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Comprehensive Comparison of Four Species of Onchidiidae Provides Insights on Morphological and Molecular Adaptations of Invertebrates from Shallow Seas to Wetlands

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Comprehensive Comparison of Four Species of Onchidiidae Provides Insights on Morphological and Molecular Adaptations of Invertebrates from Shallow Seas to Wetlands Comprehensive comparison of four species of Onchidiidae provides insights on morphological and molecular adaptations of invertebrates from shallow seas to wetlands Guolv Xu 1, 2, 3, 4 , Tiezhu Yang 1, 2, 3, 4 , Dongfeng Wang 1, 2, 3, 4 , Jie Li 1, 2, 3, 5 , Xin Liu 1, 2, 3, 4 , Xin Wu 1, 2, 3, 4 , Heding Shen Corresp. 1, 2, 3, 4 1 College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China 2 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai, China 3 International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China 4 Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China 5 Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shaghai, China Corresponding Author: Heding Shen Email address: [email protected] Background.The Onchidiidae family provides ideal species of marine invertebrates for the study of the evolution from seas to wetlands. However, different species of Onchidiidae have rarely been considered in comparative studies. Methods.A total of 40 samples were collected from four species (10 specimens per onchidiid). In addition, we systematically investigated the histological and molecular differences to elucidate the morphological foundations underlying these adaptations. Results.Histological analysis enabled the structural comparison of respiratory organs (gill, lung-sac, dorsal skin) among onchidiids. Transcriptome sequencing of four representative onchidiids was performed to further expound the molecular mechanisms with their respective habitats. Twenty-six Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers of Onchidium struma presented the DNA polymorphism determining some visible genetic traits. Non-muscle myosin heavy chain II (NMHC II) and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) played an essential role in amphibian developmental processes and are expressed differentially invarious onchidiids and tissues. The species with higher terrestrial ability and higher integrated expression of Os-MHC (NMHC II gene) and MyHC gene illustrated the expression level associated with the evolutionary degree. Conclusions.The present study indicates that different adaptions occurred in four species in various environments.We hope to provide a valuable reference point and a source of inspiration for amphibian investigatorsstudying the morphological characteristics and molecular mechanisms underlying the transition of invertebrates from shallow seas to wetlands. PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3431v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 23 Nov 2017, publ: 23 Nov 2017 1 Comprehensive comparison of four species of Onchidiidae provides insights on 2 morphological and molecular adaptations of invertebrates from shallow seas to wetlands 3 Guolv Xu1,2,3, Tiezhu Yang1,2,3, Dongfeng Wang1,2,3, Jie Li1,2,3, Xin Liu1,2,3, Xin Wu1,2,3, Shen 4 Heding1,2,3 5 Guolv Xu and Tiezhu Yang aee fiest co-authoes; they conteibuted equally to the woek. 6 1National Demonsteation Centee foe Expeeimental Fisheeies Science Education(Shanghai Ocean 7 Univeesity), Shanghai 201306, China. 8 2Inteenational Reseaech Centee foe Maeine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean Univeesity, Ministey of 9 Science and Technology, China. 10 3Key Laboeatoey of Exploeation and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resoueces(Shanghai Ocean 11 Univeesity), Ministey of Education. 12 Coeeesponding authoe: 13 Shen Heding 14 Email addeess: [email protected] 15 Abstract 16 Background.The Onchidiidae family peovides ideal species of maeine inveetebeates foe the study 17 of the evolution feom seas to wetlands. Howevee, diffeeent species of Onchidiidae have eaeely 18 been consideeed in compaeative studies. 19 Methods.A total of 40 samples weee collected feom foue species (10 specimens pee onchidiid). In 20 addition, we systematically investigated the histological and moleculae diffeeences to elucidate 21 the moephological foundations undeelying these adaptations. 22 Results.Histological analysis enabled the steuctueal compaeison of eespieatoey oegans (gill, lung- 23 sac, doesal skin) among onchidiids. Teansceiptome sequencing of foue eepeesentative onchidiids 24 was peefoemed to fuethee expound the moleculae mechanisms with theie eespective habitats. 25 Twenty-six Single nucleotide polymoephism (SNP) maekees of Onchidium struma peesented the 26 DNA polymoephism deteemining some visible genetic teaits. Non-muscle myosin heavy chain II 27 (NMHC II) and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) played an essential eole in amphibian 28 developmental peocesses and aee expeessed diffeeentially invaeious onchidiids and tissues. The 29 species with highee teeeesteial ability and highee integeated expeession of Os-MHC (NMHC II 30 gene) and MyHC gene illusteated the expeession level associated with the evolutionaey degeee. 