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Reçine Kelebeği Dioryctria Sylvestrella

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Reçine Kelebeği Dioryctria Sylvestrella DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.16969/teb.75163 Türk. entomol. bült., 2016, 6 (2): 131-141 ISSN 2146-975X Orijinal ara ştırma (Original article) Reçine kelebe ği Dioryctria sylvestrella (Ratzeburg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)’nın Göller Bölgesi ormanlarında zararı, biyolojisi ve do ğal dü şmanları 1 Damage, biology and natural enemies of pine stem borer Dioryctria sylvestrella (Ratzeburg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Lake’s District forests Melike B İLENER 2 Mustafa AVCI 2* Summary Dioryctria sylvestrella is a pest that causes significant damage on the brutian pine forests of the Lake’s District, plantation sites. The morphology of this insect, the damage it caused under the field conditions in the forests of the Lake’s District, and its biology were explored while its natural enemies that were effective on the population were determined. They were found mainly on the lower parts of the tree trunks and led to the intensive release of resin. It was observed to have one generation in a year. The larval development of the insects took about eleven months and thus they overwintered as larvae. Starting from the mid-May, the pupae develop inside the resin released and the pupal development took three weeks, the adults flew throughout June depending on the elevation and the climatic conditions. The young larvae emerged from the eggs in late June. The larvae were observed to start feeding first on the barks of the trunk. Throughout this study. Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) and Raphidia ophiopsis (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) fed with the larvae of D. sylvestrella were observed as the predatory species. As larval and pupal parasitoid, Brachymeria tibialis (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) and Venturia robusta (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were determined. All of these predatory species and parasitoids were recorded for the first time in Turkey as the natural enemy of D. sylvestrella . Keywords: Dioryctria sylvestrella , damage, biology, natural enemy, Lake’s District Özet Dioryctria sylvestrella Göller Bölgesi’ndeki kızılçam plantasyonlarında önemli zarara yol açan bir türdür. Zararlının morfolojisi, Göller Bölgesi’nde zararının yo ğun oldu ğu ormanlarda zararı ile biyolojisi ara ştırılmı ş ve do ğal dü şmanları tespit edilmi ştir. A ğaçların gövdelerinin ço ğunlukla alt kısımlarında bulundu ğu, a ğaçlarda yo ğun reçine salgısına sebep oldukları gözlenmi ştir. Böce ğin yılda bir nesil verdi ği belirlenmi ştir. Böce ğin larva geli şiminin yakla şık on bir ay boyunca sürdü ğü ve böylelikle kı şı larva döneminde geçirdi ği saptanmı ştır. Mayıs ayı ortasından itibaren reçine salgılarının içinde pupa olmaya ba şladı ğı ve pupa döneminin üç hafta sürdü ğü, erginlerin uçma zamanının yükselti ve iklim ko şullarına ba ğlı olarak haziran ayı boyunca sürdü ğü tespit edilmi ştir. Genç larvaların haziran ayı sonunda yumurtadan çıkmaya ba şladı ğı belirlenmi ştir. Larvaların ilk olarak gövde kabu ğunun altında beslenmeye ba şladıkları görülmü ştür. Çalı şma boyunca D. sylvestrella ’nın larvaları ile beslenen avcı türler Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) ve