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Model of Ecotourism Management in Small Islands of Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi

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Model of Ecotourism Management in Small Islands of Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi Journal of Indonesian Tourism and E-ISSN : 2338-1647 Development Studies http://jitode.ub.ac.id Model of Ecotourism Management in Small Islands of Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi Diane Tangian1*, Daniel Djokosetiyanto2, Kholil3, Aris Munandar2 1State Polytechnic of Manado, Manado, Indonesia 2Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia 3Sahid Jakarta University, Jakarta, Indonesia Abstract The Bunaken National Park is one of the famous national park for tourism in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The abundance natural resources is one of the crucial natural attraction for tourism in Bunaken. Tourism in Bunaken contributes significantly in local economic development. In the same situation, however, tourism contributes negatively to environment. Tourist activities contributes significantly in coral reef covers. Utilization of natural resources as an object and attraction needs to be done carefully, taking into account the balance of ecological, socio-economic and socio- cultural. The concept of ecotourism with three aspects of development were important in aspect in Bunaken National Park tourism development. The management of the park tour needs to be done based on the concept and principles of ecotourism. The Bunaken National Park tourist management model simulated by the dynamic system with the Powersim Constructor software show the number of tourist 2035 reached 27,152.98, extensive coral cover 447.87ha, the local community incomes Rp 15,834,861,419.63 and government revenues Rp 1,751,770,691.04. Keywords: conservation area, ecotourism, powersim model, sustainable management. INTRODUCTION soft and hard by forming a steep wall, with Bunaken National Park (BNP) is a conservation various kinds and colors of coral [1]. area with beauty and attractiveness of the Problems that occur when this is happening in underwater resources. The total area of ± 89,065 the park are environmental degradation. It is ha area in accordance with the Decree of the identified from less land coral cover. Currently Minister of Forestry No. 730 / Kpts-II / 1991 with tourism activities are generally only focused on slightly wavy morphological conditions, and is Bunaken Island alone, so that the pressure one of the most beautiful marine parks in the exerted on the environment to be increasing. world. Most areas of coastline consist of According DeVantier and Turak [2] visitor in mangrove forests and white sand. Prior to 1986, Bunaken National Park more and more are the area has been designated by the Government turning to recreational diving activities, and this of Bunaken in North Sulawesi as a regional led to the degradation of coral cover more tourist attraction. This area is surrounded by 22 apparent. villages with a total population of around 30,000 A decrease in the percentage of live coral inhabitants. Its existence is to support the cover drastically occurred at a depth of 3 m. tourism industry and is a source of income large When compared to coral cover in the survey by enough area in North Sulawesi [1]. the BNP and Natural Resort Management (NRM) Bunaken National Park has 28 dive sites rich in in 1998 with the results of the monitoring tropical fish and coral reefs. More than 3,000 activities BNP in 2010, the coral covered area in species of fish found in the area "Golden 1998 changed from 72.1% to 33.24% in 2010. Triangle" of Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Dutton et al. in Supit [3] states that the increase and Indonesia. Bunaken is biologically and in human activity in the utilization of coral reef strategically located in the "triangle" which there ecosystems can cause damage to the coral reef are sharks, turtles, Mandarin Fish, sea horses, ecosystem itself. For that in efforts to use natural stingrays, and the famous Sea Kings ancient fish resources as objects and tourist attraction, need (the Coelacanth). There are also coral reefs both a management plan carefully because it may have an impact on the environment. Tourism as an industry must really have good planning, Correspondence address: implementation and evaluation, so that the Diane Tangian negative impacts of tourism can be tolerated [4]. Email : [email protected] Based on the above mentioned problems, the Address : State Polytechnic of Manado, Mapanget District, management of Bunaken National Parks should Manado, North Sulawesi 95252 J.Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.3, No.2, April, 2015 [75] Ecotourism Management in Small Islands of Bunaken National Park (Tangian et al.) be done with reference to the concept of eco- the tourism industry. Based on these problems, tourism, so that tourism can be realized in a the goal of this research is to create a model of sustainable manner. Development of sustainable sustainable tourism management BNP. BNP tourism policies can be a useful way to travel management model simulated in dynamic encourage new forms of business, increase systems, with the help of software Powersim employment and promote conservation [5]. Constructor to provide an overview of system Sustainable tourism development should be behavior both present and future. based on actual analysis of the potential environmental, social, cultural and economic MATERIALS AND METHODS soaial utilized to improve the welfare of local The research was conducted in Bunaken communities [1,6]. National Park in North Sulawesi province, which Ecotourism is a concept that has to accom- began in August of 2011 (Figure 1). Data used in modate tourism demand and tourism supply, the form of primary data, ie expert opinions, where it is seen in the six elements that follow interviews with residents, employers and the concept of ecotourism: conservation, workers in tourism. Secondary data include education, ethics, sustainable development, local extensive coral cover, the number of tourists, impact and benefits [7]. The concept of admission to Bunaken National Park, literature ecotourism is a concept that is capable of and previous studies associated with this bridging the interests of environmentalists with research. Figure 1. Map of Research Location [8] [76] J.Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.3, No.2, April, 2015 Ecotourism Management in Small Islands of Bunaken National Park (Tangian et al.) Data Collection AME (absolute means error) = (Si - Ai) / N At this stage of the assessment sub-model of Si = Si / N and Ai = Ai / N ecotourism data is required in the form of Description: S = Value simulation extensive coral coverage, quality of service and A = Actual value promotion, while public revenue is income from N = Interval time of observation the rental of the boat. Diving equipment rental, AVE (absolute variation error) = (Ss - Sa) / Ai restaurants, lodging, guides, and selling Description: Ss = ((Si - Si) 2 / N) souvenirs. Further for the government revenues, Sa = ((Ai - Ai) 2 / N) the data needed were derived from the sale of N = Interval time of observation admission tickets tourists, and levy of ship. These data were obtained through questionnaires and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION interviews with local people. Ecotourism management model in BNP is built on a set of relationships between the Data Analysis statement of needs and the statement of the Furthermore, the data were processed using problem to be solved in order to meet those Microsoft Excel, and the built model was needs. The concept modeling is based on the simulated in dynamic systems with the help of situation and the problems that occur today in software Powersim Constructor, to provide an BNP. The identification of models that are built overview of system behavior both present and can be seen in Fig. 2, where the number of future. The next stage is to test the model tourist arrivals will affect the vast coral cover, validation is the validation test structure and and vice versa extensive coral cover will affect performance validation test. AME (means the number of tourists. Furthermore, the number absolute error) is the deviation between the of tourist visits and extensive coral cover will also average value of the actual simulation. AVE affect people's incomes and government (absolute error variation) is the deviation of the revenues, and household incomes and actual value of the variation simulation. Limit of government revenues will affect the promotion acceptable deviation is 5-10% [9]. The formula and quality of service. It is apparent that each for calculating the AME and AVE are: element in the model built will have interrelated relationships and mutually influence each other. Figure 2. Diagram of circumference causal (causal loop) management of Bunaken National Park J.Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.3, No.2, April, 2015 [77] Ecotourism Management in Small Islands of Bunaken National Park (Tangian et al.) Simulation of Model Management of Bunaken Scenario Simulation Model Management of National Park Ecotourism Ecotourism Bunaken National Park. Making the management model of Bunaken Simulation models are built based on current National Park aims to determine the concept of conditions (existing condition) of each of the key ecotourism management of BNP in order to run a variables, and as time goes by key variables can sustainability, both from the ecological and socio- be changed. Based on this further prepared economic aspects. The concept of model built various scenarios strategies that can be carried (Fig. 3) is the application on the influence of out for management of BNP in order to run in a tourism visits to the existence of coral reefs, sustainable manner. public revenue and government income. The model scenario in the sub model of Some of the key variables in the sub ecotourism made of the number of visitors, ecotourism models are: 1) rating, 2) promotion, extensive coral cover, people's income, and 3) the print media, 4) electronic media, 5) exhibit, government revenues. Based on the model that 6) quality of service, 7) access, 8) accom- was built where the promotion and quality of modation, 9) guide, 10) security, 11) comfort, 12) service will affect the increase in the number of supporting facilities, 13) coral cover, and 14) tourist arrivals and the number of tourists will carrying capacity.
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