Pulsar Wind Nebulae in Supernova Remnants
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Exploring Pulsars
High-energy astrophysics Explore the PUL SAR menagerie Astronomers are discovering many strange properties of compact stellar objects called pulsars. Here’s how they fit together. by Victoria M. Kaspi f you browse through an astronomy book published 25 years ago, you’d likely assume that astronomers understood extremely dense objects called neutron stars fairly well. The spectacular Crab Nebula’s central body has been a “poster child” for these objects for years. This specific neutron star is a pulsar that I rotates roughly 30 times per second, emitting regular appar- ent pulsations in Earth’s direction through a sort of “light- house” effect as the star rotates. While these textbook descriptions aren’t incorrect, research over roughly the past decade has shown that the picture they portray is fundamentally incomplete. Astrono- mers know that the simple scenario where neutron stars are all born “Crab-like” is not true. Experts in the field could not have imagined the variety of neutron stars they’ve recently observed. We’ve found that bizarre objects repre- sent a significant fraction of the neutron star population. With names like magnetars, anomalous X-ray pulsars, soft gamma repeaters, rotating radio transients, and compact Long the pulsar poster child, central objects, these bodies bear properties radically differ- the Crab Nebula’s central object is a fast-spinning neutron star ent from those of the Crab pulsar. Just how large a fraction that emits jets of radiation at its they represent is still hotly debated, but it’s at least 10 per- magnetic axis. Astronomers cent and maybe even the majority. -
Brochure Pulsar Multifunction Spectroscopy Service Complete Cased Hole Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Saturation Monitoring from A
Pulsar Multifunction spectroscopy service Introducing environment-independent, stand-alone cased hole formation evaluation and saturation monitoring 1 APPLICATIONS FEATURES AND BENEFITS ■ Stand-alone formation evaluation for diagnosis of bypassed ■ Environment-independent reservoir saturation monitoring ■ High-performance pulsed neutron generator (PNG) hydrocarbons, depleted reservoirs, and gas zones in any formation water salinity ● Optimized pulsing scheme with multiple square and short ● Differentiation of gas-filled porosity from very low porosity ● Production fluid profile determination for any well pulses for clean separation in measuring both inelastic and formations by using neutron porosity and fast neutron cross inclination: horizontal, deviated, and vertical capture gamma rays 8 section (FNXS) measurements ● Detection of water entry and flow behind casing ● High neutron output of 3.5 × 10 neutron/s for greater ■ measurement precision Petrophysical evaluation with greater accuracy by accounting ● Gravel-pack quality determination by using for grain density and mineral properties in neutron porosity elemental spectroscopy ■ State-of-the-art detectors ■ Total organic carbon (TOC) quantified as the difference ■ Metals for mining exploration ● Near and far detectors: cerium-doped lanthanum bromide between the measured total carbon and inorganic carbon ■ High-resolution determination of reservoir quality (RQ) (LaBr3:Ce) ■ Oil volume from TOC and completion quality (CQ) for formation evaluation ● Deep detector: yttrium aluminum perovskite -
Introduction to Astronomy from Darkness to Blazing Glory
Introduction to Astronomy From Darkness to Blazing Glory Published by JAS Educational Publications Copyright Pending 2010 JAS Educational Publications All rights reserved. Including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Second Edition Author: Jeffrey Wright Scott Photographs and Diagrams: Credit NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USGS, NOAA, Aames Research Center JAS Educational Publications 2601 Oakdale Road, H2 P.O. Box 197 Modesto California 95355 1-888-586-6252 Website: http://.Introastro.com Printing by Minuteman Press, Berkley, California ISBN 978-0-9827200-0-4 1 Introduction to Astronomy From Darkness to Blazing Glory The moon Titan is in the forefront with the moon Tethys behind it. These are two of many of Saturn’s moons Credit: Cassini Imaging Team, ISS, JPL, ESA, NASA 2 Introduction to Astronomy Contents in Brief Chapter 1: Astronomy Basics: Pages 1 – 6 Workbook Pages 1 - 2 Chapter 2: Time: Pages 7 - 10 Workbook Pages 3 - 4 Chapter 3: Solar System Overview: Pages 11 - 14 Workbook Pages 5 - 8 Chapter 4: Our Sun: Pages 15 - 20 Workbook Pages 9 - 16 Chapter 5: The Terrestrial Planets: Page 21 - 39 Workbook Pages 17 - 36 Mercury: Pages 22 - 23 Venus: Pages 24 - 25 Earth: Pages 25 - 34 Mars: Pages 34 - 39 Chapter 6: Outer, Dwarf and Exoplanets Pages: 41-54 Workbook Pages 37 - 48 Jupiter: Pages 41 - 42 Saturn: Pages 42 - 44 Uranus: Pages 44 - 45 Neptune: Pages 45 - 46 Dwarf Planets, Plutoids and Exoplanets: Pages 47 -54 3 Chapter 7: The Moons: Pages: 55 - 66 Workbook Pages 49 - 56 Chapter 8: Rocks and Ice: -
