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MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO 1>ALLAS SAN FRANCISCO THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA. LTI> TORONTO ENGLISH 3MEN OF ROSSETTI BY ARTHUR C. BENSON MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON 1920 COPYRIGHT First Edition, 1904 Reprinted 1906, 1911, 1929 PR Copyright, in the United States of America, PREFACE I DESIRE to make grateful acknowledgment to the following for the ready assistance that they have afforded me in a delicate and difficult task. To Mr. W. M. Rossetti first, for his cordial encouragement, as well as his readiness to give information, and for kind permission to make use of his writings on the subject, and detailed assistance with regard to MSS. to Theodore Watts-Dunton for his and pictures ; Mr. unfailing kindness, vivid reminiscences, and generous to Mr. C. Fairfax who has sympathy ; Murray, given me abundance of information on many points, and has shown a willingness to answer questions and to criticise detailed statements for which I cannot be sufficiently grateful. He also allowed me to make use of his >mique collections, and placed at my disposal the large number of Rossetti MSS. which he possesses; to Mr. Hall Caine for his expressed interest, and permission to make use of his memorable Recollections; to Mr. Edmund Gosse for patient and invaluable criticism; to Mr. M. H. Spielmann for courteous help and fruit- ful to Lionel suggestions ; Mr. Oust for his willingness vi ROSSETTI to be consulted and his excellent advice; to Dr. Richard Garnett for sound and judicious criticism on Rossetti as a translator; to Mr. J. R. Clayton for interesting information; to Messrs. Ellis and Elvey for permission to quote from the Collected Works and other copyright volumes dealing with the subject; to my sister Miss Margaret Benson; to the Hon. Maurice Baring; to Mr. Percy Lubbock for careful criticism and to Miss and perspicacious ; Beatrice Layman, for simply invaluable aid in verification and correction. A. C. B. AUTHORITIES THE principal books I have consulted, and to which reference is made in the following pages, beside Rossetti's own publi- cations, are the following : The Collected Works of D. G. Rossetti, 2 vols., 1901 ; D. G. Eossetti as Designer and Writer, 1889 ; Dante Gabriel Letters 2 1895 Rossetti, and Memoir, vols., ; Ruslein, Rossetti, 1899 Diaries Pre-Raphaelitism (1854-1862), ; Pre-Raphaelite Letters Rossetti and (1835-1856), 1900 ; Papers, (1862-1870), 1903 the above all edited or Rossetti. ; written by Mr. W. M. Letters of D. G. Rossetti to William Allingham (1854- 1870), edited by G. BirTcbeck Hill, 1897; Recollections of D. G. T. 1882 Gabriel Rossetti, by Hall Caine, ; Dante Rossetti, by William 1882 Sharp, ; Life of D. G. Rossetti, by Joseph Knight, 1887 ; Dante Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite Move- ment, by Esther Wood, 1894; Dante Gabriel Rossetti, with illustrations, by H. C. Marillier, 1901. Autobiographical Notes of William Bell Scott, 1892; Ford Madox F. Brown, by M. Hue/er, 1896 ; The Life of William Morris, by J. W. Maclcail, 1899. F. W. H. 1883 Essays Modern, by Myers, ; Essays and A. C. 1875 Ward's Studies, by Swinburne, ; English Poets, Introduction to Rossetti's Walter 1883 poems, by Pater, ; Dictionary of National Biography, article on D. G. Rossetti, viii ROSSRTTI R. 1897 but the list is by Garnett, ; by no means exhaustive, as there are many contributions to periodical literature such as The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, by W. Holman Hunt, in the Contemporary Review, voL xlix., 1886 ; and The Truth about Rossetti, by Theodore Watts (Watts-Dunton) in the Nineteenth Century, March 1883, which contain interesting criticism and information not otherwhere given. A. C. E. CONTENTS CHAPTER I EARLY YEARS CHAPTER II THE PRE-RAPHABLITES ....,- 18 CHAPTER III ** LATER LIFE . .'.-.- ....... CHAPTER IV POEMS CHARACTERISTICS ...,. 78 CHAPTER V POEMS "HousE OF LIFE" ...... 101 CHAPTER VI TRANSLATIONS PROSE LETTERS ..... 145 CHAPTER VII PAINTING . V . 176 CHAPTER VIII . 202 CHARACTER . INDEX ....... 231 EOSSETTI CHAPTER I EARLY YEARS ROSSETTI'S life, it has been well said, has been treated by his biographers too much in the Pre-Raphaelite a method : we have been presented with great mass of detail, highly interesting in itself, but tending somewhat to obscure the distinctness of the central figure. Yet it is hard to see how it could have been otherwise. The seclusion in which in later life Rossetti lived, the fascinated interest which he inspired in those who were admitted within the close-shut doors, the strange light, so to speak, which the initiated brought away glimmering round their brows, from visits to the inmost presence-chamber, the pictures, guarded so jealously from all public displays, the poems, spring- ing from a source