat. 2.1.3.2. 2. Directives This second category means that speakers direct the hearer to perform some future act which will make the world fit with the speaker‟s words. In my assumption, the utterance in this category attempt to make the addressee perform an action. Directives perform commanding, ordering, requesting, warning, suggesting, inviting, and etc. For example, because the garage was mess. Ed said to Fey “clean it up!” it‟s mean that Ed commanding Fey to clean the mess. Searle (1979: 13) states that directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something such as ordering, commanding, requesting, advising, and recommending. They express what the speaker wants. According to Yule 21 (1996: 53), by using a directive, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the word (via the hearer). The following sentences are the example of directive: (a) You may ask.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (b) Would you make me a cup of tea? (c) Freeze!

Example (a) is a suggestion that has a function to get the hearer to do something as what the speaker suggests, i.e. suggests someone to ask. Meanwhile, in example (b), in saying an interrogative sentence, the speaker has an intention to perform a request that has a function to get the hearer to do something that the speaker wants, i.e. requests someone to make him/her a cup of tea. The speaker does not expect the hearer to answer the question with “yes‟ or “no‟, but the action of making him/ her a cup of tea. Example (c) is a command to someone to freeze something. 2.1.3.2. 3. Commissive According to Searle (1979: 14) she stated that commissive as the illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course action. Yule (1996: 54) states that commissive commit the speaker to some future action. They express what the speaker intends such as promising, threatening, refusing, pledging, offering, vowing, and volunteering. In using a commissive, the speaker undertakes to make the world fit the words (via speaker). The examples are as follows: (a) I‟ll be back. (b) We will not do that.

Example (a) can be a promise that has a function to commit the speaker to some future action, i.e., promise to someone that the speaker will be back after speaking the utterance. Meanwhile, in example (2), the speakers have an intention to perform a refusal. The speakers refuse to do something that the hearer asks. In commissive, speakers commit themselves to a future act which make the words fit their words. They express what speaker intends commissives is the utterance is produces to give action in the future. They are promising, vowing, planning, threatening, offering, and etc. They can be performed by the speaker alone, or by speaker as a member of a group. “I‟ll take her to the doctor” it is the example of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA planning. The situation is Steve‟s cat named Coco is sick, and he will take Coco to the vet to check her.

2.1.3.2. 4. Expressive Searle (1979: 15) states that expressive are illocutionary point used to express the psychological state of the speaker. They state what the speaker feels and can be statements of joy, pain, sorrow etc., but also expressions of thanking, apologizing, welcoming, congratulating, etc. (Yule, 1996: 53). In using an expressive, the speaker makes words fit the world (of feeling). The examples are: (a) I‟m really sorry! (b) Congratulation! (c) We greatly appreciate what you did for us.

Example (a) is an expression to show sympathy. Example (b) is used to congratulate someone. Example (c) can be used to thank or to appreciate someone. Expressive use the speaker makes words fit the world (of feeling). They express a psychological state. The expressions such as thanking, apologizing, welcoming, condoling, pleasuring, like, dislike, joying, etc. In my oipinion, expressive is kind of speech act that expressing of feeling. “I‟m really sorry!” is the example of apologizing in expressives types. It reflects that the speaker requires some apologizing to hearer. 2.1.3.2. 5. Declaratives This kind of speech act is quite special, because the speaker utters words or statement that in themselves change the world via words. Declarations which effect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate extra linguistic institutions. The paradigm cases are: excommunicating, declaration war, firing, christening, etc. For example, utterance: “I pronounce you husband and wife”. This utterance by a priest to declare a man and a women marriage and become a husband and wife.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Searle (1979: 16) states that declarations effect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs that is they change the world via the utterance. According to Yule (1996: 53), the speaker has to have a special institutional role, in a specific context, in order to perform a declaration appropriately; typically, examples include excommunicating, declaring war, marrying, firing from employment, nominating, etc. Some examples of utterances classified as declarations are: (a) Boss: “You are fired” (b) Umpire: “Time out!”

Utterance (a) and (b) bring about the change in reality and they are more than just a statement. Utterance (a) can be used to perform the act of ending the employment and (b) can be used to perform the ending of the game. 2.1.3.3. Perlocutionary Act According to Austin (1962: 108), perlocutionary act is the achieving of certain effects by saying something. It concerns the effect an utterance may have on the hearer. Put slightly more technically, a perlocution is the act by which the locution and illocution produce a certain effect in or exert a certain influence on the hearer. For example, by saying “I‟ve just made some coffee”, the speaker performs perlocutionary act of causing the hearer to account for a wonderful smell, or to get the hearer to drink some coffee (Yule, 1996: 48-49). Meanwhile, Searle stated it is important to a taxonomy of illocutionary acts notice that the terminology of "point" or "purpose" is not meant to imply, nor is it based on the view, that every illocutionary act has a definitionally associated perlocutionary intent. For many, perhaps most, of the most important illocutionary acts, there is no essential perlocutionary intent associated by definition with the corresponding verb, e.g., statements and promises are not by definition attempts to produce perlocutionary effects in hearers. (1979: 2-3) This research dealt with the types of speech acts, especially illocutionary acts as the pressure to convey the speaker's purpose to listeners using language. All data were classified based on those theory which is used to analyze the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA illocutionary strength used by the main character in conveying her purpose. The classification of illocutionary acts is representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative. To be able to gain the types of speech act, the researcher needs to find one of oral or written communication whether they are monolog or dialog. Conversation is one of the sources of getting types of speech act because through conversation, the researcher may gain many utterances, which are not directly spoken to the listener so that the researcher needs to analyze those utterances into a target meaning. By doing so, it means that the researcher needs to analyze to understand a deep meaning of what is said by the speaker. The conversation in the movie can be a good example of speech acts because it represents the complex case of speech acts in order to find out what the main character do by saying something. In this case, a script of a movie is an essential part in a movie because the script contains the dialogues spoken by the characters on the film.

2.1.4 Movie 2.1.4.1. Definition of Movie Movie is moving pictures. In the movie, we can also see some parts of people‟s lives. Although not all parts of movie are the representation of real lives, we can somehow take it as lives that people have. Movies become so familiar in this era. Movie can make people enjoy when people watching it. By movies, people can get inspiration, ideas, knowledge, learn some new from the movies, and many other things. By watching the movies, the audience can begin to feel, enjoy, angry, happy, fear, sad and many emotions. That will be interested when somebody too seriously to understanding the movies by watching the setting, plot, dialogue, and characters of the movie. A film provides us with the illusion of movement and sound and suspends our disbelief to provide an entertaining, immersive experience for the viewer. Film presents us with a story or narrative that is re-enacted through the interaction of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA characters. It can be argued that the cause-and-effect relationship in a film is governed largely by the characters' actions that cause events to change. (Vassiliou, 2006: 2).

Movie is form of entertainment that gives visualization through a sequence of image giving some pictures of continuous movement and it is also called term that create story into motion pictures completed by audio and as a form dramatic performance that is recorded as a moving image, even it is added special effects to make a magnificent image.

2.1.4.2. Elements of movie Movies have some parts that can be broken down to analyze further. Movie is extended prose fiction narrative having a central plot. We can understand deeply the movie by knowing the elements, which build the movie, such as plot, setting, point of view, style, character, and theme. All of the elements influence the content of movie (Eripuddin, 2017: 2). Whereas, in this research analyzed the speech act on the character on movie. In a movie, people can see some people playing different roles as if they are really like what we see in the movie. Those people are called characters. Eder (2008: 7) stated characters are important points of reference in the criticism and the analysis of films and also occupy a central position in the production process: film scripts are rejected because one cannot identify oneself with the characters, or they are accepted because they offer good parts for stars. 2.1.4.3. Character on movie A character is a person that created by movies‟ creator or sometimes even a animal who takes part in action of story. Character can be classified into two. They are main character and supporting character. The main character is the character that has many scenes on the story. Whereas, the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA supporting character is character that supports and helps the main character on the story. Character can be defined as someone in a literary work that has identity which is made up by appearance, conversation, action, name and thoughts on in the head. Bennett and Royle (2004:60) state that characters are the life of literature: they are the objects of our curiosity and fascination, affection and dislike, admiration and condemnation. Characters are the important part of a story. It helps to send the message of the story through the behaviour and expression of the character (Dinah, 2019: 15). A character always uses the tools of communication to interact with other characters. How to communicate with other characters can establish how they feel and described such as where they come from and their relationship with the character to whose they are speaking.