Chandra Detection of a Pulsar Wind Nebula Associated with Supernova Remnant 3C 396
Chandra Detection of a Pulsar Wind Nebula Associated With Supernova Remnant 3C 396 C.M. Olbert',2, J.W. Keohane'l2v3, K.A. Arnaud4, K.K. Dyer5, S.P. Reynolds', S. Safi-Harb7 ABSTRACT We present a 100 ks observation of the Galactic supernova remnant 3C396 (G39.2-0.3) with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory that we compare to a 20cm map of the remnant from the Verp Large Array'. In the Chandra images, a non- thermal nebula containing an embedded pointlike source is apparent near the center of the remnant which we interpret as a synchrotron pulsar wind nebula surrounding a yet undetected pulsar. From the 2-10 keV spectrum for the nebula (NH = 5.3 f 0.9 x cm-2, r=1.5&0.3) we derive an unabsorbed X-ray flux of SZ=1.62x lo-'* ergcmV2s-l, and from this we estimate the spin-down power of the neutron star to be fi = 7.2 x ergs-'. The central nebula is morphologi- cally complex, showing bent, extended structure. The radio and X-ray shells of the remnant correlate poorly on large scales, particularly on the eastern half of the remnant, which appears very faint in X-ray images. At both radio and X-ray wavelengths the western half of the remnant is substantially brighter than the east. Subject headings: ISM: individual (3C396 / G39.2-0.3) - stars: neutron - pulsars: general - supernova remnants lNorth Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, 1219 Broad St., Durham, NC 27705 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 3Current Address: SIRTF Science Center, California Institute of Technology, MS 220-6, 1200 East Cali- fornia Boulevard, Pasedena, CA 91125 *Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 5National Radio Astronomy Observatory, P.O. -
Luminous Blue Variables
Review Luminous Blue Variables Kerstin Weis 1* and Dominik J. Bomans 1,2,3 1 Astronomical Institute, Faculty for Physics and Astronomy, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany 2 Department Plasmas with Complex Interactions, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany 3 Ruhr Astroparticle and Plasma Physics (RAPP) Center, 44801 Bochum, Germany Received: 29 October 2019; Accepted: 18 February 2020; Published: 29 February 2020 Abstract: Luminous Blue Variables are massive evolved stars, here we introduce this outstanding class of objects. Described are the specific characteristics, the evolutionary state and what they are connected to other phases and types of massive stars. Our current knowledge of LBVs is limited by the fact that in comparison to other stellar classes and phases only a few “true” LBVs are known. This results from the lack of a unique, fast and always reliable identification scheme for LBVs. It literally takes time to get a true classification of a LBV. In addition the short duration of the LBV phase makes it even harder to catch and identify a star as LBV. We summarize here what is known so far, give an overview of the LBV population and the list of LBV host galaxies. LBV are clearly an important and still not fully understood phase in the live of (very) massive stars, especially due to the large and time variable mass loss during the LBV phase. We like to emphasize again the problem how to clearly identify LBV and that there are more than just one type of LBVs: The giant eruption LBVs or h Car analogs and the S Dor cycle LBVs. -
An Overview of New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics About the National Academies
2020 VISION An Overview of New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics About the National Academies The National Academies—comprising the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council—work together to enlist the nation’s top scientists, engineers, health professionals, and other experts to study specific issues in science, technology, and medicine that underlie many questions of national importance. The results of their deliberations have inspired some of the nation’s most significant and lasting efforts to improve the health, education, and welfare of the United States and have provided independent advice on issues that affect people’s lives worldwide. To learn more about the Academies’ activities, check the website at www.nationalacademies.org. Copyright 2011 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America This study was supported by Contract NNX08AN97G between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Contract AST-0743899 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation, and Contract DE-FG02-08ER41542 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Energy. Support for this study was also provided by the Vesto Slipher Fund. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the agencies that provided support for the project. 2020 VISION An Overview of New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics Committee for a Decadal Survey of Astronomy and Astrophysics ROGER D. -