Raphidia ophiopsis (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) gözlemlenmi ştir. Larva ve pupa parazitiodi olarak ise Brachymeria tibialis (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) ve Venturia robusta (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) tespit edilmi ştir. Belirlenen avcı ve parazitoidlerin tamamı Türkiye’de zararlının do ğal dü şmanı olarak ilk kez kaydedilmi ştir. Anahtar sözcükler: Dioryctria sylvestrella , zarar, biyoloji, do ğal dü şman, Göller Bölgesi 1Bu çalı şma ilk yazarın yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmi ş olup SDÜ Bilimsel Ara ştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon birimi tarafından 4113- YL1-14 nolu proje ile desteklenmi ştir. 2Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi, 32260, Isparta *Sorumlu yazar (Corresponding author) e-mail: [email protected] Alını ş (Received): 05.11.2015 Kabul edili ş (Accepted): 17.12.2015 131 Reçine kelebe ği Dioryctria sylvestrella ’nın Göller Bölgesi ormanlarında zararı, biyolojisi ve do ğal dü şmanları Giri ş Ormanlarımızda yıllar itibarıyla de ğişmekle beraber; yakla şık 30-50 dolayındaki zararlı türe kar şı yılda 300-500 bin hektarlık alanda mücadele edilmekte ve bu çalı şmalar için yıllık 6-7 milyon TL civarında harcama yapılmaktadır. Böceklerin ormanlara yaptıkları zararlar, orman yangınlarının yaptı ğı zararın en az 5 katı olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Böcek zararlarından dolayı ormanlarımızda yıllık ortalama 300-400 bin m³ ola ğanüstü kesim yapılmakta olup, bu rakam böcek popülasyonunun yo ğun oldu ğu durumlarda bir milyon m³’ün üzerine çıkmaktadır (OGM, 2013). Dioryctria sylvestrella (Ratzeburg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) tüm Avrupa, Kuzey Afrika ve Asya’nın büyük bir bölümünde yayılı ş göstermektedir. Yayılı ş yaptı ğı yerlerde daha çok güney bölgelerde çam plantasyonlarının en önemli zararlılarından biridir. Böcek genellikle çam ve daha az olmak üzere ladin ağaçlarının kozalak, sürgün, tomurcuk ve gövdelerinde zararlıdır (Lieutier et al., 2004). Dioryctria sylvestrella , Türkiye’de Antalya (Nebiler), Çanakkale, Edirne (Ke şan), İzmit (Kerpe), Bucak (Seydiköy), Adana (Saimbeyli, Pos, Pozantı), Artvin ( Şav şat, Borçka), Aydın (Söke, Ovacık), Denizli, Giresun (Kemerköprü), Kastamonu (Tosya) ve Mersin (Gülnar, Mersin, Mut, Tarsus)’de yayılı ş yapmaktadır. Yayılı ş yaptı ğı bu yerlerde P. brutia, P. maritima, P. radiata, P. taeda, P. pinaster, P. strobus, P. excelsa, P. canariensis, P. elderica ve Picea orientalis türleri konukçu olarak belirlenmi ştir (Tosun, 1975; Can, 1994; Yüksel, 1996; Çanakçıo ğlu & Mol, 1998, Aytar, 2001; Özkazanç, 2001; Selek, 2007). Göller Bölgesi ormanlarında zarar yapan önemli böcekler, çam kese böce ği ( Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams), Akdeniz çam kabuk böce ği ( Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston)), oniki di şli çam kabuk böce ği ( Ips sexdentatus (Boerner)), Akdeniz orman bahçıvanı ( Tomicus destruens (Wollaston)), sünger örücüsü ( Lymantria dispar L.), çam yaprak arıları ( Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy), Diprion pini (L.)), sedir yaprak kelebe ği ( Acleris undulana (Wlsghm.)), çam sürgün bükücüsü ( Rhyacionia buoliana (Den.