2.1.5 The Walking Dead’s movie series 1-2’s Movie The Walking Dead is an American horror television drama series developed by Frank Darabont. It is based on the Comic Series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The series stars Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes, a police officer who gets shot in the line of duty and awakens from a coma to find the world dominated by the literal walking dead (Walkers). He sets out to find his family and encounters some other survivors along the way. The title of the series refers to the survivors, and not the actual zombies,[1] though it could equally be taken to mean both the survivors and the zombies. In September 2013, a companion series was announced by AMC. Dave Erickson, writer and producer of AMC's Low Winter Sun, is confirmed to be the showrunner. In March 2014, Robert Kirkman has noted that the new series is not technically a spin-off, because none of the characters from the TV Series will be involved. Kirkman also said that the new series will be unrelated to the comics, different characters, different location. (The location has been revealed as Los Angeles, California.)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In February 2019, AMC announced that The Walking Dead: World Beyond is in development as part of the "Walking Dead Universe" promised by Chief Content Officer Scott Gimple almost a year prior. In September 2020, AMC announced that the TV Series would end in 2022 with Season 11 becoming the final season of the series. It was also announced the series would be succeeded by an anthology series titled, Tales of The Walking Dead and a sequel focused on Daryl Dixon and Carol Peletier. Season 1 of AMC's The Walking Dead premiered on October 31, 2010, and concluded on December 5, 2010, consisting of 6 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, who wrote or co-wrote four of the season's six episodes and directed the pilot episode, "Days Gone Bye", the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Darabont, Kirkman, David Alpert, Charles H. Eglee, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Darabont assuming the role of showrunner. This season adapts material from issues #1-6 of the Comic Series. It introduces notable comic character Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln), who awakens from a coma, after being shot, in a post-apocalyptic world filled with flesh-eating zombies, dubbed "walkers". After befriending Morgan Jones (Lennie James), Rick sets out to find his family and discover the origins of the walker virus. Season 2 of AMC's The Walking Dead premiered on October 16, 2011, and concluded on March 18, 2012, consisting of 13 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Darabont, Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara assuming the role of showrunner after Darabont's departure from the series. This season adapts material from issues #7-12 of the Comic Series. It introduces notable comic characters Hershel Greene (Scott Wilson) and his daughter, Maggie (Lauren Cohan). Mainly set at the Greene Family Farm, after the escape and destruction of the CDC, the season continues the story of Rick

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) and his group of survivors as they continue to survive in a post-apocalyptic world overrun by flesh-eating zombies, dubbed "walkers". After leaving Atlanta, Rick and the group are stopped on the highway by a threat unlike anything they have seen before. While searching for someone who has gone missing, the group eventually discovers an isolated farm, where tensions arise among members of the main group, and the mysterious and ignorant inhabitants of the farm, whose secrets and motives are unclear. In the midst of events, Rick and the others try to restore order after a terrible discovery as differences begin to openly erupt between Rick and Shane Walsh (Jon Bernthal). 2.2. Relevant Studies In this thesis, the writer reviews the previous study to adding insight to help finish this research. The previous study has similarities and differences in some aspects as this research due to the fact that the similarities come from how the research could be equal one to another like an example, this research is aimed to analyze the speech acts analysis in particular series/movies, this happens because The first previous study that is used, is written by Nadia Sofia Fitri Dahlia and friends. The title is “A Speech Act Analysis Used by Anna as The Second Characters In “Frozen” Movie Script. In that analysis the writers to find out the utterances that appear and the influence for the hearer aster the utterances is stated. Each speech showing three parts of speech acts, namely locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary. However, this study only focuses on the discussion of illocutionary acts because basically the aim of the research is to find out what illocutionary acts used by Anna as one of the characters in the frozen movie so that the sense of a speech can be understood well in certain social interaction. The film of Frozen was chosen as the source of the data in this research because of the many illocutionary acts of speech spoken by Anna. The data was collected from the “Frozen” movie script. Based on the result of the study, the data found there are five kinds of illocutionary acts in the script, namely; 102 representatives forces,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 32 directives forces, 11 commissive forces, 41 expressive forces, and 1 declarative force. The second previous research is written by Fifin (2013) entitled is Speech Acts Analysis of the Main Character in Shrek Movie Script. In the study of language, what people do by saying something is called speech acts. Speech acts is not only found in everyday life but also in the film. This research concerns with speech acts produced by the main character in Shrek movie script. The aims of this research are to describe the types of speech acts and to analyze the most dominant speech acts produced by the main character. Besides, the aim of this research is also to know and describe the purposes of Shrek as the main character to use speech acts. The objects of this research are texts in the form of movie script. Austin‟s (1962) theory of speech acts is applied in this research as the major theory. The types of research in this study are qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research is applied to analyze the data in the form of the text. Quantitative research is used to count the member of speech acts used by Shrek to conclude which types of speech acts is dominantly used. There are 50 utterances to be analyzed. The result of this research shows that the four types of speech acts produced by Shrek are directives, representatives, expressives, and commissives. This study shows that the dominant speech acts used is directives. It reaches 44%. It indicates that Shrek uses directives because he wants to make the hearer do something. Besides, Shrek also wants to be admitted by the people that he is actually a kind ogre.

2.3. Conceptual Framework This study analyzes the conversation in scenes among the characters in Walking Dead‟s movie series 1-2 and focuses on the main character. Since knowledge of the context is needed in pragmatic perspective, the researcher uses Yule (1996;25) and Austin‟s (1962) theory of context to interpret the meaning of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the speech acts that are uttered by the characters in the movie. Moreover, this study focuses on the description of the variety of speech acts employed by the main character in Walking Dead‟s movie series 1-2. The theory used of speech acts proposed by Austin that consists of locution, illocution, and perlocution. Then, to classify the illocution types, the theory of illocutionary acts by Yulle is used. In this theory, Yule classifies illocutionary acts into five types that are representatives, directives, commissives, expressive, and declarations.

ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF

CHARACTER IN AMC’S TV SERIES THE WALKING DEAD

representative directive commissive expressive declaration

RESULTS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS

84 utterances 39 times of of utterances are

Illocutionary dominated by acts directives type

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research design

Research methodology is usually described as the way or method to organize, implement and determine how it should or it shouldn‟t the research would like to be finished and reach the goal which is the goal must be finished in the first place to gain the prosperity in the research whether it‟s a linguistics or literature, the research methodology must be determined in the first place, so the confusion will not be occurred and so on.

The Qualitative approach to research is concerned with subjective assessment. Such as opinions from analyzing the words, expressions and tentative elements which consist of the unusual way to interact with each other not in the beginning but with the explanation and classification which the data could be considered as the good one, so that the researcher would like to figure it out how to analyze and classify each element based on the topic which is being talked such as the topic what the researcher wants to present here in this thesis, speech act which can be done by looking through about things which could cause the gradation in the analysis of one of the pragmatics speeches acts which has been done by other researchers. in such a situation is a function of researcher's insights and impressions. This approach also proves that non-quantitative form could also generate the tentation of being a sample to be analyzed in the mean of time, this also reminds us how important the data design is used to determine how many samples could decide what could be redeemed by the end of research, the method obviously will also present the definition of what the researcher could perceive by looking through the data that have been gathered into to next step which means after proposing the goal and aims in this research from speech act in The Walking Dead movie script. The primary source of the data is the movie itself. To complete

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the needed, some information from library and internet is collected and other books related to this study.

3.2 Data and Data Source

According to Donald Ary (2010:424) the data are in forms of words, expression or even linguistics locution which can be seen through the glance of plain discussion, this could be the key to determine how understand the researcher to the research itself. In this study the researcher uses descriptive qualitative research to describe types of speech acts found in the TV series which is basically the main character from the movie series by the name Rick grimes‟ utterances and what are the most uttered type of speech acts which he said within the movie series from season 1 until season 2

According to Denzin and Lincoln (2000) that they stated “The data of qualitative research is not calculated but presented by giving results and findings then get to look at the discussion, which means after gathering the data, he could finally get something precious to be analyzed to create a great research. Researcher gathers and analyze the data consist of words, lexical items from something that could create a good decision for its set so that there will be no confusion throughout the research that we could carry out without any hesitation, so the research design belongs to qualitative approach, this approach also includes the personal experience, introspective, and etc.”