Exploring CTA Science with Ted and Friends - Activities
Exploring CTA Science with Ted and Friends - Activities This handbook proposes questions and exercises for educators related to the animated series “Exploring CTA Science with Ted and Friends.” The goal is to reinforce the concepts the students learn in each episode about high-energy astrophysics and the future gamma-ray observatory, the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), as well as to develop their scientific thinking and logic. The questions are divided according to each episode - we recommend educators to perform these activities following each episode in order to consolidate new ideas before staring the next episode. Age range: 5-11 years Supplementary material: https://www.cta-observatory.org/outreach-education/ Questions? Contact CTAO Outreach and Education Coordinator, Alba Fernández-Barral ([email protected]) Exploring CTA Science with Ted and Friends EPISODE 1: “CTA: Searching the Skies” How many CTA telescopes will be located around the world? More than 100 (Note for educators: specifically, 118 – 19 in La Palma, Spain, and 99 near Paranal, Chile). Where are they going to be located? One group will be in Chile (South America) while the other will be in La Palma (a Spanish island in the Canary Islands, off the coast of west Africa). What do CTA telescopes search for? They search the sky for gamma rays. What are gamma rays? Gamma rays are like X-rays, which are used to see human bones in the hospitals, but much more energetic (Note for educators: gamma rays are the most energetic light -electromagnetic radiation- that exists in the Universe. Light can be classified according to its energy, which is known as the electromagnetic spectrum. -
Physics of Compact Stars
Physics of Compact Stars • Crab nebula: Supernova 1054 • Pulsars: rotating neutron stars • Death of a massive star • Pulsars: lab’s of many-particle physics • Equation of state and star structure • Phase diagram of nuclear matter • Rotation and accretion • Cooling of neutron stars • Neutrinos and gamma-ray bursts • Outlook: particle astrophysics David Blaschke - IFT, University of Wroclaw - Winter Semester 2007/08 1 Example: Crab nebula and Supernova 1054 1054 Chinese Astronomers observe ’Guest-Star’ in the vicinity of constellation Taurus – 6times brighter than Venus, red-white light – 1 Month visible during the day, 1 Jahr at evenings – Luminosity ≈ 400 Million Suns – Distance d ∼ 7.000 Lightyears (ly) (when d ≤ 50 ly Life on earth would be extingished) 1731 BEVIS: Telescope observation of the SN remnants 1758 MESSIER: Catalogue of nebulae and star clusters 1844 ROSSE: Name ’Crab nebula’ because of tentacle structure 1939 DUNCAN: extrapolates back the nebula expansion −! Explosion of a point source 766 years ago 1942 BAADE: Star in the nebula center could be related to its origin 1948 Crab nebula one of the brightest radio sources in the sky CHANDRA (BLAU) + HUBBLE (ROT) 1968 BAADE’s star identified as pulsar 2 Pulsars: Rotating Neutron stars 1967 Jocelyne BELL discovers (Nobel prize 1974 for HEWISH) pulsating radio frequency source (pulse in- terval: 1.34 sec; pulse duration: 0.01 sec) Today more than 1700 of such sources are known in the milky way ) PULSARS Pulse frequency extremely stable: ∆T=T ≈ 1 sec/1 million years 1968 Explanation -
Stellar Death: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes
Stellar death: White dwarfs, Neutron stars & Black Holes Content Expectaions What happens when fusion stops? Stars are in balance (hydrostatic equilibrium) by radiation pushing outwards and gravity pulling in What will happen once fusion stops? The core of the star collapses spectacularly, leaving behind a dead star (compact object) What is left depends on the mass of the original star: <8 M⦿: white dwarf 8 M⦿ < M < 20 M⦿: neutron star > 20 M⦿: black hole Forming a white dwarf Powerful wind pushes ejects outer layers of star forming a planetary nebula, and exposing the small, dense core (white dwarf) The core is about the radius of Earth Very hot when formed, but no source of energy – will slowly fade away Prevented from collapsing by degenerate electron gas (stiff as a solid) Planetary nebulae (nothing to do with planets!) THE RING NEBULA Planetary nebulae (nothing to do with planets!) THE CAT’S EYE NEBULA Death of massive stars When the core of a massive star collapses, it can overcome electron degeneracy Huge amount of energy BAADE ZWICKY released - big supernova explosion Neutron star: collapse halted by neutron degeneracy (1934: Baade & Zwicky) Black Hole: star so massive, collapse cannot be halted SN1006 1967: Pulsars discovered! Jocelyn Bell and her supervisor Antony Hewish studying radio signals from quasars Discovered recurrent signal every 1.337 seconds! Nicknamed LGM-1 now called PSR B1919+21 BRIGHTNESS TIME NATURE, FEBRUARY 1968 1967: Pulsars discovered! Beams of radiation from spinning neutron star Like a lighthouse Neutron -
