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Geografiya O‘Zbekistonning Iqtisodiy Va Ijtimoiy Geografiyasi

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Geografiya O‘Zbekistonning Iqtisodiy Va Ijtimoiy Geografiyasi PAYOZ MUSAYEV, JAHONGIR MUSAYEV GEOGRAFIYA O‘ZBEKISTONNING IQTISODIY VA IJTIMOIY GEOGRAFIYASI Umumy o‘rta ta’lm maktablarnng 8-snf uchun darslk To‘ldirilgan oltinchi nashr O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Xalq ta’limi vazirligi tasdiqlagan «SHARQ» NASHRIYOT-MATBAA AKSIYADORLIK KOMPANIYASI http://eduportal.uzBOSH TAHRIRIYATI TOSHKENT – 2019 UO‘K: 91(575.1)(075) KBK 65.04ya721 M – 97 T a q r i z c h i l a r: N. SAFAROVA, Nizomiy nomidagi Toshkent davlat pedagogika universitetining «Geografi ya va uni o‘qitish metodikasi» kafedrasi dotsenti, geografi ya fanlari nomzodi; A. JABBOROV, Muqimiy nomidagi Qo‘qon davlat pedagogika institutining «Geografi ya o‘qitish metodikasi» kafedrasi dotsenti; Sh. XOLMURОDOV, Nizomiy nomidagi Toshkent davlat pedagogika universitetining «Geografi ya va uni o‘qitish metodikasi» kafedrasi katta o‘qituvchisi; S. BERDIYEVA, Toshkent shahar Mirobod tumani 213-sonli umumiy o‘rta ta’lim maktabining geografi ya fani o‘qituvchisi. M – 97 Musayev, Payoz. O‘zbekistonning iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografi yasi: umumiy o‘rta ta’lim maktablarining 8-sinfi uchun darslik / Muallifl ar: P. G‘. Musayev, J. P. Mu sayev.– T.: «Sharq», 2019. – 176 b. I. Muallifdosh. UO‘K: 91(575.1)(075) KBK 65.04ya721 Darslk mavzularga joylashtrlgan ushbu QR – kod belglarn skaner q- lsh orqal mavzularga od nternet ma’lumotlardan foydalanshngz mumkn. Respublika maqsadli kitob jamg‘armasi mablag‘lari hisobidan ijara uchun chop etildi. http://eduportal.uzISBN 978-9943-26-917-0 © P. Musayev, J. Musayev, 2004, 2014, 2019. © «Sharq» NMAK Bosh tahririyati, 2004, 2014, 2019. I BOB. O‘ZBEKISTONNING GEOGRAFIK O‘RNI VA MA’MURIY-HUDUDIY TUZILISHI 1-dars1-dars KIRISH O‘zbekiston iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografiyasi nimani o‘rganadi? Siz endi oldingi sinfl arda olgan bilimlaringiz asosida Yer yuzi, shu jumladan, mamlakatimiz tabiati haqida boshqalarga ham ma’lumot bera olasiz. Ulardan tashqari shunday bilimlar ham borki, ular kishilar faoliyati, hayot tarzi va ishlab chiqarishning hududiy farqlanishi kabi insoniyat, jamiyat hayoti bilan bevosita bog‘liqdir. Ana shu bilimlarni o‘rganadigan fan iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geo gra fi ya deb yuritiladi. U aholi faoliya tining hududiy tashkil etilishi bilan bog‘liq iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy masalalarni muayyan mamlakat bo‘yicha ham, butun jahon miqyosida ham o‘rganadi. Ushbu o‘quv yilida jonajon Vatani - miz – O‘zbekiston ning iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografi yasini o‘rganasiz. Darhaqiqat, zavod, fabrika, firma, shifo maskani, ta’lim muassasasi yoki maishiy xizmat ko‘rsatish korxonalari puxta o‘ylan masdan duch kelgan joyda barpo qilinsa, kishilarni sarsongarchilikka, mehnat va mablag‘ni behuda sarflashga majbur qiladi. Oxir-oqibatda bu ijtimoiy mehnat unumdor- ligining oshishiga salbiy ta’sir etadi. Ijtimoiy mehnat unumdorl igi – moddy shlab chqarshda band bo‘lgan har br shlovch hsobga hosl qlngan mlly daro mad mqdor. Mehnat unumdorlg shlab chqa rsh nng mashnalar, malakal shchlar, elektr energya, taby boylklar blan ta’mnlan ganga, korxona va ahol punkt larnng