In this research, the data is in the form of transcript utterances in terms of illocutionary act which contain in dialogue in the data source script of Maleficent movie by using qualitative research. The data source of the research is taken from http://transcripts.foreverdreaming.org/viewtopic.php?f=15&t= 6455, this link also gives the researcher an inspiration to do the research based on cumulative theories which are proposed by some experts.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.3 Data Collection Methods

As Donald Ary (2010:424) says, that qualitative research may also use written document to understand of the phenomenon under the study The data in this research is using documentary technique to collect the data. Documentation is the method which used in scientific research in order to collect data by using the document evidence list. Documentation technique which is researcher tried to find the data needed such as notes, transcripts, newspapers, magazine, and so on.

The process of collecting the data consists of the following steps:

a) the researcher downloaded the movie script through http://transcripts.foreverdreaming.org/viewtopic.php?f=15&t=6455 b) the researcher watched the selected movie series once more. c) the researcher read the script properly to make sure there‟s no point would not be left behind d) the researcher selected the utterances are said by the main characters e) the researcher classified it into categories of what Austin and Searle had proposed

After following the steps, then the researcher identifies a research problem. Here, the researcher recognized that the main character in the selected of “The Walking Dead” movie script are uttering speech acts.

Furthermore, the researcher could review the literature. It means that the researcher has some basic theories that related to her research. The grand theories that the researcher used in her research are the theory speech acts.

3.4 Instrument

The instrument according to Arikunto (2006;150) is a device used by the researcher during the data collection by which the work is easier as the data are complete and systematic so that the data could not be jumbled into miscellaneous things which would occur in the meantime of this research. In this research,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA analysis has conducted to give the understanding to the readers about speech act and etc.

3.5 Data Analysis Methods

Bogdan (1998) stated that, data analysis is the process of systematically searching and arranging the interview transcript, field notes, and other materials that the researcher accumulated to increases her own understanding of them to enable her to present what she have discover to other the data was taken in the form of text since the data that the researcher needs is form “The Walking Dead” movie script. These were the techniques in order to analyze the data:

a) The researcher identified conversation in the movie that are considered speech acts. b) The researcher explained the types of speech acts in the Walking dead movie script. c) The researcher classified all of the utterances of speech acts that can be found in The Walking Dead movie script. d) The researcher evaluated all the results of the analysis in order to make sure that the result of analysis is done correctly. e) the researcher draws the conclusion from the analysis in this research mainly taken from the based one f) The researcher analyzed each utterance based on 3 types of speech acts based on Austin g) The researcher decided the dominant speech acts used by the main character in the Walking dead Movie series.

3.6 Data display

Data display is the relevant data that are found this research. The data gotten from the research explained scientifically by the research clearly.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In this research, data display was an organized assembly of information that permits drawing and action taking. After analyzing whole data found from the movie, this research displayed the result of the analysis on by making the description of the form speech act and explain the meaning found in the movie script itself.

3.7 Trustworthiness

The validity test is also need to be carried out on this research. According to Creswell (2003), validity test is used to determine whether the findings are accurate from the standpoint of the researcher, the participant, or the readers of an account. The term of validity on the qualitative research can called as trustworthiness, or credibility.to increase credibility of the data, this research proposal will use triangulation method. Based on Creswell (2003), it can be interpreted that triangulation is a method to check the validity of the data from various sources in various ways, and in the same using triangulation, the researcher could make sure that the data are valid and not mistaken by analyzing it, this could be the way to determine how we could actually do the analysis without being mistaken by seeing it properly

3.8 Triangulation the Data Source

To triangulate the data, based on Miles and Huberman (1994) divided the method into four types. Below is the explanation about the types of triangulations:

a) The triangulation of data source can be done by using some data resources with different situations and circumstances such as the data that taken from the different people, time or different places. b) The methodological triangulation can be done by using the finding from the research that using the different methods. c) Research or Investigator Triangulation can be done by engaging some different researchers to analysis the data.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA d) Theoretical Triangulation is done by using some theories related to the research in analyzing the data. Example: journal, article, book, expert of literature, etc.

From the definition of the triangulation types above, this research proposal used the last type, theoretical triangulation to validate the data. It is also based on the explanation on technique of data analysis part above.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Analysis The analysis of the data is taken from the analysis process through the speech acts concerned data which is found in “The Walking Dead” movie script and analyzed according to the theories provided in the previous chapter, the researcher tries to acknowledge the definition of speech acts throughout the movie script which can‟t be analyzed without any theories proposed by some experts, so that the researcher uses main theories in order to achieve what could be the most spoken statement by the main character Rick Grimes in the movie season 1 until season 2

After the researcher collected the data of the movie script used by the main character by the name Rick Grimes of the “The Walking Dead” movie, they are analyzed and categorized based on Searle theory about category and strategy of illocutionary speech acts. And the researcher main concern is also about how the most dominant Illocutionary used by Rick Grimes in this show, so the researcher could know how this could change the context of situation based on what study says about pragmatics. Due to a fact that will likely be preserved into some the forms of situation will be like, so those things will comprehend the situation around the setting of the show itself so that the researcher could know what‟s been going on around the things would likely the main problem of this thesis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA There are five basic kinds of actions that one can perform on speaking or utterance, by means of the following types: representatives, directives, commissive, expressive, and declaratives.

Representatives represents the truthfully of the words fit with the world.

Directives means that speakers direct the hearer or listener to perform an action or to do some actions down the road. In commissive, speakers commit themselves to do the future act. Expressive represents the speaker feeling through psychological state of mind. And last but not least, declarative is speech acts that changes the world via the word conducted by particular role.

Then the writer found that these five types of illocutionary acts were all existed in eighty-five utterances used by the main character in Maleficent movie script, including representatives, directives, commissive, and expressive and not to mention declaratives. The types of the representatives are informing, boasting, stating, describing, explaining, affirming, complaining, predicting, arguing, convincing, and agreeing. The types of directives are warning, questioning, suggesting, ordering, threatening, commanding, requesting and inviting. The types of commissive are planning and offering. The types of expressive are expressing pleasure, greeting, expressing like, expressing anger, expressing dislike, complimenting, expressing confuse and apologizing. And the last types of declaratives are cursing which can be said as hating something with inappropriate words which are spoken by a person or amount of people and status profession since the main character is a sheriff which wanders into an apocalyptic world that could be something else in another people‟s state of minds, so this will be some

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA creations to enhance our capability into someone else, this could be a negotiation of something or the thing that makes a person or the character in the movie to peak a hatred down the road. He has power that he can do whatever he wants and just try to survive as the act of survival and he could possibly encounter someone who is a total stranger who could endanger his life as long as he lives in a apocalyptic world that he doesn‟t even know how would this be happened in the first place.

The data findings initiate those five kinds of illocutionary acts proposed by Searle were performed by the main character Rick Grimes. Each of the findings of illocutionary acts is discussed in the following analysis.

4.1.1 Representatives Representatives is a speech acts that talks about the frank fully of the utterance. In other words, it presents external reality by making their utterance or words fit with the world as they believe it to be such as stating, asserting, describing, and claiming. The utterances made by the speaker tell the facts that represents the truth as people will believe it but, in some occasion, this won‟t work in the real world because if people believe that a person is doing something precious, he doesn‟t even know how to react in some reaction either as the matter of fact this thing could be happened as we know as far as we do.

The illocutionary acts that are found performed by the main character are Stating, informing, boasting, stating, describing, explaining, affirming, complaining, predicting, arguing, convincing, and agreeing. Each type of the representative acts is explained in the following:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a. Stating. Stating is an act to express something in spoken or written words carefully and completely. It's used to arrange, fix or announce something in some occasion.

People produce a statement which express something in words to state what they think about. Data SA/008 and

SA/063 are the examples of stating.

Morgan : No! The Walkers tried to kill me. And besides, they're disgusting to look at.

Rick : That's extremely nasty! Don't try to approach them, you will get eaten if don‟t fight back even worst-case scenario, they will try to take some fleshes out of you

Morgan : No, I won‟t do that

Rick : I believe you’ll do the right thing

Morgan : And you're just a sheriff tries to look out for some hideout.

(SA/008)

Morgan! I need to rest but There is something I need Rick : to tell you about what’s been going around

Morgan : And you're just paranoid, I assume

(SA/063) The dialogue SA/008 happened when Morgan tried to tell Rick to approach the walkers and how a person who lives in apocalyptic world to kill one of them that is, the boy hides inside the cave full of things that covers her to see him. She persuades him to come out and shows his appearance but he is like a little bit afraid.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA b. Informing

Informing is to give or tell somebody facts or information about something. Here are the examples of informing speech art performed by the main character, Rick

Grimes

Rick : Who are you?

