SMART GRID 1 Shahram Javadi Assistant Professor Electrical Eng. Department

2 3  The communication infrastructure of a power system typically consists of SCADA systems with dedicated communication channels to and from the System Control Centre and a Wide Area Network (WAN)

 The SCADA systems connect all the major power system operational facilities, that is, the central generating stations, the transmission grid substations and the primary distribution substations to the System Control Centre.

 The WAN is used for corporate business and market operations.

 These form the core communication networks of the traditional power system.

 In the Smart Grid, it is expected that these two elements of communication infrastructure will merge into a Utility WAN.

4 An essential development of the Smart Grid is to extend communication throughout the distribution system

Smart Meter NAN HAN

Neighborhood Area Networks Home Area Networks (HANs)

5 POSSIBLE COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE SMART GRID

6 TECHNOLOGIES USED IN DIFFERENT SUB-NETWORKS

 The various communication sub-networks that will make up the Smart Grid employ different technologies and a key challenge is how they can be integrated effectively.

 In this chapter, communication technologies that are associated with the lower three layers of the ISO/OSI reference model are discussed.

 In the ISO/OSI reference model, the upper layers deal with Applications of the data irrespective of its actual delivery mechanism while the lower layers look after delivery of information irrespective of its Application

7 COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

1. IEEE 802 series I. Ethernet II. Wireless LANs III. Bluetooth IV. ZigBee and 6LoWPAN V. WiMax 2. Mobile communications 3. Multi protocol label switching 4. Power line communication

8 IEEE 802 SERIES

• IEEE 802 is a family of standards that were developed to support Local Area Networks (LANs)

• For the Smart Grid, IEEE 802 standards are applicable to LANs in SCADA systems, NANs around the distribution networks and HANs in consumers’ premises.

9 DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES SPECIFIED UNDER IEEE 802

10 IEEE 802 wireless network technology options

Network definition IEEE standard Known as

Wireless personal area IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth network (WPAN) Low-rate WPAN (LR-WPAN) IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee

Wireless local area network (WLAN) IEEE 802.11 WiFi

Wireless metroplitan area network (WMAN) IEEE 802.16 WiMAX

11 IEEE 802 standardisation framework

802.1 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) Manage- ment

802.3 802.5 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) MAC MAC CSMA/CA

802.3 802.5 802.11 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY

CSMA/CD Toke n CSMA/CA (Wireless LAN) (Ethernet) Ring

12 IEEE 802 ARCHITECTURE

13 Ethernet

 The most widely used network technology for wired LANs  Simple  Ease of maintenance  Ability to incorporate new technologies  Reliability  Low cost of installation  Easy to upgrade  frame-based communication technology that is based on IEEE 802.3

14 Ethernet

 Its baseband is defined in a number of standards such as 10BASE5,10BASE2, 10BASE-T, 1BASE5, 100BASE-T

10BASE2

data rate in Mbps

maximum length of the cable and type of the cable

15 ETHERNET STANDARDS AND THEIR COVERAGE

16 DATA TRANSMISSION DEVICES FOR ETHERNETS

An Ethernet LAN consists of all or some of the devices shown in below:

17 TRANSMISSION PATH OF A REPEATER

18 TRANSMISSION PATH OF A HUB

19 TRANSMISSION PATH OF A SWITCH

20 A TYPICAL ETHERNET LAN

Ethernet uses a shared medium where more than one device tries to use the common medium.

21 Wireless LANs

IEEE 802.11 describes the Wireless LAN (WLAN) standard

Wireless LANs consist of the following components: 1. Station 2. Access points (AP) 3. Distribution system (DS)

22 BSS ARCHITECTURES OF WIRELESS LANS

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

23 IEEE 802.11 WLAN APPLICATION IN THE SMART GRID

24 Bluetooth

Bluetooth, defined by IEEE standard 802.15.1, is a wireless LAN technology designed to connect mobile or fixed devices using low-power, short-distance radio transmission. Classic version: Bluetooth 3.0+HS Low-energy version: Bluetooth 4.0

25 ZigBee and 6LoWPAN

This is a low data rate wireless networking standard

Currently this standard is the most popular protocol for a Wireless Public Area Networks (WPAN) due to its . low power consumption . high flexibility in networking . and low cost It creates an ad-hoc self-organising network by interconnecting fixed, portable and moving devices

26 PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE OF ZIGBEE

 The lower two layers are defined by IEEE 802.15.4 standards

 A ZigBee device can be a Full Function Device (FFD) or a Reduced Function Device (RFD)

 A network will have at least one FFD, operating as the WPAN coordinator 27 ZIGBEE

The FFD can operate in three modes: . a coordinator, . a router or . an end device.