kshlarga qulay hamda taby muht toptalmaydgan joyda barpo etlganga, mehnatkashlar nng yashash sharotlar, dam olsh hamda ularga madany-mashy xzmat ko‘rsatl shga ham bog‘lq. Agar xomashyo, yoqilg‘i, energiya manbalari va ishchilar o‘zaro yonma- yon joylashsa, ishlab chiqarishda yuqori samaradorlik ta’minlanadi. Biroq bunday qulay joylashish kamdan kam uchraydi. Ba’zi joylarda xomashyo yetishmasa, boshqa joyda yoqilg‘i, energiya tanqisligi kuzatiladi. Ana shuning uchun ham mamlakatni rivojlantirishning milliy dasturlarida aholini, ishlabhttp://eduportal.uz chiqarishni joylashtirish hamda tabiat boyliklaridan foydalanish masalalarini hududiy yaxlit tashkil etishga alohida e’tibor beriladi. 3 O‘zbekistonning iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografiyasi mamlakatmz mlly qtso dyotn ahol va taby sharot blan o‘zaro aloqador holda o‘rganb, un hududy tashkl etshnng umumy tamoyllarn lmy jhatdan asoslayd. 8-snf geografyas szn mamlakatmzda jtmoy mehnat unumdor- lgn oshrshga, taby resurslarn muhofaza qlshga va umuman ahol turmushnng farovonlashuvga yordam beruvch geografk blmlаr blаn qurоllаntrаd. Shunngdеk, gеоgrаfk blmngzn oshrshda turl man- balardan mustaql foydalansh usullarn tarkb toptrad. Bu fan xulosalari uchun asos bo‘lgan ma’lumotlar – daliliy ashyolar zamon bilan hamnafas o‘zgarib boradi. Darslikda keltirilgan raqamli ma’lumotlar, rasm, xarita-sxemalardagi ma’lumotlar va hatto joy nomlari ham ertaga bugungi dan farqlani shi mumkin. Iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografi yaga xos bu jihat kundalik voqea va hodisalardan muntazam xabardor bo‘lib turishni taqozo etadi. Yurtimizda bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘tish dek murakkab va keng qamrovli jarayon kechmoqda. Bunday paytda mamlakatda, har bir shahar yoki qishloqda muayyan muammolar vujudga kelishi tabiiy. Darslik sizni shunday muammolar bilan tanish tiradi hamda ularning yechimini topishga o‘rgatadi. Xalqimiz taraqqiyot yo‘lida matonat ko‘rsatib mehnat qilmoqda. Mam- lakatimiz mustaqil ligini mustahkamlashda, ayniqsa, siz yoshlar faollik ko‘rsatishingiz va kelgusidagi faoliyatingiz barakali bo‘lishi zarur. Zero, mehnat unumdorligi bozor munosabat lariga o‘tishda eng muhim va eng asosiy omil hisoblanadi. O‘zbekiston iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy geografiyasini o‘rganish bu vazifaning muhimligini tushunishga, demakkim, o‘z fuqarolik burchingizni bajarishingizga, mamlakat ning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy hayotida faol ishtirok etishingizga yordam beradi. Qo‘lingizdagi darslik mamlakatimiz milliy iqtisodiyoti bilan tanishtiribgina qolmasdan, geografik mazmundagi turli adabiyotlardan, birlamchi manbalardan foydalanishga imkon beruvchi ko‘nikma va malakalar bilan ham qurollan tiradi. Siz ushbu darslikdan iqtisodiy geografik obyekt, hodisa va jarayonlarni tasvirlash, bayon etish usullarini ham o‘rganib olasiz. 1. Darslik muqovasining ikkinchi betida berilgan iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy tushuncha hamda atamalardan kamida ikkitasini izohlashga urinib ko‘ring! ? 2. Sizningcha, ishlab chiqarish korxonalarini joylashtirishda qaysi omillar http://eduportal.uzmuhim hisoblanadi? Javobingizni asoslashga harakat qiling. 