Morgan : I'm called Morgan Jones. Who are you?

Rick : I'm Rick Grimes

(SA/010)

Shane : What is it? Rick: There is a tedious walking corpse in this world. And I cannot keep you from it.

Shane : I'm almost spilling the beans. I can take care of myself from those geeks

(SA/064) The dialogue in SA/010 happened when Rick the walkers shows his appearance to

As two people who never meet before they introduce their selves each other. She states “I'm Rick Grimes” to give Morgan an information about her name. In

SA/064, the dialogue happened when Rick is in confusing situation to inform that

Shane is problematic by him. He then says about tedious walking corpse which represents he implied that he cannot handle or break to defeat some of walkers

(zombies) c. Agreeing Agreeing to something means to say “yes”; to say that one is willing to do something or for something to happen. Below is the example of agreeing expressed by the main character, Rick Grimes

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (Duane talks to Rick in unheard accent) Rick Grimes: Yes, right. You have to give it back Morgan: what kind of giving back?

(SA/010) This dialogue happened in the borderline of king county where Rick tries to make

Morgan admit that he steals something from the county. he states it as the agreement to state which seems to want Morgan gives what he has taken back.

d. Explaining Explaining is to tell someone bout something in a way that is clear too easy to understand. Here is the example of explaining expressed by the main character.

Morgan : If I knew you would throw it away, I would have kept it.

Rick: I didn't throw it away. I delivered it home,

(SA/011)

Morgan : What's wrong?

Rick : Your ring! Iron burns fairies

Morgan : I'm sorry. I like your wings

(SA/017) Dialogue SA/011 happened when Morgan complains that Rick throw the stone he stole to a lake. he states it as the explanation that she just does her job as the protector of King County and keeps the sign to where it belongs.

Dialogue SA/017 happened when Morgan tries to shake Rick‟s hand. But unfortunately, when their hands meet,

Rick‟s skin gets burned. he states it as the explanation that iron is his weakness.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA e. Boasting Boasting is to speak with exaggeration and excessive pride, especially about oneself. Here is the example of Boasting act expressed by the main character.

Rick: Well, well. What a glittering assemblage, Morgan. Royalty, nobility the gentry and... How quaint. Even the rabble. I must say I really felt quite distressed. of not receiving an invitation.

Lori : You're not welcome here

(SA/033) The dialogue happened inside the county where everyone gathers to celebrate the baby Duane christening. Rick is uninvited so that she decides to come to the party by his own will. he boasts about how great the place is. f. Complaining Complaining is an act to express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something.

We complain to say something is wrong or not satisfactory.

Here is the example of complaining act expressed by the main character. Rick: Well, well. What a glittering assemblage, Morgan. Royalty, nobility the gentry and... How quaint. Even the rabble. I must say I really felt quite distressed. of not receiving an invitation to come to you house

Morgan : You're not welcome here (SA/033) The dialogue happened when the king does not invite Rick to stay in Morgan‟s house.

So, Rick decides to come to the party by her own will and she states it as the complaint for not getting invited by the himself.

a. Convincing Convincing means to cause someone to believe that something is true or real. Here is example of convincing acts expressed by the main character

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Lori : You're not offended with my words?

Rick : Why should I be offended with your words? And to show I bear no ill-will I too shall bestow a gift on the child that we have

Morgan : No! We don't want your gift!

: Stay away from the princess!

Shane : Yes, stay away!

(SA/035) Dialogue SA/035 happened when Rick is going to bless the child with what she called by gift. All the people in the room keep asking her not to do that. With all the refusal from the people, the King county‟s people why Rick is not offended.

Then she states “Why No” to convince people that she is not offended at all.

b. Predicting The expression of predicting means that to say or estimate that (a specified thing) will happen in the future or will be a consequence of something. Here is example of the predicting acts expressed by the main character.

Rick : Oh, look! The little child is about to transform and throw up!

(SA/044) The dialogue SA/044 happened when Rick is about to see his son carl playing with the butterfly and trying to chase it instead his son is about to throw because of the aroma So, Rick is worried about what about to happen while stating it.

c. Describing The representative act of describing is to give an account in words of (someone or something), including all the relevant characteristics, qualities, or events. It means

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA that describing represents how something or someone may look like. Here is the example of describing of representative act expressed by the main character.

Carl : What color were they? Were they big? Rick: So big they dragged behind me when I walked. And they were strong. They could carry me above the clouds and into the headwinds. And they never faltered. Not even once. I could trust them. (SA/062) The dialogue in SA/062 happened when really enjoys playing with some fairies. She is really attracted to them due to they are cute and so pretty. Moreover, they can fly. he wonders why he the strongest of all sheriff and the protector of Moors does not have wing at all. That is why she asks Rick about this case. Rick describes about how his hat looks like.

4.1.2 Directives Directives means that speaker direct the hearer to perform some future act which will make the world fit with the speaker's words. They express what the speaker wants. There are some directives acts performed by the main character such as warning, questioning, commanding, suggesting, requesting and inviting. The detailed analysis of directive's types is presented below.

a. Warning a statement or event that indicates a possible or impending danger, problem, or another unpleasant situation. In other words, it is something that makes you understand there is a possible danger or problem, especially one in the future. Here is the example of warning of directives act expressed by the main character.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA : They pulled the guards. He's waiting for you in there. If we go inside those walls, we'll never come out alive. Rick: Then don't come. It's not your fight (SA/077)

The dialogue in SA/077 happened when Rick plans to bring fainted Lori to his camp to Carl's room but they need to go through obstacle which Morgan made. describes the situation that they are going to face, Rick says a warning for not to come or join her in a battle and dangerous thing that they are going to face.

b. Questioning Questioning is the action of asking someone questions, especially in an official context. Or in other words, it is an appeal or demand for an answer, or for more information. Here is the example of questioning of directives act expressed by the main character.

Rick : What's all the fuss about?

Gleen : The border guards...

(SA/004) The dialogue SA/004 happened when Rick is still flying around Moors just to make sure everything is under control due to; he is the strongest fairy or sheriff and the protector of the Moors. He slows her trip down when she sees the crowd of fairies and other creatures in the middle of the trip. Arriving there, she directly asks about what makes them gather.

i. Commanding Commanding means to make someone do something that he needs to follow.

Especially when the speaker has more authority over the hearer. Commanding can also mean to control someone or something and tell him, her, or it what to do. In

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA short, commanding is to give someone an order. Here is the example of commanding of directives act expressed by the main character.

Negan : Bring me her head.

The savior's : Battalion. Attack! army

Rick : Arise and stand with me!

The savior's : Hold the line! It's the dark creatures! Charge! army (SA/021)

: I'm not certain

Rick : Stop complaining. I saved your life

Dale : Forgive me

(SA/026) The dialogue of SA/021 happened when the Saviors plans to attack Moors.

Fortunately, Rick the protector and the strongest fairy blocks the troops in front of the borderline and command all the magical creatures which are the troops of the king county to be taking Negan‟s brigade. While the dialogue of SA/026 happened when he keeps complaining when

ii. Suggesting Suggesting means to mention or introduce (an idea, proposition, plan, etc.) for consideration or possible action. In other words, suggesting is putting forward a plan or idea for someone to think about. Here is example of suggesting from directives are expressed by the main character.

Morgan : We'll see each other again

Rick : You really shouldn't come back here, you know.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA It's not safe. (SA/015)

Rick : You don't have to wait until you're older. You could live here now. Carl: Then I will! I'll sleep in a tree and eat berries and black nuts. And all the fair people will be my friends. I'll be happy here for the rest of my life. I'm going to tell my aunties tomorrow. (SA/066) The dialogue of SA/015 happened when Rick accompanies Morgan to the gate or borderline of King County area. It seems like Morgan wants to meet Rick to keep getting along with her. But as the protector of the Moors, Rick suggests him not to come due to there will be more dangerous things will happen. While the conversation of SA/066 happened when Aurora talks about something that makes

Rick touched. She plans to grow up and live with Maleficent when she is old already. But Maleficent suggest her not to wait until she is older because she can live at the moors anytime. e. Requesting Requesting is the act of asking for something to be given or done, especially as a favor or courtesy; solicitation or petition. It also can mean an act of asking politely or formally for something. Here is an example of requesting from directives acts conducted by the main character.

Morgan : And in return for saving my life I am your servant.

Whatever you need.