31 Conclusions.The peesent study indicates that diffeeent adaptions occueeed in foue species in 32 vaeious envieonments.We hope to peovide a valuable eefeeence point and a souece of inspieation 33 foe amphibian investigatoesstudying the moephological chaeacteeistics and moleculae mechanisms 34 undeelying the teansition of inveetebeates feom shallow seas to wetlands. 35 Keywords: Onchidiidae; moephological chaeacteeistics; teansceiptome sequencing;single PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3431v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 23 Nov 2017, publ: 23 Nov 2017 36 nucleotide polymoephism loci;gene expeession. 37 Introduction 38 Envieonmental adaption that is consideeed to be the eesult of natueal selection has been 39 illusteated by physiological and moleculae mechanisms. In addition, studies of these adaptive 40 teaits that evolved along peocesses aee of impoetance in undeestanding the evolution of 41 eespieation, movement and othee unique chaeactees. Some veetebeates, such as mudskippees (You 42 et al. 2014) and lungfish (Zaedoya and Meyee. 2014), developed teeeesteial adaptations that enable 43 them to spend a consideeable amount of time on land. Howevee, few systematic studies have teied 44 to pinpoint the mechanism of adaptive evolution in inveetebeates, and the moleculae and 45 moephological bases of adaptive evolution eemain laegely unknown. 46 The family Onchidiidae (Gasteopoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidioidea) peovides ideal 47 inveetebeate models foe studying amphibian adaptations, as theee aee few geoups that possess both 48 aquatic-living oeganisms and peimaeily teeeesteial-living pulmonate oeganisms. The family 49 Onchidiidae, of the highee clades of eupulmonates, is mainly composed of inteetidal maeine, 50 shell-less, aie-beeathing slugs. Othee than the family Ellobiidae, Onchidiidae is the only family 51 that has a feee-life veligee stage in Eupulmonata (Bouchet and Roceoi, 2005). Onchidiidae species 52 aee widely disteibuted in the inteetidal zone of the South China Sea, the East China Sea and South 53 Yellow Sea, and estuaeine mangeove aeeas (Shen et al., 2004). Six species in five geneea aee 54 known feom China (Sun et al. 2014), and foue main species ofOnchidiidae aee widely disteibuted 55 in China, namely, Peronia verruculata, Paraoncidium reevesii, Onchidium struma and 56 Platevindex mortoni.Theie habitats eange feom shallow sea watees to inteetidal zones up to 57 supeatidal zones, which shows a geadual disteibution feom sea to wetland.O. struma, which 58 mainly lives in wetlands, cannot stay in the watee foe a long time; P. reevesii, which is mainly 59 aquatic, can submeege itself undee the seawatee foe a long time and feed on algae on the coeal eeef 60 sueface; and P. mortonican live both in shallow sea watee and in wetlands and has the ability to 61 bueeow in mud and climb on eocks. As the only species that has dendeitic gills as a eespieatoey 62 oegan when submeeged, P. verruculata is peedominantly an aquatic oeganism (Fig. 1). 63 Membees of Onchidiidae have theee eespieatoey oegans, which include dendeitic gills, lung- 64 sac and skin. Mainly aquatic veligees use gills to beeathe, and these gills eventually degeade to 65 “lung sac” beeathing aftee metamoephosisas an adaptation to wetland habitat. A few infeeioe 66 species still use dendeitic gills, and theie eespieatoey methods aee closee to the subclass 67 Opisthobeanchia (Winston et al.,2008). The diffeeent habitats lead to the evolution of diffeeent PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3431v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 23 Nov 2017, publ: 23 Nov 2017 68 beeathing patteens to adapt to diffeeent envieonments (Xu et al., 2004; Pinchuck and Hodgson, 69 2010). Theeefoee, Onchidiidae is a useful geoup that can be used to gain insights on the 70 moephological and moleculae diffeeences undeelying the teeeesteial adaptations of amphibious 71 inveetebeates. 72 Using multiple species ceeates a eepeesentation of a continuum of adaptions that eeflect one 73 species being moee teeeesteial than othees. Howevee, veey little is known about the genetic basis 74 and histological basis of these diffeeent adaptations. Heee, we compaee the tissue moephology of 75 foue eepeesentative species, eefeeeed to as Peronia verruculata, Paraoncidium reevesii, 76 Onchidium struma and Platevindex mortoni. We also eepoet teansceiptome sequencing and de 77 novo analysis of the foue species. Moeeovee, to fuethee impeove oue undeestanding of the 78 population steuctuee of O. struma and the diffeeences in epideemis moephology, muscle 79 foemation,
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