A Blast Wave from the 1843 Eruption of Eta Carinae
1 A Blast Wave from the 1843 Eruption of Eta Carinae Nathan Smith* *Astronomy Department, University of California, 601 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411 Very massive stars shed much of their mass in violent precursor eruptions [1] as luminous blue variables (LBVs) [2] before reaching their most likely end as supernovae, but the cause of LBV eruptions is unknown. The 19th century eruption of Eta Carinae, the prototype of these events [3], ejected about 12 solar masses at speeds of 650 km/s, with a kinetic energy of almost 1050ergs[4]. Some faster material with speeds up to 1000-2000 km/s had previously been reported [5,6,7,8] but its full distribution was unknown. Here I report observations of much faster material with speeds up to 3500-6000 km/s, reaching farther from the star than the fastest material in earlier reports [5]. This fast material roughly doubles the kinetic energy of the 19th century event, and suggests that it released a blast wave now propagating ahead of the massive ejecta. Thus, Eta Carinae’s outer shell now mimics a low-energy supernova remnant. The eruption has usually been discussed in terms of an extreme wind driven by the star’s luminosity [2,3,9,10], but fast material reported here suggests that it was powered by a deep-seated explosion rivalling a supernova, perhaps triggered by the pulsational pair instability[11]. This may alter interpretations of similar events seen in other galaxies. Eta Carinae [3] is the most luminous and the best studied among LBVs [1,2]. -
Central Engines and Environment of Superluminous Supernovae
Central Engines and Environment of Superluminous Supernovae Blinnikov S.I.1;2;3 1 NIC Kurchatov Inst. ITEP, Moscow 2 SAI, MSU, Moscow 3 Kavli IPMU, Kashiwa with E.Sorokina, K.Nomoto, P. Baklanov, A.Tolstov, E.Kozyreva, M.Potashov, et al. Schloss Ringberg, 26 July 2017 First Superluminous Supernova (SLSN) is discovered in 2006 -21 1994I 1997ef 1998bw -21 -20 56 2002ap Co to 2003jd 56 2007bg -19 Fe 2007bi -20 -18 -19 -17 -16 -18 Absolute magnitude -15 -17 -14 -13 -16 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 -20 0 20 40 60 Epoch (days) Superluminous SN of type II Superluminous SN of type I SN2006gy used to be the most luminous SN in 2006, but not now. Now many SNe are discovered even more luminous. The number of Superluminous Supernovae (SLSNe) discovered is growing. The models explaining those events with the minimum energy budget involve multiple ejections of mass in presupernova stars. Mass loss and build-up of envelopes around massive stars are generic features of stellar evolution. Normally, those envelopes are rather diluted, and they do not change significantly the light produced in the majority of supernovae. 2 SLSNe are not equal to Hypernovae Hypernovae are not extremely luminous, but they have high kinetic energy of explosion. Afterglow of GRB130702A with bumps interpreted as a hypernova. Alina Volnova, et al. 2017. Multicolour modelling of SN 2013dx associated with GRB130702A. MNRAS 467, 3500. 3 Our models of LC with STELLA E ≈ 35 foe. First year light ∼ 0:03 foe while for SLSNe it is an order of magnitude larger. -
Pulsars and Supernova Remnants
1604–2004: SUPERNOVAE AS COSMOLOGICAL LIGHTHOUSES ASP Conference Series, Vol. 342, 2005 M. Turatto, S. Benetti, L. Zampieri, and W. Shea Pulsars and Supernova Remnants Roger A. Chevalier Dept. of Astronomy, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 3818, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA Abstract. Massive star supernovae can be divided into four categories de- pending on the amount of mass loss from the progenitor star and the star’s ra- dius. Various aspects of the immediate aftermath of the supernova are expected to develop in different ways depending on the supernova category: mixing in the supernova, fallback on the central compact object, expansion of any pul- sar wind nebula, interaction with circumstellar matter, and photoionization by shock breakout radiation. Models for observed young pulsar wind nebulae ex- panding into supernova ejecta indicate initial pulsar periods of 10 − 100 ms and approximate equipartition between particle and magnetic energies. Considering both pulsar nebulae and circumstellar interaction, the observed properties of young supernova remnants allow many of them to be placed in one of the super- nova categories; the major categories are represented. The pulsar properties do not appear to be related to the supernova category. 1. Introduction The association of SN 1054 with the Crab Nebula and its central pulsar can be understood in the context of the formation of the neutron star in the core collapse and the production of a bubble of relativistic particles and magnetic fields at the center of an expanding supernova. Although the finding of more young pulsars and their wind nebulae initially proceeded slowly, there has recently been a rapid set of discoveries of more such pulsars and nebulae (Camilo 2004).