Rick : Hats. I need you to get me some hats (SA/028) The dialogue in SA/028 happened when Rick becomes so stressed due to she lost her

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA valuable wings taken by Morgan. he manages to turn a bird in to a living man to change her wings duty. The bird is later known as Diaval her right-hand man. As the consequence for saving his life, Diaval will be her servant and when he asks about what Maleficent wants, she requests him to be her wings. f. Inviting The act of inviting is to request the presence or participation of in a kindly, courteous, or complimentary way, especially to request to come or go to some place, gathering, entertainment, etc., or to do something. In short, it also can mean to ask or request someone to go to an event. Here is an example of inviting acts done by the main character.

Rick: Carl! Come here. Sit. There is something I need to tell you.

Carl : What is it? (SA/063) The dialogue in SA/063 happened when aurora is playing with some living creatures in Moors forest. Rick who before cursed her to sleep forever feels like there is kind of regret feeling she has now. So, he decides to tell her about the curse thing.

Before that, she states an invitation for aurora to come closer to her.

4.1.3 Commissives In commissives, speakers commit themselves to a future act which make the words fit their words. They express what speaker intends commissives is the utterance is produces to give action in the future. Promising, and pledging are the commissives acts that the speaker expresses. The detailed analysis of commissives types is presented below.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a. Promising Promising is a commissives acts since the speaker assure someone that one will definitely do, give, or arrange something; undertake or declare that something will happened. It also can mean to tell someone that you will certainly do something.

Here is the example of promising from commissive act spoken by the main character.

Morgan : If I knew you would throw it away, I would have kept it.

Rick: I didn‟t throw it away. I delivered it home, as I’m going to do for you. (SA/011) The dialogue in SA/011 happened when Maleficent decides to accompany Stefan to the borderline of Moors. She states that as a promise that she will make him home because no human is allowed in the Moors kingdom at that time.

Shane : It's the same thing! They are dirty, vicious and they hunt birds!

Rick: Fine, next time I'll turn you into a mealy worm.

Shane : Well, I'll be a mealy worm gladly! Anything but a filthy, stinking... (SA/051) The dialogue in SA/051 happened when Diaval complains about Rick who transforms him into a dog looking creature. He really does not like dogs since they are hunting birds which is his former living form. Then Maleficent promises him that next time she will turn him into a worm. b. Pledging Pledging is to give someone a serious or formal promise, especially one to give money or to be a friend, or something that you give as a sign that you will keep a promise. In short, it is to commit (a person or organization) by a solemn

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA promise.Here is the example of pledging from comissives act spoken by the main character.

Rick: I told you. I will not ask your forgiveness. Because what I have done to you is unforgivable. I was so lost in hatred and revenge. Sweet Aurora. You stole what was left of my heart. And now I have lost you forever. I swear, no harm will come to you as long as I live. And not a day shall pass that I don't miss your smile. (SA/079) The dialogue in SA/079 happened when Aurora the sleeping beauty has already fallen in to sleep forever due to the curse of Maleficent. Everyone has tried all thing to wake her up not to mention by bringing the handsome prince to kiss her directly as the curse told that only true love kiss that will break the curse. It is also failed.

So, with all the regret she has, maleficent then states the pledge to Aurora that she will keep her happy as long as she lives.

4.1.4 Expressives Expressives represents the speaker feeling through psychological states. The detailed analysis of expressives types are presented below. a. Greetings A greeting is something friendly or polite that you say or do when you meet or welcome someone. It can also mean a polite word or sign of welcome or recognition. In short, it is a salutation at meeting. Here is the example of greetings from expressive acts conducted by the main

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA character.

Rick : Good morning, Mr. Shantuwell.

Moors occupant : Good morning

(SA/002) Carl: It's everything I imagined it would be. Oh, it's just so beautiful! I've always wanted to come...

Rick : Goodnight, beastie

(SA/058) The dialogue in SA/002 represents the situation in the morning. “Good Morning” expresses good wishes on meeting or parting during the morning. Maleficent greets Mr. Shantuwell the citizen of Moors as she wants to sound friendly. The dialogue in (SA/058) represents the evening situation. “Good Night” itself is said when people leave each other in the evening or before going to bed or to sleep.

a. Complimenting Complimenting is an expressive art since it is to praise or express admiration for someone. It also can mean a polite expression to congratulate someone or something. here is the example of complimenting acts conducted by the main character.

Rick : Love your walk, boys! (SA/003) The dialogue in SA/003 happened when Rick is flying as a daily patrol since he is the protector of the Moors. She looks some fairies are walking with a beautiful line on water. She admires their walks then she states her admiration by complimenting theirs.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA b. Mocking Mocking is and expressive act since it makes fun of someone or something in a cruel way. It also can mean behavior involves laughing at someone or something in an unkind way. Here is the example of mocking acts conducted by the main character.

Rick : Ha, you missed me!

(SA/003) The dialogue in SA/003 happened when some living creatures of the Moors try to throwing mud into Maleficent face when she is flying. But they do not hit her face. That is why Maleficent laughs at them while mocks them.

c. Expressing Anger It is used to express resentment for unpleasant treatment or remarks made by someone. Anger is the strong emotion that you feel when you think that someone has behaved in an unfair, cruel, or unacceptable way. Here is the example of expressing anger conducted by the main character.

Morgan : No! They mean to kill me. And besides, they're hideous to look at.

Rick : That's extremely rude! (SA/007) It happens when Rick asks Stefan to come from the cave as his

hideaway due to some scary-formed creatures try to chase him. Stefan tells a

statement that makes Maleficent angry because those scary-formed creatures are

also citizen of Moors where she is the protector of it.

Shane : A king does not take orders from a winged elf.

(warriors laugh)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Rick : You are no king to me! (SA/020) It happens when king henry plans to attack Moors due to he knows there is so powerful hidden things inside the Moors. Those particular words that comes out from King Henry make Maleficent mads at them. She states that King Henry is nothing but an ordinary human for her. e. Expressing Possibility Possibility means a thing that may happen or be the case. It is a chance that

something may happen or be true. Here is example of expressing possibility

conducted by the main character.

Morgan: And If I made that choice? if I came back, would you be here?

Rick : Perhaps.

(SA/016) “Perhaps, may be, it could be” represents the possibility expression. In this case

Rick states “Perhaps” because she is still unsure or can guarantee that she will be in the place they are talking about when Stefan comes back to the Moors.

a. Expressing Dislike Dislike means not to like someone or something. Here is the example of the dislike expression stated by the main character.

(make a scary face but baby keeps laughing) Rick : I hate you, Beastie!

(SA/041) “Hate” in the conversation means that Rick dislike what the baby does to her. She tries to make a scary face in order to the baby will cry or scared. But the reality is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA in opposite since the baby is keeping laughing. It seems like the baby thinks that

Rick is joking her.

b. Expressing Regret Regret implies pain caused by deep disappointment, fruitless longing, or unavailing remorse. It also can mean a feeling of sadness about something sad or wrong or about a mistake that you have made, and a wish that it could have been different and better. Here is the example of regret expression stated by the main character.

Rick: I revoke the curse. Let it be no more. I revoke the curse. Let it be no more. I revoke my curse! Let it be no more! I revoke my curse!

Let it be no more! Let it be no more! (SA/059) The statement of maleficent represents her regret due to she has cursed Aurora when she was baby. When aurora grows up, maleficent tends to loves her with such a great feeling. At that time, Aurora is still sleeping, during her sleep,

Maleficent keeps staring and keeping her while remembering how bad her curse is. She wants to revoke her curse but there is nothing that she can do except regret.

Rick : I need a horse. Come on, Diaval! Faster, Diaval!

Faster!It's done.

(SA/076) Another example is from the utterance SA/076. The situation is Maleficent and

Diaval plans to bring Prince Phillips to meet Aurora before she gets sleeping forever. During the journey to the castle Maleficent feels that the curse already

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA begins. Then she states “it‟s done” which implies that she regrets everything. And he can neither undo the curse nor break the curse on time.

4.1.5 Declaratives This kind of speech act is quite special, because the speaker utters words or statement that in themselves change the world via words. Declarations which effect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate extra linguistic institutions. The detailed analysis of declaratives types is presented below. a. Cursing Curse is any expressed wish that some form of adversity or misfortune will befall or attach to some other entity: one or more persons, a place, or an object. In particular, "curse" may refer to such a wish or pronouncement made effective by a supernatural or spiritual power, such as a god or gods, a spirit, or a natural force, or else as a kind of spell by magic or witchcraft. Curse means a solemn utterance intended to invoke a supernatural power to inflict harm or punishment on someone or something. Here is the example of curse stated by the main character.