4 2-dars2-dars O‘ZBEKISTONNING GEOGRAFIK O‘RNI Geografik o‘rin deganda nima tushuniladi? Muayyan mamlakat, hudud, vloyat, shahar, tuman, mahalla va hatto hov- lnng o‘zga xoslklardan br ularnng Yer yuzdag betakror o‘rndr. Bular geografk o‘rn deb atalad. Geografk o‘rn mohyatan tabiiy geografik o‘rin, iqtisodiy geografik o‘rin va siyosiy geografik o‘rin tarzda guruhlanad. Tabiiy geografik o‘rin, asosan, okean, dengz, daryo, tog‘, cho‘l, o‘rmon, adr sngar yrk taby obyektlarga nsba tan joy lash gan o‘rnga ko‘ra belglansa, iqtiso diy geo gra fik o‘rin jahon nng erkn qtsody mntaqa lar, jahon savdo yo‘llar, yrk sav do- sanoat markaz- lar va taby boylklardan foy da lansh mkonyatlar blan belg la nad. Siyosiy geografik o‘rin esa muayyan davrda alo hda davlatnng harby mojarolar ro‘y berayotgan yok ro‘y bersh mumkn bo‘lgan hudud va davlatlarga nsbatan qanchalk aloqa dorlgga ko‘ra baholanad. Geografk obyektlar o‘zaro aloqador bo‘lad. Ana shu aloqadorlk ko‘lamga muvofq geografk o‘rn mkro, mezo, makro mqyosda namoyon bo‘lad. End Vatanmz O‘zbekstonnng geografk o‘rndag o‘zga xos jhatlar, un belglovch omllarn ko‘rb chqaylk. Tabiiy geografik o‘rni. O‘lkamz ob-havos ylnng talay qsmda ochq va quruq bo‘lad. E’tbor qlnsa, O‘zbekston Respublkasnng Davlat mad- hyas «Serqu yosh hur o‘lkam...» deya boshlanad. Taby geografk o‘rn sharofat la serquyosh va ssq kunlarnng uzoq davom etsh mamlakatmz qshloq xo‘jalg, transport va mashy hayotda mehnat va molyavy sarf- xarajatlarnng tejalshga mkon berad. Bulutsz osmonmz astronomk tadq- qotlarda ham qo‘l kelad. Abu Rayhon Beruny, Ahmad al-Farg‘ony, Mrzo Ulug‘bekdek konot blmdonlar bznng yurtdan chqqan bejz emas. Iqtisodiy geografik o‘rni. Har qanday davlatnng rvojlanshn tashq qtsody aloqalarsz tasavvur etb bo‘lmayd. Tashq qtsody aloqalar mqyos esa xalqaro mehnat taqsmot, qolaversa, qtsody geografk o‘rn mko nyatlarga bog‘lq. Insonyat taraq qyotnng muayyan bosqchlarda yrk xalqaro savdo yo‘llar muhm oml bo‘lgan. Iqtsody geografk o‘rn mkonyatlar davr o‘tsh blan o‘zgarsh mumkn.http://eduportal.uz Bunga syosy voqealar, yrk taby boylk zaxra larnng toplsh va shlab chqarlsh, transport vostalarnng takomllashuv kablar sabab 5 bo‘lad. Bun yurtmz qtsody geografk o‘rnda ro‘y bergan o‘zgarsh lar msolda ko‘rb chqamz. Ma’lumk, mloddan avvalg II asrdan to mlody XVI asrgacha Sharqn (Hndston, Xtoy) G‘arb (Yevropa mamlakatlar) blan bog‘lab turgan aso- sy savdo yo‘l – «Buyuk Ipak yo‘l» O‘rta Osyo orqal o‘tgan. Natjada O‘rta Osyo bozorlarda mol ayrboshlash avj olb, u hunar mandchlk va dehqon chlknng taraq qyot, shahar lar, fan, madanyat ravna qga jddy turtk bo‘lgan. Keynchalk Sharq blan G‘arb o‘rtasdag savdo yo‘llar quruq lkdan dengz-okeanlarga ko‘chgach, O‘rta Osyo qtsody geografk o‘rndag qulaylk barham topgan. XIX asr oxrlar da O‘rta Osyoda temr yo‘l qurld. Natjada Samarqand, Toshkent ka b yrk shaharlar temryo‘l orqal Rossya nng markazy rayon- lar blan bog‘lanb, O‘zbekston hududnng qt sody geografk o‘rn yana qulaylk kasb eta boshlad. Ammo sho‘ro davrda qtsody geografk o‘rn qulaylk lardan asosan sobq Ittfoq manfaatdor ed. Ma’lumk, O‘zbekston ochq dengz (okean)ga bevosta chqsh mko- nyatga ega bo‘lmagan, dunyo okeanga chqsh uchun kamda kk davlat- nng hududn kesb o‘tsh zarur bo‘lgan dunyodag kk mamlakatnng br hsoblanad. Ikknchs Lxtenshteyn davlatdr. Shunng uchun O‘zbekston transport tuzlmasn takomllashtrb, dunyo okeanga chqshnng eng maq- bul va shonchl yo‘nalshlarn tanlash borasda chora-tadbrlar olb bord. Mustaqillik tufayli O‘zbekston xorjy davlatlar blan erkn aloqa o‘rnatsh huquqn qo‘lga krtd.
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