An RFD can operate only as an end device.

28 ZIGBEE NETWORK ARCHITECTURES

ZigBee networks can have star, mesh or cluster tree architecture

29 6LOWPAN NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

6LoWPAN is a protocol which enables IPv6 packets to be carried over low power WPAN

30 COMMUNICATION OVER A 6LOWPAN NETWORK

. When an RFD in a 6LoWPAN wants to send a data packet to an IP-enabled device outside the 6LoWPAN domain, it first sends the packet to an FFD in the same WPAN

31 ZIGBEE COMMUNICATION NETWORK FOR SMART METERING

32 WIMAX NETWORK

 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) is a wireless technology which conforms with the IEEE 802.16 standard

 It provides both fixed and mobile connectivity using a technique called Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA).

33 MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS  Mobile communication systems were designed initially to carry voice only.

 Standard: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications).

 Add on data service to GSM technology: (GPRS) (General Packet Radio Service)

 GPRS uses the existing GSM network and adds two new packet-switching network elements: . GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) . SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)

34 MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS  3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP): A common project in 1998: . The European Telecommunications Standards Institute . The Association of Radio Industries and Businesses/Telecommunication Technology Committee of Japan . The China Communications Standards Association . The Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (North America) . The Telecommunications Technology Association (South Korea)

 The project was built on data communication rather than voice

35 MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS EVOLUTION OF THE 3GPP FAMILY

LTE is a competing technology to WiMax and supports user mobility up to 350 km/h, coverage up to 100 km, channel bandwidth up to 100 MHz with spectral efficiency of the Downlink 30 bps/Hz and the Uplink 15 bps/Hz 36 MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

PEAK DATA RATES OF THE 3GPP FAMILY

37 MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS LTE CONNECTING TO LEGACY NETWORKS

38 MULTI PROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING

Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a packet forwarding technique capable of providing a Virtual Private Network (VPN) service to users over public networks or the internet VPN provides the high quality of service and security required by Applications such as that associated with critical assets Some anticipated Applications of point-to-point VPNs based on MPLS include Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) networks and backbone network to the System Control Centre

39 MPLS PACKET

40 POWER LINE COMMUNICATION

IEEE P1901: . a standard for high speed (> 100 Mbps at the physical layer) communication devices via electric power lines . The in-home and access protocol under IEEE P1901 will support MAC layer and Physical layers that use orthogonal frequency multiplexing (OFDM). HomePlug: . HomePlug is a non-standardized broadband technology specified by the HomePlug Powerline Alliance, whose members are major companies in communication equipment manufacturing and in the power industry.

41 STANDARDS FOR INFORMATION EXCHANGE

Standards for smart metering

Modbus

DNP3

IEC 61850

42 STANDARDS FOR INFORMATION EXCHANGE Standards for smart metering: . Automated meter reading (AMR): requires only occasional transmission of recorded energy data (perhaps once a month) . Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI): requires frequent bi- directional communication (perhaps every 30 minutes) . IEC 62056 and ANSI C12.22 are two sets of standards that describe open communication systems for smart meters

Basic ANSI C12.22 smart metering architecture

43 STANDARDS FOR INFORMATION EXCHANGE

Modbus . Modbus is a messaging protocol in the Application layer and provides communication between devices connected over several buses and networks

Modbus protocol

44 DNP3: . DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol) is a set of communication protocols developed for communications between various types of data acquisition and control equipment . It plays a crucial role in SCADA systems, where it is used by Control Centres, RTUs and IEDs

DNP protocol

45 IEC 61850: . IEC 61850 is an open standard for Ethernet communication within substations . It is a function-based standard which ensures interoperability of substation equipment

46 STRUCTURE OF THE STANDARD IEC 61850[9]

47 IEC 61850 DATA STRUCTURE

48 Thank you!

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