Rick: But... Before the sun sets on her 16th birthday she will prick her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel and fall into a sleep like death!

A sleep from which she will never awaken! Morgan : Maleficent, please don't do this. I'm begging you. (SA/037) Since the intention of the declaratives act is changing the world via words, this statement above represents the curse stated by Maleficent. When someone is getting the curse, she will turn into the world she never been before. As in the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA statement above, maleficent curses baby aurora to sleep where she will never awaken. It means that the curse is unbreakable. After getting the curse baby aurora‟s life change. b. Declaring Fate Fate means the development of events beyond a person's control, regarded as determined by a supernatural power. Since the main character is the strongest of all fairies in Moors. She can turn something into what she wants. Here is the example of declaring fate statement stated by the main character.

Rick : Into the den....

(SA/024)

Shane: Get back!

Rick : We are going to die!

(SA/082) The utterance in SA/024 happened when Maleficent sees a bird which is caught by the farmer. Since she looks like she likes the bird, she turns the bird into a living man because she is the strongest fairy who can turn anything into what she wants. So is the utterance in SA/082. It happens when Maleficent, Diaval and

Aurora are blocked by King Stefan‟s warrior. Maleficent directly turns Diaval into a dragon. What happened in these two utterances represent the declarative acts since Maleficent can change the world of someone via her words.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA c. Declaring Status Status means the position of affairs at a particular time, especially in political or commercial contexts. Here is the example of declaring status stated by the main character.

Lori: We present this privilege to our little child's name Carl for whom we have sacrificed the best years of ours. Never mind.

Rick: Our family has been unified. But I’m still a sheriff (SA/084) The death of Duane means that Morgan automatically becomes not only his successor as the of but also as the rick to encourage him to do everything which regards contingencies plan for everyone else due to the two kingdoms are unified.

Maleficent states Aurora as a queen by stating “You have your queen”.

4.2 Findings

4.2.1 Types of Illocutionary acts

In this study, the researcher has analyzed the types of speech acts

which is aimed to the main concern as illocutionary acts, the researcher

has found out that the data which the researcher has collected has some

classifications which are classified into 5 branches, those are:

representatives, directives, commisives, declaratives amd expressive,

surprisingly this research has all 5 data included in the movie script, this

means that this illocutionary has all intentions and utterance based on what

the speaker could‟ve said in the movie script itself

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

4.2.2 Causes of Illocutionary acts

The researcher has decided that the cause of making this act uttered by the

main character is really common that the utterance must be the

reason why this research could‟ve occurred in the meantime.

1. The main character often uses such an amazing utterance which would

be connected to research itself

2. Type of illocutionary acts have been exposed throughout the movie

script which will signify the character‟s intention to another character

3. Some utterances might be solemn between character especially the

main character is stating the speech acts clearly.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion After analyzing the research findings, the writer would like to make conclusion about it. the writer discusses the speech act used in the walking dead movie script.

As the writer has proposed the kinds of speech act term in theoretical farm work and in the research findings, the writer concludes that speech act often used in the movie above illocutionary act, such as representative, directives commisives, expressive and declaratives. But how the functions of illocutionary are proposed in this movie is pretty obvious because of In this movie series position the main character as stated Rick Grimes is not the thing we should know about, but in this main concern of speech we know that we blend into a different world without a civilization. But according to Austin (1962) that Illocutionary is intended to give clues what will be done the character, person, people by do by resulting a conventional consequence. The results are pretty prominent due to the amount of statement said the main character, since it‟s horror multiverse apocalyptic world, there will be 2 consequences from male form of Rick Grimes, and the female form of himself by the name “mal” there are 84 statements which are divided into

5 types of Illocutionary acts as well, which could make the context and situation to become more relatable than it did before, to create a conclusion like this

the speech act used not vulgar meaning, because this film is watched by many children. The writer can conclude the speech act in this movie script is to show

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA that something belongs to a particular group, to express disappointment, to express that someone is out of control, to show or express friendliness, to reduce the seriousness of the conversation, to persuade someone in a conversation, to show it one belongs to a certain group, to express pleasure or just for fun.

5.2 Suggestion Through this paper, the writer suggest that speech act can be one of the topics for future research studies, especially for English student's department of the faculty cultural sciences in University of North Sumatra. Furthermore, the term speech act does not always produce a new division, therefore the writer suggest that it is possible to explore the pragmatics changes in utterances. Finally, the researcher wants to say that there are some speech act terms that should be avoided in everyday communication, because they have vulgar and abusive meaning and also the writer hopes this thesis was useful for students who want to do research on utterances.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES Allan, K., Jaszczolt, K. M. 2012. The Cambridge handbook of pragmatics. New York: Cambridge University Press

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Eder, Jens. 2008. Film Characters: Theory, Analysis, Interpretation. Marburg: Schüren

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Huang, Qian. 2010. Interlanguage Pragmatics Theory and Its Implications for Foreign Language. Finland: Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 682-684.

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Searle, J. R. 1979. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. New York: Cambridge University Press.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Valeika, Laimutis. Daiva Verikaite. An Introductory Course in Linguistic Pragmatics. 2010. Vilniaus Pedagoginis Universitetas.

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Zamzami, Muh. Khoirul.Student‟sregistere.Speech Act Used by Elsa as One of The Main Characters in Frozen Movie Script, available on http://repo.iain- tulungagung.ac.id/4665/ Accessed on Monday May 24th 2021 at 10.48 a.m

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Alwasilah, Chaedar ,A. 1985. SosiologiBahasa.Bandung:Angkasa Bandung.

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Khotari, C. R. 2009. Research Methodology-Method and Technique. New Delhi: New Age International.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDICES

Classification of the Main Character’s Speech Act

Note. SA : Speech Acts Dir : Directives Exp : Expressive

Rep : Representatives Com : Commissive Dec: Declarative

Illocutionary Acts Context of Situation C od Utterances Rep Dir Co Exp Dec e m

S Rick Grimes: Don’t be Convi A young man Rick A/ afraid, okay? ncing wakes up and tries to 00 get our of the hospital 1 since he doesn‟t have any clue what‟s been happening lately fix S Rick Grimes: (a) Good Warning 1. G the broken branch of a A/ morning, Mr. r tree which is dying. 00 Shantuwell. (b) I love e your cap. (c) No! No! Maleficent is a fairy 2 e Don't do it! (d) Ha, you who has power to do missed me! t some magical things i one of them is fixing n the tree. Once the g branch of tree is fixed, she begins to smile King County‟s expressing pleasure. occupant: Good 2. C morning o As the protector of the m Moors kingdom she p has a beautiful and l powerful wing that i can bring her to m anywhere inside the e forest fast. Like this n morning, she keeps greeting other fairies t and creatures who live i in Moors kingdom. n She flies and gets g thrown of mud due to some creatures of Moors kingdom still ( play. She arrives into a d number of fairies ) gather to discuss about a human who comes

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA M inside and steals o something from the c magical forest. k i n g

S Rick Grimes: Love Compl A/ your walk, girls. imenti 00 ng 3

S Rick Grimes: What's Questionin A/ all the fuss about? g 00 4

Morgan: The border guards...

S Morgan: No, you told Questionin A/ last time. So I should g 00 tell this time and 5 Morgan next time.

Rick Grimes: Tell me what?

S Rick: (a)I'm not afraid. 1. (c)S Rick Grimes gets A/ Besides, (b)I've never Commandit panic due to she aware 00 seen a human up close. nga that a human will cause harm to the 6 (c) Come out! t forest then she tries to i check it out whether n or not he steals from g the forest and it can be discussed peacefully 2. I with human. n She meets his first f human friend and o caught him stealing r something from the m forest so she asked i him to give the thing n back. And once the g boy gives her the stone, male gives it

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA S Morgan: No! They mean 1. (b)S (a) back to where it A/ to kill me. And besides, Suggestingt Expres belongs. 00 they're hideous to look a sing at. 1. C 7 t o Anger i m n m Rick: (a)That's g a extremely rude! n (b)Don't listen to him, 2. I d Balthazar. (c)You're n classically handsome. i f (d)It’s not right to steal n o but we don't kill g r people for it. (e)Come 2. Q out! Come out this m u instant! (f)Are you i e fully grown? n s g t

i Morgan: No. o n i n g

S Maleficent: I believe Statin A/ he's just a boy. g 00 8

Stefan: And you're just a girl, I think.