& Schiff.)), sedir kabuk böce ği ( O. tridentatus Eggers), reçine kelebe ği ( Dioryctria sylvestrella (Ratzeburg)) ve göknar kabuk böce ği ( Pityokteines marketae Knížek)’dir. Yörede zayıf yeti şme ortamlarında yeti ştirilen kızılçam ve karaçam a ğaçlandırma sahalarında D. sylvestrella ’nın yo ğun tahribatı gözlenmektedir. Bu zararlı ile etkili bir mücadele yapılabilmesi için biyolojisinin tam olarak bilinmesi gereklidir. Ayrıca böceklerle sava ş yöntemlerinden biride böce ğin do ğal dü şmanlarından yararlanılarak yapılacak biyolojik mücadeledir. Bu amaçla böce ğin popülasyonu üzerinde etkili olan avcı ve parazitoidleri ile bu türlerin do ğal etkinliklerinin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Göller Bölgesi’nde daha önce bu zararlı tür hakkında detaylı bir ara ştırma yapılmamı ştır. Ancak, Tosun (1975) tarafından bazı kayıtlar bulunmaktadır. Çalı şmanın amacı; Göller Bölgesi (Isparta Orman Bölge Müdürlü ğü ile Denizli Orman Bölge Müdürlü ğü’nün bir kısmı)’nde özellikle kızılçam, kısmen karaçam ormanlarında zarar yapan D. sylvestrella ’nın zararı ve biyolojisi ile popülasyonun üzerinde etkili olan do ğal dü şmanlarını belirlemektir. Bu amaçla, 2014-2015 yıllarında yürütülen çalı şma ile böce ğin biyolojisinin arazi ko şullarında ortaya konulmasına ve konukçuları ile zararının belirlenmesine yönelik olarak farklı biyolojik dönemlerinde gözlem ve örnek toplama çalı şmaları yapılmı ştır. Zararlının do ğal dü şmanları ile potansiyel biyolojik kontrol etmenlerinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmi ştir. Materyal ve Yöntem Çalı şmanın materyalini D. sylvestrella ’nın farklı biyolojik dönemlerine ait örnekler ve zararlı ile bula şık çam a ğaçları olu şturmu ştur. Böce ğin zararı, biyolojisi ve do ğal dü şmanlarını belirlemeye yönelik olarak 2014 ve 2015 yıllarında nisan-kasım döneminde arazide gözlemler yapılmı ş ve örnekler toplanmı ştır. Çalı şma, Göller Bölgesi’nin önemli bir kısmını kapsayan Isparta Orman Bölge Müdürlü ğü’nün tamamı ve Denizli Orman Bölge Müdürlü ğü’nün bir kısmında kızılçam ve karaçam ormanlarında yürütülmü ştür. Böce ğin yayılı şını belirlemek için saha genelinde sürveyler yapılmı ştır. Böce ğin biyolojisini izlemek, zararını belirlemek ve do ğal dü şmanlarını elde etmek için materyal toplamak amacıyla böce ğin yo ğun oldu ğu alanlar tercih edilmi ştir. 132 Bilener & Avcı, Türk. entomol. bült., 2016, 6 (2) Böce ğin son yıllarda yo ğun olarak zarar yaptı ğı alanlar, Isparta ve Denizli Orman Bölge Müdürlü ğü Orman Zararlılarıyla Mücadele Şube Müdürlükleri kayıtlarından elde edilmi ştir. Ar şivden “Zararlıyı Duyurma Formu” ve mücadele proje formlarından ilgili sahalar hakkında bilgi edinilmi ştir. Böceklerin larva ve pupa parazitoidlerinin belirlenmesi için araziden örnekler toplanmı ş, bunlar laboratuvarda kültüre alınarak parazitoidlerin çıkı şları takip edilmi ştir. Günlük olarak yapılan gözlemlerle çıkan parazitoidler alınarak etiketlenmi ş ve alkol içinde muhafaza altına alınmı ştır. Çıkan parazitoidler sayılarak, kap içine konan larva ya da pupa sayısına oranı bulunarak etkinlikleri tespit edilmi ştir. Ayrıca arazi gözlemleri ile özellikle larva döneminde etkili olan avcılar belirlenmi ştir. Çam a ğaçlarının gövdelerinden toplanan D. sylvestrella ’nın pupaları reçine kümeleri içinde laboratuvara getirilerek kavanozlara konulmu ş ve bu kavanozların a ğzı tülbentle kapatılarak bu pupaların tümü ergin haline gelene kadar her gün kontrol edilmi ş, bunlardan ergin ve parazitoid çıkma tarihleri kayıt altına alınmı ştır. Çıkan erginler
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