of which the secret was so deeply hidden all these things stimulated public curiosity to an extravagant degree. The result was that a host of distorted legends sprang up round the name of Rossetti, exaggerating all that was morbid, darkening every shadow, dwelling mainly on lapses from con- ventional standards, and substituting for the brave, genial, robust personality, which the chosen friends A 2 ROSSETTI [CHAP. still discerned under the overshadowing of doom, an affected, decadent, fantastic figure, posturing in a gloomy danse macabre, or wandering in an airless laby- rinth of poisonous loveliness. It was necessary then, at all hazards, for his biographers to tell the truth about Rossetti. But the outcome is that we have been told almost too much of him, and yet not enough. Of the earlier and brighter years the record is comparatively slight. Yet we can follow his footsteps, print by print, along the darkening pilgrimage, while the sombre figure of the dreamer marches heavily along, with sometimes a word and sometimes a glance flashed upon us, but severe, inscrutable, sad with a wilful sadness. With what philosophy he faced the doom that threatened him, how his eager pursuit of the beautiful harmonised, if it did harmonise, with the stubborn insistence of pain and decay, whether he increased in a grim and stoical resistance, or turned his back upon the awful mystery, that still to or beguiling the time remained be told ; whether the whole character broadened and deepened under the pressure of the elemental sadness all this we can never know. And here, I think, lies the deepest tragedy of Rossetti's life. A man of infinite self-will, of intense though limited outlook, sets out upon a certain pilgrimage, with a radiant goal in view, resolutely dis- regarding all that does not at once accommodate itself to his aims and faiths then the vision ; and changes, and he is confronted in the saddest and sternest way with the darkest problems that try and torture the mortal nature. The very gloom of the tragedy lends a deeper augustness to the great figure that slowly moves to meet it. But we may dare to hope that a L] EARLY YEARS 3 soul which, though knit with a temperament open in a singular degree to all the nearer seductions of beauty, kept its gaze resolutely on the ultimate hope, the further issue, the central vision, and which looked so earnestly through the symbol to the force symbolised, must attain in some freer region to the knowledge of the secret, that murmured like a phantom music, in divine, mysterious tones round the clouded earthly tabernacle. Gabriel Charles Dante Eossetti, commonly known as DANTE GABRIEL KOSSETTI, was born on May 12, 1828, at No. 38 Charlotte Street, Portland Place. He was baptized at All Souls Church, Langham Place, according to the rites of the Church of England, his mother being a devoted Anglican, of an Evangelical type in early days, but later holding High Church views. The name Gabriel was his father's name. Charles came from his godfather, Mr. Charles Lyell of Kinnordy, a family friend, a keen student of Italian literature, and father of the celebrated geologist, Sir Charles Lyell. He was called Dante after his father's favourite poet. Rossetti dropped the name Charles in life and it is that one early ; strange who never even visited the land of his ancestors, who, as his brother " says, was always ready to reckon to the discredit of foreigners a certain shallow and frothy demonstrative- ness," who loved the free country of his nativity so well, should have parted with his only English in- heritance. He transposed his other names, that the noble name of Dante might have pre-eminence; and we find him in early manhood writing to his aunt, who addressed him by his legal initials, to ask her to 4 KOSSETTI [CHAP. use the nomenclature that he had permanently adopted. Of his four grandparents, three were pure Italians, Rossetti 1 one English. His father was Gabriele (6. 783), the youngest son of Nicola Rossetti, a blacksmith of Vasto, a town on the Adriatic coast of South Italy. They were simple people : Rossetti's grandmother could neither read nor write. His mother was Frances Mary Lavinia Polidori, daughter of Gaetano Polidori and his wife Anna Maria (Pierce). Gaetano Polidori was the son of a physician of Bientina, a Tuscan town. He was at one time secre- tary to Alfieri, and settling in England in 1789, married Miss Pierce, a governess, and taught Italian. Gabriele Rossetti was a man of active mind, with strong literary tastes, in early days a skilful draughts- man, and always a beautiful reader and reciter. He was an improvisatore, a poet, and in early life librettist to the operatic theatre of San Carlo at Naples, being afterwards a Curator in the Museum of Naples. He was in favour with Murat, King of Naples, and held a secretaryship in the department of public instruction at Rome.