S Maleficent: Who are Questionin A/ you? g 00 9

Stefan: I'm called Stefan. Who are you?

S Maleficent: (a)I'm 1. (c)I A/ Maleficent. Suggestingn 01 f 0 (Balthazar talks to Maleficent in unknown o language) (b)Yes, right. r (c)You have to give it m back. i n g

Stefan: Give what back? 2. A g r e e

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA i n g

S Morgan: If I knew you (a) (b) A/ would throw it away, I Explai Pro 01 would have kept it. ning misi Rick accompany the 1 ng boy to the outside of the borderline to make sure that he wants to Rickt: (a)I didn't throw go home, but deep it away. I delivered it inside her feeling she wants the boy to stay as

home, (b)as I'm going He realizes that they to do for you. both have misery in common. Along the S Morgan: Someday, you Questi conversation the boy A/ know, I'll live there. In oning realizes something that the castle. 01 later will be the origin of 2 the chaotic between

human and Moors Rick: Where do you kingdom live now?

Morgan: In a barn

S Rick: So, your parents Questi A/ are farmers then? oning 01 3

Morgan: My parents are dead.

S Maleficent: Mine too. Infor A/ ming 01 4

S Stefan: We'll see each Sugges A/ other again. ting 01 5

Maleficent: You really shouldn't come back here, you know. It's not safe.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA S Stefan: And If I made Express A/ that choice? if I came ing 01 back, would you be Possibil 6 here? ity

Maleficent: Perhaps.

S Stefan: What's wrong? Explai A/ ning 01 7 Maleficent: Your ring! Iron burns fairies.

Stefan: I'm sorry. I like your wings

S Stefan: Maleficent! Statin A/ Maleficent! g 01 Maleficent wonders why 8 Stefan comes when she already told him not to. Maleficent: After all And she brings him to these weeks, look who show how she does her came back. fun. They finally become friend and when

they are already Stefan: I thought it teenager, they become worth the risk. So, what lover. do you do for fun?

S King Henry: Guards, Comm A/ hold! Guards, hold! anding Stefan stops coming to 01 There they are! The Maleficent, she keeps 9 mysterious Moors and no one dare to venture wondering where Stefan for fear of the magical may be. Now she learns creatures that lurk the greed and envy of within. Well, I say human as the king of Crush them! human comes to the borderline of the Moors where the king heard about the power inside (warriors cheer) the Moors. The king plans to attack

Moors. Fortunately, Maleficent the protector Maleficent: Go no and the strongest fairy further! blocks the troops in front of the borderline King Henry: A king Express S and kicks out the human does not take orders A/ ing warriors not to mention from a winged elf. 02 anger the king. 0 Once Maleficent is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (warriors laugh) closer to give punishment to the human king, she is touched by the iron Maleficent: You are no while it is her weakness. king to me!

S King Henry: Bring me Comm A/ her head. anding 02 1

Soldier: Battalion. Attack!

Maleficent: Arise and stand with me!

Soldier: Hold the line! It's the dark creatures! Charge!

S Soldier: To the king! Statin A/ g 02 2 Maleficent: You will not have the Moors. Not now, nor ever! You...

S Stefan: Maleficent. Questi The dying king Henry A/ Maleficent! oning needs to find out his 02 successor to avenge his 3 lost against the winged elf. Stefan tries to take Maleficent: So, how is advantage of this life with the humans? situation to be the king of human and manages to weaken Maleficent by taking down her wings. Stefan: Maleficent, I've come to warn you. They mean to kill you. King Henry will stop at nothing. Please, you have to trust me

(Stefan weakens

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Maleficent and cut her wings off as the evidence that he already took care of the king‟s enemy”

S Maleficent: Into a man. Decl Maleficent becomes so A/ arin stressed due to she lost 02 g her valuable wings taken 4 Fate by Stefan. She manages Farmer: It's a demon! to turn a bird in to a living man to change her S Diaval: What have you Questi wings duty. A/ done to my beautiful oning 02 self? 5

Maleficent: Would you rather I let them beat you to death?

S Diaval: I'm not certain. Comm A/ anding 02 6 Maleficent: Stop complaining. I saved your life

Diaval: Forgive me.

S Maleficent: What do I Questi A/ call? oning 02 7 Diaval: Diaval

S Diaval: And in return Reques A/ for saving my life I am ting 02 your servant. Whatever 8 you need.

Maleficent: Wings. I need you to be my wings.

S Maleficent: He did this Express Diaval becomes the A/ to me so he would be ing connector and spy for 02 king. Anger Maleficent about what

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 9 happens in Human kingdom. Stefan is Diaval: Now what, pronounced to be the mistress? king. This situation makes Maleficent is full of anger.

S Maleficent: Well? Questi Stefan marries king A/ oning Henry‟s daughter and 03 Diaval: Well, I saw having a beautiful 0 nothing. But there's been daughter a...

S Maleficent: What? Questi A/ oning 03 Diaval: child. King 1 Stefan and the Queen have had a child.

S Diaval: There'll be a Express A/ christening. They say it's ing 03 to be a grand Anger 2 celebration.

Maleficent: A grand celebration... for a baby. How wonderful!

S Maleficent: (a)Well, 1. B (a) All manner of folk A/ well. (b)What a o Greetin came to the 03 glittering assemblage, a g christening. Even three King Stefan. Royalty, 3 s of the fairies. nobility the gentry t Unfortunately, and... How quaint. Maleficent whose soul Even the rabble. (c)I i is full of anger comes must say I really felt n to the party even quite distressed. of not g though she is not receiving an invitation. invited to curse the 2. C baby whom later she o regrets to do it. Stefan: You're not m welcome here p l a i n i n g

S Maleficent: Oh, dear. Compl A/ What an awkward aining 03 situation. 4

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Queen: You're not offended?

S Maleficent: (a)Why no. (a) (b) A/ (b)And to show I bear Convi Prom 03 no ill-will I too shall ncing ising 5 bestow a gift on the child.

Stefan: No! We don't want your gift!

Knotgrass: Stay away from the princess!

Thistlewit: Yes, stay away!

S Maleficent: (a)Listen (a) A/ well, all of you. (b)The Comm 03 princess shall indeed anding 6 grow in grace and beauty. Beloved by all who meet her.

Queen Leila: That's a lovely gift.

Stefan: Don't do this

S Maleficent: But... Cursin A/ Before the sun sets on g 03 her 16th birthday she 7 will prick her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel and fall into a sleep like death! A sleep from which she will never awaken!

Stefan: Maleficent, please don't do this. I'm begging you.

S Maleficent: I like you Comm A/ begging. Do it again. anding 03 8

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Stefan: I beg you

S Maleficent: Alright. Infor A/ The princess can be ming 03 woken from her death 9 sleep. But only by... true love's kiss. This curse will last until the end of time! No power on earth can change it!

S Maleficent: It's so ugly Compl King Stefan orders his A/ you could almost feel aining men to break and burn 04 sorry for it. all the spinning wheels 0 that they can never be used anymore. He secretly hides his baby (Maleficent talks to to the fairies to make baby, she talks about the appearance and the sure that Maleficent clothes which baby will not find her. He wears in) also hides himself inside the castle while his men hunt Maleficent through the Baby laughs forest. But maleficent will never make S (make a scary face but Express human touch Moors A/ baby keeps laughing) ing anymore so she builds 04 dislike the unbeatable gate. 1

Maleficent: I hate you, Beastie! Unconsciously, S Flittle: Why is she Predic Maleficent follows the A/ crying? ting baby where she can keep 04 an eye to baby, she also 2 keeps her from the dangerous caused by the Thistlewit: Maybe she reckless of the fairies. might be hungry.

Besides keeping an eye Knotgrass: Then feed to baby, she also keeps her! making a joke to the three reckless fairies.

Maleficent: It's gonna to starve with those three looking after it.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA S (Maleficent makes a Compl A/ joke to the three reckless aining 04 fairies) 3

Diaval: ……(staring to Maleficent)

Maleficent: Oh, Come on! That’s funny!

S Maleficent: Oh, look! Predic (Little girl Aurora is A/ The little beast is about ting playing with the 04 to fall off the cliff! butterfly and trying to 4 chasing it, unfortunately it is really close the edge of the cliff)

S Aurora: Hello. (b) (a) Aurora is running and A/ Statin Comm accidentally meeting 04 g anding Maleficent in person. 5 Aurora feels that she is Maleficent: (a)Go away. close to Maleficent so Go. Go away. (b)I that she tries to approach don't like children her. S Aurora: Up, up. Comm A/ anding 04 6 Maleficent: Go along. Go, go, go.

S (Aurora approaches the Compli A/ gates of the Moors menting 04 Kingdom) As the time flies, aurora 7 wonders at the world about her and at what lays beyond the Maleficent: Hmm. fearsome wall of thorns Curious little beastie! but she‟s not the only one who wants to get S Maleficent: Bring them Comm through. A/ to me! anding 04 King Stefan‟s men tries 8 to assemble and get through the gate as well. (talk to Diaval to bring the warriors to her)

S Diaval: How could you Express A/ do that to me? ing 04 Anger 9

Maleficent: You said,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA anything I need!

S Diaval: Yeah, but not a Statin A/ dog! g 05 0

Maleficent: It was a wolf, not a dog

S Diaval: It's the same Prom A/ thing! They are dirty, ising 05 vicious and they hunt 1 birds!

Maleficent: Fine, next time I'll turn you into a mealy worm.

Diaval: Well, I'll be a mealy worm gladly! Anything but a filthy, stinking...

S Aurora: I know you're Convi A/ there. Don't be afraid. ncing 05 2 When king Stefan‟s men Maleficent: I'm not try to attack Maleficent, afraid. she tricks Aurora to sleep and once she S Aurora: Then come out. Predic finishes with A/ ting 05 3

Maleficent: Then you them, she brings Aurora will be afraid through the wall and lays her inside the S Aurora: No, I won't. I Questi magical forest. A/ know who you are. oning 05 4 Maleficent: Do you?

S Aurora: You're my fairy Questi A/ godmother. oning 05 5 Maleficent: What?

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Aurora: Fairy godmother. You've been watching over me my whole life. I've always known you were close by

S Maleficent: How? Questi A/ oning 05 6 Aurora: Your shadow. It's been following me ever since I was small. Wherever I went, your shadow is always with me. I remember you... pretty bird.

S Maleficent: This is Infor A/ Diaval. ming 05 7

Diaval: Hello, Aurora. I've known you since you were a little one.

S Aurora: It's everything I Greetin A/ imagined it would be. gs 05 Oh, it's just so beautiful! 8 I've always wanted to come...

Maleficent: Goodnight, beastie

S Maleficent: I revoke the Express A/ curse. Let it be no ing 05 more. I revoke the Regret To see Aurora becomes 9 curse. Let it be no happier inside the forest, more. I revoke my Maleficent feels regret curse! Let it be no that she already cursed more! I revoke my her with such powerful curse! Let it be no unlockable curse. more! Let it be no Unconsciously, the more! feeling of love has already fulfilled S Aurora: Do all the fair Infor Maleficent‟s heart. A/ people have wings? ming 06 0 Maleficent: Most do

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA S Aurora: Then, why don't Descri A/ you? All the other bing 06 fairies fly. 1

Maleficent: I had wings once. They were stolen from me. That's all I wish to say about it.

S Aurora: What color Descri A/ were they? Were they bing 06 big? 2

Maleficent: So big they dragged behind me when I walked. And they were strong. They could carry me above the clouds and into the headwinds. And they never faltered. Not even once. I could trust them.

S Maleficent: (a)Aurora! (b) (a) A/ Come here. Sit. Statin Invitin 06 (b)There is something I g g As the time flies, 3 need to tell you. Aurora‟s age is going to be closer to 16.

Maleficent keeps being Aurora: What is it? anxious about how to break the curse she S Maleficent: There is an Infor made. because in reality, A/ evil in this world. And ming Maleficent loves Aurora 06 I cannot keep you from so much. 4 it.

Aurora: I'm almost 16, godmother. I can take care of myself.

S Maleficent: I Agreei A/ understand. That’s not ng 06 what I have to say to 5 you.

Aurora: I have a plan. When I grow up, I'm going to live here in the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Moors with you. Then we can look after each other

S Maleficent: You don't Sugges A/ have to wait until ting 06 you're older. You 6 could live here now.

Aurora: Then I will! I'll sleep in a tree and eat berries and black nuts. And all the fair people will be my friends. I'll be happy here for the rest of my life. I'm going to tell my aunties tomorrow.

S Maleficent: Until Greetin A/ tomorrow. gs 06 7

Aurora: Oh, I'm so excited!

S Maleficent: Stop doing Warnin A/ that! g 06 Aurora meets Prince 8 Phillip accidentally and they seem to share the (After getting offended same feeling whether it by Diaval birdy-formed) is love or just admire. Diaval teases Maleficent S Diaval: Well? That boy Statin as he is in his bird form. A/ is the answer! g It‟s like there‟s 06 something that he 9 should talk about. Maleficent: No, Diaval

S Diaval: Yes! True love's Explai A/ kiss, remember? It can ning 07 break the spell. 0

Maleficent: True love's kiss? Have you not worked it out yet? I cursed her that way, because there is no such thing

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Diaval: Well, that might be how you feel. But... what about Aurora? That boy could be her only chance. It's her fate, anyway. Go ahead. Turn me into whatever you want. A bird, a worm. I don't care anymore.

S Aurora: Fairy Infor A/ godmother! ming 07 Aurora plans to live with 1 Maleficent forever since she is permitted to live Maleficent: I'm here there by the protector of the Moors Kingdom. S Aurora: When were you Agreei She is in rush to tell her A/ going to tell me that I'm ng three aunties to ask 07 cursed? Is it true? permit, but then the truth 2 is revealed about she got cursed by an evil witch. She then tries to confirm Maleficent: It is it to Maleficent directly to find out who the S Aurora: My aunts said it Infor witch is. A/ was an evil fairy. I... I ming 07 can't remember her 3 name. They said... that is was...

Finally, Maleficent agrees to Diaval‟s Maleficent: Maleficent. solution about Prince Philip kissing Aurora.

Aurora: Is that you? Are you Maleficent? No! Don't touch me. You're the evilest in the world. it's you!

S Maleficent: Find the Comm A/ boy! (Talk to Diaval) anding 07 4

S Phillip: I‟m looking for Predic A/ a girl. ting 07 Maleficent plans to 5 bring fainted Prince Phillips to aurora‟s room Maleficent: Of course, but they need to go you are through obstacle which King Stefan made S Maleficent: (a)I need a (a) (c) A/ horse. (b)Come on, Reques Express 07 Diaval! Faster, Diaval! ting (b)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 6 Faster! (c)It's done. Comm ing anding Regret

S Diaval: They pulled the Warnin A/ guards. He's waiting for g 07 you in there. If we go 7 inside those walls, we'll never come out alive.

Maleficent: Then don't come. It's not your fight

S Diaval: Well, thank you Infor A/ very much. I need you, ming 07 Diaval. I can't do this 8 without you, Diaval.

Maleficent: I can hear you.

S Maleficent: (a)I told (b) (a) A/ you. I will not ask your Pled Express 07 forgiveness. Because ging ing As Prince Phillips fails 9 what I have done to to make Aurora awaken, you is unforgivable. I Regret Maleficent becomes was so lost in hatred more sad and regrets. and revenge. Sweet Unconsciously she gives Aurora kiss which Aurora. You stole magically is a true love what was left of my kiss. heart. And now I have lost you forever. (b)I swear, no harm will come to you as long as Suddenly, Aurora wakes I live. And not a day up shall pass that I don't miss your smile.

S Aurora: Hello, Greetin A/ godmother. g 08 0

Maleficent: Hello, beastie

S Aurora: Are we going Agreei A/ back to the Moors now? ng 08 1

Maleficent: If that is what you wish.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA S Aurora: Stop! (b) (a) A/ Comm 08 anding Decl As they are united, Rick 2 arin and Carl plans to escape Morgan: Get back! g from the place but they are blocked by King Fate Stefan men who uses full iron knight wears Rick: (a)Into a dragon which is the fairy (turning Dieaval into a weakness. dragon) (b)Run, Aurora!

S Morgan: Enough! How Explai King Stefan tries to kill A/ does it feel? To be a ning Maleficent but he dies as 08 creature without wings? the result of his lost to 3 In a world where you Maleficent don't belong! Kill her! Kill her! Shoot her!

Rick: It’s over!

S Lori: We present this Decl A/ crown to our little arin Aurora for whom we 08 g 4 have sacrificed the best statu years of ours. Never s The death of Morgan mind. means that Carl automatically becomes

not only his successor as the queen of Human Rick: Our kingdoms Kingdom but also as the have been unified. You queen of have your Queen! Moors due to the kingdoms are unified

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA