E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 105 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION

Vol. 144 WASHINGTON, TUESDAY, APRIL 28, 1998 No. 49 House of Representatives The House met at 12:30 p.m. voted consistently and unanimously Automated Intelligent Systems, al- f for immunity.’ In fact, even during ready immunized by the Department of Iran-Contra the Congressional inves- Justice, testified before a grand jury. MORNING HOUR DEBATES tigative committees voted unani- Instrumental in better understanding The SPEAKER. Pursuant to the mously to grant a limited form of im- Chung’s relationships with foreign na- order of the House of January 21, 1997 munity to Oliver North, John tionals with whom he attended politi- the Chair will now recognize Members Poindexter and Albert Hakim. There is cal fund-raising events, formed cor- from lists submitted by the majority no logical reason for the Democrats’ porations, and from whom he received and minority leaders for morning hour stonewalling and sharply partisan ac- money. debates. The Chair will alternate rec- tions. Again, even the Department of Nancy Lee, an engineer at Auto- ognition between the parties, with each Justice has clearly stated in writing mated Intelligent Systems, Inc. Wit- party limited to not to exceed 30 min- that they have ‘no opposition to the nesses say Lee solicited contributions utes, and each Member except the ma- committee granting immunity.’ to Clinton/Gore ’96 from her colleagues jority and minority leaders and minor- ‘‘The Democrats’ efforts to block im- and then reimbursed them. That is, of ity whip limited to not to exceed 5 munity, despite their own administra- course, illegal. Already immunized by minutes. tion’s willingness to accept it, cannot the Department of Justice; testified be- f withstand the public’s demand for the fore a grand jury. truth. For this reason, I encourage you Larry Wong, close friend of Nora and SPEAKER TROUBLED BY PAR- to vote again on the immunity issue. It Gene Lum. Believed to have relevant TISAN BEHAVIOR DURING CAM- is obvious that these four witnesses information regarding conduit con- PAIGN FINANCE INVESTIGATION would provide a great deal of clarifica- tributions, that is, contributions that tion and a better understanding of the The SPEAKER pro tempore (Ms. were not really from the person who illegal campaign finance irregularities PRYCE of Ohio). Under the Speaker’s made them technically, but they came that took place in the 1996 election announced policy of January 21, 1997, from somebody else, in this case prob- cycle. the gentleman from Georgia (Mr. GING- ‘‘The American people have a right ably foreign money, made by the Lums RICH) is recognized during morning to know exactly what happened during and others. hour debates for 5 minutes. the last election cycle. The very foun- And then under a special arrange- Mr. GINGRICH. Madam Speaker, I dations of a democracy are a well-in- ment, Kent La, president and reg- rise with concern and sadness to report formed populace with the right to istered agent of Loh Sun International. to the House on a letter I am sending know the truth and a rule of law ensur- Believed to have direct knowledge of the gentleman from Indiana (Mr. BUR- ing that all are equal in the eyes of jus- Ted Sioeng’s activities. At a minimum, TON), Chairman of the Committee on tice. Therefore, at this time I strongly La and Sioeng traveled, attended social Government Reform and Oversight, urge you to hold a second vote on functions and at least one fund-raiser, today. I want to read the letter and granting immunity to the four key wit- and transacted business together. The then I want to explain why I am send- nesses who were denied it last week.’’ Department of Justice does not oppose ing it and the background of sending it. My hope is that by next week the granting congressional immunity with ‘‘Dear Chairman BURTON: I was deep- Committee on Government Reform and the understanding that the committee ly troubled by the partisan Democrat Oversight could vote. I urge every will only depose La in executive ses- behavior shown last week during the Democrat who voted no, and it was 19– sion at this time. vote on granting immunity, to which 0, 19 against immunity, to reconsider I am submitting for the RECORD the even the Justice Department is not op- their vote. letters from the Department of Justice, posed, to four key witnesses in your I want to report to the House. Here is all of them saying, and I would just campaign finance investigation. what the vote was about. The Depart- read one of them because they are re- ‘‘This is the exact opposite of pre- ment of Justice had cleared, for the petitive: vious congressional investigations, in purposes of giving testimony, three ‘‘Dear Mr. BENNETT: I am writing in which Republican Members worked in a witnesses, and had cleared for the pur- response to your letter of April 7, 1998, diligent and bipartisan manner with poses of testimony in an executive ses- requesting the Department of Justice’s Democrats to uncover the truth. Ac- sion a fourth witness. Let me report to position on the granting of immunity cording to David Dorsen, the assistant the House who they are: to Irene Wu. The Department of Jus- chief counsel of the Senate Watergate Irene Wu, Johnny Chung’s office tice has no opposition to the Commit- Committee, the ‘Watergate Committee manager and primary assistant at tee granting immunity to Ms. Wu. We

b This symbol represents the time of day during the House proceedings, e.g., b 1407 is 2:07 p.m. Matter set in this typeface indicates words inserted or appended, rather than spoken, by a Member of the House on the floor.

H2335 H2336 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 appreciate greatly your coordinating the investigation and any subsequent pros- any other employee of the Justice Depart- with us in this matter.’’ ecutions, under the rulings of Kastigar, ment, or any person other than the two staff Madam Speaker, the letters referred North, Poindexter and related cases. members who took Mr. La’s deposition or to are as follows: During our discussions with the Commit- the majority and minority chief counsel, tee staff, most recently on April 20, 1998, we until and unless the designated attorney has U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, tried to convey to you that our preference made the determination discussed in No. 5, CRIMINAL DIVISION, would be to avoid any Committee action to above. Washington, DC, April 16, 1998. immunize him. Because of your strong inter- We recognize that under 18 U.S.C. 6005, the Mr. RICHARD D. BENNETT, est in securing his information at this time, Committee has the statutory authority to Chief Counsel, Committee on Government Re- we nevertheless indicated our willingness vote to grant immunity to a witness regard- form and Oversight, Rayburn House Office not to oppose a grant of immunity to Mr. La less of the position of the Justice Depart- Building, Washington, DC. under certain conditions. The Department of ment. We believe, however, that the terms DEAR MR. BENNETT: I am writing in re- Justice, therefore, is willing to withdraw its and conditions set forth above will satisfy sponse to your letter of April 7, 1998, request- objection to the Committee granting immu- the Committee’s needs while hopefully pro- ing the Department of Justice’s position on nity to Mr. La if, and only if, it agrees to ad- tecting the Justice Department’s interest in the granting of immunity to Irena Wu. The here strictly to the following conditions in conducting thorough investigations and Department of Justice has no opposition to examining Mr. La. Based on our discussions prosecutions that are not subject to Kastigar the Committee granting immunity to Ms. with Committee staff, we understand that hearings or related challenges. The Depart- Wu. We appreciate greatly your coordinating these conditions are acceptable to the Com- ment has determined that if the Committee with us on this matter. mittee. The conditions that the Committee were to grant Mr. La immunity under 18 Sincerely, agrees to follow in return for the Depart- U.S.C. 6005 at this time and absent the re- MARK M. RICHARD, ment of Justice withdrawing its objection to strictions outlined above, it would clearly Acting Assistant Attorney General. the Committee granting immunity to Mr. La compromise the Department’s ongoing are: criminal investigation and make it more dif- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, 1. The Committee will take Mr. La’s depo- ficult to obtain convictions of any person(s) CRIMINAL DIVISION, sition in a closed executive session attended Washington, DC, April 16, 1998. who might eventually be charged with a only by Mr. La, his counsel, one staff mem- crime. Mr. RICHARD D. BENNETT, ber from the Majority, one staff member Sincerely yours, Chief Counsel, Committee on Government Re- from the Minority, and a court reporter. form and Oversight, Rayburn House Office MARK M. RICHARD, 2. The reporter will make only two copies Acting Assistant Attorney General. Building, Washington, DC. of the deposition transcript. DEAR MR. BENNETT: I am writing in re- 3. The Committee staff who took the depo- So what happened is this: The chair- sponse to your letter of April 7, 1998, request- sition will be provided one copy of the depo- man of the committee and his staff ing the Department of Justice’s position on sition transcript and will maintain that copy worked very closely with the Clinton the granting of immunity to Nancy Lee. The at a mutually acceptable secure location Department of Justice has no opposition to Administration Justice Department. under conditions that assure that only au- They actually got the Justice Depart- the Committee granting immunity to Ms. thorized persons may have access to the Lee. We appreciate greatly your coordinat- transcript and that no copies of the tran- ment to sign off on granting immunity. ing with us on this matter. script may be made. The only persons au- Everything was done exactly appro- Sincerely, thorized to have access to the transcript are priately. In that setting, at a time MARK M. RICHARD, Members of the Committee, the two staff when the American people could have Acting Assistant Attorney General. members who took the deposition, and the learned the truth from eyewitnesses majority and minority chief counsel, if they who participated in laundering foreign U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, are not the same persons who took the depo- illegal money, a threat to the entire CRIMINAL DIVISION, sition. [The persons described in the preced- fabric of our political system, for some Washington, DC, April 16, 1998. ing sentence are hereinafter referred to as Mr. RICHARD D. BENNETT, ‘‘the authorized persons.]’’ reason the Democrats voted 19–0 Chief Counsel, Committee on Government Re- 4. The authorized persons may not copy the against allowing immunity. That form and Oversight, Rayburn House Office transcript, but may take notes, as long as means they voted 19–0 to cover up this Building, Washington, DC. they maintain the notes at the same loca- testimony, to block it from getting to DEAR MR. BENNETT: I am writing in re- tion and under the same conditions as the the American people, and to prevent sponse to your letter of April 7, 1998, request- transcript is maintained. The authorized per- the Congress from being informed. ing the Department of Justice’s position on sons may discuss the transcript with any the granting of immunity to Larry Wong. other authorized persons, but may not dis- Now, I think there are two principles The Department of Justice has no opposition cuss any aspect of the substance of the tran- that we ought to live by. One is that to the Committee granting immunity to Mr. script with any other person, including Com- the American people have the right to Wong. We appreciate greatly your coordinat- mittee staff, other Members of Congress, or know when the law has been broken. ing with us on this matter. the public until such time as the Justice De- Period. I cannot imagine why any Sincerely, partment states that it has no objection to Member of this House would want to MARK M. RICHARD, public disclosure of the testimony because block the American people from having Acting Assistant Attorney General. release of the transcript or its contents the right to know that the law has would not compromise the criminal inves- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, tigation. been broken and who broke it and CRIMINAL DIVISION, 5. The second copy of the transcript will be under what circumstances. Washington, DC, April 22, 1998. provided to a designated attorney within the And when the people breaking the Hon. DAN BURTON, Department of Justice, but who is not as- law are foreign nationals trying to cor- Chairman, Committee on Government Reform signed to the Campaign Financing Task rupt the United States by bringing in and Oversight, U.S. House of Representa- Force, who will review the transcript to de- foreign money, in some cases in a de- tives, Washington, DC. termine if public release of the testimony DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: I am writing in re- could compromise the Department’s ongoing liberate effort in collusion with billion- sponse to your letter of April 7, 1998 request- criminal investigations. The designated at- aires in Asia, we have every reason as ing the Department of Justice’s position on torney will maintain the transcript in a se- a national security matter to protect the Committee on Government Reform and cure location. No Department of Justice em- our political system from this kind of Oversight granting immunity to Kent La. As ployee other than the designated attorney illegal foreign money. you know, we have met with Dick Bennett, will be permitted to review the transcript. In addition, the American people Kenneth Ballen and other members of the 6. The Committee will not present Mr. La’s have the right to expect that the rule Majority and Minority staff in an attempt to public testimony until and unless the De- accommodate the Committee’s desire to ob- partment of Justice attorney has made the of law will prevail, that no one is above tain Mr. La’s testimony and our desire that determination, discussed in No. 5, above, the law. any action by the Committee not com- that public disclosure of the transcript or its One of the things that the Committee promise the Department’s ongoing criminal contents would not compromise the inves- on Government Reform and Oversight investigation. In our view, if Mr. La were to tigation. is working on is the fact that Webster testify publicly at this time, the Depart- 7. The designated attorney will meet with Hubbell, former number two person in ment’s criminal investigation could in fact attorneys and investigators conducting the be compromised. Even if Mr. La were to tes- criminal investigation as necessary in order the Justice Department, one of the tify in a closed session, any disclosure or to obtain the facts needed to evaluate the most powerful men in terms of the jus- leak of that testimony, whether intentional transcript. The designated attorney will not tice system in the United States in the or inadvertent, could seriously compromise discuss the transcript or its contents with government, Webster Hubbell received April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2337 more than $700,000, and I want to com- Mr. WAXMAN. I thank the gen- the night. We thought that ought to be mend the committee because the com- tleman very much for yielding. I raced investigated. None of these things have mittee has discovered he received at over to the House floor. I did not know been investigated. least $200,000 more than was previously the Speaker was going to raise the indicated, after he resigned as Associ- issue of the Government Reform and b 1245 ate Attorney General on March 4, 1994. Oversight campaign finance investiga- Most of the money came from friends tion. But I did want to come to the The Democrats have been closed out of President Clinton and Democratic House floor to inform him and my col- by an effort by the Republicans to do a Party supporters and was coordinated leagues what has happened with this partisan, reckless investigation. Not- by people such as then U.S. Trade Rep- investigation. withstanding that, we went along on resentative Mickey Kantor, Vernon First of all, in February of last year the only vote where our votes count, Jordan, James Riady, the Indonesian I went to the gentleman from Indiana and that is on the issue of immunity who is also implicated in illegal foreign (Mr. BURTON) and said, ‘‘Let’s do a bi- for witnesses at the request of the money. By the way, Indonesia is one of partisan investigation on campaign fi- chairman once before, and we were all the countries involved in the Inter- nance abuses.’’ I wrote to the Speaker embarrassed by that. The Democrats national Monetary Fund bailing out and asked that we have a House and gave our votes for immunity for a wit- the government which directly in- Senate joint investigation so that we ness who turned out not to have given volves the Riadys’ economic interests in the House would not duplicate the us honest and credible testimony and a and the Lippo Group, which is the con- work being done by the Thompson witness who used the immunity grant- glomerate owned by the Riadys which Committee over in the Senate. ed to him to avoid possible immigra- has large interests across Asia, includ- I never received a reply from the tion and tax crimes for which he now ing in Communist China. Speaker, but the response that I did will never be prosecuted. Client records show that Mr. Hubbell get from the gentleman from Indiana Now we are being asked to give im- did little or no work for most of the was that he was going to do his own in- munity to four more people, fairly low- money he received from 18 companies level people. I do not think they have and individuals. Now, his government vestigation, thank you very much. all that much to add to the investiga- job was $123,000 a year. His income to- Now, after a year and a half, we have taled $704,000 after he left his govern- spent over $6 million of the taxpayers’ tion, but why should we give immunity ment job. Something very wrong is money, we have duplicated a great deal to these witnesses? going on. of what went on in the Senate commit- We have not received a proffer from The Committee on Government Re- tee, and we have nothing to show for it. them which would tell us what they form and Oversight has an obligation We have turned up nothing that was know and what they have to say, what to find the truth for the American peo- not already in the Senate investigation to add to the information already ple, to have people sworn under oath or quite frankly that has already ap- available. We have no written proffer testifying, to work with the Justice peared in the press. from these four people. We have no Department to make sure that we do The chairman of our committee, the guarantee that the chairman will con- not disrupt their investigation. But gentleman from Indiana, has had dele- duct the investigation any other way when the Clinton Administration Jus- gated to him unprecedented authority. than what he has done up to now. tice Department says this person can He had delegated to him powers that We wrote to the chairman after that be immunized, there is no excuse, none, no chairman has ever had before. He last immunity vote and we said to him, for any Member of this House to vote has the power to unilaterally issue sub- ‘‘We gave you the votes for immunity, against that immunization. I call on poenas. and we regret it. We’ve been embar- the committee next week to have a The gentleman from Indiana has this rassed, as should you be, having given second hearing. authority to issue subpoenas unilater- a man immunity for possible offenses I hope every newspaper in this coun- ally. He does not have to come to the that none of us ever knew about. The try will look carefully at the issue. committee for a vote. He does not have investigation wasn’t done adequately Why would any Member vote against to seek even authorization from his Re- by the majority party staff; and, in the that kind of opportunity? I think that publican majority. He can just go future, if we’re going to give immunity it is very important that we continue ahead and issue subpoenas. to witnesses, we want certain assur- this. Prior to 1997, how many subpoenas ances. We want, first of all, the assur- Mr. WAXMAN. Madam Speaker, will were ever issued unilaterally by a ances we are going to know what these the gentleman yield? chairman of a House committee? Zero. witnesses are going to say, that work Mr. GINGRICH. Madam Speaker, how Now, after a year and a half, we have much time do I have remaining? will be done in advance so we don’t find had the gentleman from Indiana giving immunity when it’s improper. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Fifteen issuing 600 subpoenas, all on his own. seconds. And, secondly, we want this committee No one had a review of them. Those to be conducted the way every other Mr. WAXMAN. Madam Speaker, I ask subpoenas are part of a thousand sub- unanimous consent that the Speaker congressional investigation has been poenas and information requests issued conducted.’’ be given 5 additional minutes. to Democrats, or Democratic sources, Mr. GINGRICH. I do not think that is Madam Speaker, in the Watergate in- related to Democratic campaign fund- possible under the rules. vestigation, in the Iran-Contra and any Mr. STEARNS. Madam Speaker, I ob- ing issues. How many has he issued with regard other investigations, there have always ject. been traditional procedures which are The SPEAKER pro tempore. The gen- to Republican abuses in the 1996 elec- tion? Fourteen. We have not had a sin- not being followed in this investiga- tleman’s time has expired. tion. f gle subpoena authorized by the chair- man at our request, even though there The SPEAKER pro tempore (Ms. RANKING MEMBER OF COMMITTEE are important issues to investigate. PRYCE of Ohio). The time of the gen- RESPONDS TO SPEAKER’S RE- The Haley Barbour national review, tleman from Texas (Mr. DOGGETT) has MARKS ON CAMPAIGN FINANCE national committee, whatever it was, expired. INVESTIGATION that was a source of foreign funding Mr. WAXMAN. Madam Speaker, I ask The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under has never been reviewed by our com- unanimous consent for one additional the Speaker’s announced policy of Jan- mittee. Fund-raising abuses on public minute. uary 21, 1997, the gentleman from property by Republicans, we cannot get The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Texas (Mr. DOGGETT) is recognized dur- the chairman to pay any attention to Chair will clarify for the RECORD that ing morning hour debates for 5 min- that. The strange $50 billion tax break recognition during Morning Hour de- utes. for the tobacco companies, the Speaker bate proceeds upon designations by the Mr. DOGGETT. Madam Speaker, I knows may know something about that respective party leaders, and the Chair yield to the gentleman from California because he and Mr. LOTT were the ones does not entertain unanimous consent (Mr. WAXMAN). who put that through in the middle of requests to extend debate time. H2338 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 SPEAKER TROUBLED BY PAR- the Chairman, Sam Ervin, did not ac- from Indiana would rule they have to TISAN BEHAVIOR IN CAMPAIGN cuse the President of the United States answer, and they could still refuse, and FINANCE INVESTIGATION of being a scum bag. He did not say then they face a contempt of Congress. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under that he was out to get him. Those were Do you know what it is like for some- the Speaker’s announced policy of Jan- the very words of the chairman of the body to have the full force of the Fed- uary 21, 1997, the gentleman from Flor- Committee on Government Reform and eral Government, the Congress of the United States, staring at them and ida (Mr. MILLER) is recognized during Oversight in remarks in his district morning hour debates for 4 minutes. when he talked about what he was telling them they will be in contempt Mr. MILLER of Florida. Madam doing in this investigation. and may go to jail if they do not an- Speaker, I yield to the gentleman from Are we stonewalling an investigation swer questions about their personal that is proper and legitimate and is lives? So they answer it. Georgia (Mr. GINGRICH), the Speaker of the House. trying to get to the truth under a That is one area where people have Mr. GINGRICH. Madam Speaker, I chairman who is interested in objectiv- been abused, but there is another area just want to make one comment. ity and facts? The chairman of our that I want to raise with my col- I do not intend to debate my col- committee has acted from the very be- leagues, and that is the action of the league from California, but I would ask ginning in the most partisan of man- chairman to unilaterally release the every Member of the House who just ners. He has refused to give us the tapes made of conversations that Web watched this colloquy to go back in basic rights to request subpoenas to Hubbell had with his wife, with his your memory, as I did when I was a look at Republican abuses. He has re- children, with his friends when he was young teacher at West Georgia College, fused to allow the Democrats to play a in this prison. He knew that the prison to remember what it was like to sit role. In fact, he does not even let his authorities were taping all conversa- mesmerized watching the Watergate own members play a role. They dele- tions for security purposes, but he did hearings and to see Senator Howard gated authority to him, and he, in not care about that because he was not Baker not ask that they go back and turn, has delegated it to his staff. talking about anything that breached I might not be a Howard Baker, but investigate Lyndon Johnson; not ask security. the gentleman from Indiana (Mr. DAN Ninety-nine percent of the tapes are that they go back and find a Democrat; BURTON) is no Sam Ervin. conversations with his wife about the not ask that they have this excuse, If we would have followed from the children, about their finances, about that excuse, the next excuse; not say, very beginning the requests that I their sex life, about friends who may be ‘‘Don’t go after the little guys because made that we do a bipartisan, non- in trouble whom they name, friends you have to go after the big guys; you partisan, fair investigation on cam- who may be having difficulties, the can’t go after the big guys because you paign finance abuses, we would not be kinds of things that every person talks didn’t go after the little guys;’’ not here a year and a half later having to a spouse about. And the gentleman give 25 different, phony excuses. spent $6 million with a likelihood that from Indiana (Mr. BURTON) has moved Howard Baker set the standard for at the end of this year we will have to release those tapes to the public. this country of a bipartisan, serious ef- spent $10 million harassing witnesses. It was bad enough that his staff was fort at getting at the truth. Howard And I have a long list of people who able to sit there in a very prurient Baker understood that Richard Nixon have been abused of people who have manner and listen to those intimate could not be allowed to take the entire been hounded either the Republican conversations. I had asked my staff to Republican Party and the Constitution staff did not know the right people do the same just so we knew what was down in flames and that his job as a they were going after or people they on those tapes, and they were embar- United States Senator was to get at have gone after to the point of just rassed having to listen to such personal the truth, and Howard Baker again and plain harassment. We would not have conversations. again and again cooperated with the that sort of thing. We have not had the conduct of a Democrat Chairman Sam Ervin. We have had witnesses in our com- chairman who has acted properly, and And I would simply ask every one of mittee who have been called in for we should not give him this authority my colleagues: Look at what you just depositions over five times to be asked to go any further. heard from the ranking Democrat, go the same questions over and over f back in your memory and remember again. Howard Baker’s effort to find the Today, we have a woman coming in PARTISAN BEHAVIOR IN CAM- truth, and then I think you will under- for the fifth or sixth time; and she al- PAIGN FINANCE INVESTIGATION stand why we are being forced inch by ready was in depositions in the Senate The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under inch to break through the stonewall three separate days and asked the same the Speaker’s announced policy of Jan- and the cover-up despite the defense at- questions over and over again; and she uary 21, 1997, the gentleman from Indi- torney tactics being used by Democrats had never been accused of any wrong- ana (Mr. BURTON) is recognized during who ought to be ashamed of it and doing. Does anybody know what that morning hour debates for 4 minutes. ought to be helping us get at the truth means when a witness is brought in day Mr. BURTON of Indiana. Madam rather than finding some flimsy excuse after day after day to answer the same Speaker, since the beginning of this in- to avoid voting for immunity. questions over and over again, sitting vestigation, the White House and the Mr. WAXMAN. Madam Speaker, will there with her, as she must, with her Democrats on our committee have the gentleman yield? attorney to whom she is paying out of done everything they possibly can to Mr. MILLER of Florida. Madam her own pocket on a government sal- obstruct our investigation. Speaker, I yield back the balance of ary? Mr. Ruff, the President’s counsel, my time. Now witnesses have been brought told us initially he was not going to f into depositions by the unilateral ac- claim executive privilege; this was last tion of our chairman, and those wit- January, and then he did. And then we PARTISAN BEHAVIOR IN CAM- nesses have been asked questions that had to move a contempt citation PAIGN FINANCE INVESTIGATION no one ought to be asked about their against the President’s personal coun- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under personal lives. But, as a practical mat- sel because he would not give us docu- the Speaker’s announced policy of Jan- ter, do you know what it means? It ments that were relevant to the inves- uary 21, 1997, the gentleman from Cali- means that they can object and then tigation. And, finally, at the last fornia (Mr. WAXMAN) is recognized dur- the ruling would go to the gentleman minute, 6 months later, he gave us a ing morning hour debates for 5 min- from Indiana (Mr. DAN BURTON) as to letter saying we are going to give you utes. whether they would be required to an- what you want. And then in June he Mr. WAXMAN. Madam Speaker, I am swer questions about their personal sent me a letter saying, to the best of sorry the Speaker would not yield to lives, their drug use or whatever, which my knowledge, to the best of my me because I wanted to tell the Speak- has nothing to do with campaign fi- knowledge, you have everything that er that in the Watergate investigation nance abuse. And then the gentleman you have asked for. Three months April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2339 later, we got 12 more boxes of docu- these people talk, and why do they do House, until they were forced by some ments, and then we found out about that? Because they do not want those of their own Members to bring it up. the White House videotapes. people to talk. They do not want the Madam Speaker, I want to point out Ever since this investigation has American people to know the fact that this Burton committee has been gone on, they have tried to drag it out about these illegal contributions and incompetent. They have blundered, and drag it out and drag it out to keep how foreign entities were buying influ- these are not just my statements. I us from getting at the facts; and we ence in this government. They do not want to read the statements, a series of have to deal with that. They drag it want the people to know that, because editorials from the New York Times. out, and then they blame us for taking it is explosive and we are bent, hell The New York Times called it a ‘‘par- so long. They keep information from bent, to get to the bottom of it and to ody of a reputable investigation’’, use- us, and then they blame us for taking get the facts out. less and unprofessional, and a ‘‘rogue so long. They try to keep us from talk- Because the American people have a operation’’. The Washington Post ear- ing to witnesses that want to talk to right to know if their government is lier last year already noted the ‘‘inves- us, and then they blame us for taking for sale, if their foreign policy is for tigation runs the risk of becoming its too long. sale, if their defense capability is for own cartoon, a joke, and a deserved The four witnesses that he voted sale. And, if it is, those who are respon- embarrassment’’. The Los Angeles against last week for immunity have sible need to be brought to justice, and Times called it a ‘‘partisan sideshow’’. been approved for immunity by the that is what we are all about. The former chief counsel, the Repub- President’s Justice Department, and Now people, like my colleague from lican chief counsel of the committee, yet all 19 Democrats voted to obstruct California, keep trying to defend their quit last year, and he said, he was un- our investigation by not allowing that position. It is indefensible, and we are able to conduct an investigation that immunity to take place, even though going to stay after until we get the complied with the standards of profes- the President’s own Attorney General facts out and get the truth out. sional conduct that he had been accus- okayed us getting that immunity, and f tomed to when he was in the U.S. At- that is because they are trying to pro- TAXPAYERS FORCED TO FUND torney’s Office. He resigned because he tect this administration and block PARTISAN INVESTIGATION said this whole investigation was in- every single thing that we are trying competent and unprofessional. The SPEAKER pro tempore (Ms. to accomplish. Madam Speaker, they have blun- PRYCE of Ohio). Under the Speaker’s Now, they said we have not accom- dered, they have handled it in a par- announced policy of January 21, 1997, plished anything, that this has been a tisan way, they have handled it incom- the gentleman from Texas (Mr. waste of the taxpayers’ money and petently, and what do they do? They LAMPSON) is recognized during morning time. come to the House floor and want to hour debates for 5 minutes. Let me just go through a few things. point fingers. They want to blame ev- The Democrat National Committee Mr. LAMPSON. Madam Speaker, I erybody but themselves. They want to has returned $3 million in illegal for- yield to Mr. WAXMAN from California. point a finger at the administration, eign contributions that would not have Mr. WAXMAN. Madam Speaker, I they want to point a finger at me, they been returned had it not been for the thank the gentleman for yielding. want to point a finger at the Demo- investigations that have taken place. I want to make it very clear what crats, for their incompetence and their Do we want the Chinese government has been happening in this investiga- blunders. giving campaign contributions to peo- tion. The gentleman from Indiana (Mr. ple running for president in this coun- BURTON) has unlimited and unprece- Oh, how I wish we really had a fair try? Do we want them to have influ- dented authority. He can unilaterally investigation. We pleaded with the Re- ence over our foreign policy or our de- issue subpoenas, he can force people in publicans, let us do a fair investiga- fense policy? I think not. And yet mil- for depositions, he can make people tion. I even wrote an editorial in the lions of dollars in illegal foreign con- give up information, and then he can New York Times, suggesting that if it tributions have come into this country also disclose anything he wants to the helped, we ought to appoint some inde- to the DNC and to the President’s legal press. His staff can leak it to the right pendent investigator to look at the defense fund and been returned, but press people to get the maximum story, Clinton administration issues, so we only because of the investigation we and then get their spin on it. Demo- could then look at Democrats and Re- caught him and we had to send it back. crats have never been in a position to publicans in a fair way. We were told to We had White House coffees where stop their investigation, to hinder it in forget it. They had the subpoena they were raising money, where they any way. They do not even ask us what power, they had the millions of dollars were renting out the Lincoln bedroom, to do, they just go ahead and do it. The of taxpayers’ money to spend; they doing all kinds of things to try to raise only time we have any say on anything were going to do what they want to do, money in addition to taking money is when there is a question of immu- and that is what they have been doing from foreign sources. nity. for the last year and a half. It has been The White House had people running Now, we hear the Speaker and the a series of embarrassments for them, in and out of there who were known chairman of the committee coming to and now, to get out of that, they are drug dealers. Jorge Cabrera was in to the House floor to complain that we saying that we should go along and meet with the President on a number are stopping their investigation. Well, help them with immunity. of occasions. Wang Jun, a convicted the fact of the matter is that after over They can send this investigation to drug dealer; Grigory Louchansky, an- a year and a half, they have asked, another committee. They can go to the other felon, had access to the President through depositions and otherwise, for Committee on House Oversight chaired of the United States. information about Democratic cam- by the gentleman from California (Mr. Charlie Trie, one of the President’s paign abuses, and they have received THOMAS) where they have stacked it so best friends in Little Rock, was in- over 1 million and a half pages regard- they have two-thirds of the vote, and dicted. He fled the country, took the ing Democrats. They have gone after they can vote immunity, and then fifth amendment. He finally came Democrats, at taxpayers’ expense, Chairman THOMAS can do the inves- back. We had to force that issue. doing research for opposition campaign tigation. Fine. If that is what the Re- John Huang, a personal friend of the purposes. This is what this is all about. publicans want to do, send it to an- President who ran the Worthen Bank It is a government-funded Republican other committee. It could not get any in Little Rock, Arkansas, a part of the campaign to smear Democrats. It is worse. It could not get any worse if Riady group, John Huang has taken not a legitimate investigation about they had somebody else trying to do the fifth, but we understand now he is campaign finance abuses. this investigation. willing to, with limited immunity, talk These people, by the way, who are The chairman of the committee, the to us. complaining today are the same ones gentleman from Indiana (Mr. BURTON), But the Democrats will not help us who did not want us to have campaign is just not the person for the job. We do to get the immunity we need to have finance reform even considered by the not put somebody in to investigate H2340 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 about campaign finance abuses when mand, standards of conduct and prin- conduct for military officers to our na- he himself is being investigated on the ciples of leadership; all enforced by the tional command authority, in particu- issue of his possible campaign finance Uniform Code of Military Justice. lar the Secretary of Defense and the abuses. These standards and values instilled President, while acting as Commander f early and continued throughout a ca- in Chief. reer in the military are necessary to I hope this language sends a loud and DOUBLE STANDARDS ARE INAP- maintain the essential trust between clear message to the administration. PROPRIATE FOR OUR MILITARY the military and the Nation’s civilian They are being watched. From the 18- PERSONNEL command authority. These military year-old recruit to the admiral, they The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under ethics, values and standards of conduct all look to the Commander in Chief to the Speaker’s announced policy of Jan- are generated by the fact that the ac- set the tone and serve as an example of uary 21, 1997, the gentleman from Indi- tivities conducted by the Armed Forces high moral and ethical behavior. ana (Mr. BUYER) is recognized during are official acts of the Nation. Since Madam Speaker, I believe that it is morning hour debates for 5 minutes. ours is a Nation that conducts itself worthier to deserve honor and hold it Mr. BUYER. Madam Speaker, before within a set of stated high values, the with humility than to have it, shame- I give remarks, I think the American manner in which our forces perform lessly flaunt it, and not deserve it. people can see that the gentleman from their duties must be carried out with f California (Mr. WAXMAN) is perhaps one the same set of high values. Thus, the SELF-DETERMINATION FOR PUER- of the most partisan Democrats here in consistent support of the Nation can TO RICO: A DREAM DEFERRED this body. I think he takes pride in only be maintained by expecting and that, and I applaud that because there The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under enforcing the highest ethical standards the Speaker’s announced policy of Jan- really is not anything wrong with par- upon every echelon of the military tisan politics; this is a political body, uary 21, 1997, the gentleman from Puer- chain of command from the President, ´ so that is what this is about. to Rico (Mr. ROMERO-BARCELO) is rec- as our Commander in Chief, down to ognized during morning hour debates Madam Speaker, I rise as chairman and including every individual soldier, of the Subcommittee on Military Per- for 5 minutes. sailor, marine and airman.’’ Mr. ROMERO-BARCELO´ . Madam sonnel here in the people’s House on The Founding Fathers were con- behalf of the American people and the Speaker, 100 years ago, in 1898 the cerned about the ethical standards of United States acquired Puerto Rico as 1.2 million active military personnel the military leaders. Madam Speaker, a territory. Since then, every time the worldwide and those in the Reserves. I it was John Adams that included the Congress has considered extending the am here to send a message to this ad- first naval regulations, language that right of self-determination to the peo- ministration, and in particular to the called for naval officers to have high ple of Puerto Rico, nativists have President, on his conduct as Com- moral and ethical standards. This lan- raised their voices in protest. Their mander in Chief. guage was codified for naval officers by message is a message of fear. The message is that military person- Congress in 1956 and for the Army and Less than 2 months ago, March 4 of nel look to the Commander in Chief to the Air Force in 1997 in last year’s bill. this year, the House just passed a bill set the high standard of ethical behav- This language calls for officers to 209-to-208, by scarcely one vote, allow- ior and morality. Military personnel ‘‘show themselves a good example of ing the people of Puerto Rico to have are required to set a high example of virtue, honor and patriotism and to an act of self-determination. The rea- conduct in order to set an example to subordinate themselves to those ideals, son this vote was so close is because of those they lead. Adherence to high and to guard against and to put an end the campaign of fear-mongering that moral standards is the fabric of good to all dissolute and immoral practices was carried on in this House. order and discipline in the military. and to correct all persons who are Nativists fear that Puerto Rico will When military leaders fall short of this guilty of them.’’ be asked to join the Union as a State. ideal, then there is confusion and dis- Madam Speaker, there is frustration In the nativist mindset, the 3.8 million ruption. and confusion in the military. Over the American citizens of Puerto Rico do Today, many see a double standard in last 18 months, I have traveled to a not belong in this Union because they the military. There is a double stand- number of military installations and do not walk, talk and look like the na- ard because the Commander in Chief training centers, not only here in the tivist of the hour. In the mid-1800s a has allegedly conducted himself in a United States, but all over the world, nativist was a Protestant, white Anglo- manner that would be a court-martial as I have conducted extensive review in Saxon male, born in the United States offense for military personnel for sex- sexual misconduct and sexual harass- of Protestant parents. Perhaps the pro- ual assault and sexual harassment re- ment in the United States military. I file of a nativist today is the same. garding the allegations by the Demo- have heard the questions from military Whoever they are, nativists are prej- crat staffer in the White House, Kath- personnel about the behavior of the udiced. And the brand of prejudice they leen Willey. President as the Commander in Chief. practice is the cultural equivalent of What about the double standard in As a Member of Congress and as an of- racism. Nativists resist the accultura- the White House of those claiming that ficer in the Army Reserves, I myself tion, that intercultural borrowing be- the Air Force general did not qualify as find these questions disturbing. tween diverse peoples which results in the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Each of the services is recruiting new and blended social and cultural Staff because he had a relationship young people all across the Nation. At patterns, even though America’s his- with a woman pending a divorce, and boot camp they are infusing these tory is a history of acculturation. How then we look at the President’s own ad- young men and women with moral val- else, after all, did we arrive at the mitted adultery. ues of honor, courage and commitment. image of a great melting pot? What about the Secretary of Defense? They are teaching self-restraint, dis- Nativists must think this melting William Cohen stated in an interview cipline and self-sacrifice. Therein lies pot business has gone on long enough recently that the President’s alleged the understanding of deserving honor. and it has come time to put an end to conduct is having no effect on troop Military leaders are required to pro- it. They are willing to slander people in morale. I respectfully disagree. This is vide a good example to these young re- defense of their image of American cul- not just my concern. cruits, yet when they look up the chain tural purity. Let me share with my colleagues a of command, they see a double stand- Just listen to what nativists say will letter I received recently from a re- ard at the very top. happen to the United States if Puerto tired Army officer with 30 years of That is why I have decided to include Rico becomes a State. ‘‘Granting state- service, Colonel John Hay. What he in my chairman’s mark on Thursday hood to a land that is alien to us in stated was, ‘‘From the earliest days of for the military personnel section to most ways,’’ declares Don Feder of the service, our new enlisted men and the National Defense Authorization Boston Herald, will be a milestone on women and officers are taught the ne- Act language that will apply John ‘‘the road to national dissolution.’’ Col- cessity of military ethic, chain of com- Adam’s original guidance on ethical umnist George Will implies that the April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2341 ‘‘fraying of American culture’’ and to self-determination and the right to tax citizens ‘‘equally’’ one would have ‘‘the Balkanization of society into participate in the democratic process to tax wealthy persons at higher rates. grievance groups organized around race of our Nation. The idea seems pretty and ethnicity,’’ which he believes is al- We beseech the leadership, the Re- commonsensical at first, whether a cit- ready under way, would only be exacer- publican leadership in the Senate, to izen is Bill Gates or not. Whether Bill bated by the State of Puerto Rico. Oth- allow this bill in the Senate to go for- Gates earns $1,000 more than above his ers predict that a State of Puerto Rico ward as it went forward in the House, salary in a year, it does not change his would be America’s own Quebec; it so the people of Puerto Rico, the life much. To his cleaning lady, the would be violent, it would drain the na- 3,800,000 U.S. citizens, can exercise last $1,000 makes a huge difference in tional Treasury, it would allow gangs their right to self-determination and what she can afford. It might make the to run prisons; it would promote politi- the right to vote. difference between a good year and a cal patronage, and it would rob other f bad year. Thus, marginal utility works. States of their representation in Con- Not exactly, Madam Speaker. Unfor- TAX FAIRNESS? gress. tunately, not all Americans are Bill This is scary stuff, and it is meant to The SPEAKER pro tempore (Ms. Gates nor are all Americans like the be. People are using fear to paralyze PRYCE of Ohio). Under the Speaker’s cleaning lady. For example, contrast a the Democratic process and to deny the announced policy of January 21, 1997, family with an income of $100,000 to a 3.8 million American citizens of Puerto the gentleman from Florida (Mr. family with an income of $125,000. Does Rico the right to self-determination STEARNS) is recognized during morning one family really value its last $1,000 and the right to participate in the hour debates for 5 minutes. more or less than the other? Moreover, Democratic process of this Nation, a Mr. STEARNS. Madam Speaker, I is there any way to measure the dif- right that we defend on foreign soils, a come to the House this afternoon to ference in ‘‘utility’’ rationally and pre- right for which our people have died de- talk about the U.S. tax system. We cisely enough to base policy decisions fending on foreign soils. have all just paid our taxes, so I think affecting millions of Americans upon Puerto Ricans did not welcome it is appropriate to ask the question: Is this? In fact, this is the first easy question American troops in 1898 for the privi- the U.S. tax system fair? to answer. There is absolutely nothing lege of transferring our colonial status Of course not. In fact, it is kind of a in the vast edifice of economics that from Spain to the United States. Our preposterous question to ask anyway. could help us make such a finite deci- forefathers were certain that the We all kind of accept the fact that the sion on progressive tax rates. That is world’s most admired democracy would Tax Code has become a perverse mess. the basic flaw of progressive income readily confer democracy to the people It is a lot of things, but fair is not one tax. There is no objective way to decide of Puerto Rico, but it did not. of them. But like so many questions, what different tax rates should be, and When U.S. citizenship was extended this one becomes more complicated the that is why many people support a flat to our people in 1917, it was devoid of more we know about it. tax. the most fundamental Democratic For example, what if we eliminated all the problems with the Tax Code, the But ignorance should not be an argu- right, the right of self-government and ment for policy decisions. Unfortu- self-determination. It was not until loopholes, the needless complexities, the special exemptions and the histori- nately, the government can get away 1950 that Congress invited the people of with it. Americans do not really be- Puerto Rico to draft a Constitution as cal anomalies? What we would be left with in the United States Tax Code is lieve in an income redistribution like the ruling law of the established local the Europeans do, but Americans do self-government. The right of self-de- its essence. It would be nothing more than a tax on Americans’ incomes at a not want their taxes raised either. Ul- termination and participation in the timately, it is a quandary best articu- democratic process of our Nation con- progressive rate. So we have to ask ourselves a ques- lated by George Bernard Shaw who tinues to be a dream deferred. said, ‘‘A government who robs Peter to Yet, the American citizens of Puerto tion: Is a progressive tax on income fair? Well, consider the word ‘‘progres- pay Paul can always depend upon the Rico are devoted to this democracy and support of Paul.’’ sive,’’ what it means. It has got sort of its ideals, and we have demonstrated The problem for the United States is a positive connotation today. It is a our commitment tangibly at the poll that almost everyone is a Peter and booth and at the battlefield. Whenever good thing; its basic definition is ‘‘of or even the Pauls are starting to get an election is held in Puerto Rico, 80 to pertaining to progress.’’ But before angry at the system. 85 percent of the electorate votes. jumping to any conclusions, consider So once again I ask: Is it fair? Is the the definition in the dictionary which b 1315 U.S. tax system fair? Absolutely not. is number 4, ‘‘increasing in extent or But it is not just a matter of con- I challenge any State of the Union to severity.’’ voluted and messy tax codes. It is a try to match that. The fact is, Puerto The American income tax code has question of basic fairness. Is one tax- Rico enjoys the highest rate of voter been progressive from the start. In 1913 payer’s last dollar bill really worth turnout of any jurisdiction in the when the tax was first imposed, the more or less than another taxpayer’s? world where voting is not mandatory. bottom tax rate was 1 percent, rising Madam Speaker, I call upon the And Puerto Ricans have given their all the way to 7 percent on income over Speaker to put this issue before the lives in defense of U.S. national inter- $500,000. Today the top rate is 39.6 per- House soon so that we can debate ways ests. We have served honorably, in dis- cent as imposed upon all income above to simplify our tax system, albeit a flat proportionately high numbers on a per $250,000. Obviously, this sort of progres- tax, sales tax, or simply a simplified capita basis and in absolute numbers, sive tax is problematic in its own right, Tax Code that everyone can under- in every military engagement our Na- but there is more. stand. tion has face during this century. The reason this discussion is impor- f Madam Speaker, 48,000 Puerto Ricans tant is because we are starting the de- fought in the Vietnam War alone, and bate on tax reform. In the late 19th CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY OF in the Korean War more Puerto Ricans century when the income tax was first THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR died on a per capita basis than in 49 of debated, the economists used the mar- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under the 50 States of the Union. ginal utility argument as the justifica- the Speaker’s announced policy of Jan- ‘‘When people fight for a country,’’ as tion for the progressive tax. Until then, uary 21, 1997, the gentleman from Senator DANIEL PATRICK MOYNIHAN has the typical approach was to make ev- Guam (Mr. UNDERWOOD) is recognized so eloquently expressed, ‘‘they get a eryone pay the same amount so that during morning hour debates for 4 min- claim on a country.’’ Puerto Ricans the more a citizen made, the more they utes. have a claim on these United States, paid. However, the marginal utility Mr. UNDERWOOD. Madam Speaker, and we make that claim today. It is theorists argued that the last dollar 100 years ago this past Saturday, April time for this Nation to turn its back on people made became less important to 25th, the United States officially de- nativism and honor Puerto Rico’s right them as their incomes went up, so to clared a state of war with Spain, and H2342 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 the ‘‘splendid little war’’ was officially not seek to dishonor the memory of the and around communities with sports underway. The Spanish-American War American troops who perished in the teams which have recently moved or is generally remembered for the de- Philippine Insurrection or to disestab- are threatening to relocate. struction of the Maine, Roosevelt’s lish the monument in Wyoming. H. The change of focus away from the Rough Riders, and America’s first ac- Res. 312 proposes a compromise where- fans has become more acute as these quisition of colonies. Many people tend in both the Philippines and the United leagues have upped the ante. Between to forget that the American victory States will share in the legacy of these now and the year 2006, more than $7 bil- was initiated and secured by the Amer- historic symbols. lion will be spent on new stadiums, ican activity not in the Caribbean but The matter touches upon a greater most of which will be public money. In in the Pacific. And as we commemo- issue and reflects the true nature of comparison to the stadiums, teams are rate the centennial anniversary of the our special relationship with the Re- cheap. The stadiums currently under Spanish-American War, I would like to public of the Philippines. In the course construction range in price from per- draw attention to a couple of unre- of subduing the Philippines right after haps $250 million to, in the case of the solved issues which are a legacy of this the Spanish-American War, over 4,000 New York Yankees, as we have men- conflict and our self-perception as an Americans and over 200,000 Filipinos tioned, perhaps $1 billion or more. ‘‘anticolonial’’ but nevertheless colo- died. The Bells of Balangiga are a sym- But wait a minute. The average value nial power. bol of that conflict. For us, they are of a baseball team is only $134 million. This was the war that clearly estab- the trophies of war that marked the The average for a football franchise, lished the United States as a colonial killing of over 50 Americans, and for $205 million. Thus, these stadiums cost power in the world. The island of Guam Filipinos they represent the eventual significantly more than the teams was first acquired as a coaling station order to kill every Filipino male over themselves; in the case of the Yankees, in 1898 and has since become America’s the age of 10 on the island of Samar. If as much as four times as much. foothold in Asia. Over the years Guam we share these bells, we bring honor to Madam Speaker, it would be cheaper for the community just to buy the has provided a much-needed oppor- both countries and all who suffered and team. Well, there is one city in Amer- tunity for the United States to protect died. its vast Asian interests and, more im- Today, each and every one of us is ica that does not have to worry about portantly, secure its military goals. faced with a challenge. As we com- this little drama. Green Bay, Wiscon- sin, one thirty-fourth the size of Los Guam’s strategic location in the west- memorate the centennial of the Span- Angeles, owns perhaps the most suc- ern Pacific continues to be its major ish-American War, we must decide cessful franchise in American sports. value to this country, and I am proud whether we should focus upon the true But the NFL will not let it happen to say that we on Guam have realized dimensions of this historic event, re- again. They have passed rules against this value and are more than willing to flecting upon its far-reaching results, municipal ownership. draw attention to it, particularly to take advantage of the knowledge we The Federal Government must stop our determination to finally exercise have gained, learn from our experience, aiding and abetting this abuse. We are self-determination. and bring resolution to these issues, or not innocent bystanders. Besides the The acquisitions resulting from the perhaps we should just save all these massive tax subsidies that we provide 1898 war plunged the United States lofty aspirations for the bicentennial. for the construction of stadiums, we Government into uncharted political f provide an antitrust exemption that territory. Never before had noncon- THE ‘‘GIVE FANS A CHANCE ACT’’ enables professional sports franchises tinental real estate come under its con- to make billions of dollars. The NFL, The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under trol. Prior to the acquisition of the is- for instance, will earn $17.6 billion over the Speaker’s announced policy of Jan- lands, the continental American terri- the next 5 years. We have made the uary 21, 1997, the gentleman from Or- tories were intended for eventual incor- NFL rich, yet the NFL will not allow egon (Mr. BLUMENAUER) is recognized poration into the Union of States. another community to own its fran- during morning hour debates for 5 min- What then was to be the fate of these chise. new possessions? And this issue contin- utes. That is why I have introduced the ues today. Mr. BLUMENAUER. Madam Speaker, ‘‘Give Fans a Chance Act.’’ It would tie There are no easy solutions to this this month a little drama is being the sports broadcast antitrust exemp- particular problem. However, we are acted out in New York City and the tion to the elimination of rules that currently presented with a rare oppor- venue is Yankee Stadium. What should prohibit public ownership. And it tunity to deal with it not only in the have been the glorious 75th anniver- would give communities a voice in re- case of Puerto Rico, but in the case of sary of ‘‘the house that Ruth built’’ location decisions. Guam. may in fact see the end of a tradition The advantages are clear: It would I would also like to draw attention to unless New York City comes up with end the franchise feeding frenzy; it an issue with the Philippines. We have, perhaps as much as $1 billion. would make stadium decisions based on in Wyoming, a structure designated as This is another example of profes- what is good for a team and commu- a memorial to American servicemen sional sports, instead of being a source nity, not on what looks to be black- attacked and killed in the town of of civic pride, are to be often a symbol mail; it will make it easier to get sup- Balangiga, Philippines. One hundred of what people do not like. The players port for needed stadium expansions; years of misrepresentation and misin- now are the television networks, major and will help eliminate the cynicism formation has gradually transformed corporate sponsors, athletic equipment that is permeating professional sports. this memorial into a symbol of a slant- and apparel giants. The fans appear to Sports fans from coast to coast love ed and mistaken view of history, a re- be almost an afterthought. this idea. There is a congressional re- luctance to admit and correct mistakes This trend, some would suggest, sponsibility to help these fans, since we from the past, and resistance to ad- started about 40 years ago when the helped create this monster. I urge my vance to the future. Brooklyn Dodgers tore the heart out of colleagues to give fans a chance and On November 7 of last year I intro- that community by moving a very support H.R. 590. duced H. Res. 312, urging the President profitable franchise to the West Coast f to authorize the transfer of ownership in pursuit of greener pastures. of one of the ‘‘Bells of Balangiga’’ cur- It continues today. I have heard from PRESIDENT SHOULD SUPPORT RE- rently displayed in Wyoming to the fans all over America: Houston, Chi- LIGIOUS FREEDOM, RATHER people of the Philippines. Contrary to cago, Sacramento. New York is just THAN APPEASE OPPRESSIVE several misconceptions, H. Res. 312 rec- simply the most recent and perhaps the GOVERNMENTS ognizes that the memorial at F.E. War- most egregious example. And of course The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under ren Air Force Base has a legitimate but it has come full circle because recently the Speaker’s announced policy of Jan- not exclusive right to memorialize the Dodgers were sold again, this time uary 21, 1997, the gentleman from Vir- tragic events which occurred during to Rupert Murdoch, and the trend is ginia (Mr. WOLF) is recognized during the Philippine Insurrection, and does growing. Over 50 million people live in morning hour debates for 5 minutes. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2343 Mr. WOLF. Madam Speaker, yester- Madam Speaker, let me remind my tions for national security reasons or if doing day the President of the United States colleagues that President Jiang Zemin so would advance the objectives of the act. provided one of the most stunning ra- is president of a country which system- What the President and the State Depart- tionalizations in history about the atically imprisons Catholic bishops and ment fear the most about this bill is the fact need for appeasement in the face of priests, imprisons protestant pastors that it requires them to look at the facts and persecution. I submit today’s front and lay people, tortures Buddhist take action. He wants to continue appeasing page article from the New York Times monks and nuns. governments even when they are perpetrating and encourage my colleagues to read Has our President ever been to Tibet? evil. it. No. Has anybody from the administra- President Clinton made his remarks when What is so bad about the ‘‘Freedom tion been to Tibet? No. I have been he stopped by a meeting with prominent evan- From Religious Persecution Act’’ ac- there and talked to the monks, and gelical leaders. He went on to describe Presi- cording to President Clinton? That it seen the plunder that is taking place. I dent Jiang Zemin as a person who ``knows a will force the administration to say this is a shame. Yes, President lot about Christianity in China'' He ``under- ‘‘fudge,’’ and that is the President’s Jiang Zemin knows about Christianity. stands the issue,'' the President said. term, reporting on violations so they He knows how to persecute it. Let me remind you that President Jiang would not have to carry out the sanc- But, Madam Speaker, Christianity Zemin is the President of a country which sys- tions imposed by this act. will rise in China. Christianity will be tematically imprisons Catholic bishops and There apparently was no mention by there when President Jiang Zemin is priests, imprisons Protestant pastors and the President that the bill, the Free- gone. And the Catholic church will laypeople, tortures Tibetan Buddhist monks dom From Religious Persecution Act, prosper and the evangelical church will and nuns and sends its security forces to provides a very generous waiver, a prosper, and the church will rise up and break up underground worship services. Presi- total waiver for the President. He can be there long after President Jiang dent Jiang Zemin rules a country that uses waive the sanctions for national secu- Zemin is gone from there. But what a brave dissidents as pawns in ego-politicsÐre- rity reasons or if doing so would ad- disgrace for this President to say and leasing prominent dissidents in exchange for vance the objectives of the act. infer that President Jiang Zemin is favors by the United States. As we consider this act, Madam sympathetic to the church in China. I am pleased that Wang Dan and Wei Speaker, we should know that Catholic One other thing I want to raise, Jingsheng have been released. But it does not priests are in jail in China, Catholic Madam Speaker. I want to submit an reflect progress. The Chinese government has bishops are in jail in China, even evan- article which was in Mother Jones not released Pastor Peter Xu, one of China's gelical pastors are being persecuted in magazine showing how USA*Engage, a most prominent house church leaders; Bishop China. The Chinese government has lobbying group downtown run by Anne Zeng Jingmu, a 77-year-old Roman Catholic plundered Tibet. I have been to Tibet. I Wexler, is attempting to manipulate bishop; or the Panchen Lama chosen by the have visited and gone outside the pris- prominent religious leaders in the Dalai Lama, a 5 year-old boy who has not ons to hear how they are persecuting United States. One USA*Engage memo been seen or heard from for over two years. Buddhist monks and Buddhist nuns. obtained by Mother Jones described All of these individuals were on the list of thirty They are persecuting the Muslims in how Company X is assigned to talk to prisoners raised by the recent, and highly-tout- China, and yet the President says this one of the country’s most well-known ed, religious leader's delegation to China. Not legislation is a ridiculous act. What the President and State De- religious leaders and Company Y is as- one of the thirty religious prisoners have been partment fear most about this bill is signed to talk to another prominent released since the delegation's visit. the fact that it requires them to look leader. It goes on. Sure Jiang Zemin knows about Christian- I am saddened that USA*Engage and at facts and take action. This adminis- ityÐhe knows how to repress it. the Wexler group would attempt to ma- There is a growing movement in the United tration wants to appease these govern- ments when they are perpetrating evil, nipulate leaders in this country of dif- States demanding that the U.S. government the same type of evil that when Ronald ferent denominations, while priests are take action against governments that per- Reagan was President of the United being persecuted and slavery is taking secute religious believers. That is what Presi- States, he talked about the evil empire place in Sudan. 1.1 million Christians dent Clinton fears the mostÐhaving to take when he gave that very profound have been persecuted in Sudan because action. To avoid action, he says the adminis- speech in Orlando back in the early of their faith. Because they love Christ tration will be forced to ``fudge'' the facts. 1980s. and they want to stand for Christ, they What an abomination. President Clinton made his remarks are persecuted for Christ. And Anne But there is another issue that I wanted to when he stopped by a meeting with Wexler and USA*Engage join up, join bring to my colleagues attention. The efforts prominent evangelical leaders. He went up to defeat legislation which will send being waged by USA*Engage and some top- on to describe President Jiang Zemin a message to these people that we care, dollar Washington lobbyists to defeat the Free- as a person who ‘‘knows a lot about that we remember the words of the dom from Religious Persecution Act by trying Christianity in China.’’ That is what Declaration of Independence: We hold to manipulate prominent American religious the President said. ‘‘He knows a lot these truths to be self-evident, that all leaders. I urge all my colleagues to read the about Christianity in China.’’ He said men and women are created equal and recent article in Mother Jones magazine that I he ‘‘understands the issue.’’ given rights by their creator God, life, am submitting for the record. Yes, Jiang Zemin understands the liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Mr. Speaker, I am really saddened by this issue. He understands that he puts And for USA*Engage to attempt to ma- action. It is so disappointing to see what has priests in jail. He understands that he nipulate this progress is very, very sad. been taking place and to what lengths some puts bishops in jail. He understands Madam Speaker, yesterday the President of will go to defeat a bill which seeks only to help that he puts evangelical leaders and the United States provided one of the most people being persecuted for their faith. Catho- lay pastors in jail. He understands that stunning rationalizations in history about the lic bishops and priests are in jail in China. Ti- he persecutes the evangelical church need for appeasement in the face of persecu- betan Buddhist monks and nuns are being tor- and the Catholic church. He under- tion. tured in Tibet. Bahai's are being persecuted in stands that he plunders Tibet and he I submit for the record today's front page Iran. Muslims and Christians are being per- brutalizes the Buddhist monks and New York Times article and encourage my secuted in Sudan. Yet, the lobbying beat goes nuns. He understands that he breaks colleagues to read it. What is so bad about on. What a sad commentary. the backs of the Muslims in China. He the Freedom from Religious Persecution Act I believe it is entirely inappropriate to manip- understands. according to President Clinton? That it will ulate American religious leaders. Yet, accord- What does the President mean, that force the administration to ``fudge'', and that's ing to the article, that appears to be what is President Jiang Zemin understands? the President's term, reporting on violations so happening. One USA*Engage memo obtained Does he mean he is sympathetic? Then they would not have to carry out the sanctions by Mother Jones describes how company X is let him open up the jails and allow imposed by the act. assigned to talk to one of this country's most these people to come out. And for the There apparently was no mention by the well known religious leaders and company Y President of the United States to say President that the bill provides for very gener- is assigned to talk to another prominent lead- this is wrong. ous waiver authority: he can waive the sanc- er. It goes on. How disappointing. H2344 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 Suffering Catholics, Protestants and Mus- the facts of what is going on. And that’s not Still, he waxed philosophical about the lims in China do not have top-dollar Washing- what you want. What you want is to leave need to understand other countries’ ‘‘histori- ton lobbyists. Christian slaves in Sudan cannot the President some flexibility, including the cal nightmares’’ before judging them too ability to impose sanctions, some flexibility harshly. hire K Street law firms. Tibetan Buddhists with a range of appropriate reactions.’’ ‘‘It’s also important when you deal with a have no funds to launch slick PR campaigns. Later he repeated the point, saying that country to know what its historic bad The Freedom from Religious Persecution automatic sanctioning ‘‘creates an enormous dreams are,’’ he said. Act is about them. Who speaks for them? amount of pressure in the bowels of the bu- America’s bad dream goes back to the Civil I have been to many of those countries. reaucracy to fudge the finding.’’ War, he said. Russia’s goes back to invasions I have spoken to many persecuted people. Mr. Clinton did not say whether the Ad- by Napoleon and Hitler, and China’s goes Almost everywhere I go I hear over and ministration had ever ‘‘fudged’’ the facts to back to internal disintegration. overÐplease speak out for us. We cannot avoid imposing sanctions. In trying to persuade Russia that the east- But the Clinton Administration, like its ward expansion of NATO was not a threat, speak for ourselves. We are voiceless, power- predecessors, has been criticized for ignoring for example, Mr. Clinton explained: ‘‘You less minorities who are being victimized by or excusing obvious violations of United know that NATO would never invade Russia, powerful governments. If the American gov- States sanction laws to justify continuing to and it’s not rational from our point of view. ernment does not speak for us, who will? do business with certain countries. But then, America was never invaded by Hit- H.R. 2431 is not about tradeÐits about tak- Earlier this year, for example, the Admin- ler or Napoleon.’’ ing away taxpayer subsidies (including tax- istration certified that Mexico, America’s Mr. Clinton also described President Jiang payer subsidized trade) from governments that second-largest trading partner, was fully co- Zemin of China as a leader who understands operating in antidrug efforts despite evi- persecute people of faith. the concerns of the United States and dence to the contrary that could have re- ‘‘knows a lot about Christianity’’ in China. H.R. 2431 does not cut off non-humanitarian quired economic sanctions. ‘‘I think he understands this issue and I aid to countries until they are engaged in Some lawmakers and arms-control experts think that if we just keep pushing along, I ``widespread, ongoing'' and particularly severe have criticized the Administration for not think that he will be more likely than not to kinds of persecution. In the face of killing, imposing sanctions on China for its sale of advance it,’’ Mr. Clinton said. rape, torture, imprisonment, enslavement and germ warfare equipment to Iran and its con- He added that he had spent ‘‘a lot of time’’ other violent action, how can the President tell tinued nuclear cooperation with Iran and coaching Mr. Jiang during his trip to Wash- Pakistan. the American people that the United States ington last year on how to handle their joint In addition, American lawmakers have news conference. government will continue trying to ``under- threatened to improve economic sanctions Mr. Clinton said he had told Mr. Jiang, stand'' their point of view? on Russian enterprises that aid Iran’s mis- ‘‘You’ve got to learn how to smile when they Passage of this bill is important to help sile program if Russia does not fulfill its hit you right between the eyes.’’ those who suffer for their faith. pledges to block the assistance. The Admin- ‘‘I said, ‘That’s the way we do it over Madam Speaker, I submit the follow- istration has strongly opposed the move. here.’ ’’ ing article for the RECORD: It has also been cautions in declaring that some foreign companies are trafficking in [From the New York Times, Apr. 27, 1998] [From Mother Jones, May/June 1998] formerly American-held property in Cuba. SO YOU WANT TO TRADE WITH A DICTATOR CLINTON ARGUES FOR ‘‘FLEXIBILITY’’ OVER Such a declaration would automatically (By Ken Silverstein) SANCTIONS—U.S. TEMPTED TO ‘‘FUDGE’’ ON hamper the companies’ operations in the REPRESSIVE NATIONS United States and their executives’ ability Americans may be fickle when it comes to (By Elaine Sciolino) to enter the country. politics, but as politicians and moviemakers know full well, there’s one reliable ‘‘gimme’’: WASHINGTON, April 27.—President Clinton As for Iran, the Administration has avoid- criticized laws today that automatically im- ed deciding whether to impose sanctions We hate dictators. Tyrants, autocrats, des- pose sanctions on countries for behavior that against countries or companies that invest pots—we just don’t like them. So imagine how tough it would be to build Americans find unacceptable. He said such heavily in its oil sector, despite legislation a public campaign promoting trade with legislation put pressure on the executive requiring the United States to do so. countries such as Iran, Burma, or Nigeria, branch to ‘‘fudge,’’ or overlook, violations so Mr. Clinton’s remarks provided a rare op- whose dictatorial regimes have horrible that it would not have to carry out the sanc- portunity to observe him in a private setting human rights records. That’s the challenge tions. in which he did not expect reporters to be for a coalition of the nation’s biggest cor- Mr. Clinton made his unusually frank re- present. porate exporters, including aerospace titan marks during an appearance before a group The meeting was not listed on his public Boeing; construction equipment giant Cat- of about 60 evangelical Christian leaders at schedule, and he was told only later that a erpillar; the country’s biggest oil companies, the White House. They were meeting with reporter had been invited to attend. During the meeting, the president of the including Unocal, Chevron, Mobil, and Tex- Samuel R. Berger, the national security ad- National Association of Evangelicals, Don aco; and other Fortune 500 firms such as IBM viser, in the Roosevelt Room. Argue, told Mr. Clinton, ‘‘These are praying Specifically, Mr. Clinton asked the group and Motorola. people,’’ and asked how the group’s members All have money to make overseas, and eco- to withdraw its support for pending legisla- should pray for him. nomic sanctions are just another obstacle. tion that aims to reduce religious persecu- The President asked that they never say a Now the coalition, led by its front group, tion overseas by imposing trade and aid prayer for him that they didn’t say for his USA*Engage, will have its two big shots at sanctions on repressive regimes. family as well. Last week the House International Rela- success. The he added, ‘‘I’ll tell you what the pray- For starters, it plans to file a lawsuit to tions Committee approved, by 31 to 5, a bill er I say every night is: ‘To be made an in- overturn the ‘‘selective purchasing’’ laws that would impose export and aid sanctions strument of God’s peace, to have the words that have sprung up in 18 different cities on countries that endorse or permit violent in my mouth and the meditations in my across the U.S. banning government contract attacks on religious believers. Among other heart and to be on God’s side.’ That’s about work from being awarded to companies that provisions, the sanctions would ban imports as good as I can do here.’’ trade with tyrannical regimes. More impres- from such countries, prohibit loans by multi- Mr. Clinton also shared a story about his sively, they have already managed to have a lateral institutions and make it easier for daughter, Chelsea, freshman at Stanford bill introduced in Congress—which appears victims of religious persecution overseas to University. He said she often logged on to to have been drafted by their own lobbyists— qualify for asylum or refugee status. the Internet in the evening and called him to that would severely restrict the use of sanc- Mr. Clinton made clear to the visitors just ask him about something she had read in the tions, and would pave the way for greater how difficult it is for his Administration to early edition of the next day’s newspaper. trade with outlaw nations. How will they produce honest analyses about a country’s ‘‘She knows I work late,’’ Mr. Clinton said. convince legislators, or the voting public, behavior when Congress passes laws that re- ‘‘So some night at a quarter to one or some- that trading with dictators is good? Their quire sanctions the moment a country vio- thing, the phone rings. It’s Chelsea.’’ strategy is detailed in a series of internal lates what Congress defines as good behav- In his remarks, Mr. Clinton also unabash- memos obtained by Mother Jones that de- ior. legislators weigh in on issues including edly boasted that American religious free- scribe how to spin the most morally ques- human rights, drug cooperation and efforts dom should be the model for countries that tionable of campaigns—with help along the to stop the spread of nuclear weapons. persecute their people over religious beliefs. way from religious leaders and institutions The President singled out punitive legisla- ‘‘The only answer for any of these coun- such as the Rev. Billy Graham and the tion against Russia, Iran and Cuba as exam- tries is to basically have a system that Catholic Church. ples of Congressional initiatives that boxed America has,’’ Mr. Clinton said. ‘‘I’ve always him in. tried to be a little bit careful about telling STEP 1—FIND YOUR SALES TEAM ‘‘What always happens if you have auto- anybody that we know best about every- The anti-sanctions drive is run out of the matic sanctions legislation,’’ he said, ‘‘is it thing.’’ National Foreign Trade Council, a prominent puts enormous pressure on whoever is in the But, he added, in this case, ‘‘we know Washington, D.C., trade association that rep- executive branch to fudge an evaluation of best.’’ resents the nation’s 500 biggest exporters. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2345 But when it came time for its attack on vice chairman, admits that no more than 50 of government policy. The bill boasted a re- sanctions, the NFTC needed a cover—pro- to 100 companies are active participants. markable lineup of organizations that testi- vided, preferably, by someone who was lib- ‘‘USA*Engage was formed because a lot of fied on its behalf—from the Christian Coali- eral, popular, and well-connected. So in companies are not anxious to be spotlighted tion to Amnesty International—and had early 1997, it hired Anne L. Wexler, who as supporters of countries like Iran or strong backing from the Republican leader- heads the Wexler Group, and recently was Burma,’’ he says. ‘‘The way to avoid that is ship. ranked one of the capital’s 10 most influen- to band together in a coalition.’’ USA*Engage sprang into action. On August tial lobbyists by Washingtonian magazine. So who is behind USA*Engage? The oil in- 29, 1997, Don Deline of Dallas-based Halli- The ultimate power broker, Wexler has dustry, for one. Unocal’s chief Washington burton, a USA*Engage member and the Beltway access to burn, and her liberal cre- lobbyist, Jack Rafuse, chairs USA*Engage’s world’s second-largest oil field services com- dentials include working as a campaign or- State and Local Sanctions Committee. pany, sent a memo to coalition members ganizer for Eugene McCarthy’s 1968 presi- Unocal co-owns a billion-dollar natural gas outlining the group’s strategy to defeat the dential race, doing a stint as a consultant for pipeline in Burma, and one of its partners is Wolf-Specter bill. the government watchdog group Common Burma’s State Law and Order Restoration The plan: fight fire with hellfire. According Cause, and serving, from 1975 to 1977, as the Council (SLORC), the military dictatorship to the memo, Deline met with two officials associate publisher of Rolling Stone during that the State Department says used slave at the State Department, Deputy Assistant its muckraking heyday. Wexler followed labor to help build the pipeline. Jefferson Secretary Bill Ramsay and David Moran, the that with a job as a top aside in Jimmy Watterman International, a Beltway firm director of the Office of Economic Sanctions Carter’s White House before launching her that lobbies for Burma, is also a member. Policy, who both told him they didn’t like political consultancy, which boasts execu- USA*Engage members also include Mobil the bill but were ‘‘constrained for obvious tives with close ties to President Clinton and Texaco—both of which have major in- reasons in how active they believe they can (Betsey Wright, his chief of staff when he vestments in Nigeria and have lobbied to be in opposing them.’’ Similarly, they sug- was governor) and to Newt Gingrich (former prevent strong sanctions against Gen. Sani gested that business leaders would be unsuc- Pennsylvania Republican Rep. Bob Walker, Abacha’s regime, despite its having impris- cessful opposing the bill publicly. Instead, they suggest, ‘‘religious leaders and organi- formerly a close Gingrich ally). oned 7,000 people without charge and, among Wexler may have come far from her days other atrocities, having executed protester zations should take the lead for best re- as a war protester, but her lobbying efforts and writer Ken Saro-Wiwa. sults.’’ The resulting USA*Engage strategy still carry a liberal spin. Arguing against USA*Engage’s chairman, William Lane, is matched members with key religious lead- sanctions, she says that because they limit the Washington director for Caterpillar, a company that has obvious reasons for belong ers. Specifically, Deline wrote, ‘‘Boeing will investment opportunities for business, ‘‘the contact Rev. Billy Graham; Marjorie only people they end up hurting are U.S. to the coalition. It has its own Burmese deal- ership, and has business in other nations Chorlins will contact Drew Christian,’’ workers.’’ whose last name is actually Christiansen, threatened with or currently under U.S. The NFTC also lined up important politi- and who represented the U.S. Catholic Con- sanctions, including Sudan, Indonesia, Co- cians on both sides of Washington’s revolv- ference, the Vatican’s organizational arm in lombia, and Nigeria. Other USA*Engage ing door. It signed up seven lobbyists from the United States. Hogan & Hartson. One of them, Republican members have just as much incentive for When asked whether USA*Engage ever Clayton Yeutter, while acting as President wanting to trade with dictators. Boeing, for tried to get religious leaders to speak out Reagan’s U.S. Trade representative, threat- instance, has long battled the government’s against the Wolf-Specter bill, Deline admit- ened trade sanctions against Southeast threatened sanctions against China, where it ted that the group had ‘‘low-key’’ conversa- Asian countries that did not open their mar- sold one-tenth of its airplanes between 1992 tions with religious leaders, but says that kets to American tobacco companies. and 1994. Another group of coalition mem- was it. ‘‘Nobody that I know of is shoving re- Another of the group’s lobbyists, former bers—including Westinghouse and ABB—has ligious leaders out front for their personal Rep. Michael Barnes, a Democrat, demanded been pressing the Clinton administration to gain,’’ he says. Chorlins, a lobbyist for Mo- that sanctions be imposed on Haiti in 1994 lift a ban on nuclear power exports to Bei- torola, confirms that she did speak with when he worked as a lobbyist for ousted jing. Drew Christiansen about Wolf-Specter, but president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. During the STEP 3—CALL IN THE RENT-A-SCHOLARS then adds her own, nearly identical qualifier: first half of 1997 alone the NFTC paid $340,000 Once USA*Engage was formed, coalition ‘‘Business is not pushing religious leaders to Hogan & Hartson for its campaign against leaders quickly turned to a web of Beltway out there.’’ sanctions. think tanks and scholars to provide the Says Chorlins, ‘‘I talk to different organi- The NFTC also made sure to cement a rela- sanctions drive with badly needed intellec- zations and communities because I want dia- tionship with a key State Department offi- tual ammunition. logue, not to push them out front.’’ cial, Undersecretary of State Stuart The Institute for International Economics Both Graham and Christiansen eventually Eizenstat—who chairs the sanctions review (IIE) prepared a study in 1997, released at did come out against the religious persecu- team created last year by the State Depart- USA*Engage’s debut press conference, which tion act—just as planned in the memo. ment—by retaining his former law firm, states that sanctions cost the U.S. economy Graham traditionally has ignored human Powell Goldstein. $15–$20 billion, and caused the loss of 250,000 rights conditions in the countries, such as STEP 2—PUT ON A HAPPY FACE jobs in 1995 alone. The study, confirms an IIE China, where he preaches. He also joined Boeing last year in urging Congress to ex- With its lobbying army in place, the NFTC sanctions specialist, Kimberly Elliott, was tend China’s Most Favored Nation trade sta- next needed to start a front group to head funded ‘‘in part’’ by the NFTC. Georgetown University law school profes- tus. the anit-sanctions drive. Engineered by the And two weeks after Deline’s memo, Wexler Group, USA*Engage was officially sor Barry Carter authored another study, paid for by the National Association of Man- Christiansen, speaking before a House Inter- unveiled at an April 1997 press conference, national Relations Committee hearing on during which it portrayed itself as a dynamic ufacturers (NAM), a USA*Engage member. When it came out, NAM trumpeted the find- the bill, said the U.S. Catholic Conference ‘‘broad-based coalition representing Ameri- recommended being ‘‘cautious and deliberate cans from all regions, sectors, and segments ings, saying the study showed that sanctions come ‘‘with a steep price tag for U.S. com- in invoking [sanctions] as a remedy in public of our society.’’ The address on affairs.’’ Christiansen then made two propos- USA*Engage’s letterhead belongs to the mercial interests.’’ The coalition also uses reports from prominent think tanks such as als that came straight out of USA*Engage’s Wexler Group, which is also where the num- playbook: He suggested that the government the Cato Institute, the Center for Strategic ber listed for USA*Engage rings (though require extensive public review before impos- and International Studies, and the Center for callers are routed around the Wexler Group’s ing sanctions, and advocated that the pro- the Study of American Business to arm itself main switchboard). posed presidential waiver included in the bill with intellectual firepower. All have re- In its literature, USA*Engage claims to be extended. have more than 600 members. But when con- ceived funding from companies that belong Brian F. O’Connell of Interdev, a Seattle- tacted, several of the smaller companies list- to USA*Engage. area evangelical group, who also opposes ed on its roster responded with puzzlement. STEP 4—GET RELIGION, KILL THINE ENEMIES Wolf-Specter, told Mother Jones that a Tim Hussey, president and CEO of Hussey Once USA*Engage had its research studies Washington, D.C.-based business group—he Seating of Maine, said he had no idea what in hand, it figured it would have an easier won’t say which but confirms that he talked USA*Engage was. Richard Gravenhorst, co- time convincing Congress to lift trade sanc- to people from USA*Engage about Wolf- owner of Reco Industries, a Louisiana road tions. But then the coalition faced a new Specter—wanted to fly him to Washington to equipment company, also didn’t know about enemy, one that any economic analyst would testify against the bill. O’Connell, however, USA*Engage, replying that his firm had lit- have a tough time countering: The God declined the offer. tle international business. Sanctions, he Lobby. Gregg Wooding, a spokesman for the Billy said, ‘‘[are] certainly not one of our prior- In May 1997, Rep. Frank Wolf (R–Va.) and Graham Evangelical Association, says ities.’’ Sen. Arlen Specter (R–Pa.) introduced the Graham would not comment on this story When he is asked about USA*Engage’s Freedom from Religious Persecution Act, because ‘‘he’s not a politician and doesn’t bloated membership, Frank Kittredge, the which would slap mild sanctions on nations like to talk about politics.’’ Christiansen NFTC president who doubles as the group’s that persecute religious groups as a matter also declined to be interviewed. H2346 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 Ultimately, Congress deferred further con- STEP 6—SEIZE CONTROL PRAYER sideration of the bill, and it was eventually With Congress about to consider the bills, rewritten to narrow the chances of sanctions The Chaplain, Reverend James David the future looks sunny for USA*Engage. The Ford, D.D., offered the following pray- and broaden the presidential waiver. A re- group mailed out a progress report to mem- port sent out from Wexler’s office to coali- ber companies stating that the coalition had er: tion members in February boasted that ‘‘surpassed its 1997 goals across the board.’’ Your bounty of blessings is with us, O ‘‘USA*Engage is widely credited for the fail- Furthermore, USA*Engage’s ‘‘continuous God, and Your grace is Your free gift. ure of [Wolf-Specter] to come to a vote in and aggressive media education effort’’ has From our beginnings, Your strong arm 1997.’’ paid rich dividends. According to the report, has strengthened us, and Your bene- STEP 5—WRITE YOUR OWN BILL of the 242 newspaper editorials written on dictions have given us hope. In re- Now, having at least temporarily dis- the sanctions issue since USA*Engage’s sponse to Your favor toward us, we patched Wolf-Specter, USA*Engage was founding last year, 180 had been favorable to have not always answered with good ready to put together its very own sanctions the coalition, 36 were neutral, and only 26 ‘‘reform’’ bill. The coalition quickly signed were hostile. works and noble deeds and have some- up two Hoosier friends in Congress to spon- The progress report also urged supporters times followed our own way of self- sor the legislation: Republican Sen. Richard not to let up, mentioning that ‘‘member centeredness and personal advantage. Lugar, of the Senate Foreign Relations Com- companies are currently deeply involved’’ in Help us, gracious God, to see more mittee, and Democratic Rep. Lee Hamilton, recruiting more co-sponsors for the Hamil- clearly the unity we share and teach us the ranking Democrat on the House Inter- ton-Lugar legislation, which already boasts to work together for the common good. national Relations Committee. 10 senators and 14 House members. When initially asked about her company’s While every person differs on the par- There’s also good news for one of ticular road we should follow to accom- role in moving the legislation forward, USA*Engage’s congressional partners. While Wexler replies, ‘‘We don’t lobby.’’ When Hamilton will retire at the end of his term, plish our goals, yet let us in solidarity pressed, she concedes that her firm ‘‘worked Lugar will be up for re-election in 2000 and is hold high those ideals and traditions closely’’ with members of Congress who apparently tapping into USA*Engage’s mem- and values that we hold dear and make worked on the legislation ‘‘so I guess we do bership lists. A member of the coalition, who us proud as we honor and respect each lobby.’’ However, she says firmly, ‘‘That bill asked to remain anonymous, says that after other in all we do. In Your name we was written on the Hill.’’ joining USA*Engage he received an invita- But a USA*Engage lobbyist memo suggests pray. Amen. tion charging a $1,000-a-head fee to a fund- that the role Hamilton and Lugar played in raiser for Lugar in March at Washington’s f sponsoring the legislation was largely cere- exclusive Monocle restaurant. monial, and that it was the lobbyists who THE JOURNAL Along with the sparks that will occur when drafted the bill. In a memo dated September Congress debates the legislation, coalition The SPEAKER pro tempore. The 4, less than two months before the bill’s in- members can expect a howl from human troduction, the Wexler Group’s Erika Chair has examined the Journal of the rights advocates, such as Simon Billenness Moritsugu wrote Richard Lehmann, a lobby- last day’s proceedings and announces of Franklin Research & Development Corp., ist for coalition member IBM, telling him to the House his approval thereof. that he would be receiving more information a progressive investment firm in Boston, Pursuant to clause 1, rule I, the Jour- from her as soon as ‘‘we work to finalize the who notes the importance economic sanc- nal stands approved. bill language.’’ According to the memo, tions played in ending South Africa’s apart- f Wexler’s people were also planning ‘‘a target heid regime. ‘‘If USA*Engage had succeeded with these tactics during the apartheid date for introducing the bill’’ and even draft- PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE ing the ‘‘Dear Colleague’’ letters that law- years, Nelson Mandela might still be in pris- makers send out to their peers to build sup- on,’’ he says. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Will the port for legislation. But they can also expect support from gentleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. sources higher up—and even more important In the memo, Moritsugu also thanked Leh- PITTS) come forward and lead the than Billy Graham. The Clinton administra- mann for contacting Rep. Jim Kolbe (R– House in the Pledge of Allegiance. Ariz.). According to other memos, the Wexler tion is highly sympathetic to USA*Engage’s cause, especially the State Department’s Mr. PITTS led the Pledge of Alle- Group sent out requests to coalition mem- giance as follows: bers asking them to fax in summaries on sanction review team, headed by Wexler con- their progress finding co-sponsors for the tact Stuart Eizenstat. I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the legislation. Wexler used this ‘‘Co-Sponsor- As the anti-sanctions laws work their way United States of America, and to the Repub- ship Meeting Response Form’’ to keep track through Congress, according to the progress lic for which it stands, one nation under God, of how far USA*Engage’s tentacles had report, USA*Engage will assist Eizenstat in indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. spread throughout Congress. In the case of dealing with any problems that might arise, f Lehmann, they went far: Kolbe signed on as such as the weak drug policies in Mexico and a co-sponsor of the House bill. Colombia, and the upcoming Nigerian elec- DOLLARS TO THE CLASSROOM On October 23, Hamilton introduced the tions—rigged in advance by the country’s ACT Enhancement of Trade, Security, and Human generals. These cases, the report warns, Rights through Sanctions Reform Act in the ‘‘may result in a call for sanctions.’’ (Mr. PITTS asked and was given per- House (Lugar followed suit in the Senate Not to worry. Eizenstat’s sanctions review mission to address the House for 1 early the following month). The bill would committee will have a strong say in such minute and to revise and extend his re- protect overseas contracts signed at the time matters and, the report assures, marks.) sanctions are imposed and would require ‘‘USA*Engage has encouraged this effort Mr. PITTS. Mr. Speaker, the Depart- that sanctions expire after two years unless from the outset and will provide private sec- ment of Education is currently spend- tor input as it unfolds.’’ specifically reauthorized. ing Federal tax dollars funding the The legislation also makes the process of imposing sanctions a bureaucratic night- f closed captioning of the Jerry Springer mare while specifically exempting restric- Show. Unbelievable. Since when does tions on the use of measures ‘‘imposed to RECESS this talk show have anything to do remedy unfair trade practices.’’ In other The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- with teaching our kids basic math, words, says Mark Anderson, a union officer ant to clause 12 of rule I, the Chair de- reading, writing, science, or history? at the Food and Allied Service Trades who Not only does the Jerry Springer closely monitors USA*Engage, ‘‘sanctions clares the House in recess until 2 p.m. Accordingly (at 1 o’clock and 36 min- show not improve American education, are just fine if the economic interests of a but over the past few months, it has company are threatened by intellectual utes p.m.), the House stood in recess property theft or expropriation, but they until 2 p.m. done seven shows on premarital or should not be imposed if a dictatorship is adulterous relationships with titles killing its people or depriving workers of f such as ‘‘I am Having Your Man’s their rights.’’ Baby’’. Meanwhile, the law firm Hogan & Hartson b 1400 They have produced another seven has been scheduling meetings between lead- shows on the Ku Klux Klan, such as ‘‘I ing members of USA*Engage and congres- AFTER RECESS am a Breeder for the Klan’’ and sional staffers. A series of three internal campaign memos from last fall urged key co- The recess having expired, the House ‘‘Christmas with the Klan’’. They had alition members to attend engagements set was called to order by the Speaker pro eight shows on prostitution, such as ‘‘I up with a number of Capitol Hill offices, in- tempore (Mr. BARRETT of Nebraska) at am a 13 Year Old Prostitute’’ and ‘‘My cluding the Senate Finance Committee. 2 p.m. Wife wants to be a Call Girl’’. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2347 If you believe that Federal education and notify communities, to notify INTERIOR DEPARTMENT NOT MAK- tax dollars should be made available to neighborhoods, and to notify families ING GREAT STRIDES IN IMPLE- kids in classrooms instead of providing when sex offenders are moving into MENTING RESULTS ACT access to programs on prostitution, their neighborhoods. I encourage my (Mr. GIBBONS asked and was given racism and polygamy, then I urge the colleagues to join me in this effort by permission to address the House for 1 Members to support the Dollars to the cosponsoring this important resolu- minute and to revise and extend his re- Classroom Act. This bill block grants tion. marks.) 30 Federal education programs requir- Mr. GIBBONS. Mr. Speaker, the Inte- f ing 95 cents of every dollar go to class- rior Department says that it has been room use. making great strides in implementing f TRIBUTE TO SHARON AINSLIE the Results Act. That is a 1993 law REFORM THE IRS (Mr. BALLENGER asked and was which requires Federal agencies to de- given permission to address the House fine their missions, set goals, and plan (Mr. TRAFICANT asked and was for 1 minute.) how to meet those goals, and specifi- given permission to address the House Mr. BALLENGER. Mr. Speaker, after cally measure agency progress. for 1 minute and to revise and extend many years of being a father figure to Great strides? In a recent audit by his remarks.) a couple hundred teenagers, Sandy the GAO, the Interior Department re- Mr. TRAFICANT. Mr. Speaker, the Ainslie is retiring as the Headmaster ceived a 29 out of a possible 100. That is IRS is trying to kill reform. They are at Episcopal High School in Alexan- right, 29. It has been a while since I bringing out the big guns, Congress. dria, Virginia. have been in school, but I cannot imag- The Treasury Department says, and I Much credit should and will be given ine the kind of bell curve that would quote, whistle blowers are lying. The to Sandy Ainslie for his many years of make 29 a passing grade. Even the Inte- IRS is really doing a good job. service, but I am here to honor his rior Department’s own independent Unbelievable. Tell that to the fami- hard-working, always smiling, wife acting IG says their plans do not pro- lies of Alex Consul and Bruce Baron, Sharon. Sharon has worked alongside vide a clear picture of the intended per- both of whom committed suicide. Tell Sandy through many years of trials formance. me, how many more Americans must and tribulations. She has raised money With approximately 87 percent of Ne- commit suicide? How many more for the school and helped upgrade the vada being managed by the Federal American families must be destroyed? school’s facilities and made it a reality Government, this news only bolsters Who is kidding whom? The tail is wag- that all students attending Episcopal and solidifies the fact that the Depart- ging the dog in America, and Uncle have their own computer. She has ment is in desperate need of a tutor. A Sam is now barking the praises of the helped to instill in these young minds 29 is not great strides. It is not a giant IRS. Beam me up, Mr. Speaker. integrity, honesty, and values that will step. A 29 is a huge step backwards. No American should fear our govern- help enable them to prosper in today’s The only bright side to this is that ment. The most important thing the ever-changing world. they have plenty of room for improve- Congress of the United States can do While always keeping a loving and ment. The school bell has rung, recess this year is reform the IRS. With that, warm personality, Sharon has sup- time is over, and the Interior Depart- I yield back any guts left in this great, ported her husband and the many stu- ment needs to return to class. august deliberative body. dents of Episcopal High School for f f many years. So today it is Sharon we SUPPORT RESOLUTION TO HELP honor for her many years of dedication NATIONAL CHILD ABUSE STATES COMPLY WITH MEGAN’S for our youth of tomorrow. Both Shar- PREVENTION MONTH LAW on and Sandy will be missed by the stu- (Mr. LAMPSON asked and was given (Mr. GUTKNECHT asked and was dents, faculty, and alumni all. permission to address the House for 1 minute.) given permission to address the House f for 1 minute and to revise and extend Mr. LAMPSON. Mr. Speaker, April is his remarks.) National Child Abuse Prevention Mr. GUTKNECHT. Mr. Speaker, I rise SUPPORT SCHOOL CHOICE FOR Month. Communities that care about today to talk about a very important AMERICA’S FUTURE their children and families can and do issue I think to every American, espe- (Mr. JONES asked and was given per- work together to find solutions to cially American families who have mission to address the House for 1 tough problems. It is because of the children. minute.) partnership of a community in my dis- Two years ago, Congress passed Mr. JONES. Mr. Speaker, it is sad to trict and a community in another Megan’s law, which requires States to say, but America’s children are not re- county that I come before you today. develop programs to notify commu- ceiving the education they need and de- The Talmud says that he who saves nities when sexual predators have been serve. I believe that we are facing this one life saves the world entire. On released into their neighborhoods. To grim situation because parents, unfor- April 13, nine-year-old Amber from date, 45 States have done that. tunately, have been edged out of the Webster, Texas, was abducted and sexu- But I must report that not every system. ally assaulted. Within 24 hours after State is doing the kind of job that I For years and years, the Federal her abduction, Amber was found, and think needs to be done. In fact, re- Government has tried to solve edu- the assailant was placed into custody cently, NBC News did a special, and cational problems. In fact, the Federal by the Harrison County Deputy Sheriff, they found in one precinct 222 released Department of Education has spent Claire Martinez. Today, I would like to sex offenders were living in that one over $444 billion since its establishment commend the Friendswood Police De- ZIP code. The bad news is that none of in 1980, but it has failed our children. partment and Deputy Martinez for the neighbors, none of the families, Adding more bureaucrats and ignoring their great work in apprehending the none of the parents knew who they are parents and teachers is not the solu- suspect. or where they were living. tion. Within minutes after Amber’s moth- Mr. Speaker, the time has come for The Federal Government has had its er reported the abduction, the Webster Congress to provide some additional turn. The solution is to put education and Friendswood Police Departments leadership to the States. As a result, I decisions back in the hands of parents quickly organized themselves and re- have introduced a resolution in the and teachers where education belongs. sponded to the situation. The result is House, and soon it will be introduced in It is time to truly repair our damaged that nine-year-old Amber is still alive. the Senate as well, a resolution which education system and to empower par- If the Friendswood Police Department will help States to comply with the re- ents to choose the school that is best had not developed a procedure for deal- quirements under Megan’s law, to for their children. Support school ing with abductions, the result may make it easier for States to comply choice for America’s future. have been quite different. The response H2348 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 by these agencies is commendable, NATIONAL SECURITY DEMONSTRA- Mr. Speaker, let us eliminate the needs to be a model throughout the Na- TION SET FOR WEDNESDAY AND marriage penalty. Let us eliminate it tion. THURSDAY now. I would ask that Members wear these (Mr. WELDON of Pennsylvania asked f little blue ribbons today. and was given permission to address CONGRESS SHOULD MOVE AG- f the House for 1 minute and to revise GRESSIVELY TO PUT SOCIAL SE- and extend his remarks.) CURITY FIRST WHITE HOUSE NOT COOPERATING Mr. WELDON of Pennsylvania. Mr. WITH INVESTIGATIONS Speaker, to begin the markup of the (Mr. SMITH of Michigan asked and (Mr. BRADY asked and was given National Defense Authorization bill was given permission to address the permission to address the House for 1 this week, I want to call to the atten- House for 1 minute and to revise and minute and to revise and extend his re- tion of our colleagues two significant extend his remarks.) marks.) events that will take place tomorrow Mr. SMITH of Michigan. Mr. Speak- Mr. BRADY. Mr. Speaker, I some- and Thursday involving national secu- er, a word on Social Security. Today times wonder why investigations take rity and threats from weapons of mass the Social Security trustees released so long around here. Maybe you do as destruction. the annual report on their new projec- well. I know that the White House has All day tomorrow in the Rayburn tions when Social Security runs short insisted that they are cooperating fully courtyard, we will have a full dem- of money to pay benefits. Because of with the various investigations and in- onstration of one of our leading new the economic growth, because of the vestigators charged with finding out technologies, the Theater High Alti- good economy with more jobs and high- the truth about the illegal campaign tude Area Defense system as well as a er incomes, they are now projecting contributions in the last elections. But Scud missile, the type of missile that that we are going to have an extra year I think I now know why we are having killed our 28 troops in Saudi Arabia or so before Social Security has less so much trouble getting there. just 7 years ago. I would encourage our tax revenue coming in than is required There are 92 witnesses, that is 92 wit- colleagues to visit that exhibit. to pay benefits. We still have a very, nesses have either fled the country or On Thursday, we will have 2,000 fire very serious problem. taken the fifth amendment, refused to and EMS leaders from across the coun- Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues in testify. When you are not afraid to tell try assemble in Washington. At noon, the House and the Senate, I urge the the truth, if there is nothing to hide, we will have a major rally outside the President not to use this as an excuse why would 92 American citizens flee doors of this Chamber to focus on the to delay and put off and not deal with this country or hide behind the fifth need for first responders to get full at- the serious problems of Social Secu- amendment? tention and focus as we plus-up money rity. The current good economy is an When the FBI director, Louis Freeh, to respond to terrorist acts involving opportunity to move ahead with long was asked last year if he had ever seen weapons of mass destruction nation- term solutions giving more flexibility this before, the only similarity he wide. for transition. could draw was during the 16 years he I would encourage our colleagues to Mr. Speaker, Social Security is one spent investigating organized crime visit both events and to become active of the important problems that is fac- cases. I do not know if this is organized participants in the rally and the event ing us right now with an unfunded li- crime, but I know the White House is from our fire and EMS leaders from all ability of over $3 trillion. Let us move saying it is cooperating fully, but no of our 50 States. ahead aggressively with a solution and one is cooperating. really put Social Security first. b 1415 f f f ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE SPEAKER CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM IN- ELIMINATE THE MARRIAGE TAX PRO TEMPORE VESTIGATION STYMIED AT PENALTY NOW EVERY TURN The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. (Mr. WELLER asked and was given BARRETT of Nebraska). Pursuant to the (Mr. SESSIONS asked and was given permission to address the House for 1 provisions of clause 5, rule I, the Chair permission to address the House for 1 minute and to revise and extend his re- announces that he will postpone fur- minute.) marks.) ther proceedings today on each motion Mr. SESSIONS. Mr. Speaker, during Mr. WELLER. Mr. Speaker, the ques- to suspend the rules on which a re- the past few days, we have heard a lot tion today is, why pass the Marriage corded voted or the yeas and the nays about the ability to hear from wit- Tax Elimination Act? I believe this se- are ordered, or on which the vote is ob- nesses in an objective investigation of ries of questions best illustrates why. jected to under clause 4 of rule XV. the facts surrounding campaign financ- Do Americans feel that it is fair that Such rollcall votes, if postponed, will ing. All I hear from the Democrats is working married couples with two in- be taken after debate has concluded on that Congress must vote on campaign comes pay higher taxes just because all motions to suspend the rules, but finance reform. they are married? Do Americans feel not before 5 p.m. today. Well, my committee, the Committee that it is fair that 21 million married f on Government Reform and Oversight, working couples pay, on the average, is trying to find out what is wrong with $1,400 more just because they are mar- RHINO AND TIGER PRODUCT campaign financing. But our investiga- ried than an identical couple with an LABELING ACT tion had been stymied at every single identical income living together out- Mr. SAXTON. Mr. Speaker, I move to turn. There are witnesses who have side of marriage? Do Americans feel suspend the rules and pass the bill been unavailable to the committee, 46 that it is fair that our Tax Code actu- (H.R. 2807) to amend the Rhinoceros witnesses who have refused to testify, ally provides an incentive to get di- and Tiger Conservation Act of 1994 to asserting protections against self-in- vorced? prohibit the sale, importation, and ex- crimination, and 12 witnesses who have Of course not. That is wrong, and portation of products labeled as con- fled the country. that is why elimination of the mar- taining substances derived from rhi- Incredibly, the Democrats on the riage tax penalty is so important. noceros or tiger, as amended. committee have refused to allow im- If we think about it, 21 million mar- The Clerk read as follows: munity for witnesses that Janet Reno, ried working couples, 42 million Ameri- H.R. 2807 the Attorney General, says should have cans, pay on the average of $1,400 more Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Rep- immunity. Mr. Speaker, this will pre- just because they are married. That is resentatives of the United States of America in vent us from hearing from those wit- one year’s tuition at Joliet Junior Col- Congress assembled, nesses. My question to the Democrats lege in the south suburbs of Chicago; SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. is this: What are you attempting to three months in a local day care cen- This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Rhino and hide? ter. It is real money for real people. Tiger Product Labeling Act’’. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2349 SEC. 2. PROHIBITION ON SALE, IMPORTATION, tempted to be sold, imported, or exported, throughout America with labels indi- AND EXPORTATION OF PRODUCTS contrary to the provisions of this Act or any cating they contain parts of rhinos and LABELED AS CONTAINING A SUB- regulation made pursuant thereto shall be STANCE DERIVED FROM RHINOC- tigers. EROS OR TIGER. seized and forfeited to the United States. All In fact, according to a recent survey equipment, vessels, vehicles, aircraft, and (a) FINDINGS.—The Congress finds the fol- conducted by the World Wildlife Fund, other means of transportation used to aid lowing: nearly 50 percent of the 110 shops they (1) The populations of several magnificent the selling, exporting, or importing, or an at- tempt to sell, export, or import, of any prod- visited in North America offered medi- and unique endangered species of rhinoceros cines for sale containing or claiming to and tigers, such as the Indian rhinoceros, the uct, item, or substance in violation of this Javan rhinoceros, the African black rhinoc- Act or any regulation issued pursuant to this contain rhino and tiger parts. Inves- eros, and all of the tiger subspecies, continue Act, may be seized and forfeited to the tigators identified at least 31 types of to decline. United States. All laws relating to the sei- rhino and tiger medicines that have (2) Growing demand throughout the world zure, forfeiture, and condemnation of a ves- been produced by 34 different manufac- for wildlife and wildlife parts and products sel for violation of the customs laws, the dis- turers. has created a market in which commercial position of such vessel or the proceeds from What is most shocking was the study exploitation has threatened certain rhinoc- the sale thereof, and the remission or miti- conclusion that the availability of eros and tiger populations. gation of such forfeiture, shall apply to the seizures and forfeitures incurred under this these products has greatly increased (3) There are insufficient legal mechanisms over the last 5 years, while the danger enabling the United States Fish and Wildlife Act, insofar as those laws are applicable and Service to forcefully interdict products that not inconsistent with this Act. to rhinos and tigers has increased as are labeled as containing substances derived ‘‘(d) REGULATIONS.—The Secretary, after well. from rhinoceros or tiger species and pros- consultation with the Secretary of the While these products are primarily ecute the merchandisers for sale or display Treasury, the Secretary of Health and manufactured in China, the U.S. has of those products. Human Services, and the United States become a major market for their sale. (4) Although approximately 77,000 import Trade Representative, shall prescribe regula- Those who buy these medicines believe and export shipments occur annually in the tions that are necessary and appropriate to they are effective in combating pain, carry out the purposes of this Act. United States, the United States Fish and headaches, convulsions and other ills. Wildlife Service is able to maintain only 92 ‘‘(e) ENFORCEMENT.—The Secretary, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary Unfortunately, those practicing tradi- wildlife inspectors at 30 ports of entry, in- tional Chinese medicine are not aware cluding 13 designated ports, to monitor the of the department in which the Coast Guard shipments. is operating shall enforce this Act in the that synthetic alternatives are avail- (5) Wildlife inspectors are able to phys- same manner such Secretaries carry out en- able and that they are directly contrib- ically inspect only an estimated 5 to 10 per- forcement activities under section 11(e) of uting to the demise of rhinos and ti- cent of all import and export shipments, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. gers. making the rate of detection of contraband 1540(e)).’’. The underlying problem and the pri- wildlife products extremely low. (c) DEFINITION OF PERSON.—Section 4 of the mary reason law enforcement officials Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Act of (6) Alternatives are available to the tradi- are not confiscating these medicines is tional medicinal products that contain sub- 1994 (16 U.S.C. 5301 et seq.) is amended by— (1) striking ‘‘and’’ at the end of paragraph because it is virtually impossible to stances derived from rhinoceros and tiger conclusively prove that they contain species. (4); (7) Public education initiatives directed to- (2) striking the period at the end of para- rhino and tiger parts. It would cost ward traditional user groups on the endan- graph (5) and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and thousands of dollars to perform DNA gered status of rhinoceros and tiger species (3) adding at the end the following: tests on each of these products, and and on the availability of alternative prod- ‘‘(6) ‘person’ means— neither the Customs Service nor the ucts in traditional medicine have proven ‘‘(A) an individual, corporation, partner- Fish and Wildlife Service has sufficient useful in reducing the demand for products ship, trust, association, or other private en- resources to even begin to undertake tity; labeled as containing substances derived such a massive job. from rhinoceros and tiger species, and should ‘‘(B) an officer, employee, agent, depart- ment, or instrumentality of the Federal Gov- The Rhinoceros and Tiger Product be encouraged. Labeling Act, which has now been co- (b) PROHIBITION, PENALTIES, AND ENFORCE- ernment, of any State, municipality, or po- sponsored by over 40 Members, will MENT.—The Rhinoceros and Tiger Conserva- litical subdivision of a State, or of any for- tion Act of 1994 (16 U.S.C. 5301 et seq.) is eign government; solve that problem. Quite simply, if a amended by redesignating section 7 as sec- ‘‘(C) a State, municipality, or political label on a product says that it contains tion 8, and by inserting after section 6 the subdivision of a State; or rhino and tiger parts, then we accept following: ‘‘(D) any other entity subject to the juris- the truthfulness of the manufacturer’s ‘‘SEC. 7. PROHIBITION RELATING TO PRODUCTS diction of the United States.’’. claim and stop the sale in the United CONTAINING OR PURPORTING TO The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- States. In other words, the label is CONTAIN ANY SUBSTANCE DERIVED ant to the rule, the gentleman from FROM A RHINOCEROS OR TIGER enough proof under this law. This will SPECIES. New Jersey (Mr. SAXTON) and the gen- save the Federal Government a sub- ‘‘(a) PROHIBITION.—No person shall sell, im- tleman from California (Mr. MILLER) stantial amount of money, and it will port, or export, or attempt to sell, import, or each will control 20 minutes. help to ensure that rhinos and tigers export any product, item, or substance in- The Chair recognizes the gentleman can continue to survive in the wild. tended for human consumption containing or from New Jersey (Mr. SAXTON). During our subcommittee hearing on purporting to contain any substance derived Mr. SAXTON. Mr. Speaker, I yield from any species of rhinoceros or tiger. H.R. 2807, every witness testified in ‘‘(b) PENALTIES.— myself such time as I may consume. strong support of the bill and for clos- ‘‘(1) CRIMINAL PENALTY.—Any person who (Mr. SAXTON asked and was given ing the loophole in our wildlife laws. knowingly violates subsection (a) shall be permission to revise and extend his re- These groups include the Clinton ad- fined under title 18, United States Code, im- marks.) ministration, the American Zoo and prisoned for not more than 1 year, or both. Mr. SAXTON. Mr. Speaker, I am Aquarium Association, the Inter- ‘‘(2) CIVIL PENALTIES.—Any person who pleased that the House is now consider- national Rhino Foundation, Safari knowingly violates, and any person engaged ing H.R. 2807, a bill which I introduced Club International, and the World in business as an importer, distributor, or re- with the gentleman from California tailer of products, items, or substances pur- Wildlife Fund. porting to contain substances derived from (Mr. MILLER) entitled the Rhinoceros In his testimony, Dr. Terry Maple, any species of rhinoceros or tiger who vio- and Tiger Product Labeling Act. the president-elect of the American lates subsection (a) may be assessed a civil The fundamental goals of this meas- Zoo and Aquarium Association, stated penalty by the Secretary of not more than ure are to eliminate the U.S. market that passage of H.R. 2807, combined $25,000 for each violation. A civil penalty for illegally obtained rhino and tiger with increased appropriations for law under this paragraph shall be assessed, and products and, by so doing, the incen- enforcement, will certainly be a bold may be collected, in the manner in which a tive to kill these magnificent animals. step by the United States in ending the civil penalty under the Endangered Species All populations of rhinos and tigers slaughter of rhinoceros and tigers in Act of 1973 may be assessed and collected have been listed as endangered for over under section 11(a) of that Act (16 U.S.C. the world. 1540(a)). 20 years. Despite this fact, there are I urge an ‘‘aye’’ vote on H.R. 2807; ‘‘(c) FORFEITURES.—Any product, item, or thousands of prepackaged oriental and I want to thank my colleagues who substance sold, imported, or exported, or at- medicines sitting on pharmacy shelves have joined in this effort. H2350 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of premier wildlife protection law, the Congress. Hopefully, we will make a my time. Endangered Species Act. Unfortu- major contribution in reducing the il- Mr. MILLER of California. Mr. nately, the committee has been unable legal traffic and the absolutely unnec- Speaker, I yield myself such time as I so far to move this legislation that essary slaughter of these two magnifi- may consume and rise in strong sup- would responsibly reauthorize a stat- cent creatures. port of this legislation and thank the ute designed to protect hundreds of en- Mr. Speaker, I have no further re- subcommittee chairman, the gen- dangered and threatened species world- quests for time, and I yield back the tleman from New Jersey (Mr. SAXTON), wide, and it now appears another Con- balance of my time. for bringing this matter both before gress will pass without full consider- Mr. SAXTON. Mr. Speaker, I yield the committee and before the House of ation of this important law. Certainly, myself the balance of my time. Representatives. the protection afforded by the Rhinoc- As both my friend, the gentleman Over the course of the past hundred eros and Tiger Product Labeling Act from California (Mr. MILLER), and I in- years, conflict with humans has will prove invaluable to these two spe- dicated earlier, there has been a broad brought literally thousands of species cies. I wish we could agree to protect range of support for this effort, and I to the brink of extinction. In the past, all the endangered species as well. want to personally thank the chairman those conflicts were often direct and Mr. Speaker, this legislation is wor- of the Committee on Ways and Means, bloody: the Passenger Pigeon, elimi- thy of the support of all of the Mem- the gentleman from Texas (Mr. AR- nated from this planet by hunting; bers of the House of Representatives. CHER), for his cooperation. Inasmuch as great whales almost brought to the Those of us who have had the oppor- this is a trade issue, it was referred to same fate by the commercial whaling tunity to travel to some of the habitat the Committee on Ways and Means and industry; and the African elephant, of rhinoceros, of tigers, of even ele- their responsibility was waived by the whose numbers were decimated by phants, have met with government offi- chairman, and we want to thank him greedy ivory traders. cials in Zimbabwe and other countries for that. Today’s story of the rhinoceros and where we have seen the contraband I also want to mention the gen- the tiger is a little more complicated. that has been seized by poachers who tleman from the other body, Mr. JEF- Perhaps the conflict is a little less di- kill these magnificent animals only for FORDS, has been extremely effective in rect, but it is just as bloody. Through- a very small part, in some cases the his leadership in the other body, and I out their range, these two magnificent rhinoceros horn, in some cases they hope that we will together be able to species have been brought to their kill animals for their gallbladders, make strides this year in bringing this knees by habitat destruction and com- they kill them for their bones, for var- to fruition. mercial trade in the products made ious body parts, and, obviously, the en- b 1430 from their carcasses. tire animal is decimated. It is de- While the CITES convention, the stroyed for this trade. I would just like to close, Mr. Speak- Convention on International Trade and When we see the kinds of risk and the er, by saying that this is not just an Endangered Fauna and Flora, has made kinds of money that is put into the issue that is considered here in Con- great strides in controlling the inter- poaching, the illegal taking of these gress. I have here a copy of Time Maga- national trade in rhino horn daggers animals, it becomes very clear that we zine from, I believe, March 1994, and it and in tiger skins, these species con- have got to do what we can, within the features an article about this issue, tinue to decline, due in part to the laws of the United States and certainly and it has a picture of one of these huge demand for traditional medicines within our international trade agree- great cats on the cover; and the head- using rhino and tiger products. ments, to now make it more and more line here on the cover is ‘‘Doomed, Why A few years ago, Secretary Babbitt difficult, to have sanctions on coun- the Real Tiger is on the Brink of Ex- and the Clinton administration used tries that look the other way while tinction.’’ And it goes on at some their authority under the Pelly these magnificent animals are being length in the feature story to talk Amendment to the Fisherman’s Pro- violated. They look the other way about tigers on the brink. ‘‘Once con- tective Act to impose economic sanc- while illegal traffic is taking part; and, sidered a conservation success story, tions against Taiwan for failing to con- in some instances, governmental offi- they are again sliding towards extinc- trol this trade. It was the right deci- cials are taking bribes to allow people tion. This time the world’s nations sion, and it proved to be immensely to engage in this activity. may not be able to save these great helpful in getting the Government of There is an effort to make sure that cats.’’ Taiwan to work with the international those who would deal and traffic in the And that is what we are here today conservation community to protect parts of rhinos and tigers are kind of making an effort to do. And in the these animals. caught in a double whammy here. If story it just points out that the levels Unfortunately, the global rules of they truthfully label their product for of populations throughout that part of free trade now prevent the United sale on the shelves of outlets in the the world that the tigers live, that States from using unilateral economic United States, they are in violation of many of the species, the Siberian tiger, sanctions to protect wildlife, a lesson the law. If they mislead the public and for example, the population is down to we have just had driven home to us by they hide the fact it has it, they are in an estimated 150 to 200 animals. The the World Trade Organization in its violation of the law. South China tiger is down to an esti- ruling against U.S. laws protecting the We met and the chairman went to mated population of 30 to 80 animals. endangered sea turtles from irrespon- great lengths to meet with the tradi- The Javan tiger has been extinct since sible shrimp fishing practices. tional medicine community that as- the 1980s. The Bali tiger has been ex- That makes this legislation even sured us there were, in fact, substitutes tinct since the 1940s. The Caspian tiger more important. It sends a clear mes- for these parts of rhinos and tigers that has been extinct since the 1970s. The sage that any product imported ille- are in keeping with traditional medi- Indochinese tiger is down to a popu- gally or labeled as containing rhino or cine. And what that means and what lation of 1,000 to 1,700. And the Bengal tiger parts will, in fact, automatically that tells us is that the slaughter of tiger, which apparently in India is the be considered as contraband. As a re- these animals is simply then about most healthy of the species, has a pop- sult, our Fish and Wildlife agents can greed and about the illegal trafficking ulation of an estimated 3,300 to 4,700 act to seize the product and prosecute in the parts of these animals. animals. the seller, many of whom will be com- So I would hope that all my col- So we are hopeful that everyone here mitting a double crime by promoting leagues would support this legislation, today will vote in favor of H.R. 2807, an illegal product and falsifying the and again I want to thank the gen- the Rhino Tiger Labeling Act. It is a contents with synthetic or other sub- tleman from New Jersey (Mr. SAXTON) very simple concept. It simply makes stitutes for rhino and tiger ingredients. for his presentation of this bill and to it relatively easy for us to enforce the I would have preferred that my col- all of the staff on both sides of the laws that this House has previously league and I were here today to debate committee that have worked hard to passed. So, Mr. Speaker, I hope every- the reauthorization of this Nation’s bring this legislation to the floor of the one will vote yea today. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2351 Mr. YOUNG of Alaska. Mr. Speaker, I rise and Means. Under normal circumstances the Rhinos and tigers are coming perilously in support of H.R. 2807, the Rhino and Tiger Committee would meet to consider the bill. close to extinction in the wild because of ille- Product Labeling Act, a bill introduced by the However, it is my understanding that you gal poaching to support the high demand for will be offering an amendment on the floor of Chairman of the Subcommittee on Fisheries the House of Representatives to substitute traditional medications. Congress has worked Conservation, Wildlife and Oceans, JIM the following language so that the existing to protect these majestic animals by creating SAXTON. statutory Customs forfeiture provisions the Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Fund, There is no question that intense competi- would apply: and by banning the import or sale of products tion for land has resulted in the destruction of (c) Forfeitures.—Any product, item, or sub- that contain parts of endangered species. critical rhino and tiger habitat. After all, we are stance sold, imported, or exported, or at- Despite these laws to protect rhinos and ti- tempted to be sold, imported, or exported, talking about some of the most densely popu- contrary to the provisions of this Act or any gers, a loophole allows many products to be lated countries in the world. regulation made pursuant thereto shall be sold in the United States that explicitly stateÐ Nevertheless, the major cause of the de- sized and forfeited to the United States. All on their labels, no lessÐthat they contain cline of rhinos and tigers is the huge ongoing equipment, vessels, vehicles, aircraft, and rhino and tiger parts. demand for products made from these ani- other means of transportation used to aid Proving that these products contain banned mals. For generations, Oriental medicines the selling, exporting, or importing, or an at- substances can be extremely difficult. Even have contained ingredients of rhino and tiger tempt to sell, export, of any product, item, or substance in violation of this Act or any after performing costly tests, the U.S. Customs parts that are consumed to fight headaches regulation issued pursuant to this Act, may Service often can't prove what the labels and fever in children, kidney and liver prob- be seized and forfeited to the United States. plainly showÐthat these products contain lems, convulsions, and heart conditions. In al- All laws relating to the seizure, forfeiture, rhino and tiger parts and are illegal. The result most all cases, rhino horn and tiger bones are and condemnation of a vessel for violation of is that many such products end up in stores obtained from illegal sources. the customs laws, the disposition of such across America. We must eliminate the market for these vessel or the proceeds from the sale thereof, The Rhinoceros and Tiger Labeling Act products and stop their importation into the and the remission or mitigation of such for- would stop this costly and confusing exercise, feiture, shall apply to the seizures and for- United States. This is the goal of H.R. 2807. and allow us to accept product labels at their Instead of spending thousands of dollars trying feitures incurred under this Act, insofar as those laws are applicable and not inconsist- face value. If products say they contain parts to prove whether a particular Chinese medi- ent with this Act. of endangered animals, we shouldn't let them cine contains rhino or tiger parts, this legisla- Based on your assurances to this effect, in the country. tion simply prohibits them from entering this and in order to expedite consideration of this I strongly support this bipartisan legislation country if the label says they contain these legislation, I do not believe that a markup to stop the flaunting of our laws and strength- highly endangered species. by the Committee on Ways and Means will en protections for endangered species. By closing the U.S. market, the hope is that be necessary on this issue. I would appreciate your response to this Mr. SAXTON. Mr. Speaker, I yield the demand for these products will end and letter, confirming this understanding with back the balance of my time. the financial incentives to illegally kill rhino or respect to H.R. 2807, and would ask that a The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. tiger will no longer exist. copy of our exchange of letters on this mat- BARRETT). The question is on the mo- Furthermore, there are synthetic alternatives ter be included in the record during floor tion offered by the gentleman from consideration. Thank you for your coopera- to these products and it is essential that the New Jersey (Mr. SAXTON) that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service renew their tion and assistance on this matter. With best personal regards, House suspend the rules and pass the educational efforts. Based on surveys con- bill, H.R. 2807, as amended. ducted by the Wildlife Conservation Society, BILL ARCHER, Chairman. The question was taken; and (two- the majority of those people consuming tradi- thirds having voted in favor thereof) tional medicines have no idea they might be HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, the rules were suspended and the bill, contributing to the destruction of these flagship COMMITTEE ON RESOURCES, as amended, was passed. species. Washington, DC, April 23, 1998. A motion to reconsider was laid on I urge an aye vote on this bold wildlife con- Hon. BILL ARCHER, the table. servation legislation which will hopefully stop Chairman, Committee on Ways and Means, the slaughter of rhinos and tigers in the wild. Longworth HOB, Washington, DC. f DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: Thank you for your HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, letter regarding H.R. 2807, the Rhino and GENERAL LEAVE COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS, Tiger Product Labeling Act. Enactment of Mr. SAXTON. Mr. Speaker, I ask Washington, DC, April 23, 1998. this bill will help enforce the existing ban on Hon. DON YOUNG, unanimous consent that all Members the sale, import or export of products con- may have 5 legislative days within Chairman, Committee on Resources, U.S. House taining rhinoceros and tiger parts and there- of Representatives, Washington, DC. fore help conservation efforts for these en- which to revise and extend their re- DEAR DON: I am writing to address certain dangered species. marks on H.R. 2807. issues with H.R. 2807, as reported by the I agree that the Committee on Ways and The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there Committee on Resources on March 11, 1998, Means has jurisdiction over import prohibi- objection to the request of the gen- which would amend the Rhinoceros and tions and U.S. Customs Service forfeitures. Tiger Conservation Act of 1994. The bill con- tleman from New Jersey? As noted in your letter, current law already There was no objection. tains import prohibition and Customs for- prohibits imports and exports of products feiture provisions, which fall within the ju- containing endangered species under the f risdiction of the Committee on Ways and Lacey Act and the Convention on Inter- Means. national Trade in Endangered Species of CONGRATULATING PEOPLE OF SRI With respect to the import ban, H.R. 2807, Wild Fauna and Flora. In addition, when LANKA ON THE 50TH ANNIVER- as reported by the Committee on Resources, H.R. 2807 is considered by the House of Rep- SARY OF THEIR INDEPENDENCE prohibits any person from selling, importing resentatives, I do intend to substitute the Mr. BEREUTER. Mr. Speaker, I move or exporting or attempting to sell, import, or forfeiture language of the bill you have iden- export any product, item or substance in- tified regarding Customs powers, as this pro- to suspend the rules and agree to the tended for human consumption containing or vision also duplicates Lacey Act authority resolution (H. Res. 350) congratulating purporting to contain any substance derived for the Secretary of the Interior. the people of Sri Lanka on the occasion from any species of rhinoceros or tiger, cre- Thank you for your cooperation in this of the fiftieth anniversary of their na- ates criminal and civil penalties, and allows matter, and I will place our correspondence tion’s independence. for the forfeiture of such products. Because on this issue in the Congressional Record The Clerk read as follows: these provisions fall within the Committee’s during debate on H.R. 2807. jurisdiction, the Committee would ordinarily Sincerely, H.RES. 350 meet to consider the bill. However, because DON YOUNG, Whereas on February 4, 1948, the people of the bill, as reported, applies the ban in com- Chairman. Sri Lanka gained their independence from pliance with the letter and spirit of U.S. ob- Mr. SABO. Mr. Speaker, I rise in strong sup- the British; Whereas the people of Sri Lanka and the ligations under an existing multilateral port of H.R. 2807, the Rhinoceros and Tiger agreement governing such trade, I do not be- United States have a common interest in the lieve that a markup of the bill is necessary. Product Labeling Act. This bill is a key biparti- promotion and preservation of democratic With respect to forfeiture, section 2 of H.R. san step to protect two of our planet's most systems of government; 2807, as reported, includes language within precious and endangered animalsÐrhinos and Whereas the people of Sri Lanka and the the jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways tigers. United States have had many shared values H2352 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 and interests, including the desire to pro- tions to American society, and our re- ment, and fostered a democratic form mote the peaceful development of the South lationship has proven mutually bene- of government. Asian region; ficial. Sri Lanka has also been a good friend Whereas Sri Lankan citizens who have vis- While the official celebration will of the United States. The people of Sri ited or lived in the United States, and United States citizens who have visited or lived in last all year, the precise date of the Lanka have earned our respect and ad- Sri Lanka, have done much to improve mu- 50th anniversary was, as I mentioned, miration. This resolution attempts to tual understanding and build friendship over February 4. Major celebrations were convey those sentiments and express the past fifty years; held on that day, attended by Prince our desire to see the bonds of friend- Whereas United States citizens of Sri Charles as the head of the British dele- ship that link our two nations broad- Lankan origin have contributed greatly to gation. ened and deepened in the years ahead. the advancement of knowledge, the develop- Regrettably, the celebrations have It deserves our support, and I urge my ment of the United States economy, and the been marred by a series of bombings. colleagues to join me in voting ‘‘yes’’ enrichment of cultural life in the United This tragic fact emphasizes the point States; on this important resolution. Whereas the ties of trade and investment that a terrible bloody civil war contin- Mr. Speaker, I yield 5 minutes to the between the United States and Sri Lanka ues in Sri Lanka that has cost tens of gentleman from American Samoa (Mr. have grown over fifty years to the benefit of thousands of lives. This Member’s pur- FALEOMAVAEGA). the people of both countries; and pose in introducing today’s resolution (Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA asked and Whereas the fiftieth anniversary of the is not just to discuss the specifics of was given permission to revise and ex- independence of Sri Lanka offers an oppor- the ethnic conflict. No, not at all. tend his remarks.) tunity for Sri Lanka and the United States Rather, this Member wishes to give the Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA. Mr. Speaker, to renew their commitment to international U.S. House of Representatives an op- I certainly would like to add my com- cooperation on issues of mutual interest and mendation to the gentleman from New concern: Now, therefore, be it portunity to celebrate and commend Resolved, That the House of Representa- the achievements of the people of Sri York (Mr. GILMAN), chairman of the tives— Lanka, Sinhalese, Tamil and Muslim Committee on International Relations, (1) congratulates the people of Sri Lanka alike. and the gentleman from Indiana (Mr. on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of H. Res. 350 does precisely that. It HAMILTON), our ranking Democratic their nation’s independence; and congratulates the people of Sri Lanka member, and to the gentleman from (2) looks forward to broadening and deep- and points to this occasion as an oppor- Nebraska (Mr. BEREUTER), as the chair- ening United States cooperation and friend- tunity to renew the common U.S.-Sri man of our Subcommittee on Asia and ship with Sri Lanka in the years ahead for the Pacific for his authorship on this the benefit of the people of both countries. Lankan commitment to international cooperation. piece of legislation, and also the gen- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- Mr. Speaker, the Committee on tleman from California (Mr. BERMAN), ant to the rule, the gentleman from International Relations unanimously the ranking member of our Sub- Nebraska (Mr. BEREUTER) and the gen- adopted H. Res. 350. This Member be- committee on Asia and the Pacific. tleman from Minnesota (Mr. LUTHER) lieves that H. Res. 350 represents a fit- Mr. Speaker, I rise today in support each will control 20 minutes. ting and balanced expression of con- of the House Resolution 350, a measure The Chair recognizes the gentleman gratulations to the people of Sri Lanka congratulating the people of Sri Lanka from Nebraska (Mr. BEREUTER). on the occasion of the 50th anniversary on the occasion of their 50th anniver- (Mr. BEREUTER asked and was of their nation’s independence. sary of the independence of the Demo- given permission to revise and extend This Member also thanks the gen- cratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka his remarks.) tleman from New York (Mr. GILMAN), from Great Britain. GENERAL LEAVE the distinguished chairman of the Com- Mr. Speaker, I am honored to be an Mr. BEREUTER. Mr. Speaker, I ask mittee on International Relations, for original cosponsor of this measure. And unanimous consent that all Members moving this initiative in an expedi- again, I commend the gentleman from may have 5 legislative days within tious manner. This Member also ex- Nebraska (Mr. BEREUTER), chairman of which to revise and extend their re- presses appreciation to the distin- the House Committee on International marks on H. Res. 350. guished gentleman from Indiana (Mr. Relations Subcommittee on Asia and The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there HAMILTON), the ranking member of the the Pacific, for introducing this legis- objection to the request of the gen- Committee on International Relations, lation. tleman from Nebraska? for his constructive additions to this Mr. Speaker, earlier this year on There was no objection. resolution. February 4, Sri Lanka celebrated its Mr. BEREUTER. Mr. Speaker, I yield Finally, this Member thanks the dis- 50th anniversary of independence from myself such time as I may consume. tinguished gentleman from California British colonial rule, which ended on Mr. Speaker, as the author of H. Res. (Mr. BERMAN), the ranking member of February 4, 1948. I join my colleagues 350, this Member rises to congratulate the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pa- in commemorating the golden jubilee the people of Sri Lanka on the occasion cific, for his important assistance in independence celebration of Sri Lanka of the 50th anniversary of their na- speeding this resolution to the House. and offer my sincere congratulations to tion’s independence. Mr. Speaker, I urge unanimous adop- her excellency, President Chandrika Mr. Speaker, H. Res. 350 was intro- tion of H. Res. 350. Kumaratunga, and the good people of duced on February 4, the day that Sri Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of Sri Lanka. Lanka celebrated the 50th anniversary my time. Sri Lanka, unlike much of Asia, has of their independence, by this Member, Mr. LUTHER. Mr. Speaker, I yield had a long tradition of a functioning by the distinguished gentleman from myself such time as I may consume, democratic system of government. Indiana (Mr. HAMILTON), the ranking and I rise in support of this resolution. Since 1931, and even before the grant of member of the Committee on Inter- Mr. Speaker, I strongly support this its independence, voting rights were national Relations, and by the distin- resolution; and I commend the gen- exercised by men as well as women. guished gentleman from California tleman from Nebraska (Mr. BEREUTER) During the five decades since independ- (Mr. BERMAN), the ranking member of for his leadership in bringing it before ence, Sri Lanka has held regular na- the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pa- the House today. tional elections as well as provincial cific. Fifty years ago, following the exam- and local government elections. The America’s relations with this island ple of our own country, the Sri Lankan last parliamentary election was held in nation are very strong and productive. people threw off the bonds of empire August of 1994, with a Presidential The social and economic progress that and entered the ranks of fully and free election taking place in November 1994. Sri Lanka has made in the last five independent nations. In the five dec- With a voter turnout of over 70 per- decades is truly encouraging and has ades since then, notwithstanding eco- cent, President Kumaratunga was over- laid a strong foundation for its future. nomic hardship and civil war, Sri whelmingly elected into office. The Sri Lankan Americans, both Sinhalese Lanka has proudly maintained its inde- most recent election in Sri Lanka was and Tamil, have made major contribu- pendence, promoted economic develop- in the conflict-ridden Jaffna Peninsula, April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2353 where in January the people of Jaffna Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance foster trade and encourage economic growth. elected local administrators. of my time. In fact, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce is in Mr. Speaker, the United States is Sri Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I wish that I Sri Lanka and works with the Sri Lanka gov- Lanka’s largest trading partner, and could join in the enthusiasm that the people of ernment in creating an investment friendly cli- over 90 American companies have in- Sri Lanka deserve in celebration of their na- mate. vestments there, including Motorola, tion's 50th anniversary. However, the deadly Sri Lanka rose to international prominence IMC Agrico, Coca-Cola, and American spiral of violence still gripping that beautiful when on July 21, 1960, the Sri Lanka Par- Express and others. In 1977, Sri Lanka nation makes it difficult to be joyous. liament appointed Ms. Bandaranike as the was the first country in South Asia to The Tamil Tigers need to change their prime minister of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka became adopt economic liberalization policies, methods and learn to compromise to obtain the first country in the world to appoint a which shifted the economy away from their goals. The government must renew its woman as the head of state. Interestingly state controls and subsidies and paved commitment to human rights and get back on enough, in a part of the world, where many the way for the private sector to be- the ``high road'' of respect for human rights. Westerners believe women are being treated come the engine of growth. One way it can achieve this is by giving free as second class citizens, Sri Lanka became Sri Lanka’s shift to a market-ori- and unrestricted access to the press and the first country to recognize a women's ability ented system has become very success- human rights organizations. to lead a nation. This led to women heads of ful, with the country recording some 6 We must see an end to the ``disappear- government in Bangladesh, Britain, France, percent economic growth in 1997. A ances'' of persons taken into custody by mili- India, Israel, Norway, Pakistan, Poland and major factor aiding Sri Lanka’s eco- tary and special police units, and the killings of Turkey. nomic growth has been the highly-edu- moderate Tamil Parliament members and pub- Sri Lanka was the first country in South Asia cated work force. The government pro- lic execution of suspected ``informers'' or ``trai- to introduce economic liberalization policies vides free education from elementary tors'' by the Tamil Tigers. (1977) and shifted away from state controls. school through university levels, and Our policy towards Sri Lanka needs closer Recently, Sri Lanka has embarked on market the result has been a national literacy scrutiny. It is currently unbalanced. More at- oriented reforms that have allowed the econ- rate of 90 percent. The government also tention needs to be placed on giving construc- omy to grow by 6% last year. extends free health care services, and tive criticism and suggestions that could lead Unfortunately, Sri Lanka been plagued with Sri Lankans enjoy low infant mortal- to peace in that long troubled nation. Until ethnic violence. Despite this, Sri Lanka contin- ity rates and an average life expect- then, any calls for celebration will ring hollow ues to be one of the few countries in South ancy of 70 years. for the Sri Lankan people and their friends. Relations between Sri Lanka and the Asia committed to democracy. For the last 50 Mr. PALLONE. Mr. Speaker, I wish to join United States date back to 1850, when years, Sri Lanka has held national, provincial with my colleagues in paying tribute to the na- an American, John Black, was offi- and local government elections. Sri Lanka has tion and the people of Sri Lanka during this cially appointed to head up a commer- provided universal adult suffrage, including year of celebration of the 50th anniversary of cial agency between the governments. women. Indeed, Sri Lanka had democratic their independence. I want to congratulate the With a move to the capital, Colombo, elections 20 years prior to independence, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Asia and the agency office became a U.S. con- when it was part of the British Empire. Thus, the Pacific, Mr. BEREUTER, for introducing this sulate, and upon independence in 1948, Sri Lanka is one of the oldest practicing de- resolution, as well as the Chairman of the it was elevated to a United States Em- mocracies in the developing world. International Relations Committee, Mr. GIL- bassy. Mr. Speaker, there is no doubt in my mind Mr. Speaker, this year Sri Lanka and MAN, the Ranking Democrat of the IR Commit- that the next 50 years holds tremendous po- the United States also celebrate the tee, Mr. HAMILTON, the Ranking Democrat of tential for Sri Lanka. With the recent collapse golden jubilee of establishing diplo- the Asia and Pacific Subcommittee, Mr. BER- of the East Asian economies, and the South matic relations. In honor and in rec- MAN, and Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA, a member of the Asian economies remaining stable, is a strong ognition of this occasion, Ambassador Asia and Pacific Subcommittee, for their sup- indication that Sri Lanka and the rest of South Bill Richardson, the United States port of this initiative. I am proud to join my col- Asia will demonstrate new economic strength. Representative to the United Nations, leagues, as a co-sponsor of this Resolution. Mr. BERMAN. Mr. Speaker, it is my deep and Ambassador Karl Inderfurth, As- As the co-chairman of the Congressional pleasure to rise in support of H. Res. 350, sistant Secretary of State for South Caucus on India and Indian-Americans, I wel- which I cosponsored with Mr. BEREUTER, in Asian Affairs, recently traveled to Sri come the continuing trend toward more atten- honor of the people of Sri Lanka on the occa- Lanka for meetings with President tion to the vitally important South Asia region sion of the fiftieth anniversary of their nation's Kumaratunga and other high-ranking on the part of Congress, the Administration independence. dignitaries of the Sri Lankan Govern- and the private sector. At the same time, I We have a long and deep friendship with Sri ment. hope we will continue to encourage greater re- Lanka, dating back at least to 1789 when the Mr. Speaker, despite its prosperity gional cooperation and confidence building first American traders visited Colombo, and and commitment to democratic prin- measures among the nations of South Asia. followed in the early part of the 19th century ciples, Sri Lanka, as we all know, has Mr. Speaker, Sri Lanka has been an inde- by American missionaries and educators, who been years threatened by separatist pendent country for the last 50 years, but rela- established the first boarding school for girls in movements. In its search for peace, the tions with the United States have gone as far Asia in 1824. Government of Sri Lanka has proposed back as 1850. John Black, an American mer- We established a consulate as early as extensive devolution of power through chant residing in Colombo, the capital of Sri 1874. constitutional reforms to resolve the Lanka, was appointed as the first commercial We are most proud of the role played by present ethnic problem in the country agent. His job was to assist American shipping Colonel Henry Steel Olcott in promoting the through a negotiated settlement. This with Sri Lanka. Now, 150 years later, the study of Buddhism. The enlightened altruism is a process supported by our govern- United States is Sri Lanka's largest trading demonstrated by Colonel Olcott continues to ment, and we should all take steps nec- partner, accounting for 30% of Sri Lanka's ex- motivate our relations with Sri Lanka. essary to encourage the Liberation Ti- ports, with 90 U.S. companies having invested Today, our relations are being further solidi- gers of Tamil Elam to lay down their in mining and textiles. Furthermore, U.S. in- fied by our growing economic and political re- arms, stop their terrorism, and enter vestments will reach $500 million after the lationship. We are now Sri Lanka's largest into peaceful negotiations. completion of certain trade agreements. trading partner. Most recently, the First Lady Mr. Speaker, I urge our colleagues to Bi-lateral relations between the two coun- visitedÐthe first, I hope, of many such visits, adopt the measure before us that con- tries have always remained strong. We can including perhaps that of the President later gratulates the people of Sri Lanka on see this in numerous economic and technical this year. their 50th anniversary. We should all support programs, trade and investment As we salute the past, it is also my hope recognize the many accomplishments agreements, and the continuous exchange of that we will take all possible steps to assist in of our partners in Sri Lanka and the high level officialsÐthe most high-profile being the resolution of the problems which afflict Sri deep and enduring friendship that will the visit by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton Lanka today. The conflict which continues to always bind the good people of Sri in 1995. disturb the rich Sri Lankese political culture is Lanka and the people of the United We have signed agreements to protect in- deeply disturbing. The recent terrorist bombing States. vestments and intellectual property rights to at the Temple of the Tooth in Kandy and the H2354 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 American decision to withdraw Peace Corps prosperity and political development closing down of all terrorist training camps Volunteers testifies to the intensity of that in- throughout all of South Asia and the newly operating in the country. ternal conflict. I hope that efforts will be taken independent Central Asian nations as well; The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- and ant to the rule, the gentleman from by all sides to the conflict to seek a peaceful Whereas despite repeated efforts by the resolution of the civil strife for only by ending United Nations to broker an end to continu- Nebraska (Mr. BEREUTER) and the gen- this dispute will Sri Lanka realize the very ing warfare among the country’s warring tleman from Minnesota (Mr. LUTHER) bright future its people deserve. factions, the absence of peace has prevented each will control 20 minutes. I urge my colleagues to support this resolu- Afghanistan from addressing the numerous The Chair recognizes the gentleman tion's adoption. problems facing its citizenry: Now, therefore, from Nebraska (Mr. BEREUTER). Mr. LUTHER. Mr. Speaker, I urge be it GENERAL LEAVE unanimous support for the resolution, Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Mr. BEREUTER. Mr. Speaker, I ask and I yield back the balance of my Senate concurring), That the Congress— unanimous consent that all Members (1) acknowledges that, through determina- time. may have 5 legislative days within The SPEAKER pro tempore. The tion, tenacity, and courage, the Afghan peo- ple successfully waged a war against Soviet which to revise and extend their re- question is on the motion offered by expansionism and greatly assisted in bring- marks on this measure. the gentleman from Nebraska (Mr. BE- ing an end to the cold war; The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. REUTER) that the House suspend the (2) calls upon all warring factions and na- BARRETT of Nebraska). Is there objec- rules and agree to the resolution, tional powers to participate in intra-Afghan tion to the request of the gentleman H.Res. 350. dialogue (the ‘‘Frankfurt Process’’) and in from Nebraska? The question was taken; and (two- the peace process and to actively cooperate There was no objection. thirds having voted in favor thereof) in the acceleration of endeavors for peace; b 1445 the rules were suspended and the reso- (3)(A) deplores continuing human rights violations occurring within Afghanistan, es- Mr. BEREUTER. Mr. Speaker, I yield lution was agreed to. pecially against women and female children, A motion to reconsider was laid on who have suffered condoned discrimination myself such time as I may consume. the table. and harassment, and the reported widespread (Mr. BEREUTER asked and was f execution of prisoners of war and civilians given permission to revise and extend evidenced by the discovery of mass graves his remarks.) CONCERNING AFGHANISTAN which contained an estimated 2,000 corpses; Mr. BEREUTER. Mr. Speaker, H. Mr. BEREUTER. Mr. Speaker, I move and Con. Res. 218, which this Member intro- to suspend the rules and agree to the (B) supports the intention of the United duced on February 1, 1998, calls for the Nations and the International Committee of urgent need to establish a cease-fire in concurrent resolution (H. Con. Res. 218) the Red Cross to continue their investigation concerning the urgent need to establish into these reported killings; Afghanistan and begin the transition a ceasefire in Afghanistan and begin (4)(A) welcomes the appointment of Am- towards a broad-based multi-ethnic the transition toward a broad-based bassador Lakhbar Brahimi as special envoy government that observes inter- multiethnic government that observes of the United Nations Secretary General for national norms of behavior. international norms of behavior, as Afghanistan and supports his efforts toward Today Afghanistan has no inter- amended. attaining a peaceful negotiated settlement nationally recognized government. It is The Clerk read as follows: with the assistance of the six nations border- a country torn apart by civil war car- ing Afghanistan as well as representatives ried out by two warring factions known H. CON. RES. 218 from the United States and Russia; and Whereas peace and stability has not re- (B) encourages a role for Afghan leaders of as the Taliban and the Northern Alli- turned to Afghanistan despite the February all factions and ethnic groups in the United ance. No parties to the conflict are he- 1989 Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan; Nations negotiation efforts, based on the roic. All must share the blame for the Whereas the Department of State’s Coun- fact that peace and national reconciliation destruction and division. try Reports on Human Rights for 1997 states: cannot be imposed on the Afghan people by One of the by-products of the de- ‘‘The overall human rights situation [in Af- their neighbors; struction brought about by this ex- ghanistan] is poor . . . political killings, tor- (5) urges the nations of the region to co- tended warfare is that Afghanistan has ture, rape, arbitrary detention, looting, ab- operate in the peace process and to end im- become one of the world’s leading pro- ductions and kidnappings for ransom were mediately the supply of arms, ammunition, ducers of opium. Over the past year committed by armed units, local command- military equipment, training or any other ers, and rogue individuals’’; military support to all parties to the con- alone, the production of opiates in Af- Whereas the continuing civil conflict in flict; ghanistan has increased, and results in Afghanistan has had a grievous impact upon (6) urges appropriate parties in the United a growth in the drug trade throughout the Afghan people, where within its borders Nations, Afghanistan, and its neighbors to Central and South Asia, Russia, Europe occurs the highest rate of infant, child, and work toward the eradication of the produc- and the United States. maternal mortality in the region; tion of opium, especially in southern Afghan- Other problems currently facing Af- Whereas neighboring countries have pro- istan, and to link such efforts wherever pos- ghanistan include serious and repeated vided support in the form of financial assist- sible to realistic income alternatives; human rights violations occurring ance and arms to the different groups war- (7) calls upon all parties within Afghani- ring in Afghanistan, thereby extending the stan to prevent the reoccurrence of actions throughout the country, especially the length and expanding the destruction of this which impede the ability of humanitarian treatment of women. The Department internal conflict; and international organizations to move food of State’s Country Reports on Human Whereas another byproduct of this conflict shipments and other forms of humanitarian Rights for 1997 states, is the harboring of Islamic militants and ter- assistance into Afghanistan; The overall human rights situation in Af- rorist leaders in Afghanistan; (8) acknowledges that due to the death and ghanistan is poor. Political killings, torture, Whereas due to the tyranny and destruc- destruction wrought by the February 4, 1998, rape, arbitrary detention, looting, abduc- tion caused by Taliban rule, Afghanistan is earthquake in northeastern Afghanistan, tions and kidnappings for ransom were com- now one of the world’s leading producers of where approximately 5,000 people have died mitted by armed units, local commanders opium, and over the past year alone, the pro- and an estimated 30,000 have been left home- and rogue individuals. duction of opiates in Afghanistan has in- less, there is a continuing need for inter- creased and resulted in a growth in the drug national emergency aid of food, clothing, and At the end of this decade-long con- trade not only in the Central and South shelter; flict it would appear that Afghanistan Asian regions but in Russia and the West as (9) recognizes the continuing requirement is beginning the process of resolving well; to address the needs of more than 2,500,000 these problems, as well as a number of Whereas continuing instability serves as Afghan refugees in neighboring countries, others, including the removal of mil- an obstacle to international investment and three-quarters of whom are women and chil- lions of land mines scattered through- the establishment of developmental projects dren; out the Afghan countryside; the repa- inside Afghanistan, so necessary to Afghani- (10) acknowledges the necessity of inter- triation of over 2 million Afghan refu- stan’s rejuvenation from years of conflict, national efforts to clear the estimated and central to promoting political coopera- 10,000,000 land mines buried in the Afghan gees currently residing in Pakistan and tion among Afghan factions; countryside; and Iran; as well as the cessation of safe Whereas the continuing conflict in Afghan- (11) calls for the expulsion of all known haven for terrorist leaders and activi- istan serves as an impediment to economic terrorist leaders from Afghanistan and the ties in this war-torn Nation. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2355 The United States officially supports Mr. Speaker, at this critical point of neighboring countries. Tragically, no party or faction in this conflict and the ongoing peace negotiations, this some of this suffering is almost a delib- backs the United Nations negotiation Member urges this body to send a erate policy of the ruling Taliban in efforts to establish a coalition govern- strong message that the United States much of Afghanistan. This regime bans ment where all factions are fairly rep- Government and the Congress, which girls and women from attending resented. Recently, on April 17, the in the past assisted Afghanistan in the schools, and it is blocking the delivery United States Ambassador to the war against communist aggression, are of humanitarian aid to thousands of United Nations, the Honorable Bill supportive of the desire for peace by so suffering people in Afghanistan. The Richardson, brokered an agreement many, indeed almost all of the Afghan U.S. has an interest in seeing this from the two opposing factions to es- people. Accordingly, this Member urges stopped. tablish a cease-fire and participate in adoption of H. Con. Res. 218. More direct interests are at stake, structured peace talks. Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of too. Afghanistan is now one of the If the factions follow through with my time. world’s leading producers of opium. their commitments, it will mark the Mr. LUTHER. Mr. Speaker, I yield This reaches America’s shores. Afghan- first talks since the Islamic militia myself such time as I may consume, istan harbors terrorists who have the potential to attack our Nation. Terror- took control of the capital 11⁄2 years and I rise in support of this resolution. ago. Fighting broke out which ap- Mr. Speaker, I strongly support this ists with Afghan roots have wreaked peared to jeopardize the negotiations. resolution. I again commend the gen- havoc throughout the world. This reso- However, recognizing the renewed U.S. tleman from Nebraska for his leader- lution addresses all these American in- attention to Afghanistan, the Taliban ship in drafting the resolution and terests. For too long the U.S. has been indif- and the Northern Alliance have begun bringing it before the House today. The ferent to the fate of Afghanistan. That these important talks. scene of bitter fighting for more than has been changing a bit of late. My This Member commends Ambassador 18 years, Afghanistan today is virtually conversations with the former king of Richardson and his staff, as well as the forgotten by the international commu- Afghanistan, King Zahir Shah, have led Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz nity. There are few nations in the me to believe there is reason for hope. Sharif, for their efforts in successfully world whose prospects look bleaker Events are moving rapidly. There are bringing the two warring factions to than Afghanistan. But I am pleased to plans for peace talks among the fac- the negotiating table. In their opening say that over the past weekend, the tions. statements, representatives of the two various Afghan factions held the first This resolution says that what hap- factions declared their willingness to round of what we all hope will be talks pens in Afghanistan matters to the work towards a peaceful resolution of leading to the reestablishment of a just U.S. and that we have an interest in the Afghan conflict. This Member sin- peace in Afghanistan. seeing the peaceful resolution of this cerely hopes that this round of negotia- This resolution seeks to refocus long-running and depressing conflict. I tions will bring enduring peace to the world attention upon Afghanistan at urge its adoption by my colleagues. people of Afghanistan. this important time. It calls for an end Mr. BEREUTER. Mr. Speaker, I want In the past, similar efforts have to the fighting in Afghanistan, for re- to commend the gentleman from Cali- ended in failure as agreements reached spect for human rights, and for the fornia (Mr. ROYCE) for his excellent in 1992 and 1993 quickly collapsed into eradication of the heroin trade and the statement. more fighting. But this initiative export of terrorism. This resolution de- Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I want to com- comes at a time when internal and out- serves our support. I urge our col- mend the distinguished Chairman of the Asia side parties to the conflict seem at leagues to join me in voting ‘‘yes’’ on and Pacific Subcommittee, the gentleman from least more ready to work towards this important measure. Nebraska, Mr. BEREUTER and its Ranking Mi- achieving stability in Afghanistan be- Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of nority Member, the gentleman from California, fore all hope of stability and economic my time. Mr. BERMAN, for initially crafting this important development is lost. The return of sta- Mr. BEREUTER. Mr. Speaker, I yield piece of legislation. bility would in turn encourage inter- such time as he may consume to the H. Con. Res. 218 calls attention to the ur- national investment projects to the re- gentleman from California (Mr. ROYCE) gent needs of the Afghan people who have gion, beneficial to South Asia and the who has been very responsive to the been suffering for years from the aftermath of newly independent Central Asian na- concerns of many people in his district the cold war. The current civil conflict has led tions as well. concerned with the continued conflict to a breakdown in civil society. Large areas of Mr. Speaker, H. Con. Res. 218 was in Afghanistan. For his active interest Afghanistan are now training grounds for ter- considered by the Subcommittee on in the issue, I commend him. rorism and the world's largest production Asia and the Pacific on March 5, 1998 Mr. ROYCE. Mr. Speaker, I want to grounds for opium. Millions of land mines are and was favorably reported to the full commend the gentleman from Ne- killing scores of people daily and women are committee. On April 1 the Committee braska, chairman of the Subcommittee treated as chattel. on International Relations unani- on Asia and the Pacific, for offering The war has created a huge humanitarian mously approved this important reso- this very important resolution on the crises in the north where more than 2,000,000 lution. tragedy that is going on in Afghani- refugees are in need of humanitarian assist- In conclusion, this Member again ex- stan. ance. We commend our colleague, the gen- presses appreciation to the gentleman What this resolution does is bring at- tleman from California, Congressman ROHR- from New York (Mr. GILMAN) chairman tention to a country which has been ABACHER for filling in for the State Department of the Committee on International Re- largely forgotten. America was in- and AID by raising the funds to ship plane lations, and the distinguished gen- tensely focused on Afghanistan after loads of medical equipment to the refugees. I hope that the administration takes this resolu- tleman from California (Mr. BERMAN) the Soviet invasion and throughout the tion as a signal that it should be doing more the ranking member of the Sub- years of its occupation. The Red Army to resolve the crises there and that it espe- committee on Asia and the Pacific, for was driven out in the face of a coura- cially supports the inter-Afghan dialogue proc- their support and cosponsorship of H. geous resistance by the Afghan people, ess which would serve as a long term solution Con. Res. 218. This Member would also with the aid of America. Looking back, to the problems. thank the distinguished gentleman that unfortunately for Afghanistan was Accordingly, I urge my colleagues to support from California (Mr. ROHRABACHER) for the easy part. It has been much harder the resolution. his advice and support on this resolu- winning the fight for peace and stabil- Mr. LUTHER. Mr. Speaker, I have no tion. The gentleman from California ity in Afghanistan since then, but the further requests for time, and I yield (Mr. ROHRABACHER) has visited Afghan- United States has an interest in trying. back the balance of my time. istan on numerous occasions, and has We must try. Mr. BEREUTER. Mr. Speaker, I ask taken an active interest in Afghani- The Afghan people are suffering. unanimous support for this resolution. stan’s history and in resolving the bit- They have one of the highest infant Mr. Speaker, I have no further re- ter dispute which has consumed this mortality rates in the world. Millions quests for time, and I yield back the country for the past 10 years. of Afghans live as refugees, some in balance of my time. H2356 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Whereas, as demonstrated by the success of international youth sports organiza- question is on the motion offered by its efforts worldwide, Little League Baseball tion in the world, with over 18,000 local the gentleman from Nebraska (Mr. BE- Incorporated is the largest nongovernmental leagues in 85 countries supported by a international youth sports organization in REUTER) that the House suspend the network of many thousands of volun- rules and agree to the concurrent reso- the world and continues to grow: Now, there- fore, be it teers and coaches around the world. lution, House Concurrent Resolution Resolved by the Senate (the House of Rep- S. Con. Res. 37 was introduced by 218, as amended. resentatives concurring), That (a) it is the The question was taken. Senator COVERDELL and has already sense of the Congress that Little League passed the Senate. It also passed the Mr. BEREUTER. Mr. Speaker, I ob- Baseball Incorporated is international in ject to the vote on the ground that a character and has engendered international Subcommittee on International Oper- quorum is not present and make the goodwill through its worldwide activities, ations and Human Rights by a voice point of order that a quorum is not particularly among the youth of the world. vote on February 12 of this year. On present. (b) The Congress reaffirms that Little April 1 the full Committee on Inter- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- League Baseball Incorporated was estab- national Relations ordered the bill fa- ant to clause 5, rule I, and the Chair’s lished to support and develop Little League vorably reported, again by a unani- baseball worldwide, through the chartering prior announcement, further proceed- of local leagues and the provision of assist- mous vote. ings on this motion will be postponed. ance to such local leagues, through the cre- The point of no quorum is considered Mr. Speaker, I want to point out the ation or location of facilities in other coun- relentless dedication of the gentleman withdrawn. tries, and the provision of other support as f from Pennsylvania (Mr. MCDADE) on appropriate, including financial support, this issue. The gentleman from Penn- SENSE OF CONGRESS REGARDING without right of reimbursement or repay- ment. sylvania helped draft the Senate reso- LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL (c) The Congress calls upon the parliamen- lution as well as a parallel House Reso- Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. tary bodies and government officials of other lution. He brought the resolution to Speaker, I move to suspend the rules nations, particularly those that participate the attention of our subcommittee and and concur in the Senate concurrent in Little League baseball, to recognize and full committee, and he has pushed resolution (S. Con. Res. 37) expressing celebrate the international character of Lit- tle League baseball. every step of the way to ensure the the sense of the Congress that Little success of this resolution. He deserves The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- League Baseball Incorporated was es- the credit for its passage on the floor ant to the rule, the gentleman from tablished to support and develop Little today. League baseball worldwide and that its New Jersey (Mr. SMITH) and the gen- international character and activities tleman from Minnesota (Mr. LUTHER) Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of should be recognized. each will control 20 minutes. my time. The Clerk read as follows: The Chair recognizes the gentleman Mr. LUTHER. Mr. Speaker, I yield S. CON. RES. 37 from New Jersey (Mr. SMITH). myself such time as I may consume, Whereas Little League Baseball Incor- Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. and I rise in support of this resolution. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I porated is a nonprofit membership organiza- Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of this tion, chartered by the Congress of the United may consume. States in 1964 to promote, develop, supervise, (Mr. SMITH of New Jersey asked and resolution expressing the sense of Con- and assist youth worldwide in participation was given permission to revise and ex- gress that Little League baseball is in Little League baseball and to instill in tend his remarks.) international in character and has en- youth the spirit and competitive will to win, GENERAL LEAVE gendered international good will. values of team play, and healthful associa- Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. Speak- tion with other youth under proper leader- er, I ask unanimous consent that all b 1500 ship; Members may have 5 legislative days Whereas Little League Baseball Incor- I commend the gentleman from porated has chartered more than 18,000 local within which to revise and extend their remarks on this measure. Pennsylvania for introducing the com- Little League baseball or softball leagues in panion measure in the House. 85 countries, across 6 continents, through The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there which more than 198,000 teams and 3,000,000 objection to the request of the gen- The resolution affirms congressional youth worldwide come together in healthy tleman from New Jersey? support for the Little League organiza- competition, learning the value of team- There was no objection. tion and calls upon other governments work, individual responsibility, and respect Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. to recognize and celebrate the inter- for others; Speaker, I urge my colleagues to vote national character of Little League Whereas Little League Baseball Incor- unanimously in favor of S. Con. Res. 37. baseball. In the House, the companion porated provides administrative and other This resolution makes clear that Little to this resolution has received wide- services, including financial assistance from League Baseball Incorporated is a bona spread bipartisan support. time to time, to such leagues without any fide nongovernmental organization and obligation to reimburse Little League Base- Mr. Speaker, we all know Little ball Incorporated; that it should be treated as such by our government and those of other nations. League is a good organization, encour- Whereas Little League Baseball Incor- aging good, healthy life-styles for our porated has established a United States Little League Baseball Incorporated is a nonprofit membership organization young people, and I am happy to sup- foundation for the advancement and support port its activities for kids around the of Little League baseball in the United that was chartered by Congress in 1964 States and around the world, and has also to promote participation by children world. I urge adoption of this resolu- created in Poland through its representative, around the world in Little League tion. Dr. Creighton Hale, the Poland Little League baseball. Unfortunately, the charter Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of Baseball Foundation for the construction of did not explicitly use the words ‘‘non- my time. Little League baseball facilities and playing governmental organization.’’ That fields, in which youth may participate world- Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I rise in support wide in international competitions, and is phrase and its acronym, NGO, were not of S. Con. Res. 37, the Little League Baseball providing all the funds for such construction; in vogue in those days. So there has Resolution. Whereas the efforts of Little League Base- been some confusion, particularly in Senator COVERDELL and Representative ball Incorporated are supported by millions nations where Little League baseball is of volunteers worldwide, as parents, league relatively new, about the undeniable MCDADE introduced this resolution last year in officials, managers, coaches, and auxiliary fact that this organization indeed is a support of the international activities of little members and countless volunteer agencies, not-for-profit organization. league baseball. The Senate has already including sponsors, all of whom give their Because the U.S. Congress originally acted on this resolution, and I support House time and effort without remuneration, in chartered this organization, it falls to passage today. The measure is broadly sup- service to others, to advance the goals of us to clarify the matter. This resolu- ported in the House, with a total of 42 co- Little League Baseball Incorporated and sponsors. thereby assist the economic transformation tion calls on the parliamentary bodies of societies worldwide, the improvement in and government officials of other na- This non-controversial measure is designed the quality of life of all citizens and the pro- tions to recognize and celebrate the to reaffirm the importance and the values ex- motion of a civil international community; international charter of Little League emplified by the long-standing American insti- and Baseball, the largest nongovernmental tution known as ``little league baseball''. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2357 In addition, it expresses the sense of Con- The SPEAKER pro tempore. The (4) calls on the Government of Algeria to gress that Little League Baseball Incorporated question is on the motion offered by take all necessary and legal steps to prevent was established to develop Little League the gentleman from New Jersey (Mr. violence and stop it once it occurs; (5) encourages the Government of Algeria SMITH) that the House suspend the Baseball worldwide recognizing that its inter- to cooperate with the international commu- national activities are similar to other non-gov- rules and concur in the Senate concur- nity to ensure transparency in the investiga- ernmental organizations. rent resolution, S. Con. Res. 37. tion and combating of terrorist activity, in- As a former president of our local Little The question was taken. cluding the use of objective investigators League in my hometown in Middletown, NY, I Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. into the massacres; am pleased to recommend approval of this Speaker, I object to the vote on the (6) acknowledges that the Government of resolution, affirming our support for the worthy ground that a quorum is not present Algeria has made progress toward democra- international activities of Little League Base- and make the point of order that a tization and urges the government to engage ball. quorum is not present. in dialogue with all elements of Algerian so- ciety who have renounced violence, in order Mr. McDADE. Mr. Speaker, it is my very The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- great pleasure to rise today in support of Sen- to further democracy and promote the rule ant to clause 5, rule I, and the Chair’s of law; ate Concurrent Resolution 37 which I wrote, prior announcement, further proceed- (7) urges the United States Government to on behalf of Little League Baseball, Incor- ings on this motion will be postponed. continue to work closely with the Govern- porated. The point of no quorum is considered ment of Algeria to bring about the develop- I'd like to thank my good friend, the gen- withdrawn. ment and implementation of political and tleman from New Jersey, Mr. SMITH, for bring- f economic reforms as well as the full restora- ing this resolution to the floor. I would also like tion of law and order in Algeria; to express my gratitude to the Chairman of the SENSE OF THE HOUSE REGARDING (8) encourages the European Union and the Government of Algeria to further their co- International Relations Committee, Mr. GIL- ONGOING VIOLENCE IN ALGERIA operation against terrorism; and MAN, for moving this measure. I am also grate- Mr. ROYCE. Mr. Speaker, I move to (9) encourages the Algerian Government to ful to Ranking Member LEE HAMILTON and to suspend the rules and agree to the reso- accept the appointment of a Special the 45 bipartisan cosponsors of the House lution (H. Res. 374) expressing the sense Rapporteur by the United Nations or another companion of this resolution which is so im- of the House of Representatives regard- qualified independent organization to con- portant to Little League Baseball. ing the ongoing violence in Algeria, as duct an inquiry into the violations of human As the sponsor of the companion resolution amended. rights in Algeria. in the House and the Representative of the The Clerk read as follows: The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- World Headquarters of Little League, Williams- H. RES. 374 ant to the rule, the gentleman from port, Pennsylvania, I ask that my colleagues Whereas in January 1992 Algeria annulled California (Mr. ROYCE) and the gen- join with me in supporting this resolution which the second round of parliamentary elections; tleman from Florida (Mr. HASTINGS) recognizes the international character of Little Whereas the Islamic Salvation Front each will control 20 minutes. League Baseball. (FIS), which favored the creation of a theo- The Chair recognizes the gentleman Today's Little League Baseball has pro- cratic state, expected to win in those par- from California (Mr. ROYCE). liamentary elections; grams in 85 countries on six continents. It GENERAL LEAVE brings three million young people worldwide Whereas the suspension of the Algerian Mr. ROYCE. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan- together every year to learn the value of team- elections in January 1992 triggered an esca- imous consent that all Members may work and individual responsibility in a setting lation of terrorism; Whereas the Islamic Salvation Army have 5 legislative days within which to of healthy competition. Clearly, Little League (AIS), the armed wing of FIS, started terror- revise and extend their remarks on H. Baseball is international. ist activities in the wake of the annulled However, when the Congress acted in 1964 Res. 374. elections, but has since delcared a unilateral The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. to incorporate Little League Baseball, we ceasefire; BARRETT of Nebraska). Is there objec- failed to foresee that it would one day take the Whereas the Armed Islamic Group (GIA), a tion to the request of the gentleman joys and disciplines of the American game of nonpolitical radical Islamic movement, has from California? baseball to children around the world. Now been responsible for carrying out terrorist There was no objection. that Little League Baseball has gone world- activities, particularly since the AIS cease- Mr. ROYCE. Mr. Speaker, I yield my- wide, it is time that we recognize its inter- fire; Whereas the United States Government self such time as I may consume. national character and activities. has listed the GIA as a foreign terrorist or- (Mr. ROYCE asked and was given per- Without an official imprimatur concerning its ganization; international character, Little League was un- mission to revise and extend his re- Whereas tens of thousands of Algerians marks.) able to get a much-needed exemption from have lost their lives since the onset of the vi- Mr. ROYCE. Mr. Speaker, this resolu- the Value-Added Tax from the Finance Min- olence in 1992, with hundreds estimated to tion makes note of the ongoing crisis istry of the Republic of Poland related to the have lost their lives in the holy month of in Algeria and condemns the horrific cost of building the Little League Baseball Eu- Ramadan that ended in January 1998; Whereas the violence perpetrated by ter- wave of killings there. Throughout the ropean Training Center in Kutno, Poland. De- rorists has become increasingly barbaric, Muslim holy month of Ramadan that spite that setback, Little League has finished leaving thousands of innocent civilians, par- begins on December 30 nearly 1,300 in- Phase I of the Center. Ultimately, the Center ticularly women and children, dead or in- nocent Algerians, including women and will have four little league-sized and three reg- jured; children, were brutally murdered. An- ulation-sized fields, two practice fields, dining Whereas the Government of Algeria has other 100 Algerians were killed earlier and laundry facilities, a dormitory, and a con- not agreed to the establishment of an inter- this month; and, according to the U.S. ference center as well as other athletic facili- national inquiry into the massacres; State Department Human Rights re- ties and administration buildings. Whereas the democratic process has pro- I am delighted to tell my colleagues that the gressed in Algeria despite the current terror- port, 70,000 Algerian men, women and ist activity; and children have been brutally murdered Polish Ministry of Sports and Tourism recently Whereas the United States has a strong in- awarded Little League a generous grant to- during the last 6 years, 70,000. terest in seeing the development of a demo- Much of this crisis in Algeria began ward the cost of a regulation baseball field at cratic and peaceful Algeria: Now, therefore, the facility in Kutno. be it after the annulled 1992 elections. An at- I hope sincerely that the House will pass Resolved, That the House of Representa- tempt at political reform by the gov- this resolution and that the nations of the tives— ernment at the time included the legal- world will recognize Little League's inter- (1) strongly condemns the Armed Islamic ization of opposition political parties. national qualities and extend to them all ap- Group (GIA) and any other terrorist groups One of the parties, the Islamic Salva- responsible for the atrocities being commit- tion Front, or FIS, wanted to create an propriate privileges. ted in Algeria; Let's go to bat for Little League! Islamic state. They were on the brink (2) condemns the perpetrators of violence of a parliamentary victory in January, Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. and other crimes against the fundamental Speaker, I yield back the balance of human rights of Algerians; 1992, when the military forced the my time. (3) urges those who continue to engage in President’s resignation and annulled Mr. LUTHER. Mr. Speaker, likewise, violence and the fundamental abuse of the election. The banned FIS has since I yield back the balance of my time. human rights to discontinue such activity; renounced its violence, but a new H2358 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 group, the radical Armed Islamic the death of his father. The funeral was whose father passed. I regret very Group, or GIA, is a terrorist group that this morning, and he is expected back much that Mr. CHABOT, who was the neither the FIS nor the government in Washington later today. spearhead for our resolution, is unable can control. Mr. CHABOT. Mr. Speaker, I want to thank to be here. These radical Islamic insurgents, the distinguished Chairman of the Africa sub- Mr. Speaker, I rise today to express many of whom were trained and fought committee, the gentleman from California, Mr. my continued support for H. Res. 374 in Afghanistan, call themselves holy ROYCE, for his exemplary leadership. He and offered in response to the ongoing spi- warriors and believe that during holy the top-notch staff of the subcommittee have ral of violence in Algeria. That vio- periods like Ramadan their barbarism worked tirelessly to ensure that human rights lence was very adequately described by will be doubly blessed by God. Some of issues in all of Africa are adequately ad- the gentleman from California (Mr. the arbitrary and radical decrees of the dressed by the Congress. ROYCE) and I thank him for that and GIA state that women who pursue for- I want to express a special thank you to the will expedite my remarks in that re- mal education or fail to wear a veil are chief co-sponsor of this resolution, my good gard. infidels deserving of having their friend from Florida, ALCEE HASTINGS. Mr. Pointedly, this legislation strongly throats cut. But this violence really HASTINGS has provided invaluable counsel and condemns those who continue to per- extends to any Algerian who fails to assistance during this process and I very petrate acts of violence and other join with the GIA. Combating this fa- much appreciate the hard work of he and his crimes against humanity and viola- naticism has taxed the Algerian gov- very able staff. tions of fundamental human rights. ernment. I also want to thank the gentleman from Mr. Speaker, the situation in Algeria Despite this crisis, Algeria has made New Jersey, Mr. PAYNE, the Ranking Member, is not only an internal problem but one some progress toward building democ- Mr. MENENDEZ, and the gentleman from Cali- that should concern the world. These racy, even with the random violence fornia, Mr. ROHRABACHER, for their invaluable acts of violence continue to target in- that is bleeding the country. Among contributions to this bi-partisan resolution. nocent civilians. As the torture contin- the positive measures is a new law that Mr. Speaker, tens of thousands of Algeri- ues, relatives of the so-called dis- would extend the political and social ansÐmany of them women and childrenÐ appeared are still wondering if their rights of Algerian women. have lost their lives since violent terrorist at- loved ones are dead or alive. Children Yet the Algerian government has tacks began in 1992. Hundreds more perished continue to be hacked to death; and, been sharply criticized for human during the holy month of Ramadan that ended very recently, as the gentleman from rights abuses and its inability to pre- just a few weeks ago. As many as 120 peo- California pointed out, it has been re- vent these terrorist attacks. Because of pleÐincluding 32 children under the age of ported that women have been raped be- these concerns and the sheer scale of 2Ðwere killed by axe-wielding assailants dur- fore their throats are cut; and even a the killing, pressure has been building ing the last weekend in March. four-month-old baby was slaughtered. on the Algerian government to allow This resolution strongly condemns the per- Mr. Speaker, 6 years of this tragedy international observers to investigate petratorsÐthe Armed Islamic Group, or GIA, have left tens of thousands of civilians the massacres. In mid-January, the Eu- and any other terrorist groups responsible for dead. Six years of violence is too long ropean Union was permitted to send a the atrocities committed in Algeria, and urges for us to remain silent to this vast delegation of junior ministers to Alge- those who continue to engage in violence and human rights crisis which has sporadi- ria, but the dialogue was limited. More the fundamental abuse of human rights to dis- cally grabbed international attention. needs to be done. continue such activity immediately. We, as legislators, truly are, here in Recently, the Algerian government The legislation, while acknowledging that our House, democratic leaders of the arrested two mayors and 10 other local the Government of Algeria has made progress world. officials for suspected involvement in toward democratization, calls on the Govern- We must also heed the call of the the massacre of civilians. Religious ment to take all necessary and legal steps to world’s citizens who are seeking peace and ethnic disputes as well as at- prevent violence and stop it once it occurs, and social justice, which are the prin- tempted extortion were cited as rea- and encourages the Government to cooperate ciples that we adhere to, those prin- sons for the alleged killings. While with the international community to ensure ciples being life, liberty and the rule of some see these arrests as evidence of transparency in the combating of terrorist ac- law, and we have to do that whether it government involvement in the mas- tivity. is in Algeria or in Bosnia or Rwanda. sacres, others see the arrests as a posi- Additionally, H. Res. 374 encourages the Thus, Mr. Speaker, we cannot continue tive indication of the government European Union and the Government of Alge- to turn a blind eye to the plight of fighting killers wherever and whom- ria to further their mutual cooperation against these Algerian victims. ever they may be, an effort that we terrorism. And, at the suggestion of Mr. Mr. Speaker, I recognize the efforts need to encourage. MENENDEZ, encourages the Algerian Govern- of the Algerian government in provid- Offers of humanitarian assistance to ment to accept the appointment of a Special ing housing and financial support for the victims of this tragedy have been Rapporteur by the United Nations or another displaced people and encourage them made to the Algerian government. So qualified independent organization, to conduct to continue to build on existing co- far, they have been rejected. This reso- an inquiry into the violations of human rights operation with humanitarian organiza- lution cites assistance that could be in Algeria. tions, as the gentleman has pointed out provided to the Algerian people in their Mr. Speaker, I want to again thank the dis- and has been offered. time of need. Given the arrests of local tinguished Chairman of the Africa Subcommit- I also acknowledge that Algeria has officials, maybe the Algerian govern- tee, Mr. ROYCE, as well our esteemed Chair- made some modicum of progress to- ment will reconsider its opposition to man of the full International Relations Commit- ward a multi-party democracy and to- outside assistance. The United States tee, Mr. GILMAN, for their support in this effort. ward a freer press, and it is rather en- has an interest in seeing an end to the I believe it is a very timely resolution. I hope couraging to see that Algerian authori- suffering and the building of democ- it will be helpful in bringing an end to the ties have begun to allow some Algerian racy in Algeria. senseless tragedies. And I urge my colleagues newspapers to publish reports for the Mr. Speaker, I would like to thank to support it. first time. However, I would like to en- my colleagues on the Subcommittee on I urge adoption of the resolution. courage the Algerian government Africa for their work on addressing the Mr. ROYCE. Mr. Speaker, I reserve under international law to allow and to Algerian crisis. We held a hearing in the balance of my time. cooperate with a fact-finding mission February in which we heard differing Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Mr. by the United Nations special views of this situation. That hearing Speaker, I yield myself such time as I rapporteur. This would be an initial helped two Members craft this resolu- may consume. step to address the situation and to en- tion, the gentleman from Ohio (Mr. Mr. Speaker, first let me thank the sure long-term transparency and scru- CHABOT) and the gentleman from Flor- gentleman from California (Mr. ROYCE) tiny. ida (Mr. ALCEE HASTINGS). and offer my condolences to my col- Mr. Speaker, the situation in Algeria Unfortunately, Mr. CHABOT of Ohio league and cosponsor of this resolution, is not something abstract. It is all could not be with us at this time due to the gentleman from Ohio (Mr. CHABOT) about saving lives. I believe that this April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2359 particular course of action that we em- b 1515 leagues to make a positive statement bark on here today will assist in ending In conclusion, we must not confuse on the crisis in Algeria at this crucial the ongoing conflicts in Algeria, and I the nonviolent Islamists with Islamic time in this country’s history. would urge the Chair and other Mem- fundamentalism. I think that this po- Mr. MENENDEZ. Mr. Speaker, violence has bers, particularly of the Subcommittee litical war to win at all costs has alien- become an integral part of life in AlgeriaÐit on Africa, to consider visiting Algeria ated the very people on whose behalf consumes the country and it has temporarily under appropriate circumstances so the struggle was designed to help. derailed the future of what should be a vibrant that we may firsthand work in co- Let me once again thank the gen- Nation, politically and economically. Since operation with the necessary medi- tleman from Ohio (Mr. CHABOT) and the 1992, as many as 80,000 people have died ation that might come by way of inter- gentleman from Florida (Mr. HASTINGS) and thousands of others have been injured. national involvement. for trying to constructively deal with While socio-economic development will help I urge my colleagues to support this this crisis. the people of Algeria rebuild their lives, the resolution. Mr. ROYCE. Mr. Speaker, I yield government must also commit itself to stop- Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of such time as he may consume to the ping the massacres. The recent arrests of my time. distinguished chairman of the Commit- local officials and commanders of pro-govern- Mr. ROYCE. Mr. Speaker, I yield as tee on International Relations, the ment militia groups in Algeria on charges of much time as he may consume to the carrying out massacres of civilians gives gentleman from New York (Mr. GIL- gentleman from New Jersey (Mr. cause to those of us who have called for inde- MAN). PAYNE). (Mr. GILMAN asked and was given pendent rapporteur to address the situation in (Mr. PAYNE asked and was given permission to revise and extend his re- Algeria. permission to revise and extend his re- In March, the Congressional Human Rights marks.) marks.) Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, since our Caucus sent a letter to Secretary Albright in Mr. PAYNE. Mr. Speaker, let me which we asked that the United States intro- commend the chairman of the Sub- committee marked up this resolution earlier this month, scores of Algerians, duce a resolution a the U.N. Commission on committee on Africa for the outstand- Human Rights to appoint a Special Rapporteur ing work that he has done, and I rise in mostly civilians, have been killed in a barbaric civil war. Last night, Mr. for Algeria. Unfortunately, the United States support of H. Res. 374. decided against offering such a resolution. I am disappointed that, after gaining Speaker, 40 Algerians had their throats cut by fundamentalist rebels. The mas- This resolution does call for such a rapporteur. independence from France many years The United States and the international sacre coincided with the feast of the ago, Algeria is again plagued with community have attempted to reach out to Al- Moslem New Year. some of the same old travesty. After geria, to offer assistance and guidance, but colonialism ended in 1962, the French The horror of this violence is un- imaginable. Since 1992, over 65,000 Al- they have been largely rebuked. did little to prepare Algeria for inde- While the Algerian Government has made gerians have been killed. It is vital pendence. When the French left, progress and increased transparency through that the Congress speak out on this mosques were reopened, people started the recent arrests, Algeria's efforts to handle issue. The resolution before us today I learning Arabic again and feeling good this crisis have been largely ineffective. think sends the right message, Mr. about the religion of Islam. Progress will require Algeria opening up to the Speaker. This resolution rightly calls While this past year marked the first world. This means allowing the U.N. and other on the Government of Algeria to allow legislative and local election since 1992, bodies to look at what is happening inside Al- neutral, independent international in- it also turned into the bloodiest year in geria. Since the fundamentalists are account- vestigators to examine the violence the longstanding political strife of able to no one, the onus for action, by neces- that has racked Algeria since 1992. power. As we look back, the cancelling sity lies with the Algerian government. or annulling of the elections may not There should be no mistake, my col- Only the Algerian Government can start the have seemed to be the right course of leagues, that the thrust of this resolu- process which will make 1998 the last year of action. However, it should be noted tion is to strongly condemn the Armed bloodshed and the first year in many of peace, that the desire to maintain Islamic Islamic Group and the other terrorists stability and reconciliation in Algeria. domination and to radically change the inside Algeria who have slaughtered, in I want to thank my colleagues for offering food and clothing habits of the people a barbaric fashion, tens of thousands of this resolution. was thwarted by most of Algerian citi- innocent Algerians. There is no place Mr. ROYCE. Mr. Speaker, I urge the zens in 1992. Yet this explanation can in this world for such atrocities. adoption of this important resolution, be summed up by saying that the de- Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentleman and I yield back the balance of my mocracy cannot benefit if those that from Ohio (Mr. CHABOT) and the gen- time. desire it want to end it once they are tleman from Florida (Mr. HASTINGS) for The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. in power. bringing the resolution before us BARRETT of Nebraska). The question is It is common knowledge that the today, and in addition, I want to thank on the motion offered by the gen- first armed Islamic groups were orga- the distinguished chairman of the sub- tleman from California (Mr. ROYCE) nized by veterans of the war in Afghan- committee, the gentleman from Cali- that the House suspend the rules and istan and trained in Pakistan. Today, fornia (Mr. ROYCE) and the gentleman agree to the resolution, H. Res. 374, as the GIA still receives weapons and from New Jersey (Mr. MENENDEZ) of amended. money from outside sources including the Subcommittee on Africa, who have The question was taken; and (two- Pakistani Islamists, Iran and Sudan. done such an excellent job of finding thirds having voted in favor thereof) Let me just say that I was disturbed consensus to what could have been the rules were suspended and the reso- by the news of two mayors from neigh- very difficult issues. Again, I thank the lution, as amended, was agreed to. boring towns being arrested for carry- gentleman from Ohio (Mr. CHABOT) for A motion to reconsider was laid on ing out extrajudicial executions. This introducing this resolution, and I urge the table. concerned me because it comes just my colleagues to adopt it. f after the meeting by the United Na- Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Mr. tion’s Human Rights Commission re- Speaker, I yield back the balance of SENSE OF CONGRESS CONGRATU- port that suggests that a special envoy my time. LATING THE FORMER INTER- should go to the region. Mr. ROYCE. Mr. Speaker, I yield my- NATIONAL SUPPORT AND VER- As we seek to formulate U.S. policy self such time as I may consume. IFICATION COMMISSION OF THE toward Algeria, we must remember This is a balanced statement of the ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN that Algeria has helped with the Iran U.S. House of Representatives’ views of STATES hostage crisis in 1982, continues to as- the troubling situation in Algeria. It Mr. GALLEGLY. Mr. Speaker, I sist the resettlement of refugees and takes into consideration the demo- move to suspend the rules and agree to helped with the Iraqi problem in which cratic progress being made by the Alge- the concurrent resolution (H. Con. Res. absolutely no one in the Arab world rian Government, but does not ignore 222) expressing the sense of Congress, would consent to, not even Saudi Ara- human rights concerns involving the congratulating the former Inter- bia at the time. government either. I call on my col- national Support and Verification H2360 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 Commission of the Organization of (Mr. GALLEGLY asked and was mission defends the human rights of American States (OAS-CIAV) for suc- given permission to revise and extend the most vulnerable Nicaraguans and cessfully aiding in the transition of his remarks.) supports local communities in their ef- Nicaragua from a war-ridden state into Mr. GALLEGLY. Mr. Speaker, I rise forts to build independent institutions. a newly formed democracy and provid- in support of H. Con. Res. 222, which Independent institutions are the back- ing continued support through the re- congratulates the OAS for its success- bone of democracy, and we are right to cently created technical cooperation ful CIAV mission in Nicaragua and its support their development. mission (OAS-TCM) which is respon- ongoing technical assistance program I would note, Mr. Speaker, that the sible for helping to stabilize Nica- in that country. Government of Nicaragua still has not raguan democracy by supplementing In 1989 at the conclusion of the dev- appointed a human rights ombudsman, institution building. astating Civil War in Nicaragua, that despite its announcement to do so. The Clerk read as follows: Nation was confronted with the sen- That ombudsman can play a critical sitive task of disarming, repatriating role in institutionalizing respect for H. CON. RES. 222 and resettling members of the former human rights in Nicaragua, and the ap- Whereas the Organization of American ‘‘contra’’ resistance movement back pointment of such an ombudsman States International Support and Verifica- tion Commission (OAS–CIAV) was estab- into the Nicaraguan society. would send a clear signal that the gov- lished August 7, 1989, for the purpose of over- Recognizing the need for help in car- ernment is committed to the protec- seeing assisting in the repatriation, disar- rying out this effort, the Government tion of human rights. Nevertheless, Mr. mament, resettlement, and protection of of Nicaragua asked the OAS for help. Speaker, this resolution deserves our human rights of the Nicaraguan resistance On August 7, 1989, the International support, and I urge my colleagues to and their families; Support and Verification Commission, join me in voting yes on this important Whereas the OAS-CIAV, successfully de- better known as CIAV, was created by measure. mobilized 22,500 members of the Nicaraguan the OAS General Assembly. Over the Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance resistance and distributed food and humani- tarian assistance to more than 119,000 repa- next 7 years, the OAS–CIAV mission, of my time. triated Nicaraguans prior to July 1991; with financial support from the United Mr. GALLEGLY. Mr. Speaker, I yield Whereas the OAS–CIAV successfully inves- States, helped demobilize over 22,000 such time as he may consume to the tigated and documented more than 1,800 members of the contra organization, gentleman from New York (Mr. GIL- human rights violations, including numerous distributed food and other humani- MAN), the chairman of the Committee murders and presented these cases to Nica- tarian assistance to over 100,000 Nica- on International Relations. raguan authorities, following and advocating raguans, and helped establish some 86 (Mr. GILMAN asked and was given per- justice in each case; ‘‘peace commissions’’ to provide human mission to revise and extend his re- Whereas the OAS–CIAV helped demobilize rights monitoring and conflict resolu- marks.) rearmed contras and Sandinistas, as well as Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I rise in apolitical criminal groups, and recently bro- tion training. kered and mediated the successful May 1997 When the OAS–CIAV mission closed strong support of H. Con. Res. 222. negotiations between the Government of its doors last August, a new, smaller I want to thank the distinguished Nicaragua and the largest rearmed group; successor organization, the technical Subcommittee on the Western Hemi- Whereas the OAS–CIAV created 86 peace cooperation mission, known as TCM, sphere chairman, the gentleman from commissions and has provided assistance and was established. The OAS–TCM focused California (Mr. GALLEGLY), and the extensive training in human rights and al- on 12 of Nicaragua’s most conflictive ranking minority member, the gen- ternative dispute resolution for their mem- rural municipalities and will provide tleman from New York (Mr. ACKER- bers, who are currently mediating conflicts, MAN), for introducing H. Con. Res. 222, including kidnaping and demobilization of civic education, human rights training, rearmed groups, in every municipality of the municipal government development, which will serve as a companion resolu- zones of conflict; and conflict resolution assistance. tion to Senate Con. Res. 40 already Whereas the OAS–CIAV successfully pro- Mr. Speaker, by every account, the passed by the Senate. vided critically needed infrastructure and OAS–CIAV mission was a great success This resolution provides long overdue humanitarian assistance including aid for for both Nicaragua and the OAS itself, recognition to the OAS–CIAV mission Nicaraguan schools, roads, and health clin- and this resolution congratulates the which successfully demobilized 22,500 ics; and OAS–CIAV mission for a job well done. members of the Nicaraguan resistance Whereas a new Organization of American This resolution we are considering after the democratic elections of 1990 States Technical Cooperation Mission (OAS– TCM) has been created to expand upon the was passed unanimously by both the ended the 10-year Marxist-Leninist- mission of the OAS–CIAV by providing insti- Subcommittee on the Western Hemi- Sandinista regime. Led by Santiago tution building resources in municipal gov- sphere and the full Committee on Murray and Sergio Caramagna, the ernment development, social work, and civic International Relations, and is similar CIAV mission helped Nicaraguan peas- education in the twelve most conflictive mu- to a resolution introduced by the chair- ants who had taken up arms against nicipalities in Nicaragua: Now, therefore, be man of the Committee on Foreign Re- the Sandinistas’ one-party dictatorship it lations in the other body and passed by to reintegrate themselves into Nica- Resolved by the House of Representatives (the the full Senate last year. raguan civil society. Senate concurring), That the Congress— I want to thank the chairman and The CIAV mission always maintained (1) commends and congratulates Santiago the highest standards of professional- Murray, the first OAS–CIAV Director, and ranking member of the full committee Sergio Caramagna, the current director of for their support as well as the ranking ism in the conduct of investigations of the OAS–TCM, and all members of the OAS– member of the subcommittee, the gen- human rights abuses against some of CIAV and OAS–TCM team for their tireless tleman from New York (Mr. ACKERMAN) Nicaragua’s poorest and least rep- defense of human rights, promotion of peace- and cosponsors, the gentleman from resented people. The CIAV mission ful conflict resolution, and contribution to North Carolina (Mr. BALLENGER) and members earned the respect of all of the development of freedom and democracy the gentleman from New Jersey (Mr. the resistance fighters, and when in Nicaragua; and MENENDEZ), and I urge passage of the former resistance members took up (2) expresses its support for the continu- arms to press demands with the Nica- ation of the role of the OAS–TCM in Nica- concurrent resolution. ragua. Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of raguan Government, the CIAV officials my time. acted with great skill and bravery on The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- Mr. LUTHER. Mr. Speaker, I yield numerous occasions to negotiate ant to the rule, the gentleman from myself such time as I may consume. peaceful resolutions to highly explo- California (Mr. GALLEGLY) and the gen- Mr. Speaker, I support this resolu- sive situations. tleman from Minnesota (Mr. LUTHER) tion, and I commend the gentleman Mr. Speaker, it is notable that the each will control 20 minutes. from New York (Mr. ACKERMAN) and CIAV mission, with limited resources, The Chair recognizes the gentleman the gentleman from California (Mr. worked with church groups to create from California (Mr. GALLEGLY). GALLEGLY) for introducing it. peace and justice commissions to carry Mr. GALLEGLY. Mr. Speaker, I yield Like the OAS verification mission on the conflict resolution and civil so- myself such time as I may consume. before it, the technical cooperation ciety building work which the CIAV April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2361 began. The follow-on OAS technical Whereas the main opposition party, the Mr. Speaker, I again want to con- mission continues to nurture these im- People’s National Congress (PNC) has al- gratulate all the peoples and the na- portant civil society groups in the leged that the elections were not free and tions of the hemisphere who have held most isolated and violent parts of Nica- fair; and free and fair elections over the past few Whereas although international observers ragua. such as the Organization of American States months, and commend the gentleman Additionally, I want to take the op- (OAS), the Commonwealth, and the Inter- from New Jersey (Mr. PAYNE) my good portunity to urge the Government of national Foundation of Electoral Systems friend, for introducing this resolution, Nicaragua to move to name a profes- (IFES) have unanimously agreed, based on and I urge its adoption by the House. sional, credible individual to serve as their observations on election day, that the Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of that country’s human rights ombuds- polling process was free and fair, it has been my time. man. This is important, since the alleged that violations occurred in the Mr. LUTHER. Mr. Speaker, I yield downsized successor to the OAS–CIAV counting process, necessitating an audit of myself such time as I may consume, the elections by the Caribbean Community and I rise in support of this resolution. has ceased providing independent (CARICOM): Now, therefore, be it human rights reporting. Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Mr. Speaker, I support this resolu- Mr. ACKERMAN. Mr. Speaker, House Con- Senate concurring), That the Congress— tion and I commend the gentleman current Resolution 222 commends the Organi- (1) congratulates the people of Guyana for from New Jersey (Mr. PAYNE) for intro- zation of American States for its role in suc- holding multiparty presidential elections by ducing it. After the elections in De- cessfully aiding the transition of Nicaragua proportional representation; cember, the situation in Guyana from Civil War to democracy. (2) supports the audit of the elections by looked grim. Many political actors the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), an Mr. Speaker, the OAS role in Nicaragua has threatened violence and threatened to organization deemed acceptable to all par- ignore the outcome of the elections. proven to be invaluable. The international sup- ties; port and verification commission has resettled (3) calls on all parties and opposition lead- The intervention of the Caribbean former combatants; distributed food and hu- ers to respect the outcome of the audit as Community averted what could have manitarian assistance; and investigated and the final decision and make a vow to peace been a very violent situation. documented human rights abuses. In addition, and stability in Guyana; and But, Mr. Speaker, democracy in Guy- the OAS±CIAV brokered negotiations between (4) calls on the newly elected president of ana has a long way to go and this reso- the Government of Nicaragua and the re- the Co-operative Republic of Guyana to re- lution recognizes that. All parties in spect the rule of law and human rights. armed groups; provided critically needed infra- Guyana must recognize the rule of law structure; and established local peace com- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- and human rights if democracy is going missions to provide an avenue for alternative ant to the rule, the gentleman from to overcome years of ethnic and ra- dispute resolution. California (Mr. GALLEGLY) and the gen- cially charged politics, and we are Clearly, Santiago Murray and Sergio tleman from Minnesota (Mr. LUTHER) right to call on them to do that. Caramagna are to be commended for their each will control 20 minutes. This resolution deserves our support, work as are all the members of the OAS± The Chair recognizes the gentleman and I urge my colleagues to join me in CIAV team and the follow-on OAS technical from California (Mr. GALLEGLY). voting ‘‘yes’’ on this important meas- cooperation mission. These dedicated profes- Mr. GALLEGLY. Mr. Speaker, I yield ure. sionals have labored long and hard to ease myself such time as I may consume. Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of the journey as Nicaragua consolidates its de- (Mr. GALLEGLY asked and was my time. mocracy. given permission to revise and extend Mr. GALLEGLY. Mr. Speaker, I yield I want to thank and commend the chairman his remarks.) such time as he may consume to the for introducing the resolution and I urge my Mr. GALLEGLY. Mr. Speaker, I rise gentleman from New York (Mr. GIL- colleagues to support the resolution. in support of H. Con. Res. 215. During MAN), the chairman of the Committee Mr. GALLEGLY. Mr. Speaker, I yield the congressional recess from October on International Relations. back the balance of my time. of last year until February 1998, several (Mr. GILMAN asked and was given The SPEAKER pro tempore. The nations in the Western Hemisphere, in- permission to revise and extend his re- question is on the motion offered by cluding Honduras, Columbia, Jamaica, marks.) the gentleman from California (Mr. Costa Rica and Chile, held important Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I am GALLEGLY) that the House suspend the Presidential, congressional, or munici- pleased to rise in support of H. Con. rules and agree to the concurrent reso- pal elections. These elections rep- Res. 215. First, I would like to thank lution, H. Con. Res. 222. resented another important step in the the distinguished gentleman from Cali- The question was taken; and (two- consolidation of democracy in the fornia (Mr. GALLEGLY) chairman of the thirds having voted in favor thereof) Americas. All of these nations deserve Subcommittee on the Western Hemi- the rules were suspended and the con- our congratulations and support. sphere, and the gentleman from Min- current resolution was agreed to. One of those elections and subject to nesota (Mr. LUTHER) who is managing A motion to reconsider was laid on this bill was held on December 15 of the bill for the minority on this meas- the table. last year when the people of Guyana ure today. Mr. Speaker, I also would like to f went to the polls and elected their new President. H. Con. Res. 215 was intro- thank the gentleman from New Jersey CONGRATULATING THE PEOPLE duced by our colleague, the gentleman (Mr. PAYNE) and the gentleman from OF THE COOPERATIVE REPUBLIC from New Jersey (Mr. PAYNE) and con- Georgia (Mr. BISHOP) for submitting H. OF GUYANA FOR HOLDING gratulates the 88 percent of the voters Con. Res. 215. MULTIPARTY ELECTIONS of Guyana who participated in their On December 15, 1997, Guyana held Mr. GALLEGLY. Mr. Speaker, I elections. elections that were judged by inter- move to suspend the rules and agree to By all accounts, these elections were national monitors to be free and fair the concurrent resolution (H. Con. Res. judged to be free and fair by a team of elections. However, opposition parties 215) congratulating the people of the international election observers. De- alleged some serious irregularities. Co-operative Republic of Guyana for spite the fact that some ballot count- This resolution points out that an holding multiparty elections, as ing problems did arise which neces- audit of the elections was requested of amended. sitated an international audit, the the Caribbean Community, CARICOM. The Clerk read as follows: overall election process was a great This resolution also lends support to success. CARICOM’s efforts and urges the com- H. CON. RES. 215 peting political parties in Guyana to b Whereas the people of Guyana voted on De- 1530 respect the outcome of the CARICOM cember 15, 1997, to re-elect the ruling party, Interestingly enough, the new presi- audit. the People’s Progressive Party/Civic (PPP/ Civic); dent, Mrs. Janet Jagan, is a U.S.-born Mr. Speaker, I would like to endorse, Whereas the Guyanese people showed their native of Chicago who succeeds her particularly, the resolution’s call on strong belief in the democratic process by husband, the former president who the elected President of Guyana to re- approximately an 88 percent voter turnout; passed away last year. spect the rule of law and human rights. H2362 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 Accordingly, I support H. Con. Res. 215 position as well as majority, I think Mr. Speaker I applaud efforts of the authors and I thank the gentlemen for bringing that the country will move forward in of this resolution and the people of Guyana in it to our attention at this time. the right direction. I am hopeful that the struggle for greater democracy and urge Mr. LUTHER. Mr. Speaker, I yield it will happen. I wish the new Presi- my colleagues to vote yes on H. Con. Res. such time as he may consume to the dent success once there is the conclu- 215. gentleman from New Jersey (Mr. sion of the audit. Mr. GALLEGLY. Mr. Speaker, I have PAYNE), the author of the resolution. Mr. ACKERMAN. Mr. Speaker, House Con- no further requests for time, and I Mr. PAYNE. Mr. Speaker, I thank current Resolution 215 is a straightforward yield back the balance of my time. the gentleman from Minnesota (Mr. resolution which commends the people of Mr. LUTHER. Mr. Speaker, I yield LUTHER) and the gentleman from Cali- Guyana for conducting what were, by all ac- back the balance of my time. fornia (Mr. GALLEGLY), and also the counts, free and fair elections. The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. gentleman from New York (Chairman An assessment of the voting by the Inter- BARRETT of Nebraska). The question is GILMAN) chairman of the full commit- national Foundation for Election Systems indi- on the motion offered by the gen- tee, for the outstanding work that they cates that election day went very smoothly, tleman from California (Mr. GALLEGLY) have done in this issue which is very that poll workers were professional, that rela- that the House suspend the rules and important to me. tions between the poll workers and poll watch- agree to the concurrent resolution, H. Mr. Speaker, I am very concerned, ers from the major parties were cordial, and Con. Res. 215, as amended. and have been, about events in Guyana, turnout was very high. The question was taken; and (two- a wonderful place where the people de- The problems began after the polls closed thirds having voted in favor thereof) serve better. when it became apparent that the poll workers the rules were suspended, the concur- First, let me congratulate the people were not as well trained in the mechanics of rent resolution, as amended, was of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana counting the votes as they were in actually ad- agreed to. for holding multiparty elections on De- ministering the polls. In some instances, the A motion to reconsider was laid on cember 15, 1997. I was saddened to learn elections commission had to reject incomplete the table. tally sheets because they could not determine about the violence that erupted post- f election. Although the Guyanese peo- where the votes had been cast. In addition, ple showed their strong belief in the the reporting of the returns took several days SENSE OF CONGRESS ON 50TH AN- democratic process, as shown by the 88 and caused public unease and suspicion NIVERSARY OF FOUNDING OF percent voter turnout, factions in the which in turn led to unrest and violence. MODERN STATE OF ISRAEL The resolution makes note of these issues; country called for civil disobedience Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I move to commends the Caribbean community for its and there was looting and rioting for suspend the rules and pass the joint offer to audit the results; and urges all parties many days following the elections. resolution (H.J. Res. 102) expressing to respect the outcome of the audit, and to In January between 15,000 and 20,000 the sense of the Congress on the occa- work for peace and stability in Guyana by sup- people were rioting in the streets. I sion of the 50th anniversary of the porting the rule of law and respecting human know that Janet Jagan of the People’s founding of the modern State of Israel Progressive Party/Civic, PPP/C, won by rights. Mr. Speaker, I want to thank and commend and reaffirming the bonds of friendship a small majority. Nevertheless, a win our colleagues Congressmen PAYNE and and cooperation between the United is a win, and the majority has a right BISHOP, for introducing the resolution, and States and Israel. to rule with minority having the right Chairman GALLEGLY for moving forward with The Clerk read as follows: to participate. the bill. H.J. RES. 102 Opposition political parties and I urge my colleagues to support the resolu- Whereas on November 29, 1947, the United international observers invited to mon- tion. Nations General Assembly voted to partition itor the elections concluded that while Ms. CHRISTIAN-GREEN. Mr. Speaker, I the British Mandate of Palestine, and the voting on election day was fair and rise today in support of H. Con. Res. 215, and through that vote, to create the State of free, there were some concerns with join its sponsors in congratulating the people Israel; Whereas on May 14, 1948, the people of the counting of the votes. The results of Guyana for holding multiparty elections. have since been challenged and an Israel proclaimed the establishment of the Mr. Speaker, the people of the Caribbean sovereign and independent State of Israel audit of the votes and the process have have long led the way in Latin America in the been started by the Caribbean Commu- and the United States Government estab- practice of free and fair elections. Even before lished full diplomatic relations with Israel; nity, CARICOM, an organization Jamaica and Trinidad gained their independ- Whereas the desire of the Jewish people to deemed acceptable to all parties in ence from Great Britain in the early 1960's, establish an independent modern State of that country. the islands, for the most part, generally were Israel is the outgrowth of the existence of However suspicious the confusion in engaged in the practice of freely electing their the historic Kingdom of Israel established the election commission, however local political leaders. three thousand years ago in the city of Jeru- wrong the opposition feels, mob vio- In addition to Guyana, 1997 also saw free salem and in the land of Israel; Whereas one century ago at the First Zion- lence does not address any of these and fair elections in Jamaica and in St. Lucia. issues. I will be anxious, as I am sure ist Congress on August 29 to 31, 1897, in In my District, the U.S. Virgin Islands, we have Basel, Switzerland, participants under the all of us will be, to hear of the results been electing our Governors since 1970 and leadership of Theodore Herzl affirmed the de- of the audit. At that time I believe we our local Legislative council since the early sire to reestablish a Jewish homeland in the can move forward with the president 1900's. historic land of Israel; on a number of issues. While I support the resolution before us, I Whereas the establishment of the modern In conclusion, I would hope that all must caution that the process of the 1997 State of Israel as a homeland for the Jews parties, along with the newly elected Guyana election is still ongoing. followed the slaughter of more than six mil- president of the Cooperative Republic I commend the people of Guyana and the lion European Jews during the Holocaust; of Guyana, will respect the rule of law other Caribbean governments for their deci- Whereas since its establishment fifty years ago, the modern State of Israel has rebuilt a and human rights. I know that in Afri- sion to let representatives of CARICOM con- nation, forged a new and dynamic society, ca the newly elected president of Libe- duct an audit of the 97 Guyana Presidential and created a unique and vital economic, po- ria, Charles Taylor, has appointed elections and I call on all concerned to await litical, cultural, and intellectual life despite members of the opposition faction in the outcome of the audit. the heavy costs of six wars, terrorism, inter- his country to create a human rights Last Friday, my colleagues DONALD PAYNE, national ostracism, and economic boycotts; organization. I would hope that Presi- the prime sponsor of this resolution, Rep- Whereas the people of Israel have estab- dent Janet Jagan would extend her resentative MAJOR OWENS and our newest col- lished a vibrant and functioning pluralistic democratic political system including free- government offices to all of the people league, Congresswoman BARBARA LEE, hosted dom of speech, a free press, free and fair and of Guyana, and in particular the Afri- a breakfast meeting with the Secretary Gen- open elections, the rule of law, and other can-Guyanese descent that felt that eral of CARICOM. It was a very informative democratic principles and practices; the election did not go right. meeting and I believe, will serve as the basis Whereas, at great social and financial Mr. Speaker, I think that if she for a closer relationship between members of costs, Israel has absorbed hundreds of thou- brings in all of the political parties, op- this body and CARICOM. sands of Jews from countries throughout the April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2363 world, many of them refugees from Arab 1948, Israel became a sovereign state just say no one in this body has been a countries, and fully integrated them into and the United States, under President more steadfast supporter of the demo- Israeli society; Harry Truman, recognized that state. cratic state of Israel than Chairman Whereas for half a century the United States and Israel have maintained a special ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE SPEAKER PRO TEMPORE GILMAN, who through the years, with relationship based on mutually shared demo- The SPEAKER pro tempore. The action after action, has demonstrated cratic values, common strategic interests, Chair would remind the guests in the his profound commitment to this and moral bonds of friendship and mutual re- gallery that they are guests of the democratic friend and ally of the spect; and House and please keep their conversa- United States and to the ultimate goal Whereas the American people have shared tions to a minimum. of that democratic friend and ally, the an affinity with the people of Israel and re- Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, within 11 securing of a permanent and stable gard Israel as a strong and trusted ally and minutes of that recognition, President an important strategic partner: Now, there- peace in the region. Harry Truman recognized the State of fore, be it Mr. Speaker, I would like to first Israel. According to the Jewish cal- Resolved by the Senate and House of Rep- briefly discuss the essence of my reso- endar, that anniversary will be cele- resentatives of the United States of America in lution. We here in the Congress are Congress assembled, That the United States— brated this week. (1) recognizes the historic significance of The modern state of Israel was re- congratulating the modern state of the fiftieth anniversary of the reestablish- born after thousands of years thanks to Israel, which is the outgrowth of the ment of the sovereign and independent mod- the leadership and years of dedicated existence of the historic Kingdom of ern State of Israel; commitment by Theodore Herzl and Israel established thousands of years (2) commends the people of Israel for their hundreds and thousands of men and ago in the City of Jerusalem and in the remarkable achievements in building a new land of Israel. state and a pluralistic democratic society in women who, sharing his vision, worked the Middle East in the face of terrorism, hos- tirelessly to make that dream a re- The establishment of the modern tility and belligerence by many of her neigh- ality. State of Israel 50 years ago followed bors; The reestablished state of Israel be- the slaughter of more than 6 million (3) reaffirms the bonds of friendship and co- came a homeland for Jews who sur- Jews in the concentration camps and operation which have existed between the vived Hitler’s slaughter, as well as gas Chambers of Europe. United States and Israel for the past half- those who fled Arab lands as well as century and which have been significant for others in which they had been per- Since being created as a tiny nation both countries; and on a tiny piece of land with a popu- (4) extends the warmest congratulations secuted. Despite all of those difficul- ties, Israel has absorbed hundreds of lation of some 600,000, the modern state and best wishes to the State of Israel and her of Israel has rebuilt a nation, forged a people for a peaceful and prosperous and suc- thousands of Jews over the past five cessful future. decades, and has become a thriving new and dynamic society, created a The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- multicultural democracy that holds a unique and vital economic political, ant to the rule, the gentleman from special place as a strong ally of our cultural and intellectual life, despite New York (Mr. GILMAN) and the gen- own Nation. mind-boggling costs of six wars started tleman from California (Mr. LANTOS) The special relationship that we in against it, continuing terrorism, inter- each will control 20 minutes. our Nation share with Israel is based national ostracism and severe eco- The Chair recognizes the gentleman on democratic values, common strate- nomic boycotts. from New York (Mr. GILMAN). gic interests and moral bonds of friend- GENERAL LEAVE ship and mutual respect. Israel is a b 1545 Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask strong and trusted friend and is an im- unanimous consent that all Members portant strategic partner. The people of Israel have established may have 5 legislative days within Mr. Speaker, H.J. Res. 102 therefore a vibrant, functioning, pluralistic which to revise and extend their re- recognizes the historic significance of democratic system which cherishes the marks on this measure. the 50th anniversary of the reestablish- right of free speech, free press, free and The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there ment of the sovereign and independent fair and open elections, the rule of law, objection to the request of the gen- modern state of Israel. The resolution and all the democratic practices of a tleman from New York? commends the people of Israel for their free society. There was no objection. remarkable achievements despite the During the 50 years of its existence, Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I yield terrorism, the hostility and bellig- this young State absorbed well over a myself such time as I may consume. erence by many of its neighbors. million refugees from throughout the This legislation reaffirms the bonds (Mr. GILMAN asked and was given world, ranging from Ethiopia to the permission to revise and extend his re- of friendship and cooperation which former Soviet Union and integrated marks.) have existed between our Nation and these people fully into the very fabric Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, H. Res. Israel for the past half century and of Israeli society. 102 expresses the sense of the Congress which have been significant for both on the occasion of the 50th anniversary nations. The resolution also extends For a half a century, the United of the founding of the modern State of our warmest congratulations and best States and Israel have maintained a Israel. It reaffirms the bonds of friend- wishes to the state of Israel and to her special and unique relationship based ship and cooperation between our Na- people for a peaceful, prosperous and on mutually shared democratic values, tion and the State of Israel. successful future. common strategic interests, and moral I want to commend our colleague on Accordingly, Mr. Speaker, I urge our bonds of friendship and mutual respect. the Committee on International Rela- colleagues’ full support for H.J. Res. The American people have shared an tions, the gentleman from California 102. affinity with the people of Israel and (Mr. LANTOS) for his leadership in spon- Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of regard Israel as a strong and trusted soring this resolution and for his my time. ally and an important strategic part- Mr. LANTOS. Mr. Speaker, I yield unstinting support of the State of ner in the Middle East. Israel over the years. myself such time as I may consume. H. Res. 102 has been cosponsored by Mr. Speaker, let me first acknowl- The resolution we are about to vote more than a majority of our House edge in the gallery the distinguished on recognizes the historic significance Members. Such support is yet another Ambassador of the State of Israel and of the 50th anniversary of the reestab- indication of the special esteem in his party for having joined us for this lishment of the sovereign and inde- which we hold the State of Israel. very significant occasion. pendent modern State of Israel. The Mr. Speaker, over 50 years ago the Mr. Speaker, I want to thank the dis- resolution commends the people of United Nations General Assembly tinguished gentleman from New York Israel for their remarkable achieve- voted to partition the British Mandate (Mr. GILMAN), chairman of the Commit- ments in building a new State and a of Palestine, and through that vote to tee on International Relations, my pluralistic democratic society in the create the State of Israel. On May 14, good friend, for his kind words. Let me Middle East in the face of terrorism, H2364 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 hostility, and belligerence by many of after Israel proclaimed its independ- mal lives are still denied that simple her neighbors. ence. We, in becoming the first nation pleasure. Still, Mr. Speaker, as the new It reaffirms the bonds of friendship to recognize Israel, had one of our century dawns, the world is filled with and cooperation which have existed be- proudest moments. the promise and hope that we can over- tween the United States and Israel for Not only that, Mr. Speaker, but 50 come ancient hatreds to build a mod- a half a century and which have been years later, old Harry Truman looks ern peace for our children. significant and beneficial to both of pretty smart. Look what Israel has From Guatemala to Mozambique and our countries. done. Under a brilliant blue sky, the to Bosnia, and now even to Ireland, Of course, it finally extends our Israelis have built prosperous farms, longtime antagonists have left the bat- warmest congratulations and best planted forests, turned streets of sand tle ground to find common ground. wishes for the State of Israel and for into shining boulevards, raised families They are weary of war. They long for her people for a future of peace, pros- and welcomed the arrival of brothers peace for their children and for their perity, and success. and sisters from Europe and North Af- grandchildren. They move beyond ha- Mr. Speaker, yesterday on the White rica, from Russia and Ethiopia, from tred to hope. House lawn, in a magnificent cere- all over the world. They have dazzled Mr. Speaker, this is a time for rec- mony, President Clinton was awarded the world with their achievements in onciliation around our globe. It must an honorary doctorate from Israel’s science and scholarship and literature be a time to deepen freedom and to leading university, the Hebrew Univer- and art. They have built a thriving de- raise up life in the Middle East. The sity in Jerusalem. mocracy. 21st century can and must be a century During the course of his acceptance Despite the passage of 50 years, of democracy, prosperity, justice, and speech, among others, the President Israelis seem to practice their freedom most of all of peace; but it can only be had these ideas to share with us: I ac- as if they had only just gained it yes- a century of peace if we learn not only cept this honor today, he said, on be- terday. They never seem to cease chal- to respect, but to honor our dif- half of my predecessors, beginning with lenging themselves about their history, ferences. It is in that spirit that I ask Harry Truman, nine American Presi- their relationship with their neighbors, my colleagues to join me in approving dents all devoted to Israel’s security the hard choices for the future. this resolution, commending the State and freedom, all committed to peace in If anyone ever wonders whether there of Israel on its 50th anniversary. the Middle East. I accept it on behalf of is ever a place in the world where you Mr. Speaker, I include the following the American people who have formed, can have freedom and honest vigorous for the record: 24-hour-a-day, 7-day-a-week, 365-day-a- not just an alliance, but a profound REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT AT RECEPTION friendship with the people of Israel year argument, go to Israel. FOR THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF ISRAEL It is truly one of the most pulsating, over these last 50 years. The PRESIDENT. Thank you very much. Mr. Today we celebrate those extraor- vibrant places on the face of this plan- President, Director, all the officials of He- dinary 50 years. In 1948, Israel arose et. Alive with thousands of sounds, brew University. Mr. Vice President, mem- from the seeds of the Diaspora and the prayers in dozens of languages in the bers of the Cabinet, the administration, ashes of the Holocaust. The children of Old City; young people gathered on the members of the Congress. I’d like to espe- avenues of Tel Aviv, computer key- cially thank Dr. Dunn, Dr. Nyang, Dr. Abraham and Sarah, survivors of 2,000 boards tapping; new ventures launched Schorsch, and Richard Dreyfuss and Linda years of exile and persecution, were on the Internet; school children now Lavin for their wonderful contributions to home at last and free at last. conversing in Hebrew, once the lan- this day. To Ambassador and Mrs. Ben- For its founders, the Israeli State Elissar, thank you for being here. To all of guage only of the sacred text, now the was, however, about even more than se- our former ambassadors to the United States voice of an Israeli renaissance. curing a haven for the Jewish people and other distinguished guests from Israel, The economy that has been propelled and my fellow Americans. after centuries of suffering and wander- by all this energy and activity into ing. Isaiah prophesied that Israel would I’d also like to ask that we give a special being one of the most advanced and di- word of appreciation to the people who pro- become a light unto the nations, and versified in the world last year ex- vided all that wonderful music which got us David Ben-Gurion, the first President ported $32 billion worth of goods, 1,000 in the right frame of mind. Thank you very of this new nation, and his allies set times their level of 50 years ago. much. (Applause.) If you could hang around out to make that prophesy come true High-tech companies and high-tech here for a month or two, I think we might by establishing a society of light, em- people. You go to Israel, it looks as if get some things done—you’d keep us all in a very positive frame of mind. bracing what Ben-Gurion called the you cannot be a citizen of Israel unless higher virtues of truth and justice and I am very honored to receive this degree you have a cell phone glued to your from Hebrew University of Jerusalem—hon- compassion. hand. ored because its founders include Chaim Ben-Gurion, Mr. Speaker, believed Israelis have gone a very long way of Weizmann, Martin Buber, Sigmund Freud Israel could lead the world to a better fulfilling the first two pieces of Ben- and Albert Einstein; honored because it is future by marrying the ethical leader- Gurion’s mission. Surely they have now one of the world’s leading centers of ship of the ancients with the discov- built an ethical, democratic society, a learning and research. eries of modern science. I quote him: society which is based on modern I must say, I never expected to be doing this here. Many American universities have ‘‘It is only by the integration of the science and technology. It has endured two that the blessings of both can satellite campuses where working people against unspeakable odds by prevailing like me can obtain degrees at locations near flourish.’’ Of course, he also envisioned again and again in battle. The valor of their homes and offices. (Laughter.) This is a third great achievement for Israel its soldiers and military and political more than I ever could have anticipated. that, with the strength and wisdom and leaders are legendary. (Laughter.) skill, Israel would build a lasting peace But the battle for the third piece of President Magidor, thank you for bringing with its Arab neighbors. Ben-Gurion’s vision, a just and secure this ceremony here so that those of us who Relations between our two nations and lasting peace, is still being waged cannot go to Israel in a couple of days may were born of another leader’s courage share in the celebration of this magnificent and still in blood and tears. Camp 50th birthday. and vision. Harry Truman brushed David brought peace between Israel I accept this honor today on behalf of my aside the urgings of his advisors, as he and Egypt, but it cost Anwar Sadat his predecessors, beginning with Harry Tru- so often did, when they said, go slow, life. man—nine American Presidents all devoted wait and see before offering Israel its On the White House lawn, on a bril- to Israel’s security and freedom, all commit- recognition. liant day in September of 1993, Yitzhak ted to peace in the Middle East. I accept it For Harry Truman, supporting the Rabin committed himself not only to on behalf of the American people who have State of Israel was a moral imperative an agreement with the Palestinians, formed not just an alliance, but a profound rooted in his understanding of the but to a comprehensive peace in the friendship with the people of Israel over these last 50 years. sufferings and the dreams of Jews from Middle East. And how bravely he pur- Today we celebrate that extraordinary 50 Biblical times. As we learned yesterday sued it, but it cost him his life. years. In 1948, Israel arose from the seeds of on the White House lawn, our recogni- Jews and Arabs who have wanted the Diaspora and the ashes of the Holocaust. tion of Israel occurred just 11 minutes nothing more than to live quiet, nor- The children of Abraham and Sara, survivors April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2365 of 2,000 years of exile and persecution, were political leaders like Golda Meir, Moshe moral commitment to keeping people’s home at last and free at last. For its found- Dayan, Yonnie Netanyahu. health among the scientists there. We see ers, the Israeli state was, however, about But the battle for the third piece of Ben- Hebrew University researchers undertaking even more than securing a haven for the Gurion’s vision—a just, secure and lasting efforts in cooperation with Palestinian re- Jewish people after centuries of suffering peace—is still being waged and still in blood searchers in East Jerusalem. One of the par- and wandering. Isaiah prophesied that Israel and tears. Camp David brought piece be- ticipants in the project said, it’s science and would become ‘‘a light unto the nations,’’ tween Israel and Egypt, but it cost Anwar peace together. We know that much more is and David Ben-Gurion and his allies set out Sadat his life. Here on this very spot, on a possible. We must understand that much to make that prophecy come true by estab- brilliant day in September of 1993, Yitzhak more is essential. lishing a society of light, embracing what Rabin committed himself not only to an Fifty years from now the 21st century will Ben-Gurion called the higher virtues of agreement with Mr. Arafat, but to a com- near its midpoint and Israel will have a 100th truth, justice, and compassion. prehensive peace in the Middle East. How birthday celebration. Sure as the world, our Ben-Gurion believed Israel could lead the bravely he pursued it. But it cost him his grandchildren will be hanging around here world to a better future by marrying the eth- life. on this lawn. What do you think they’ll be ical teachings of the ancients with the dis- Jews and Arabs who have wanted nothing able to say? And what will they be celebrat- coveries of modern science. ‘‘It is only by the more than to live quiet, normal lives are ing? It is my dream that on that 100th anni- integration of the two,’’ he wrote, ‘‘that the still denied that simple pleasure. Still as the versary, people from every country in the blessings of both can flourish.’’ Of course, he new century dawns, the world is filled with Middle East will gather in the Holy Land, also envisioned a third great achievement the promise and hope that we can overcome and all the land will be holy to all of them. for Israel that, with strength and wisdom ancient hatreds to build a modern peace for As a Christian, I do not know how God, if and skill, Israel would build a lasting peace our children. He were to come to Earth, would divide the with its Arab neighbors. From Guatemala to Mozambique to Bos- land over which there is dispute now. I sus- As we have heard today, relations between nia, and now even to the land of my ances- pect neither does anyone else in this audi- our two nations were born of another lead- tors in Ireland, longtime antagonists have ence. But I know that if we all pray for the er’s courage and vision. Harry Truman left the battleground to find common wisdom to do God’s will, chances are we will brushed aside the urgings of his advisors, as ground. They are weary of war. They long for find a way to close the gap in the next couple he often did, when they said go slow, wait peace for their children. They move beyond of years between what might be and what is. and see, before offering Israel recognition. hatred to hope. I think that is what we owe the founders of For him, supporting a Jewish homeland was This is a time for reconciliation around the Israel—to finish Ben-Gurion’s dream. a moral imperative rooted in his understand- world. It must be a time to deepen freedom Thank you and God bless you all. (Ap- ing of the sufferings and dreams of the Jews and raise up life in the Middle East. The 21st plause.) from biblical times. And as we learned from century can and must be a century of democ- Richard’s wonderful reading, it occurred just racy, prosperity and justice, and of course, of REMARKS BY VICE PRESIDENT AL GORE—50TH 11 minutes after Israel proclaimed independ- peace. But it can be only if we learn not only ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION FOR ISRAEL ence. We, in becoming the first country to to respect, but to honor our differences. The Thank you all so very much for those pro- recognize Israel, had one of our proudest mo- Middle East can build on the momentous found and moving words. ments. (Applause.) achievements of its Nobel Prize winners— It is a privilege to be here with you today. Not only that, 50 years later, old Harry Begin and Sadat, Arafat, Peres and Rabin— A half century ago, on a morning bursting Truman looks pretty smart. (Laughter.) so that all its children may grow up without with the promise of spring, a small group of Look what Israel has done. Under a bril- fear. rabbis and statesmen, workers and kibbutzim, liant blue sky, the Israelis have built pros- In a land holy to three great religions, sa- dreamers, soldiers and survivors gathered at perous farms and kibitzes, planted forests, cred sites for Islam, Judaism and Christian- the Tel Aviv Museum, under a portrait of turned streets of sand into shining boule- ity exist side by side. If there is so much his- Theodore Herzl—and listened as the wise and vards, raised families and welcomed the ar- tory there, the children of all that history brave David Ben-Gurion read the Scroll of rival of brothers and sisters from Europe and should be able to live together. Independence: ‘‘By virtue of our national and North Africa, from Russia and Ethiopia, and Again and again, extremists have sought intrinsic right,’’ he said, ‘‘we hereby declare America. Israelis have dazzled the world to derail peace with bullets and bombs. the establishment of a Jewish state in Pal- with achievements in science and scholar- Again and again, they demonstrate the real estine, which shall be known as the State of ship, in literature and the art. They have divisions today are not between Jews and Israel.’’ built a thriving democracy. Arabs, but between those stuck in the past Thus—quietly and triumphantly—a sov- And despite the passage of 50 years, and those who long for a better future; be- ereign Israel at last had been born in the Israelis seem to love and practice their free- tween those paralyzed by hatred and those promised land. And only eleven minutes dom as if they had only just gained it. They energized by hope; those who stand with later, a daring Harry S Truman became the never seem to cease challenging themselves clenched fists and those who reach out with very first among world leaders to recognize about their history, their relationship with open hands. We cannot let the extremists the newly-proclaimed Jewish state. their neighbors, the hard choices for the fu- prevail. Israel can fulfill its full promise by Today we gather as one nation to give ture. If anyone ever wonders whether there drawing on the courage and vision of its thanks for the fiftieth anniversary of this re- is ever a place in the world where you can founders to achieve peace with security. markable moment of hope and history. have freedom and honest, vigorous, 24-hour- Never has the opportunity been more real But in a larger sense, we gather today not a-day, seven-day-a-week, 365-day-a-year ar- and it must not be lost. just to celebrate Israel’s independence—but gument, go to Israel. (Laughter and Ap- You know, I was sitting here on the stage to give thanks for the miracle of her sur- plause.) today listening to everything that was said vival; for the history of Israel and the Jewish It is truly one of the most pulsating, vi- and thinking of all the great gifts that Israel people is the story of the redemption and brant places on Earth—alive with thousands has given the United States. In 1963, 35 years freedom of all oppressed peoples everywhere. of sounds, prayers in dozens of languages in ago this year, when Israel was still a young For more than four millenia, Judaism has the Old City; young people gathered on the nation and President Kennedy was killed, struggled over four continents and six civili- avenues of Tel Aviv, computer keyboards your then-United Nations Ambassador, Mr. zations. After enslavement by the Pharaohs, tapping; new ventures launched on the Inter- Eban, gave an enormous gift to the Amer- wandering in Canaan, destruction in Judah, net; school children now conversing in He- ican people in all of our pain by putting in captivity in Babylon; after the strife of the brew, once the language only of sacred text one short, terse sentence how we all felt Maccabeans, oppression by the Romans; as now the voice of an Israeli renaissance. And when he said, tragedy is the difference be- children of the ghetto in the Middle ages, as the economy has been propelled by all this tween what is and what might have been. As victims of the camps, Judaism has survived. energy and activity into being one of the we look ahead to tomorrow, let us define tri- And—my friends—Israel survives. most advanced and diversified in the world— umph by turning his formula on its head. It survives because of the ingenuity and per capita income now matching nations in Triumph is when there is no difference be- foresight of men and women with names like Europe; exports last year were $32 billion tween what might have been and what (Ap- David Ben-Gurion and Chaim Weizmann and dollars, 1,000 times their level in 1948. plause.) Golda Meir; Shimon Peres, Yitzhak and Leah Hi-tech companies, hi-tech people. You go Let us in the United States say that we Rabin, and Yonni and Bibi Netanyahu. to Israel, it looks as if you can’t be a citizen will stand by Israel, always foursquare for It survives and is nurtured every day by of Israel unless you have a cell phone glued its security, always together in friendship, the morality of the Torah, the social justice to your hand. (Laughter.) Yes, Israelis have but we want this debate to continue until of the Prophets, and the eternal Jewish val- gone a very long way toward fulfilling the there is no difference between what might ues of family and faith. first two pieces of Ben-Gurion’s vision. Sure- have been and what is. (Applause.) It survives not as an artifact or a monu- ly they have built an ethical, democratic so- We look at Hebrew University and see all ment. No; Israel is vital, and is constantly ciety, and a modern science and technology- three pieces of David Ben-Gurion’s dream renewed by its diversity, and its creativity. based economy. It has endured against great coming to life. We see biologists developing Israel has proven to be far more than the odds by prevailing again and again in battle. techniques to locate a single cancer cell land of ‘‘milk and honey’’, it is a land of po- The valor of citizen soldiers and military and among millions of healthy ones. We see the etry and culture and learning and life, of H2366 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 technology and science and commerce, of Mr. LANTOS. Mr. Speaker, I am very I rise today to honor the fiftieth anniversary productivity and prosperity unrivaled vir- pleased to yield 3 minutes to my distin- of the establishment of the modern State of tually anywhere in the world. guished colleague, the gentleman from Israel. Founded in the aftermath of the Holo- We gather here today not only to celebrate Minnesota (Mr. VENTO). caust, in which over one-third of the world's these achievements, but also to proclaim for Mr. VENTO. Mr. Speaker, I thank all to hear that the dream of an Israel free, Jewish population lost their lives, Israel was secure, and at peace, in a world where the the gentleman from California for established as a homeland for Jews from echoes of anti-Semitism are heard no more, yielding and commend the gentleman around the world. A permanent refuge free will be a reality for all time. from California for his profound state- from oppression and persecution which had I want you to know that Israel never has ment this afternoon in recognition of persisted for over 2000 years. In 1948, the had a better friend in the White House than the 50th anniversary of the establish- creation of the free independent state finally President Bill Clinton. ment of the modern State of Israel. That is what Israel’s leaders will tell you, rendered a new hope for people of the Jewish While I failed to and have not heard faith. Despite the land, the elements and the and that is what the historians and the his- the statement from others this after- many adversaries who have done their utmost tory books will tell in the future as well. noon, I know that the distinguished Our friendship with Israel is not merely to extirpate it, Israel has flourished and devel- chairman has a statement, but I would with one or another of its political parties. oped into a dynamic democracy. Today, Israel certainly associate myself with the Our ties are deeper: they are forged by an is a social and economic jewel that persists in iron-clad commitment to Israel’s security profound remarks that the gentleman from California and I know my col- offering hope. and well-being, to combating terrorism, to No history or culture has been so well docu- stopping the spread of weapons of mass de- league, the gentleman from New York mented or remembered as that of the Jewish struction; and to achieving a just, lasting, (Mr. GILMAN), the chairman of the com- and comprehensive peace between Israelis mittee, will make. people. Israeli culture, religious and national and Palestinians, Egyptians, Jordanians, I simply want to rise and support this identity were formed in the Holy land of Israel. Syrians, and Lebanese and all who live in resolution. As we have said that the Its vision and faith has been maintained un- this holy land. founding of the modern State, of broken through the centuries, especially after In two days, Tipper and I will travel to the majority of Jews were forced into exile. Israel to represent the American people at course, is predicated on the fact that, for 2,000 years, without a physical pres- With the establishment of the State of Israel in the celebration of Israel’s 50th anniversary 1948, Jewish independence, lost two thousand of independence. This is a great honor. I ence and a nationalism which has come know we will carry the yearnings of millions to characterize nation states today, years earlier, was renewed. The events fifty of Americans for peace in the promised land; the faith of the people of Israel per- years ago have breathed new life into this age for a new season of joy, and a new jubilee of sisted to such an extent that it has had old faith. The physical presence in national hope. a positive contribution in so many na- terms has been born anew. There is a wonderful song of Israel which is tions around the world. Israel has been America's most loyal and called al kol eileh—For all these things. Let b devoted ally today. This is evident in American me share with you some of its lyrics: 1600 values which exemplify our ideals socially, For all these things, please watch over for I doubt that one could find a reli- economically and militarily that safe-guard me my good God; gious group that has upheld their val- these guarantees to all peoples. As our Cold Please don’t uproot that which is planted. ues, and I would say those values have War partner, Israel stood firmly in perpetual Don’t forget the hope woven their way into what we charac- support for America's global commitment to Bring me back, and I shall return terize as Judeo-Christian tradition. to the good land. El ha’a-retz hatovah. freedom and democracy. As an example, dur- And so the celebration today is really ing the Persian Gulf War, Israel joined the As we prepare to begin our own special one of recognizing the importance of journey to the good land, may we never for- American-led coalition in its action against the individual, the very old but I might Iraq. Israel was very tolerant and withstood get the hope that God who makes peace in say contemporary values that have the heavens will grant peace here on Earth, Iraqi Scud missile attacks as a result. Today, served our Nation and served the peo- among us, on Israel and upon all the inhab- Israel continues to extend its hand in friend- ple, mankind, that are so well em- itants of the world. ship to the United States and the American braced in the Jewish faith. And it is in- Thank you very much. people. deed a celebration to recognize that in Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of This anniversary illustrates fifty years of this world today that this threat of my time. freedom and democracy for the Israeli people. human history, this continuity has Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I am In honor of the special relationship the United been embraced in terms of a nation pleased to yield whatever time he may States and Israel have maintained based on consume to the gentleman from Cali- state. Israel, really, as my colleague has mutually shared democratic values, common fornia (Mr. DREIER). said, is a jewel of economic and social strategic interests, moral bonds of friendship Mr. DREIER. Mr. Speaker, I thank success in North Africa; one that I and mutual respect, I extend the warmest con- my very dear friend, the gentleman think on occasions has had to rise to gratulations and best wishes to the State of from New York (Mr. GILMAN), the the defense of and deal with in other Israel and her people for a peaceful and pros- chairman of the Committee on Inter- ways to persist in advocating those perous and successful future. national Relations for yielding me this values but, nevertheless, one that has Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 time. served mankind very well. minutes to the gentleman from Florida Mr. Speaker, I would simply like to So I am very proud to recognize, as (Mr. FOLEY). rise to echo the remarks of my very an old faith with a modern face, as my Mr. FOLEY. Mr. Speaker, I want to dear colleague the gentleman from friend said, with a blue sky and the thank the gentleman from New York California (Mr. LANTOS) in extending a white, great hope that is engendered by (Mr. GILMAN) and the gentleman from very important 50th anniversary con- this, and especially the positive pros- California (Mr. LANTOS) for bringing gratulations. pects for the new century. It has not this resolution to the floor today. I am When one thinks about this alliance been an easy birth, it has not been an deeply pleased to be an original co- which has begun since the outset of the easy life for this nationalism in that sponsor of it. existence of the State of Israel, it is a part of the world, but I think that with As policymakers and politicians, we very key one. When one thinks about the policies and working together in often talk about how Israel is our most the sacrifices that have been made on Congress and with the strong ally of important ally in the Middle East, a part of the Israeli people for interests the United States and maintaining cherished friend and a democratic soci- that are, quite frankly, in many cases, those goals, we can ensure that this ety that we must continue to support those of the United States of America, Nation and this faith and these people for the sake of stability and peace. And I think it is very fitting and appro- and these values are something that we that is indeed true. But, as a person, I priate that we, as a Nation, mark this share in common and we can guarantee also know that the State of Israel, very, very important milestone. and assure it into the future with our which is so physically tiny, appears so I would simply like to express my ap- solidarity. very large because of its history and its preciation to my colleagues for moving I commend my colleagues for offering heart and the heart of its people. ahead with this resolution and extend the resolution and join in strong sup- Israel has been both a battlefield and the hardiest congratulations possible. port of it and urge all to support it. a sanctuary, and this year we celebrate April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2367 its 50th anniversary as a state. I know ognition to the new state. This day Today, we mark one of the monu- that it became that state because of also marked an historic return to the mental achievements of the 20th cen- the incredible courage and determina- Jewish people, who had established tury, the birth of Israel. tion of a people who had faced more their homeland more than 3,000 years In 1948, as the Jewish community and evil than a thousand generations could before in the historic kingdom of Israel the world was trying to come to terms conceive and have survived to reflect in the City of Jerusalem. with the awful brutality of the holo- both dignity and strength. In 50 years, Israel has developed a vi- caust, a miraculous thing occurred: I join my colleagues today in this brant and dynamic society and estab- The very people who had been victims strong celebration and congratula- lished a strong economic cultural iden- of the most vicious genocide the world tions, recognizing the historic signifi- tity, despite the heavy tolls imposed by has ever known emerged strengthened cance of the 50th anniversary of the re- six wars, countless terrorist attacks and hopeful. And the Jewish people establishment of the sovereign and and the hostility of its neighbors. Be- forged that enduring strength and hope independent modern State of Israel. cause of the perseverance, ingenuity, into a mission to build a new home- We commend the people of Israel for and faith of its people, Israel has over- land, Israel. their remarkable achievement in build- come the most daunting of challenges The war had devastated the Jewish ing a new state and pluralistic demo- and become one of the world’s great na- community of Europe, but in Israel cratic society in the Middle East in the tions. there was a new determination to build face of terrorism, hostility and bellig- Mr. Speaker, few nations could pros- a new community, a new nation and a erence by many of her neighbors; and per and grow while under siege, on a secure future. The founders of Israel we strongly today reaffirm the bonds of state of alert and under attack, as understood that only by uniting in a friendship and cooperation which have Israel has had to do over the last 50 common land, with a common lan- existed between the United States and years. For 50 years, the United States guage, a common culture could the Israel. I think of all of the things that Congress has extended bonds of friend- Jewish people and their heritage sur- America has suffered and has witnessed ship and cooperation to Israel. It is vive. and has been a part of in our history, more important than ever that we con- Israel was dedicated not only to the friendship with Israel remains our tinue to support Israel economically physical survival but the survival of strongest and most formidable. and militarily today as it makes the the Jewish religious traditions, ethnic It is more important than ever for difficult decisions needed to secure a customs and history. Israel’s 50th anni- this Congress not only to support this lasting peace. versary is a reminder of the courage resolution on its 50th anniversary but The future will surely bring many and strength of the human spirit and through the commitment of the gen- new challenges, including the contin- what it can accomplish. Against all tleman from New York (Mr. GILMAN) ued threat of terrorism and the added odds and enemies, the people of Israel and the gentleman from California (Mr. danger imposed by weapons of mass de- have united to build a strong nation. It LANTOS) that we go about securing this struction. So it is critical the United has not been an easy journey, but it celebration each and every day we are States and Israel maintain our has been a triumphant one. here in this Congress; that we let ev- unshakeable alliance to further our Americans have had the honor over eryone know, friend and foe alike, that many mutual interests. May the next the past five decades to help the brave we will always stand side-by-side with 50 years bring continued prosperity, men and women of Israel in their fight Israel; that we will not back down from ever stronger friendship between our to make their dream a reality, and a challenge and that we will indeed two nations, and a lasting peace for today we unite with them in the effort protect and defend them at all possible Israel and all the nations of the Middle to bring peace to the region. costs. They would do the same for us East. Congratulations to the people of and have shown that determination for I join my colleagues in congratulat- Israel. May you continue to serve as our abilities in the past. ing the State of Israel and its people on examples of courage, vigilance and Again, I just want to strongly echo the occasion of its 50th anniversary. dedication to the world. my support and my sentiments and my Mr. LANTOS. Mr. Speaker, I ask Mr. LANTOS. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 pride in our chairman of the commit- unanimous consent that an additional minutes to the gentleman from New tee on H.J. Resolution 102, the 50th An- 30 minutes be made available, to be Jersey (Mr. ROTHMAN). niversary of the State of Israel. equally divided between the majority Mr. ROTHMAN. Mr. Speaker, I want Mr. LANTOS. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 and the minority, for the debate of H.J. to first congratulate and thank my minutes to my distinguished friend and Res. 102, since large numbers of our friend, the gentleman from California colleague, the gentleman from Texas colleagues wish to speak on this sub- (Mr. TOM LANTOS), and the gentleman (Mr. BENTSEN). ject. from New York (Mr. BEN GILMAN), two Mr. BENTSEN. I thank my colleague The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. leaders in this Congress who we look to from California for yielding me this BARRETT of Nebraska). Is there objec- on regular occasions for their inspira- time; and, Mr. Speaker, I rise in strong tion to the request of the gentleman tion as well as their wisdom. support of this resolution commemo- from California? We are here to honor a nation of rating the 50th anniversary of the There was no objection. hard-working people, a country that is founding of the modern State of Israel The SPEAKER pro tempore. The 30 a thriving democracy of freedom and and join my colleagues in congratulat- additional minutes is assigned 15 min- human rights, a land that has contrib- ing the people of Israel for their im- utes to each side. uted to the world’s economy and a pressive achievements in these 50 The gentleman from California (Mr. sense of moral well-being, yet a state years. LANTOS) is recognized. that, on its 50th birthday, still has to This is also an appropriate oppor- Mr. LANTOS. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 fight its neighbors for respect and, yes, tunity to reaffirm the unique bond be- minutes to the gentlewoman from Con- for its right to exist. tween the United States and Israel, a necticut (Ms. ROSA DELAURO), my good Israel was founded after World War bond forged of our common commit- friend and colleague and a strong II, not by war, not by force, but by the ment to freedom, justice and peace, friend of Israel. United Nations. The Jewish people’s and strengthened by the many links Ms. DeLAURO. Mr. Speaker, let me ties to the region goes back more than between our peoples. congratulate my colleagues, the gen- 3,000 years. Every major country in the So much has happened since May 14, tleman from California (Mr. LANTOS) world supported Israel’s creation, just 1948, when the State of Israel was rees- and the gentleman from New York (Mr. like they supported the creation of tablished following a vote by the GILMAN); and I thank the gentleman other countries, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, United Nations General Assembly to from California for yielding me this Syria and Saudi Arabia, all of which petition the British mandate of Pal- time. nations were created after World War I. estine. On that day, the State of Israel I rise in strong support of the joint The only difference between Israel and was formally proclaimed, and the resolution congratulating Israel on the these other countries, none of which United States extended diplomatic rec- 50th anniversary of its founding. existed before the 20th century, is this: H2368 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 Israel is the only western-style democ- lations, and the gentleman from Indi- cerning this anniversary. I suspect the racy in the Middle East, and it is the ana (Mr. HAMILTON), the ranking mem- most important thing we need to con- only nonIslamic state. ber, for his support and for bringing gratulate Israel on is that it survived. The vast majority of these other this legislation to the floor. It survived in an atmosphere and in a states are still ruled by bloodthirsty Mr. Speaker, on May 14, 1948, the climate of unrelenting hostility. We dictators, like Saddam Hussein of Iraq modern State of Israel was founded need to congratulate this small land and Hafez Al-Assad of Syria and the su- when Israel declared independence and for having remained democratic. We preme leader Khamenei of Iran, and was extended diplomatic recognition must commend it for having success- they are also ruled by monarchies, like by the United States. Today, our legis- fully concluded peace agreements with the tightly controlled monarchy of lation honors the 50th anniversary of Egypt in 1979 and with Jordan in 1994. Saudi Arabia. Yet Israel has thrived the reestablishment of the sovereign We must commend it for having with- despite being surrounded by countries and independent modern State of Israel stood terrorist assaults that continue still determined to drive them into the and commends the leaders and people to this very day. sea. of Israel for their remarkable achieve- In calendar 1997, 463 terrorist attacks But she is not a war-torn nation, like ments in building a thriving democracy were launched against Israel, and an the media tries to depict. Israel is a in the Middle East while being threat- additional 100 were foiled. Iraq, during beautiful, safe place, a vacation des- ened constantly with terrorism and the Persian Gulf War, lobbed ballistic tination for Americans, Europeans, war. missiles on the largest city in Israel. I Asians and Africans alike. She peace- Mr. Speaker, the legislation further was there. fully keeps the Christian, Muslim and reaffirms the strong ties of friendship Just earlier this year, Mr. Speaker, Jewish holy sites safe and secure for all and cooperation that have tradition- Israeli citizens, men, women and chil- visitors from around the globe. ally bound the people of Israel with the dren, were queueing up for gas masks But Israel’s 50th anniversary means insurance over the past century and ex- when the climate in the Persian Gulf more than the celebration of its people, tends from Congress our warmest con- indicated that they might again be its democratic roots, its determination gratulations and best wishes to the subjected to Iraqi attacks. They were and its ability to survive in a hostile State of Israel and her people for peace buying antidotes for anthrax. environment. It means Israel should be and prosperity in the future. I think it is important to recognize respected as one nation in the family of Mr. Speaker, the existence of the that if this small land of great history nations, especially by the organization modern State of Israel is the culmina- and great future is to celebrate its that created it, the United Nations. tion of a 3,000-year journey from the 100th birthday 50 years from now, it Israel is America’s strongest, most kingdom of Israel established in old Je- and it alone will need to determine its trusted and most reliable ally in the rusalem. Today, Israel is America’s basic perimeters of its own security re- Middle East. At the United Nations, closest ally in the Middle East, and the quirements. We can play a critical role, Israel votes with the United States 97 people of our two nations share a spe- and must play a critical role, in medi- percent of the time, more than any cial relationship based upon demo- ating, lubricating, facilitating. But other country in the world. It is time cratic values, common strategic inter- just as any other nation on the face of for the United Nations to treat Israel ests, and bonds of cooperation and mu- this planet, it is only the people of as an equal and not to vote against tual respect. Israel who, in the final analysis, can Israel when it takes measures to pro- Mr. Speaker, it was my privilege re- determine what are the minimum re- tect itself and her citizens from her cently to travel with the gentleman quirements for their own security. It is hostile neighbors. from New York (Mr. GILMAN) and other in that spirit that I ask my colleagues Israel has earned the world’s respect Members of this body to visit Israel to approve this resolution. the hard way, making the desert bloom and to especially pay homage to the Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance with agriculture, high technology, art, great site of the late Prime Minister of my time. culture and, above all else, democracy. Yitzhak Rabin; and I recalled how this Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I yield America wishes Israel a very happy great modern-day warrior, Mr. Rabin, myself such time as I may consume. 50th birthday, and we want Israel to who seriously and who earnestly I want to thank the gentleman from know that America stands with Israel, sought a solution to the crisis between California (Mr. LANTOS) once again for our greatest, most trusted ally in the the Israelis and the Palestinians, a introducing the measure, for his kind Middle East, now and forever. man who truly was a peacemaker, a words, for his strong, eloquent support Mr. LANTOS. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 man who wanted so much to have a of this measure. I want to thank all of minutes to the gentleman from Amer- lasting peace with his blood cousins, the Members who came to the floor and ican Samoa (Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA), my the Palestinians, a man who recognized took the time to express their thoughts good friend who has been a steadfast that Arabs and Israelis are, in fact, with regard to this measure. I thank friend and supporter of the independ- first cousins under Father Abraham. all of those who participated in today’s ence and security of the State of Israel. And I sincerely hope that the current debate. (Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA asked and leadership, Prime Minister Netanyahu Mr. RODRIGUEZ. Mr. Speaker, I rise today was given permission to revise and ex- of Israel and President Arafat of Pal- to express my support for the resolution hon- tend his remarks.) estine, will eventually find the solution oring Israel on the occasion of the fiftieth anni- Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA. Mr. Speaker, for peace to the never-ending problems versary of its independence. From ancient I rise today in strong support of House between Israelis and Palestinians in prayers to modern dreams, the State of Israel Joint Resolution 102, the legislation the Middle East. has blossomed into a strong, thriving democ- which expresses the sense of the Con- Mr. Speaker, the late Prime Minister racy and a steady ally of the United States. gress on the 50th anniversary of Rabin’s greatness, in my humble opin- We have witnessed two solutions to the so- Israel’s founding and reaffirmation of ion, did not originate in the field of called Jewish Problem this century. One was the bonds of friendship and cooperation battle, but in his sincere desires to es- evil and named the Final Solution. Seeking to between the United States and the tablish peace between Israel and among destroy the Jewish people, the Nazis mur- modern State of Israel. its Arab neighbors. Mr. Speaker, Amer- dered 6 million Jews and millions of other in- icans with Jewish descent should have nocents. The other solution, which we join to- b 1615 every reason to be proud and to witness gether to honor today, was one of hope and Mr. Speaker, I am honored to be a co- the existence on the 50th anniversary promiseÐthe return of the Jewish people to sponsor of this legislation, and I thank of the modern State of Israel. their ancestral home in the land of Israel. That our distinguished colleague the gen- Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to dream remains alive. tleman from California (Mr. LANTOS) support this resolution. Israel has overcome the most daunting ob- for introducing this worthy measure. I Mr. LANTOS. Mr. Speaker, I yield stacles in its quest to create a haven from per- also commend the gentleman from New myself such time as I may consume. secution and the world's only Jewish state. York (Mr. GILMAN), chairman of the Mr. Speaker, in conclusion, I would After 2,000 years of Jewish wandering and House Committee on International Re- like to make a few observations con- exile, the modern state of Israel was born on April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2369 May 14, 1998, only to face the onslaught of its Created in the aftermath of the Holocaust, resolution today and extend to the people of neighbors and constant threat of destruction. the state of Israel has served as a beacon of Israel my very best wishes. Against all odds, Israel defended itself and justice, freedom, and hope to Jewish people Ms. DEGETTE. Mr. Speaker, I rise in sup- began to plant the seeds for its future. Follow- around the world. Israel's deep commitment to port of H.J. Res. 102, expressing the sense of ing the war of independence, Israel has time a pluralistic democracy and a vibrant eco- the Congress on the occasion of the 50th an- and again fought for its very existence. Even nomic, cultural, and intellectual life has served niversary of the founding of the modern State today, the threat of war and the promise of as a model for many nations. And despite of Israel. terrorism weigh heavily on Israel. great adversity, Israel has been steadfast in its I am proud to be a co-sponsor of this impor- tant resolution. I look forward to a unanimous While many of the threats and anti-Israel commitment to achieving peace and security vote by the House that will send a strong mes- rhetoric of 50 years ago unfortunately remains in the region. These values have garnered the sage of our country's unyielding support to the the same today, much has changed for the admiration and respect of millions around the State of Israel. April 30th will mark the fiftieth better. Egypt and Jordan have signed peace world. agreements with Israel, and the Palestinian It is these values that have also fostered the anniversary of the birth of the State of Israel. Israel's extraordinary history makes this mile- Arabs and Israel have begun a formal, if not American people's great affinity and mutual re- stone especially significant. Despite incredible shaky, process toward peace. In the name of spect for the people of Israel, and which have challenges and continuous obstacles, Israel peace, Israel has ceded valuable territory to formed the core of the special bond between has developed into a prosperous democracy, those who vowed its destruction. our two countries. Today the U.S.-Israel rela- whose citizens continue to enjoy the unlimited Israel has created a thriving economy, a tionship remains among the strongest of any freedoms that Israel was created to protect. free press, regular free and open elections, bilateral relationship in the world. The strength The State of Israel and the well being of her the rule of law, and other firmly established of this relationship is also a tribute to those people is one of the foreign policy issues that democratic institutions. The once-barren hill- U.S. citizens, many of Jewish heritage, who people in my district care about the most. sides now are green with trees and the fields have worked tirelessly over the years to keep There are so many in this country who share again are plowed for the growth of food. Israel our Nation's leaders focused on the impor- a common denominator of heritage, history has successfully fulfilled the dreams of thou- tance of this relationship. and identity with the people of Israel. For sands of immigrants who fled tyranny and The United States and Israel have numer- many Jewish-Americans the fate of Israel is poverty and stands as a model for the absorp- ous common and deep interests, and together something to which they are inextricably tion of the outcast and homeless. High literacy will continue to lead the international fight linked. and educational achievement have produced against the proliferation of weapons of mass The United States and Israel have a unique an extraordinarily capable and creative work- destruction, terrorism, and threats to religious relationship due to the fact that Israel is our force which boasts achievements in agri- freedom. Above all, we are united in our para- only democratic ally in that region of the world. culture, medical research, emerging tech- mount goals of peace, prosperity, and security There is no better time than right now to reaf- nologies and many other fields. Israel stands for all people of the Middle East. firm our commitment to foreign support for as a significant trading partner of my home I am proud to be a co-sponsor of House Israel. I believe foreign aid to Israel is an im- State of Texas. Joint Resolution 102, which reaffirms the portant way to support and promote the peace I salute the people of Israel on this anniver- bonds of friendship and cooperation between talks. I am concerned that without peace in sary. May your future be one of peace and se- our two countries on Israel's fiftieth anniver- the Middle East, Israel's second fifty years will curity, prosperity, and continued friendship sary. On this occasion, I encourage my col- be as tumultuous as her first half century. with the people of the United States. leagues to seize this celebration not only as At Israel's 100th anniversary, I hope we can Mr. BONILLA. Mr. Speaker, I rise in support an opportunity to reflect on the achievements look back on Israel's second fifty years as a of legislation commemorating Israel's fiftieth of Israel's past, but also to use it as a stimulus period of peace and prosperity where the chal- anniversary. The rebirth of Israel in this cen- to further strengthen the U.S.-Israel partner- lenges that face her today have long faded tury is a modern day miracle. Jews from every ship. into history. continent have built a new nation, ancient in Fifty years ago, within minutes of Israel's Mr. WEYGAND. Mr. Speaker, today I wish history, with a vibrant democracy and a mod- leaders declaring their independence, Harry to congratulate the State of Israel on her 50th Anniversary. In fifty years, the people of Israel ern economy. Truman rejected the advice of staff and took have endured many of the same things that Israel represents the rebirth of a nation, a a momentous step in recognizing Israel's sov- our founding fathers did more than two hun- people, and the Hebrew language. The build- ereignty. From that moment, the United States dred years ago. They have had to create a ing of a new nation with immigrants from soci- and Israel have forged perhaps the closest government, elect leaders who had come to eties as diverse as Russia, Poland, Morocco, partnership in the international community their state from various countries around the Argentina, India, and Ethiopia is a challenge today. it is in this spirit of friendship and co- world, and establish laws for their new state. we as Americans recognize and celebrate. operation that I extend my warmest congratu- Israel has had to defend her borders from ad- The achievements in this regard are truly im- lations and best wishes to the state of Israel vances first in 1948 to gain her independence pressive. Israel has made the desert bloom, and her people for a peaceful, prosperous and within the Middle East, and again in the Six has an exemplary education system and a successful future. Day War to assert her autonomy. Much like growing economy. It is a world leader in tech- Mr. MANZULLO. Mr. Speaker, I rise today the United States did in the 18th Century, nology and has had an impact far larger than in strong support of House Joint Resolution Israel continues to define her character today. other nations of its size. 102, a resolution expressing the sense of the I know in my home state of Rhode Island, Israel's accomplishments are particularly im- Congress on the occasion of the 50th anniver- many people struggled and worked very hard pressive as it has been living under siege for sary of the founding of the modern state of to realize the dream of a Zionist state. Former its entire history. Independence was secured Israel and reaffirming the bonds of friendship Governor Frank Licht got his passion for pub- in a bloody struggle and freedom has been and cooperation between the United States lic service by working with the Rhode Island defended at great cost. The Jewish state has and Israel. I want to thank Mr. LANTOS for in- Zionist Emergency Council. Upon the creation faced great struggles maintaining its independ- troducing such a timely and appropriate reso- of the new Jewish state, Governor Licht stat- ence as the sole democracy in a hostile cor- lution and giving me the opportunity to be an ed: ner of the world. original cosponsor. I am proud to support this The proclamation officially creating the America and Israel have been natural excellent bill. new state is a milestone in the history of friends. Most Americans admire Israel's com- House Joint Resolution 102 recognizes the mankind. The 2000 year old dream of the mitment to democratic government while living historic significance of this special anniversary, Jewish people has become a reality. Recogni- under siege. I think all Americans would like to applauds the Israeli people for building a vi- tion by the United States will go far, I hope, towards restoring peace in the Holy Land join me in wishing the Israeli people a future brant, modern democracy in the face of phys- . . . I am confident that the state which the of peace and prosperity on this occasion. I am ical, economic, and political hostility, reaffirms Jewish people set up in their own country hopeful that the people of Israel will achieve the deep friendship between our two coun- will guarantee justice, freedom, and equality even more once a real peace, not one im- tries, and warmly congratulates the Israeli for all people regardless of religion, race, posed by outside powers, is reached with their people and extends to them all the best for a sex, or land of origin. neighbors. prosperous, safe and successful future. I believe, along with my constituents, that Mr. GEPHARDT. Mr. Speaker, it is with Mr. Speaker, the United States and Israel the State of Israel will find a way to ease ten- great pleasure that I rise today to join my col- share a special relationship. As our only true sions both internally and externally. Israel has leagues in celebrating the occasion of the fif- democratic friend in the region, Israel de- persevered in building and maintaining a tieth anniversary of the founding of the mod- serves America's strong and unyielding sup- democratic state in the face of hostility and ern state of Israel. port. I applaud the unanimous passage of this terrorism. Perhaps in another fifty years we H2370 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 will again gather here and commend Israel on Once one has seen the many unique fea- this joint Congressional resolution that is being solving these problems with her neighbors. tures of Israel and its people, one cannot help brought to the House floor today. The resolu- I commend the people of Israel on their suc- but be awestruck by this nation's accomplish- tion recognizes the historic significance of the cesses over the past fifty years, and congratu- ments in its short 50 years. First, Israel has fiftieth anniversary of the reestablishment of late them wholeheartedly on this milestone in provided a refuge and homeland to hundreds the State of Israel; commends the Israeli peo- their history. of thousands of persecuted Jews from the ple for their achievements in building a new Mr. FROST. Mr. Speaker, I rise in support former Soviet Union, Ethiopia, and many other state and a pluralistic, democratic society in of H.J. Res. 102, Expressing the Sense of places. In meeting with Israeli leaders and the Middle East; reaffirms the bonds of friend- Congress on the Occasion of the 50th Anni- residents, I also was struck by their deep com- ship and cooperation between the United versary of the Founding of the Modern State mitment to achieving a lasting peace in the re- States and Israel; and extends congratulations of Israel. May 14th will mark the 50th anniver- gion. This commitment is easily understood as and best wishes to the State of Israel and her sary of its independence. I commend the State Israeli Remembrance Day approaches: nearly people for a peaceful, prosperous, and suc- of Israel which has rebuilt a nation, forged a every citizen has lost a relative or friend in the cessful future. new and dynamic society, and created a effort to protect and defend the land and its Mr. FORBES. Mr. Speaker, this May 14th, unique and vital economic, political, cultural people. Thus, the desire and need to achieve the modern state of Israel will celebrate its and intellectual life. I applaud the relationship peace for the present and future generations 50th birthday. In the life of an ordinary coun- held between the United States and Israel. becomes even more evident. try, the 50 anniversary is a notable milestone This relationship is one that is based on mutu- As a Congressman actively involved in envi- of historical achievement. In the case of Israel, ally shared Democratic value, common strate- ronmental issues, I have been particularly im- 50 years exemplifies nothing less than an en- gic interests, and moral bonds of friendship pressed with the stewardship Israelis exercise during miracle. and mutual respect. The State of Israel has over natural resources. Israelis learn from a The Jewish people, drawn to their country built a nation in the face of adversity and tri- young age that every drop of water is pre- by a sacred relationship and a divine promise, umphed in assuming a prosperous democracy cious. But the pioneers worked the land and flourished in ancient times. Their history is a in their ancient land. The people of Israel have developed the technologies to make these seemingly never ending succession of mir- so much to be proud of, these brave people precious drops of water help grow trees, flow- acles, punctuated by the painful sting of suf- have battled through a new frontier to create ers, and crops, so that the entire nation could fering. A poor, enslaved people in the land of a new and thriving world for their children. not only survive, but flourishÐto the point Egypt, the Israelites were led by God out of While I am delighted and quite proud of this where they now export flowers and produce all Egypt and into the desert and freedom. It was fantastic milestone, I am also filled with prom- over the world. there in the barren desert that their leader, ise and hope that both Israel and the Palestin- And, while Israelis still bargain over prices in Moses, went up to Mt. Sinai and came down ians will one day come to a peaceful agree- traditional, Middle Eastern-style market places, with the Torah, the word of God. In the midst ment allowing all of the people of the Middle they also have developed a light industrial of their escape and suffering in the barren wil- East to grow and prosper towards another base that employs many people in high tech- derness, the Jewish people provided the world landmark anniversary celebration. nology and computer-related fields. One ex- with the Ten Commandments, the foundation Mrs. KENNELLY of Connecticut. I rise as a ample of the developmental progress that has of all western morality. Back in their own country, the Jewish peo- cosponsor of House Joint Resolution 102 con- occurred can be seen in the telephone sys- ple ultimately realized the greatness that the gratulating the State of Israel on its 50th Anni- tems. When I was last in Israel a decade ago, Lord had promised. From King David, the poet versary and wish to offer my strong support making a telephone call was difficult. Today, warrior, to Solomon, the model of wisdom, the for this resolution. not only are phones accessible and easy to Jews gave us heroes that stir our hearts and Since declaring its independence on May use, but cellular phones, call waiting services, 14th, 1948 the State of Israel has fought for its souls still. and answering machines are prevalent. Sadly, though, Jewish suffering was not at very existence and it has succeeded. In the Moreover, Israeli's GDP has grown from its end. In 722 B.C.E. the Assyrians van- years that have followed Israel has thrived, it $2.5 billion to an astonishing $90.6 billion in quished ten of their twelve tribes and sent the has embraced democracy and has become the past three decades. Equally important, if Israelites into exile. Only two small groups re- and remains the most important ally for the not more so, is the fact that Israel is the only mained, fortified only by an undying faith in United States in the Middle East region. pluralistic democracy in the region. At the God and a refusal to surrender to the fate I want to commend the people of Israel for same time, Jerusalem, the unique ``City of their enemies planned for them. They refused their perseverance through the difficult times Gold,'' is the holy site for a number of the to give up hope. They refused to give up their they have faced. They have stood up to terror- world's most important religions. And yet, this faith. ism and aggression and have endured. They nation is smaller than my home state of New In 586 B.C.E., this small remnant was cap- have built a vibrant democracy, with a unique Jersey; one can walk across the country (East tured. Their temple, built by Solomon, was de- culture, and a diverse economy. Throughout to West) in one day. stroyed. Forced into exile to Babylonia, again its existence, Israel has remained focused on David Ben Gurion was prophetic when, on the Jewish people thrived. Without a temple, its future and on the welfare of its people. May 15, 1948, he stated that ``[s]omething they developed houses of worshipÐthe histor- I am pleased to support this resolution unique occurred yesterday in Israel, and only ical beginning of synagogues. Unable to offer which reaffirms the lasting bond of friendship future generations will be able to evaluate the sacrifices, their religious leaders developed between the United Stats and Israel which has full historical significance of the event. It is prayers as a way to reach the Almighty. For- been so important for both nations. Together now up to all of us, acting out a sense of Jew- bidden to publicly worship or have priests, we make our democracies stronger and it is ish fraternity, to devote every ounce of our they developed a new way of thinking of reli- together that we can work to ensure that last- strength to building and defending the State of gious leaders as teachers. This was how the ing peace for Israel and throughout the Middle Israel, which still faces a titanic political and title rabbi came to be. East can become a reality. military struggle.'' Miraculously returning from their exile, the I want to extend my sincerest congratula- I hope that as we recognize the fiftieth anni- Jewish people rebuilt their Temple in Jerusa- tions to the modern state of Israel on the oc- versary of its creation, Israel will soon cease lem. They wanted nothing more than simply to casion of their 50th Anniversary and to urge to face such struggles. Yitzhak Rabin was live under the grace and peace of God. my colleagues to support this important reso- deeply committed to securing peace for Israel. But then in the year 70 of the Common Era, lution. For this reason, the ``Song for Peace'' was the Second Temple was destroyed by the Ro- Mr. PALLONE. Mr. Speaker, it is fitting as being sung at the rally where he last spoke, mans. During a final revolt against the Ro- Israel approaches the fiftieth anniversary of its and the words to this song were found in his mans, at Masada, the sheared plain that independence to commemorate this event. It shirt pocket at the time of his assassination. I stands in the Judean desert, brave Jews sac- is also fitting to recognize this historic event pray that Rabin, and the many that will have rificed their lives rather than endure as slaves. here in the U.S. Congress. The U.S. has been fought for peace both before and after him, The Romans forced Jews to leave and even Israel's friend and supporter from its inception. will not have sacrificed their lives in vain. re-named the country ``Palestine'' named after On a personal level, I have been an ardent In closing, since I have seen the marvels of the Phoenicians, the enemies of the Jews. supporter of Israel throughout my life. I be- Israel and its people first-hand, and have been The Jewish people had lost their country and came more of a staunch supporter after I trav- a strong supporter of Israeli and Jewish would not recover for nearly two millennia. eled to Israel in 1989 toward the beginning of causes throughout my service in Congress, I By any realistic view of history, the my Congressional service. am particularly pleased to be a cosponsor of Israelites, few in number, robbed of their April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2371 homeland and set apart by the cruelest of per- Israel will always possess a special place in say how saddened and surprised we all secutions, should have disappeared. the heart and mind of the United States. Israel were, but we certainly respect the deci- But history is not able to reckon with the is, of course, a vital military ally, paramount in sion that was made by the distin- Jewish people. Instead of disappearing, the its support of the U.S. in the United Nations, guished gentleman from New York (Mr. Jews flourished under the Lord's protective and a dependable military source of informa- SOLOMON), chairman of the Committee eye, developing a vast treasure of religious lit- tion and support. Beyond these prudential rea- on Rules, yesterday that, after 20 years erature and a way of life that stressed lifelong sons, however, Israel means much more to of service as a Member of the United learning and a striving to lead a moral life. us. Sentinels of democracy, both nations were States Congress, and after a career in Through inquisition and torture, through reli- founded in pursuit of the righteous cause of public life that expands 31 years, he has gious coercion and unendurable pain, the liberty and human dignity. Citizens of both chosen to retire at the end of this Jewish people held firm to their religious foun- great nations have sacrificed their own lives in term. dations. Here, in our own century, occurred defense of freedom and in battle against tyr- He, of course, has many more vigor- the Holocaust, the most monstrous and inhu- anny. Neither America nor Israel is willing to ous and active months left as chairman man evil that mankind has ever inflicted upon accept the exploitation and oppression of inno- of the Committee on Rules. But I itself. Six million Jews, one and half million of cent people by despotic rulers. would like to say that, as we think them children, were systematically murdered. The truth is that Israel is not just another about his stellar service in this institu- One-third of the Jewish people in the world nation; it is part of our family. As one brother tion, it has been a great honor for me died during the Holocaust. to another, we in the United States rejoice as to be part of a very important team. Even during these darkest hours of the Hol- we celebrate Israel's 50th birthday. Let us use The gentleman from New York (Mr. ocaust, when all hope for the Jewish people this moment to vow to stand forever by SOLOMON) has been on the front line of seemed to have disappeared, when their very Israel's side. Let every enemy of Israel know so many battles here in the Congress. future hung on the edge of despair, they per- that the United States stands firmly beside He has been very active. He was, as was severed. Then came Israel. Israel. We will never be silent when Israel is pointed out in the New York Times The modern vision of a Jewish state, nour- in danger. We will never let Israel's enemies today, clearly the most influence mem- ished by an historic attachment to the land of win. ber of the New York delegation serving Israel, was given expression by the Viennese We stand with Israel. We wait in excitement in the Congress, and he was a member journalist Theodor Herzl, who organized the to witness the miraculous achievements that of Ronald Reagan’s core group of indi- First Zionist Congress in 1897. When the Con- Israel will have in the next 50 years. viduals who provided him with a great gress was ended, Herzl noted in his diary that Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. Speaker. This week we deal of advice and assistance through- the Jewish state would come into being in 50 celebrate the 50th anniversary of the State of out President Reagan’s campaigns and years. It was exactly 50 years later that Israel Israel, a truly momentous occasion. For Jews during the time that the President was born. in Israel, America, and around the world this served. On May 14, 1948, David Ben Gurion an- is a time of great celebration. So I am one who will say that I clear- nounced the birth of the modern Jewish na- For 50 years, Israel has struggled to survive ly am going to miss my colleague. He tion. A day later, Arab armies attacked in full in a region of hostility, surrounded by neigh- clearly always makes his presence force, in an attempt to kill it before it had a bors who sought to destroy her. For 50 years, known when he is here in the House of chance to be born. After a bitter struggle for Israel has labored to transform a desert into a Representatives, because he carried its very life, against overwhelming odds and land of milk and honey and for 50 years, Israel that great binder that had his name in- trained armies, Israel prevailed. Their nation has become a beacon of democracy, a land of scribed on it. So we will be seeing that would not die. Masada would not fall again. freedom and a homeland for Jews every- again before we hope the 105th Con- David Ben-Gurion, the first Prime Minister and where. gress adjourns sine die the first of Oc- Menachem Begin, who would later become Mr. Speaker, dear colleagues, let us join to- tober. But I can tell my colleagues, Prime Minister, both contributed mightily to gether in wishing Israel a happy 50th and a when the 106th Congress convenes, we Israel's birth. The number of heroes in Israel's hearty ``mazel tov.'' clearly miss that. He has been a great birth is innumerable. Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I once leader who has stood by principle very, Over the course of the past 50 years, Israel again ask my colleagues to support very passionately and diligently. has had to continually fight for its survival. In this resolution, and I yield back the Mr. Chairman, I yield to the gen- both 1956 and 1967, Israel had to defend balance of my time. tleman from New York (Mr. GILMAN), itself against the attacks of its antagonistic The SPEAKER pro tempore. The distinguished Chairman of the Com- neighbors. The Six Day War of '67 was par- question is on the motion offered by mittee on International Relations. ticularly difficult for Israel. When the war was the gentleman from New York (Mr. Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I thank over, Israel gained control over all of Jerusa- GILMAN) that the House suspend the the gentleman for yielding, and I thank lem including the Western Wall, the most sa- rules and pass the joint resolution, H.J. him for bringing this issue to the floor. cred site in Jewish life because it is the last Res. 102. Mr. Speaker, as senior Republican in remaining part of the Second Temple. The The question was taken. the New York State congressional dele- Jews had returned to their land and to their Mr. LANTOS. Mr. Speaker, on that I gation, I want to express my shock and holy city. In many ways, they returned to his- demand the yeas and nays. my sadness to the surprising announce- tory itself. The yeas and nays were ordered. ment that our dear colleague the gen- Still, wars followed, though some Arab na- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- tleman from New York (Mr. SOLOMON), tions have come to see the need for peace. ant to clause 5 of rule I and the Chair’s a senior member of our New York dele- However, to this day, many Arabs have not prior announcement, further proceed- gation, has now chosen to leave this reconciled themselves to the permanent exist- ings on this motion will be postponed. body at the end of this congressional ence of Israel. Terrorists, rogue nations, and f session. bitter and implacable enemies continue to I came to know and admire my col- threaten Israel. Yet at 50, Israel has never ANNOUNCEMENT OF RETIREMENT league soon after he came to the Con- been stronger. OF HON. GERALD B. SOLOMON, gress in 1978. His experiences as a Perhaps, especially for the Jews, but finally CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON United States marine, and he reminded for all decent people, the very existence of RULES us of that service continually, as a Israel remains a symbol. Israel's historic return (Mr. DREIER asked and was given town supervisor, as a county legislator, as a nation offers hope and reassurance for permission to address the House for 1 as a member of the New York State As- people the world over who are struggling to minute and to revise and extend his re- sembly, as well as his experience in the realize their own homeland. Israel's refusal to marks.) insurance business and real estate busi- surrender to enduring horrors provides a Mr. DREIER. Mr. Speaker, I rise to ness brought to this Chamber the model of courage for those in need of join with my colleagues, and I know unique combination of experience of strength. Israel's commitment to democracy that my friend the gentleman from balance and of common sense. and religious freedom is a wonderful example New York (Mr. GILMAN), the chairman I especially appreciate the gentleman for those who believe that nations can be both of the Committee on International Re- from New York championing the cause strong and decent. lations, will want to be recognized, to of our POWs and MIAs in Southeast H2372 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998

Asia. He earned a reputation for his would go straight forward down the the gentleman from Nebraska (Mr. BE- leadership on that issue and many im- bobsled run, and I am still trying to re- REUTER) that the House suspend the portant issues, and I know my col- cover from that. It took a while for me rules and agree to the concurrent reso- leagues join with me in expressing our to have the guts to do it, but with my lution, H. Con. Res. 218, as amended. appreciation for the judicious manner colleague pushing me on, I had no The question was taken. in which he has chaired the House choice whatsoever but to go straight Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I object Committee on Rules for the past 3 ahead in pursuing that. to the vote on the ground that a years. He has always been the epitome I would say in closing, Mr. Speaker, quorum is not present and make the of fairness and expertise. that we will continue to hear from the point of order that a quorum is not Congress’ loss is a gain for Freda and gentleman from New York (Mr. SOLO- present. their five children. We wish the gen- MON). In the next week or so, I will be The SPEAKER pro tempore. Evi- tleman from New York (Mr. SOLOMON) privileged to distribute to all of our dently a quorum is not present. and his family good health, happiness, colleagues a book on NATO expansion The Sergeant at Arms will notify ab- and success in years ahead. that he has just authored for the Cen- sent Members. Mr. DREIER. Mr. Speaker, I thank ter for Strategic and International The vote was taken by electronic de- my friend for his contribution. Studies. vice, and there were—yeas 391, nays 1, I would like to say that I, too, en- So the gentleman from New York is not voting 40, as follows: joyed working with the gentleman here. He is going to remain very active [Roll No 110] from New York on that very important in this institution for the next several YEAS—391 issue of POWs and MIAs, and I had the months, but we know that he will be Abercrombie Crapo Hefley privilege of traveling with the gen- retiring as the 106th Congress ap- Ackerman Cubin Hefner tleman from New York (Mr. GILMAN) proaches. And I know everyone in this Aderholt Cummings Herger and the gentleman from New York (Mr. institution joins me in extending very Allen Cunningham Hill Andrews Danner Hilleary OLOMON S ) to Southeast Asia as we con- best wishes and godspeed to our col- Archer Davis (FL) Hilliard tinue to remain committed to bringing league and his family. Armey Davis (IL) Hinchey about a full resolution and accounting f Bachus Davis (VA) Hinojosa of all those still classified as missing in Baker Deal Hobson RECESS Baldacci DeFazio Hoekstra action. Ballenger DeGette Holden Mr. Speaker, I yield to the gentleman The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- Barcia Delahunt Hooley from California (Mr. LANTOS), my very ant to clause 12 of rule I, the Chair de- Barrett (NE) DeLauro Horn dear friend and fellow Californian. Barrett (WI) DeLay Hostettler clares the House in recess until ap- Bartlett Deutsch Houghton Mr. LANTOS. Mr. Speaker, I want to proximately 5 p.m. Barton Diaz-Balart Hoyer thank my good friend from California Accordingly (at 4 o’clock and 30 min- Bass Dickey Hulshof for yielding. utes p.m.), the House stood in recess Becerra Dicks Hunter Mr. Speaker, I want to add my words Bentsen Dingell Hutchinson until approximately 5 p.m. Bereuter Doggett Istook of best wishes and sorrow at our col- f Berman Dooley Jackson (IL) league’s decision to leave. The gen- Berry Doolittle Jackson-Lee tleman from New York (Mr. SOLOMON) b 1702 Bilirakis Doyle (TX) has been one of the most energetic, Bishop Dreier Jenkins AFTER RECESS Blagojevich Duncan John committed, serious, decent Members of Bliley Dunn Johnson (CT) this body. I have had the privilege and The recess having expired, the House Blumenauer Edwards Johnson (WI) pleasure of working with him on a wide was called to order by the Speaker pro Boehlert Ehlers Johnson, E. B. Boehner Ehrlich Johnson, Sam tempore (Mr. GIBBONS) at 5 o’clock and range of issues, but two of those stand Bonilla Emerson Jones out in my memory. One, of course, was 2 minutes p.m. Bonior English Kanjorski his determination to get to the bottom f Bono Etheridge Kaptur of the POW–MIA issue. And the second Borski Evans Kasich ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE SPEAKER Boswell Everett Kelly one, a generic issue, was his passionate PRO TEMPORE Boucher Ewing Kennedy (MA) commitment to human rights. Boyd Farr Kennedy (RI) As the Democratic chairman of the The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- Brady Fattah Kennelly ant to clause 5, rule I, the Chair will Brown (CA) Fawell Kildee Human Rights caucus, I never had a Brown (FL) Fazio Kilpatrick more dependable and reliable ally on now put the question on each motion Brown (OH) Filner Kim any human rights issue than the gen- to suspend the rules on which further Bryant Forbes Kind (WI) proceedings were postponed earlier Bunning Ford King (NY) tleman from the State of New York. He Burr Fossella Kingston passionately felt the plight and pain of today in the order in which that mo- Burton Fowler Kleczka people persecuted or discriminated tion was entertained. Buyer Fox Klink against anywhere on the face of this Votes will be taken in the following Callahan Frank (MA) Klug order: Calvert Franks (NJ) Knollenberg planet, and his strong voice for human Camp Frelinghuysen Kolbe rights will be sorely missed. House Concurrent Resolution 218, de Campbell Frost Kucinich I also want to join the gentleman novo; Canady Furse LaFalce Cannon Gallegly LaHood ILMAN Senate Concurrent Resolution 37, de from New York (Mr. G ) and my Capps Gekas Lampson friend the gentleman from California novo; and Cardin Gephardt Lantos (Mr. DREIER) in expressing our best House Joint Resolution 102, by the Carson Gibbons Largent wishes to his very fine wife, who was a yeas and nays. Castle Gilchrest Latham The Chair will reduce to 5 minutes Chabot Gillmor LaTourette full partner and companion in all of his Chambliss Gilman Lazio endeavors, and to all of his fine chil- the time for any electronic vote after Chenoweth Goodlatte Leach dren. And I am sure on our side all of the first such vote in this series. Clay Goodling Lee f Clayton Gordon Levin us deeply regret his departure. Clement Goss Lewis (CA) Mr. DREIER. Mr. Speaker, I thank CONCERNING AFGHANISTAN Clyburn Graham Lewis (GA) my friend for his contribution. Coble Granger Lewis (KY) I would simply close this 1-minute, The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Coburn Green Linder Collins Gutierrez Lipinski Mr. Speaker, by saying that I, too, ex- pending business is the question of sus- Combest Gutknecht Livingston tend best wishes to Freda and to all the pending the rules and agreeing to the Condit Hall (OH) LoBiondo members of the Solomon family. I had concurrent resolution, H. Con. Res. 218, Conyers Hall (TX) Lowey the opportunity to travel with the as amended. Cooksey Hamilton Lucas Costello Hansen Luther Solomons right into the district of my The Clerk read the title of the con- Cox Hastert Maloney (CT) colleague, to Lake Placid, New York. I current resolution. Coyne Hastings (FL) Manton still am carrying the burden of that on The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Cramer Hastings (WA) Manzullo my wrist, because he insured that I question is on the motion offered by Crane Hayworth Markey April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2373 Mascara Peterson (MN) Smith (TX) ing Afghanistan (Roll No. 110). Had I been Doyle Klug Pryce (OH) Matsui Peterson (PA) Smith, Adam Dreier Knollenberg Quinn McCarthy (MO) Petri Smith, Linda present, I would have voted ``aye''. Duncan Kolbe Radanovich McCarthy (NY) Pickering Snowbarger f Dunn Kucinich Rahall McCollum Pickett Snyder Edwards LaFalce Ramstad McCrery Pitts Solomon PERSONAL EXPLANATION Ehlers LaHood Redmond McDade Pombo Souder Ehrlich Lampson Regula McDermott Pomeroy Spence Mr. MEEKS of New York. Mr. Speak- Emerson Lantos Reyes McGovern Porter Spratt er, on rollcall vote number 110 I was English Largent Riley McHale Portman Stabenow Etheridge Latham Rivers McHugh Price (NC) Stark unavoidably detained. Had I been Evans LaTourette Rodriguez McInnis Pryce (OH) Stearns present, I would have voted aye. Everett Lazio Roemer McIntosh Quinn Stenholm Ewing Leach Rogan McIntyre Radanovich Stokes f Farr Lee Rogers McKeon Rahall Strickland Fattah Levin Rohrabacher McKinney Ramstad Stump ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE SPEAKER Fawell Lewis (CA) Ros-Lehtinen McNulty Redmond Stupak PRO TEMPORE Fazio Lewis (GA) Rothman Meehan Regula Sununu Filner Lewis (KY) Roukema Meek (FL) Reyes Talent The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. GIB- Forbes Linder Roybal-Allard Menendez Rivers Tauscher BONS). Pursuant to the provisions of Ford Lipinski Royce Metcalf Rodriguez Tauzin clause 5, rule I, the Chair announces Fossella Livingston Rush Mica Roemer Taylor (MS) Fowler LoBiondo Sabo Miller (CA) Rogan Thomas that he will reduce to a minimum of 5 Fox Lowey Salmon Miller (FL) Rogers Thompson minutes the period of time within Frank (MA) Lucas Sanchez Minge Ros-Lehtinen Thornberry which a vote by electronic device may Franks (NJ) Luther Sanders Mink Rothman Thune be taken on each additional motion to Frelinghuysen Maloney (CT) Sanford Moakley Roukema Thurman Frost Manton Sawyer Mollohan Roybal-Allard Tiahrt suspend the rules on which the Chair Furse Manzullo Saxton Moran (KS) Royce Tierney has postponed further proceedings. Gallegly Markey Scarborough Moran (VA) Rush Torres Ganske Mascara Schaefer, Dan Morella Sabo Traficant f Gephardt Matsui Schaffer, Bob Murtha Salmon Turner Gibbons McCarthy (MO) Schumer Myrick Sanchez Upton SENSE OF CONGRESS REGARDING Gilchrest McCarthy (NY) Scott Nadler Sanders Velazquez LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL Gillmor McCollum Sensenbrenner Neal Sanford Vento Gilman McCrery Sessions Nethercutt Sawyer Visclosky The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Goode McDade Shadegg Neumann Saxton Walsh pending business is the question of sus- Goodlatte McDermott Shaw Ney Scarborough Wamp pending the rules and concurring in the Goodling McGovern Shays Northup Schaefer, Dan Waters Gordon McHale Sherman Norwood Schaffer, Bob Watkins Senate concurrent resolution, S. Con. Goss McHugh Shimkus Nussle Schumer Watt (NC) Res. 37. Graham McInnis Shuster Oberstar Scott Watts (OK) The Clerk read the title of the Senate Granger McIntosh Sisisky Obey Sensenbrenner Waxman Green McIntyre Skaggs Olver Sessions Weldon (PA) concurrent resolution. Greenwood McKeon Skeen Ortiz Shadegg Weller The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Gutierrez McKinney Skelton Owens Shaw Wexler question is on the motion offered by Gutknecht McNulty Slaughter Oxley Shays Weygand the gentleman from New Jersey (Mr. Hall (OH) Meehan Smith (MI) Packard Sherman Whitfield Hall (TX) Meek (FL) Smith (NJ) Pallone Shimkus Wicker SMITH) that the House suspend the Hamilton Meeks (NY) Smith (TX) Pappas Shuster Wise rules and concur in the Senate concur- Hansen Menendez Smith, Adam Parker Sisisky Wolf rent resolution, S. Con. Res. 37. Hastert Metcalf Smith, Linda Pascrell Skaggs Woolsey Hastings (FL) Mica Snowbarger Pastor Skeen Wynn The question was taken. Hastings (WA) Miller (CA) Snyder Paxon Skelton Yates RECORDED VOTE Hayworth Miller (FL) Solomon Payne Slaughter Young (AK) Mr. HUTCHINSON. Mr. Speaker, I de- Hefley Minge Souder Pease Smith (MI) Young (FL) Hefner Mink Spence Pelosi Smith (NJ) mand a recorded vote. Herger Moakley Spratt A recorded vote was ordered. Hill Mollohan Stabenow NAYS—1 The SPEAKER pro tempore. This Hilleary Moran (KS) Stark Paul Hilliard Moran (VA) Stearns will be a 5-minute vote. Hinchey Morella Stenholm NOT VOTING—40 The vote was taken by electronic de- Hinojosa Murtha Stokes Baesler Gonzalez Rangel vice, and there were—ayes 398, noes 0, Hobson Myrick Strickland Barr Goode Riggs not voting 34, as follows: Hoekstra Nadler Stump Bateman Greenwood Riley Holden Neal Stupak Bilbray Harman Rohrabacher [Roll No. 111] Hooley Nethercutt Sununu Blunt Hyde Ryun AYES—398 Horn Neumann Talent Christensen Inglis Sandlin Hostettler Ney Tauscher Abercrombie Borski Collins Cook Jefferson Serrano Houghton Northup Tauzin Ackerman Boswell Combest Dixon Lofgren Smith (OR) Hoyer Norwood Taylor (MS) Aderholt Boucher Condit Engel Maloney (NY) Tanner Hulshof Nussle Thomas Allen Boyd Conyers Ensign Martinez Taylor (NC) Hunter Oberstar Thompson Andrews Brady Cooksey Eshoo Meeks (NY) Towns Hutchinson Obey Thornberry Archer Brown (CA) Costello Foley Millender- Weldon (FL) Istook Olver Thune Armey Brown (FL) Cox Ganske McDonald White Jackson (IL) Ortiz Thurman Bachus Brown (OH) Coyne Gejdenson Poshard Jackson-Lee Owens Tiahrt Baker Bryant Cramer (TX) Oxley Tierney b 1725 Baldacci Bunning Crane Jenkins Packard Torres Ballenger Burr Crapo John Pallone Traficant Mr. RUSH changed his vote from Barcia Burton Cubin Johnson (CT) Pappas Turner ‘‘nay’’ to ‘‘yea.’’ Barrett (NE) Buyer Cummings Johnson (WI) Parker Upton Barrett (WI) Callahan Cunningham Johnson, E. B. Pascrell Velazquez So (two-thirds having voted in favor Bartlett Calvert Danner Johnson, Sam Pastor Vento thereof) the rules were suspended and Barton Camp Davis (FL) Jones Paul Visclosky the concurrent resolution, as amended, Bass Campbell Davis (IL) Kanjorski Paxon Walsh Becerra Canady Davis (VA) was agreed to. Kaptur Payne Wamp Bentsen Cannon Deal Kasich Pease Waters The result of the vote was announced Bereuter Capps DeFazio Kelly Pelosi Watkins as above recorded. Berman Cardin DeGette Kennedy (MA) Peterson (MN) Watt (NC) A motion to reconsider was laid on Berry Carson Delahunt Kennedy (RI) Peterson (PA) Watts (OK) Bilirakis Castle DeLauro Kennelly Petri Waxman the table. Bishop Chabot DeLay Kildee Pickering Weldon (FL) f Blagojevich Chambliss Deutsch Kilpatrick Pickett Weldon (PA) Bliley Chenoweth Diaz-Balart Kim Pitts Weller Blumenauer Clay Dickey PERSONAL EXPLANATION Kind (WI) Pombo Wexler Boehlert Clayton Dicks King (NY) Pomeroy Weygand Mr. RILEY. Mr. Speaker, I was unavoidably Boehner Clement Dingell Kingston Porter Whitfield Bonilla Clyburn Doggett detained for the vote on House Concurrent Kleczka Portman Wicker Bonior Coble Dooley Klink Price (NC) Wise Resolution 218, a sense of Congress Regard- Bono Coburn Doolittle H2374 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 Wolf Wynn Young (AK) Bentsen Ford Lewis (KY) Roukema Smith (NJ) Tierney Woolsey Yates Young (FL) Bereuter Fossella Linder Roybal-Allard Smith (TX) Torres Berman Fowler Lipinski Royce Smith, Adam Traficant NOT VOTING—34 Berry Fox Livingston Rush Smith, Linda Turner Baesler Gejdenson Poshard Bilirakis Frank (MA) LoBiondo Sabo Snowbarger Upton Barr Gekas Rangel Bishop Franks (NJ) Lofgren Salmon Snyder Velazquez Bateman Gonzalez Riggs Blagojevich Frelinghuysen Lowey Sanchez Solomon Vento Bilbray Harman Ryun Bliley Frost Lucas Sanders Souder Visclosky Blunt Hyde Sandlin Blumenauer Furse Luther Sanford Spence Walsh Christensen Inglis Serrano Boehlert Gallegly Maloney (CT) Sawyer Spratt Wamp Cook Jefferson Smith (OR) Boehner Ganske Manton Saxton Stabenow Waters Dixon Lofgren Tanner Bonilla Gekas Manzullo Scarborough Stark Watkins Engel Maloney (NY) Taylor (NC) Bonior Gephardt Markey Schaefer, Dan Stearns Watt (NC) Ensign Martinez Towns Bono Gibbons Mascara Schaffer, Bob Stenholm Watts (OK) Eshoo Millender- White Borski Gilchrest Matsui Schumer Stokes Waxman Foley McDonald Boswell Gillmor McCarthy (MO) Scott Strickland Weldon (FL) Boucher Gilman McCarthy (NY) Sensenbrenner Stump Weldon (PA) b 1736 Boyd Goode McCollum Sessions Stupak Weller Brady Goodlatte McCrery Shadegg Sununu Wexler The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. GIB- Brown (CA) Goodling McDade Shaw Talent Weygand BONS). So (two-thirds having voted in Brown (FL) Gordon McDermott Shays Tanner Whitfield favor thereof) the rules were sus- Brown (OH) Goss McGovern Sherman Tauscher Wicker Shimkus Tauzin Wise pended, and the Senate concurrent res- Bryant Graham McHale Bunning Granger McHugh Shuster Taylor (MS) Wolf olution was concurred in. Burr Green McInnis Sisisky Thomas Wynn The result of the vote was announced Burton Greenwood McIntosh Skaggs Thompson Yates Buyer Gutierrez McIntyre Skeen Thornberry Young (AK) as above recorded. Skelton Thune Young (FL) A motion to reconsider was laid on Callahan Gutknecht McKeon Calvert Hall (OH) McKinney Slaughter Thurman the table. Camp Hall (TX) McNulty Smith (MI) Tiahrt f Campbell Hamilton Meehan NOT VOTING—30 Canady Hansen Meek (FL) Baesler Gonzalez Riggs b Cannon Harman Meeks (NY) 1745 Capps Hastert Menendez Barr Hyde Ryun Cardin Hastings (FL) Metcalf Bateman Inglis Sandlin PERSONAL EXPLANATION Carson Hastings (WA) Mica Bilbray Jefferson Serrano Ms. LOFGREN. Mr. Speaker, United Castle Hayworth Miller (CA) Blunt Maloney (NY) Smith (OR) Chabot Hefley Miller (FL) Christensen Martinez Taylor (NC) flight 52 was late from the West Coast; Chambliss Hefner Minge Cook Millender- Towns and I was, therefore, unavoidably ab- Chenoweth Herger Mink Dixon McDonald White sent on rollcalls 110 and 111. Had I been Clay Hill Moakley Engel Poshard Woolsey Foley Radanovich Clayton Hilleary Mollohan present, I would have voted aye. Gejdenson Rangel Clement Hilliard Moran (KS) f Clyburn Hinchey Moran (VA) b Coble Hinojosa Morella 1746 PERSONAL EXPLANATION Coburn Hobson Murtha So (two-thirds having voted in favor Collins Hoekstra Myrick Ms. ESHOO. Mr. Speaker, I, too, was Combest Holden Nadler thereof) the rules were suspended and on flight 52 from San Francisco to D.C., Condit Hooley Neal the joint resolution was passed. which landed late, unfortunately; and Conyers Horn Nethercutt The result of the vote was announced Cooksey Hostettler Neumann as above recorded. on rollcalls 110 and 111 I would have Costello Houghton Ney voted aye. Cox Hoyer Northup A motion to reconsider was laid on f Coyne Hulshof Norwood the table. Cramer Hunter Nussle Crane Hutchinson Oberstar f PERSONAL EXPLANATION Crapo Istook Obey Ms. HARMAN. Mr. Speaker, on roll- Cubin Jackson (IL) Olver PERSONAL EXPLANATION Cummings Jackson-Lee Ortiz calls 110 and 111 I, too, was delayed; Cunningham (TX) Owens Mr. ENGEL. Mr. Speaker, I was necessarily and I would have voted aye. Danner Jenkins Oxley absent during roll call votes 110, 111, and 112 Davis (FL) John Packard because my flight from New York was de- f Davis (IL) Johnson (CT) Pallone Davis (VA) Johnson (WI) Pappas layed. If present, I would have voted `aye' on SENSE OF CONGRESS ON 50TH AN- Deal Johnson, E.B. Parker roll call 110, `aye' on roll call 111, and `aye' on NIVERSARY OF FOUNDING OF DeFazio Johnson, Sam Pascrell roll call 112. THE MODERN STATE OF ISRAEL DeGette Jones Pastor Delahunt Kanjorski Paul f The SPEAKER pro tempore. The DeLauro Kaptur Paxon pending business is the question of sus- DeLay Kasich Payne PERSONAL EXPLANATION Deutsch Kelly Pease pending the rules and passing the joint Diaz-Balart Kennedy (MA) Pelosi Mr. TAYLOR of North Carolina. Mr. Speak- resolution, H.J. Res. 102. Dickey Kennedy (RI) Peterson (MN) er, due to transportation difficulties beyond my The Clerk read the title of the joint Dicks Kennelly Peterson (PA) Dingell Kildee Petri control, I was not present for the votes on H. resolution. Doggett Kilpatrick Pickering Con. Res. 218, S. Con. Res. 37, and H.J. The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Dooley Kim Pickett Res. 102. question is on the motion offered by Doolittle Kind (WI) Pitts Had I been present, I would have voted aye the gentleman from New York (Mr. Doyle King (NY) Pombo Dreier Kingston Pomeroy on H. Con. Res. 218 concerning the need to GILMAN) that the House suspend the Duncan Kleczka Porter establish a cease fire in Afghanistan and rules and pass the joint resolution, H.J. Dunn Klink Portman begin the transition toward a broad based Res. 102, on which the yeas and nays Edwards Klug Price (NC) Ehlers Knollenberg Pryce (OH) multi-ethnic government that observes inter- are ordered. Ehrlich Kolbe Quinn national norms of behavior. This is a 5-minute vote. Emerson Kucinich Rahall I would have also voted aye on S. Con. The vote was taken by electronic de- English LaFalce Ramstad Res. 37 expressing the sense of the Congress vice, and there were— yeas 402, nays 0, Ensign LaHood Redmond Eshoo Lampson Regula that Little League Baseball Incorporated was not voting 30, as follows: Etheridge Lantos Reyes established to support and develop little [Roll No. 112] Evans Largent Riley league baseball worldwide and that its inter- Everett Latham Rivers YEAS—402 Ewing LaTourette Rodriguez national character and activities should be rec- Abercrombie Armey Barrett (NE) Farr Lazio Roemer ognized. Ackerman Bachus Barrett (WI) Fattah Leach Rogan Finally, I would have voted aye on H.J. Res. Aderholt Baker Bartlett Fawell Lee Rogers 102 expressing the sense of the Congress on Allen Baldacci Barton Fazio Levin Rohrabacher Andrews Ballenger Bass Filner Lewis (CA) Ros-Lehtinen the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the Archer Barcia Becerra Forbes Lewis (GA) Rothman founding of the modern state of Isreal. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2375 PERSONAL EXPLANATION cially in the New York and Connecti- viding reserves for foreign central Ms. MILLENDER-MCDONALD. Mr. cut areas influenced by the New York banks to further expand their own Speaker, during roll call vote 110, 111, financial center. CEO compensation is credit. Think of this: Money can be bor- and 112, which is H. Con. Res. 218, S. astronomically high, while wages for rowed in Japan at Depression-era rates Con. Res. 37, and H.J. Res. 102, I was the common man have been held in of 1 percent and then reinvested here in unavoidably detained because my check. The cost of all entertainment is the United States either in more treas- flight has just gotten in. Had I been not cheap and rises constantly. Art ury debt earning 5 or 6 percent, or rein- present, I would have voted ‘‘yes.’’ prices are soaring, as is the price of tickets to athletic events. Buying vested in our stock market, which is f stocks with a 1.8 percent dividend yield currently climbing at a 20 percent SPECIAL ORDERS is not cheap. These prices are inflated. annualized rate. This sounds like a per- The cost of education, medicine, and fect deal for today’s speculators, but The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. GIB- general services are expensive and ris- there is nothing that guarantees this BONS). Under the Speaker’s announced process will continue for much longer. policy of January 7, 1997, and under a ing. In spite of Government reports show- Perfect situations never last forever. previous order of the House, the follow- ing food prices are not rising, many Some of the euphoria that adds to the finan- ing Members will be recognized for 5 constituents I talk to tell me food cial bubble on Wall Street and internationally minutes each. prices are always going up. It seems is based on optimistic comments made by our f every family has difficulty compensat- government officials. Political leaders remind us time and again that our budget is balanced EXCHANGE OF SPECIAL ORDER ing for the high cost of living and taxes and the concern now is how to spend the ex- TIME are always inflating. There is no doubt that many Ameri- cess. Nothing could be further from the truth, Mr. PAUL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani- cans know the salaries of the CEOs, because all the money that is being used to mous consent to claim the time of the athletes and entertainers are astro- offset the deficit comes from our trust funds. gentleman from North Carolina (Mr. nomically high. The wages of the aver- In other words, it's comparable to a corpora- JONES). age working man, though, has not kept tion stealing from its pension fund in order to The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there up. Workers feel poorer and resentment show a better bottom line in its day-to-day op- objection to the request of the gen- grows. erations. Government spending and deficits tleman from Texas? Even with all of Wall Street’s eupho- are not being brought under control. Tax rates There was no objection. ria, Main Street still harbors deep con- are at historic highs, and all government tax- f cern for their financial condition and ation now consumes 50 percent of the gross the future of the country. Many fami- national income. THE BUBBLE It is now commonly believed that the East lies continue to find it difficult to pay Asian financial crisis is having no impact on The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a their bills, and personal bankruptcies our economy. But it's too early to make that previous order of the House, the gen- are at a record high at 1,400,000 per kind of an assessment. Our president remains tleman from Texas (Mr. PAUL) is recog- year. Downsizing of our large corpora- popular, according to the polls, but what will it nized for 5 minutes. tions continue as many manufacturing be like if there's any sign of economic weak- Mr. PAUL. Mr. Speaker, the big ques- jobs are sent overseas. ness? There could then be a lot of ``piling on'' tion is how history will play the cur- This current financial bubble started and finger pointing. rent financial situation if all the great in mid-1982. At that time, the money wealth accumulated in the last 10 years supply, as measured by M3, was $2.4 PROBLEMS AND VICTIMS dissipates in a financial collapse. trillion. Today it is over $5.5 trillion. The basic cause of any financial bubble is According to an article in The New That is a lot of inflation, and money the artificial creation of credit by a central bank (in this case our Federal Reserve). Artifi- Republic, Greenspan is not only held in supply growth is currently accelerat- cially creating credit causes the currency to high esteem on Wall Street, he is seen ing. as Godlike. One trader is quoted as say- Although the money supply has been depreciate in value over time. It is important to ing, ‘‘When things go well, I hold significantly increased in the past 16 understand the predictable economic problems Greenspan’s picture between my hands years and financial prices as well as that result from a depreciating currency: 1. In the early stages it is difficult to forecast and say, thank you. When things go other prices have gone up, Government poorly, I also take the photo in my exactly who will suffer and when. officials continue to try to reassure the 2. Inflated currency and artificially low inter- hands and pray.’’ And he is not alone American people that there is no infla- est rates result in mal-investment that pro- on Wall Street in heaping praise on tion to worry about because price in- duces over capacity in one area or another. Greenspan. This comes as close to idol- creases, as measured by the Govern- 3. Wealth generally transfers from the hands atry as one can get. ment’s CPI and PPI, are not signifi- of the middle-class into the hands of the very Alan Greenspan took over the Fed a cantly rising. wealthy. (The very poor receiving welfare gain few months before the stock market Stock prices, though, are greatly in- a degree of protection, short of a total destruc- crash of October, 1997. In the 10 years flated. If we had an average valuation tion of the currency.) that Greenspan has headed the Fed, $2 of the Dow Jones Industrials for the 4. Prices indeed do go up, although which trillion of new credit has been created past 87 years, as measured by the PE prices will go up is unpredictable, and the CPI as measured by M3. Banks threatened ratios, the Dow would be a mere 4,100 and PPI can never be a dependable measure- by bankruptcy in the early 1990s re- today, not over 9,000. And the Dow ment of a monetary policy driven by loose ceived generous assistance from the would be much lower yet if we took the credit. Fed policy of low interest rates and average price-to-dividend ratio or the 5. The group that suffers the very most is rapid credit expansion as a response to price-to-book ratio. the low-middle-income group (those willing to the recession of 1991. Fed fund rates The NASDAQ is now selling at 85 stay off welfare, yet unable to benefit from any were held at 3 percent for well over a times earning. There is no doubt that transfer of wealth as stagnant wages fail to year. This generous dose of Fed credit most stock prices are grossly inflated protect them from the ravages of the rising has fueled the 5-year superboom on and probably represent the greatest fi- cost of living). Wall Street. nancial bubble known in history. There are probably several reasons why this We are endlessly told no inflation ex- A lot of foreign money has been used current economic boom has lasted longer than ists. But inflation is strictly and al- to buy our stocks, one of the con- most others. The elimination of the Soviet ways a monetary phenomenon and not sequences of computer-age financial threat has allowed a feeling of optimism not something that can be measured by a technology and innovations. Our nega- felt in many decades, and there has subse- government consumer or producer tive trade balance allows foreign gov- quently been tremendous optimism placed on price index. ernments to accumulate large amounts potential economic development of many Even so, there currently is signifi- of our treasury debt. This serves to world markets in this age of relative peace. cant price inflation for the fancy dampen the bad effect of our monetary There is also very poor understanding re- homes throughout the country, espe- inflation on domestic prices, while pro- garding economic interventionism, the system H2376 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 most nations of the world accept today. To- dropped significantly. The peak occurred in THE PRICE OF GOLD day's interventionism is not close to a free mid-1997Ðtoday these holding are slightly Another reason for the central bankers market. The great Austrian economist Ludwig lower. greater recent success is that they have been von Mises consistently pointed out that inter- THE CRUELEST TAX OF ALL quite willing to cooperate with each other in ventionism always leads to a form of social- This process of deliberately depreciating a propping up selected currency values and ism, which then eliminates the apparent bene- currency over time (inflation) causes a loss in driving down others. They have cooperated fits of interventionism. purchasing power and is especially harmful to vigorously in dumping or threatening to dump A good example of how interventionism those individuals who save. AIER (American gold in order to keep the dollar price of gold leads to the destruction of a market can be Institute for Economic Research) calculates in check. They are all very much aware that seen in the recent tobacco fiasco. First, the to- that 100 million households since 1945 have a soaring gold price would be a vote of no bacco industry accepted subsidies and protec- lost $11.2 trillion in purchasing power. This confidence for central-bank policy. tionism to build a powerful and wealthy indus- comes out to $112,000 per household, or put Washington goes along because it is fur- try. Then, having conceded this ``nanny'' role another way, over 5 decades each one of tively, but definitely, acknowledged there that to the government, Big Tobacco had no de- these households lost $2,200 every year. a free-market, high gold price would send a fense when it was held liable for illnesses that Although many households are feeling very bad signal worldwide about the world financial befell some of the willing users of tobacco wealthy today because their stock portfolios system. Therefore, every effort is made to products. Now, the current plan of super tax- are more valuable, this can change rather rap- keep the price of gold low for as long as pos- ation on tobacco users will allow the politicians idly in a crash. The big question is what does sible. It's true the supply-siders have some in- to bail out the individual farmers who may be the future hold for the purchasing power of the terest in gold, but they are not talking about a injured by reduced use of tobacco products dollar over the next 10 or 20 years? gold standard, merely a price rule that encour- (destruction of the market). This half-trillion- THE END IN SIGHT? ages central-bank fixing of the price of gold. dollar tax proposal hardly solves the problem. Reassurance that all is well is a strategy Most defenders of the free-enterprise system Just as in the 1920's today's productivity in Washington are Keynesians at heart and has fooled some economists by keeping found at the end of a boom cycle. Government revenues are higher than anticipated, and will not challenge interventionism on principle. prices down on certain items. Certainly com- Instead of making sure that policy is correct, puter prices are down because the price of many are feeling richer than they are. The more inflated the stock market is as a con- central bankers are much more interested in computer-power has dropped drastically, yet seeing that the gold-price message reflects this should not be interpreted as an ``absence'' sequence of credit creation, the less, reliable these markets are at predicting future eco- confidence in the paper money. Thus gold has of inflation. Innovation has kept prices down in remained in the doldrums despite significant the computer industry, but it fails to do so nomic events. Stock markets can be good pre- dictors of the future, but the more speculative rising prices for silver, platinum, and palla- when government becomes overly involved as dium. However, be assured that even central it has in other technological areas, such as they become, the less likely it is the markets will reveal what the world will be like next banks cannot ``fix'' the price of gold forever. medical technology, where prices have gone They tried this in the 1960's with the dumping up for services such as MRIs and CAT scans, year. The business cycleÐthe boom-bust cycle of of hundreds of millions of ounces of American not down. historyÐhas not been repealed. The psycho- gold in order to artificially prop up the dollar by LEARN FROM JAPAN logical element of trust in the money, politi- keeping the gold price at $35/oz., but in Au- The most important thing to remember is cians, and central bankers can permit financial gust 1971 this effort was abandoned. that perceptions and economic conditions here bubbles to last longer, but policies can vary as THE SOLUTION can change rapidly, just as they did last sum- well as perceptions, both being unpredictable. mer in the East Asian countries with the burst- The solution to all of this is not complex. But ing of their financial bubble. They are now in CENTRAL BANKERS no effort is going to be made to correct the deep recession. The goal of central bankers has always problems that have allowed our financial bub- Even though Japan first recognized signs of been to gain ``benefit'' from the inflation they ble to develop, because Alan Greenspan has difficulty nine years ago, their problems linger create, while preventing deflation and prolong- been practically declared a god by more than because they have not allowed the liquidation ing the boom as long as possibleÐa formida- one Wall Street guru. Because Alan Green- of debt, or the elimination of over capacity, or ble task indeed. The more sophisticated and span himself understands Austrian free-market the adjustment for real estate prices that successful the central bankers are as techni- economics and the gold standard, it is stun- would occur if the market were permitted to cians, the larger the bubble they create. ning to see him participate in the bubble when operate free of government intervention. The In recent years, central bankers have had he, deep down inside, knows big problems U.S. did the same thing in the 1930s, and I greater ``success'' for several reasons. First, lurk around the corner. Without the motivation suspect we will do exactly what Japan is doing due to the age in which we live, international- to do something, not much is likely to happen once our problems become more pressing. izing labor costs has been a great deal more to our monetary system in the near future. With our own problems from the inflation of convenient. It is much easier for companies to It must be understood that politicians and the last 15 years now becoming apparent, either shift labor from one country to another, the pressure of the special interests in Wash- their only answer so far is to inflate even or for the company itself to go to the area of ington demand that the current policies of more. the world that provides the cheapest labor. spending, deficits, artificially low interest rates In its effort to re-energize the economy, the This has occurred with increased rapidity and and easy credit will not change. It took the Bank of Japan is increasing its reserves at a ease over the past two decades. complete demise of the Soviet-Communist 51 percent rate. This may be the greatest ef- Central bankers have also become more so- system before change came there. But be fort to ``inflate'' and economy back to health in phisticated in the balancing act between infla- forewarned: change came with a big economic all of history. Japan has inflated over the tion and deflation. They are great technicians bang not a whimper. Fortunately that event years and will not permit a full correction of and are quite capable of interpreting events occurred without an armed revolution . . . so their mal-investment. The Bank of Japan is and striking a balance between these two hor- far. The amazingly sudden, economic events doing everything possible to inflate again, but rors. This does not cancel out the basic flaw occurring in East Asia could still lead to some even with interest rates below 1 percent there of a fiat currency; central bankers cannot re- serious social and military disturbances in that are few takers. place the marketplace for determining interest region. OECD measurements, the M1 and quasi- rates and the proper amount of credit the The key element to the financial system money have been increasing at greater than economy needs. under which we are now living is the dollar. If 20 percent per year in East Asia. In the United Central bankers have also had the advan- confidence is lost in the dollar and a subse- Stats, M3 has been increasing at 10 percent tage of technological changes that increase quent free-market price for gold develops, the a year. It is estimated that this year the U.S. productivity and also serve to keep down cer- whole financial system is threatened. Next will have a $250 billion current account defi- tain prices. It is true that we live in an informa- year, with the European currency unit (ECU) citÐcontinued evidence of our ability to export tion age, an age in which travel is done with coming on line, there could be some serious our inflation. ease and communication improvements are adjustments for the dollar. The success of the We are now the world's greatest debtor, astounding. All of these events allow for a big- ECU is unpredictable, but now that they are with an approximately $1 trillion debt to foreign ger bubble and a higher standards of living. indicating some gold will be held in reserve, it nations. Although accumulation of our debt by Unfortunately this will not prove to be as sus- is possible that this currency will get off the foreign holders has leveled off, it has not tainable as many hope. ground. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2377 NATIONALISM or our willingness to bail out the IMF, resorting b 1800 However, I continue to have serious res- to monetary inflation is the only option being Now we need to address this problem ervations regarding the ECU's long-term suc- considered. We can rest assured that inflation in a much more comprehensive way. cess, believing that the renewed nationalism is here to stay. And that is what this legislation does, within Europe will not permit the monetary uni- With daily pronouncements that inflation is recognizing that every year tobacco-re- fication of countries that have generally not dead, the stage is set for unlimited credit ex- lated diseases kill 3 million people in trusted each other over the centuries. In Ger- pansion whenever it becomes necessary. Just this world, and if the trends continue, many, 70 percent of the people oppose enter- as deficit spending and massive budgets will it is estimated that in the next 25 years ing into this new monetary agreement. If eco- continue, we can expect the falling value of we will be up to a level of 10 million nomic problems worsen in EuropeÐcurrently the dollar, long term, to further undermine the deaths a year as a result of tobacco. the unemployment rate in Germany and economic and political stability of this country This legislation that I have intro- France is 12 percentÐthe European union and the world. duced for myself and for a number of may well get blamed. Until we accept the free market principle our colleagues in a bipartisan effort ad- The issue of nationalism is something that that governments cannot create money out of dresses five major areas. First, we seek cannot be ignored. Immediately after the col- thin air and that money must represent some- to establish a worldwide code of con- lapse in East Asia, Malaysia began shipping thing of real value, we can anticipate a lot duct for U.S. tobacco companies. We out hundreds of immigrants from Indonesia as more confiscation of wealth through inflation. basically are saying, do not market to- a reaction to their economic problems. Re- f bacco to children anywhere, and alert sentment in Germany, France, and England is INTRODUCTION OF THE INTER- consumers to the dangers of your prod- growing toward workers from other countries. uct everywhere. The Marlboro man has The same sentiment exists here in the NATIONAL TOBACCO RESPON- SIBILITY ACT OF 1998 hardly vanished. He has just taken a United States, but it's not quiet as bad at this trip around the world to a school or a particular time because our economy is doing The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a youth-oriented magazine in someone better. But in the midst of a deep recession, previous order of the House, the gen- else’s country. the scapegoats will be found and alien work- tleman from Texas (Mr. DOGGETT) is Last August, at the very time these ers will always be a target. recognized for 5 minutes. high-paid, high-powered tobacco lobby- The greatest danger in a collapsing financial Mr. DOGGETT. Mr. Speaker, today I ists were trooping around the Capitol bubble is that the economic disruptions that am introducing the International To- asking us to endorse the settlement, follow might lead to political turmoil. Once seri- bacco Responsibility Act of 1998, a bill one of these tobacco companies pro- ous economic problems develop, willingness to adopt a truly responsible policy on vided all-expense-paid vacations to to sacrifice political liberty is more likely, and nicotine addiction. Miami Beach for Latin-American re- the need for a more militant government is too With the recent forced disclosure of porters so that they could hear com- often accepted by the majority. documents, we have learned, in the pany representatives announce that re- No one has firmly assessed the Y2K prob- words of the tobacco companies them- strictions on smoking and advertising lem, but it cannot bode well if a financial crisis selves, the treachery they have en- were scientifically unsound. That is comes near that time. Certainly a giant com- gaged in in targeting America’s chil- the kind of hypocrisy that we are deal- pany like Citicorp and Travelers, who have re- dren. Less well-known is the activity ing with. Two decades ago, the United cently merged, could really be hurt if the Y2K they have had around the world to ad- States set a higher ethical standard problem is real. Since the markets seem to be dict the children of other countries. with regard to bribery. We can do the discounting this, I have yet to make up my Since 1990, while Philip Morris sales same thing with regard to tobacco. own mind on how serious this problem is have risen by a little less than 5 per- The second part of this bill is to going to be. cent here in the United States, they strengthen last year’s prohibition on WASHINGTON MENTALITY have grown by more than 80 percent our Government promoting tobacco Every politician I know in Washington is abroad. Only last Thursday RJR Na- abroad. awestruck by Greenspan. The article in The bisco posted some bad news: They had The third is to recognize that public New Republic reflects the way many Members about an 11 percent drop in their to- health advocates around the world lack of Congress feel about the ``success'' of bacco earnings. But the news was not the resources to combat the very se- Greenspan over the last ten years. Add to this all bleak. As the New York Times re- ductive practices perfected in addicting the fact that there is no significant understand- ported, the analysts said that the com- our children of these United States to- ing of the Austrian business cycle in Washing- pany’s tobacco sales grew impressively bacco companies. And so it sets aside ton, and the likelihood of adopting a solution in some areas like Romania, where some revenues from any settlement to to the pending crisis, based on such an under- they more than doubled. The analysts help establish an American Center on standing, is remote. noted there was extremely good vol- Global Health and Tobacco and to help Liberals are heedless of the significance of ume in market share growth in Eastern fund efforts through the Department of monetary policy and its ill effects on the poor. Europe and Russia. Health and Human Services to discour- They have no idea that the transfer of wealth The big tobacco companies that dis- age tobacco use worldwide. from the poor to the rich occurs as a result of avowed the settlement now, originally, A fourth issue is to address the mat- monetary policy and serves to hurt the very when they entered that settlement, ter of cigarette smuggling which is al- people they claim to represent. Liberals stick they knew they could pay any pen- ready going on and actually helps some to the old cliche that all that's needed are alties they owed for what they did to of these companies open up new mar- more welfare benefits. They are, I'm sure, in- our children by going and addicting kets. fluenced by the fact that if more welfare bene- children in someone else’s backyard. I And finally, we encourage the in- fits are handed out, they can count on the think that is wrong. If America is to be volvement of the United States in an Federal Reserve to accommodate them. Un- called a world leader, it must also lead International Framework Convention fortunately this will continue to motivate them in the battle to save the lives of young on Tobacco Control. This convention to argue for a loose monetary policy. people around this planet. would be similar to the international The debate so often seems only to be who Last year, this Congress took some campaign to ban land mines, because should get the expanded credit, the business- constructive action when it adopted an we have a real mine here threatening banking community or the welfare recipients amendment that I authored to an ap- the future of the children of this world. who will receive it indirectly through the mone- propriations bill to stop the American For our Government to allow compa- tization of an ever-expanding government defi- taxpayer from having to be an unwill- nies to pay their debts at home by cit. In Washington there is a craving for power ing accomplice in promoting the ac- hooking children abroad to nicotine ad- and influence, and this motivates some a lot tivities of these tobacco companies diction and pushing them down the more than their public display of concern for abroad by involving improperly, I path to cancer, heart disease and em- helping the poor. think, and now it is against the law, physema would be an unprecedented Whether it's Japan that tries to inflate their the Trade Representative’s office and act of hypocrisy. currency to get out of an economic problem, our various consulates around the After so much talk about a global to- or the East Asian countries facing their crisis, world. bacco settlement, it is time to pass H2378 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 truly global legislation that will estab- prepared, and many are leaving the pay-as-you-go program where existing lish a responsible United States policy military at an alarming rate. All too workers pay in their taxes, and imme- for addressing our country’s long com- often our troops do not have adequate diately those taxes are sent out to ex- plicity in the export of death and dis- equipment, and their morale is suffer- isting beneficiaries. Because of that ease. ing. and because demographics have f I, for one, find this situation unac- changed in the last several years, there ceptable. So many of our fellow coun- are fewer and fewer workers paying in EXCHANGE OF SPECIAL ORDER trymen have fought and sacrificed and taxes to support an increasing number TIME even died so that we may have the free- of retirees. Mr. JONES. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan- doms we enjoy today. Yet we are, in ef- Let me give my colleagues some ex- imous consent to claim the time of the fect, taking their bravery and sac- amples of that changing demographics. gentleman from Texas (Mr. PAUL). rifices for granted by failing to ade- In 1942 there were about 40 people The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. quately protect the safety and freedom working, paying in their Social Secu- EAL). Is there objection to the request D they fought for. rity tax for each retiree. By 1950 it got of the gentleman from North Carolina? The President has deployed over 25 down to 17 workers working, paying in There was no objection. times our forces during his tenure at a their Social Security tax for each re- f monetary cost that exceeds $13 billion, tiree. Guess what it is today? Today, NATIONAL DEFENSE AND STATE and yet he continues to cut their budg- there are three people working, paying OF U.S. MILITARY et. in their Social Security tax for each The 1999 defense budget request, The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a retiree. And the estimate is that by when measured in constant dollars, 2027 we will be down to two workers. previous order of the House, the gen- represents the smallest defense budget What has happened is there has been tleman from North Carolina (Mr. since the beginning of the Korean War a decline in the birth rate after the so- JONES) is recognized for 5 minutes. in 1950. I hope that, as we proceed with called baby boomers. Then addition- Mr. JONES. Mr. Speaker, I rise to- this year’s appropriation process, my ally, there has been an increase in the night to talk about national defense colleagues in this Congress would join longevity or the length of time people and the state of our military. It is a me in the fight to stop this reckless de- are expected to live. very important subject that does not pletion of our military. seem to have received adequate atten- In the name of freedom, let us once When we started Social Security in tion lately. again provide our Armed Forces with 1935, the average life span was 62 years In fact, the President this year de- the resources they need to fulfill their old. So, therefore, since the retirement voted only one sentence in his entire mission of protecting this Nation. age was 65, that meant most people State of the Union Address to the need Mr. Speaker, may God bless America. never lived long enough to collect any- to maintain a ready and modern force. f thing from Social Security. Today the Additionally, the President’s 1999 budg- average life span at birth is 74 years The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a et proposes more than $100 billion in old for a male and 76 years old for a fe- previous order of the House, the gen- new domestic spending, but it fails to male, but if one is I will use the word tleman from Guam (Mr. UNDERWOOD) is provide one dime in increased defense ‘‘fortunate’’ enough to reach retire- recognized for 5 minutes. spending. ment age 65, on the average, he or she The administration’s budget request (Mr. UNDERWOOD addressed the will live another 20 years. for defense in 1999, therefore, rep- House. His remarks will appear here- So what do we do about this pay-as- resents the 14th consecutive year of after in the Exstensions of Remarks.) you-go system? How do we change it? real decline in defense spending. I per- f The estimates are that there is going sonally do not believe this is the right to be less money coming in as taxes policy for our Nation, and I know from SAVING SOCIAL SECURITY than is needed for benefits as early as talking to citizens in eastern North The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a 2007 to 2013. Sometime in that time pe- Carolina that they do not think so ei- previous order of the House, the gen- riod, there is going to be less money ther. tleman from Michigan (Mr. SMITH) is coming in than is required to pay out My constituents, like so many people recognized for 5 minutes. benefits. The longer we delay in solving throughout America, realize that hav- Mr. SMITH of Michigan. Mr. Speak- and coming up with a solution for So- ing a strong national defense has er, there has been a lot of talk recently cial Security, the more drastic that so- played a critical role in the history of about what we are going to do to save lution has to be. our country and that now is no time to Social Security. I would report to my have a weakened military. Maintaining colleagues this evening, Mr. Speaker, I have the only bill that has been in- a ready and modern force is like insur- that today the Social Security trustees troduced in the United States House of ance for our Nation. None of us would presented their new analysis of when Representatives that has been scored want to drive our cars without having Social Security is going broke; in other to keep Social Security solvent for the car insurance in the event of an acci- words, when there is going to be less next hundred years. That is House bill dent, but we seem to be denied that money coming in from tax revenues H.R. 3082. But I also put in a compan- same protection to our national safety than is required to pay current bene- ion bill a couple months ago, that is and freedom. fits. H.R. 3560, that says—in addition to There is clear evidence that we no That projection indicated that we keeping Social Security solvent for the longer have the military to fight in have maybe a year, maybe 2 years’ ad- young people and allowing them to own two regions at the same time. Consid- ditional time before less is coming in a private retirement investment ac- ering the real likelihood of this situa- than is needed to pay benefits. I think count that bears money that if they die tion, I think it is past time that we today is a day that we should all re- before age of retirement goes into their take a serious look at protection we mind ourselves of the real problem of estate—this proposal says, ‘‘let us start are denying ourselves. Once dimin- Social Security. using some of the surplus money that ished, our forces cannot rebuild quick- The estimate continues that the un- is coming into the Federal Govern- ly, and they are, unfortunately, al- funded liability or the actuarial debt of ment.’’ ready 32 percent smaller than they Social Security is over $3 trillion. In And we now expect the surplus this were just 10 years ago. other words, we would have to take $3 year, as we now define ‘‘surplus’’, to be We have such fine men and women in trillion today and put it in some kind upwards of $40- to $50 billion. So I say, our military today, but they are con- of an investment fund to keep Social let us start using some of that money stantly faced with budget cuts and Security going for the next 75 years. to set up private investment retire- shortages despite so many base clos- The problem that we are running ment savings accounts for people that ings. Our pilots are not receiving the into, Mr. Speaker, is the demographics pay a FICA tax, for people that are flying time they need to be thoroughly of Social Security. Social Security is a working. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2379 Let us not put off this problem sim- Her daughter’s love of horses led endary command, ‘‘Gentlemen, start your ply but let us take advantage of to- Mary Hulman to give $629,000 to endow engines.’’ It was a duty she assumed after day’s current positive economy, with the Mari Hulman George School of her husband’s death in 1977 and continued to more jobs and higher pay in many Equine studies at St. Mary-in-the- take seriously even after her health began to fail a few years back. cases, to create a Social Security pro- Woods College. She also donated Married to a millionaire businessman, Mrs. gram that preserves benefits for cur- $500,000 needed to repair the college’s Hulman had philanthropic resources in her rent retirees, and makes sure that fu- science building. own right as the granddaughter of Hermann ture retirees have even more savings Mary Hulman served on the develop- Fendrich, a German immigrant who founded when they retire. ment board of Wabash College and was LaFendrich Cigar Co. A patron of the arts, Mr. Speaker, let us do put Social Se- active in the Public Health Nursing As- Mrs. Hulman was a trustee of the Indianap- curity first. sociation of Terre Haute. She also olis Museum of Art and a member of the board of overseers of Terre Haute’s Swope f served on many agencies for the benefit Art Museum. of St. Anthony’s Hospital in Terre EXCHANGE OF SPECIAL ORDER Her financial contributions to museum, Haute. TIME church and higher education institutions She was the granddaughter of Her- were innumerable. Her faith and love of the Ms. CARSON. Mr. Speaker, I ask mann Fendrich, a German immigrant Catholic Church were unmistakable. unanimous consent to claim the time and the founder of the LaFendrich ‘‘Always gracious and unassuming, she of the gentleman from Guam (Mr. Cigar Company. Her father took over quietly provided assistance for the museum’s UNDERWOOD). the company and operated it until his ongoing programs and for projects she knew The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there death. would benefit the community and the state,’’ objection to the request of the gentle- noted Richard Wood, chairman of the board In 1926, Mary married Tony Hulman of governors of the Indianapolis Museum of woman from Indiana? and lived in Terre Haute, where Tony There was no objection. Art. was a well-known and prosperous busi- Mrs. Hulman was an important figure in f nessman. Tony Hulman was the owner the racing world and remembered for her TRIBUTE TO MARY FENDRICH of the speedway for many years. To- hospitality to drivers and their families. In HULMAN gether he and Mary worked to keep the 1997, she was inducted into the Speedway Indianapolis 500 the world’s premier Hall of Fame along with two-time Indy win- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a event in motor racing. ner Gordon Johncock. previous order of the House, the gentle- But her role in this community far exceed- Legendary racer A.J. Foyt said that woman from Indiana (Ms. CARSON) is ed just being the wife of a very famous man. the new generation of racers will never recognized for 5 minutes. Her commitment to community leaves a leg- Ms. CARSON. Mr. Speaker, I rise know the struggles and hardship of acy that rivals the motorsports legacy left today to pay tribute to a unique and Tony and Mary Hulman that they en- by her late husband. great American. Mary Hulman was dured to make the speedway an inter- f national success. The Hulmans had Chair of the board of directors of the WARNINGS OF A FAILED taken Foyt in and given him food and Indianapolis Motor Speedway when she DECENNIAL CENSUS a place to stay when he was a young died 2 weeks ago at the age of 93. The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Most Americans would not recognize man down on his luck. Mary was DEAL of Georgia). Under a previous her, but they heard Mary Hulman’s known for her kindness to new racers order of the House, the gentleman from voice many times over the years at the coming up through the ranks. Florida (Mr. MILLER) is recognized for 5 Indianapolis 500 when she commanded Mary Hulman thought her husband minutes. the drivers ‘‘Gentlemen, start your en- had bought a pig in a poke when in 1945 Mr. MILLER of Florida. Mr. Speaker, gines.’’ That may have been her high- he acquired the speedway. But later yesterday the Los Angeles Times ran a est-profile activity, but Mary Hulman she said, ‘‘I was wrong.’’ Last year story about a census in California. But was much more. Mary Hulman was inducted into the the story had nothing to do with the She was well-known for her generous Speedway Hall of Fame. Census 2000 dress rehearsal going on philanthropic public service, even St. Francis of Assisi said, ‘‘When now in Sacramento. It concerned a cen- though she contributed with little fan- there is charity and wisdom, there is sus conducted by the Los Angeles fare. She was a major benefactor and neither fear nor ignorance.’’ Mary County Department of Public Works, a board member of several organizations, Hulman spent her life dispelling fear census that counts bats. That is right, including Rose-Hulman Institute of and ignorance through her support of bats. On May 17, a team of biologists Technology, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods education and charity to the less fortu- and a couple of dozen volunteers will College, the Indianapolis Museum of nate. Mary Hulman set an example for try to count every bat living under- Art and Swope Art Museum in Terre Americans in selflessness and sacrifice. neath three wooden bridges in Topanga Haute. Ms. Hulman was steadfast in The world is truly a better place for Canyon in California. Let me quote her devotion to her Catholic faith and her 93 years of life. from the article: her support for Catholic charities. Mr. Speaker, I include the following The Indianapolis Star said in an edi- editorial from the Indianapolis Star on Census takers, who range in age from 7 to torial that Mary Hulman always exem- the life of Mary Hulman. 70, will each be assigned a section of a [From the Indianapolis Star, Apr. 14, 1998] bridge. With a Tally Wacker in hand, a click- plified Jesus’ teaching in the gospel of er used to count quickly with the thumb, A GENTLE LADY Matthew that giving should be done they will attempt to count the bats as they away from the blare of trumpets and Matthew’s Gospel counsels that charitable emerge from their roosts at dusk. Partici- the sight of men. She never sought rec- giving be done in quiet, away from the blare pants will ‘‘have to be in place, sitting very ognition for her charity work and al- of trumpets and the sight of men: ‘‘. . . let quietly before dusk, so they don’t disturb the ways looked for ways that she could do not thy left hand know what they right hand bats,’’ says biologist Rosi Dagit. Dagit says doeth.’’ more. bats are very sensitive to noise and won’t fly That advice characterized the generosity if they suspect they are being watched by b 1815 and spirit of Mary Fendrich Hulman, who humans. committed her life to worthwhile causes yet Mary Hulman was born into a managed to escape the spotlight that sur- The article concludes: ‘‘Census tak- wealthy family but she never acted as round one of Indiana’s richest and most ers will have to be fast.’’ though wealth was her birthright. She prominent families. Mr. Speaker, as chairman of the Sub- knew that much is expected from those The widow of longtime Speedway owner committee on the Census, I am tempt- who have received much. Over the Tony Hulman died Friday at age 93. A Mass ed here to start making jokes about years, Mary Hulman gave away much of Christian Burial will be at 12:05 p.m. today the batty census the Clinton Adminis- of her fortune. Her gifts included $3.5 in St. Benedict Catholic Church, Terre tration wants to conduct in the year Haute. million to the Indianapolis Museum of Although she shied away from publicity, 2000 using statistical sampling, but I Art and $2 million to Indiana State Mrs. Hulman couldn’t avoid the annual will refrain. I will just say that if we University for a student union com- minute of global fame that accompanied the can put that much effort into actually plex. start of the Indy 500 when she issued the leg- counting bats, I think it is a good H2380 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 lighthearted example to show that let you delay in making your appointments, you such additional personnel as the execu- us just count all Americans when we do effectively stonewall independent oversight tive director for each of the two parts the census in the year 2000. and review of the 2000 census. of the group considers appropriate,’’ Mr. Speaker, let me talk about a The mixed and conflicting messages from your Administration on the Board appoint- there is now a suggestion that both more serious subject, and that is the ments create the appearance of an attempt sides have to approve the hiring of each continued stonewalling by the Clinton to delay or prevent oversight of the con- other’s persons. That is just out- Administration regarding the 2000 cen- troversial Census 2000 plan. The Commerce rageous. I do not tell the minority sus. The latest example is the Census Department Inspector General and the Gen- what staff to hire and they do not tell Monitoring Board. Last year Congress eral Accounting Office have repeatedly the majority what staff to hire. To pro- and the Administration agreed to ap- warned us that the decennial census is at pose that is just outrageous. point a new oversight board. The agree- high risk for failure. The critical Census Unfortunately, the helpful sugges- ment was for four congressional ap- Dress Rehearsal began on April 18th, yet the tions of the minority do not stop there. Board is unable to perform any oversight pointments and four White House ap- until your appointments have been made. I They go on to demand that employees pointments. would hope you agree with me that without of the board be forbidden to do any Speaker GINGRICH and Majority Lead- this intensive oversight by the Board, the work unless both sides approve, that er LOTT made their appointments in American people cannot have confidence the expenditure of any funds by the February. But the board members have that the demonstrations of the Bureau’s board be forbidden unless both sides ap- not been able to hire staff and start complicated and complex statistical meth- prove, crippling their ability to do even oversight because the White House odologies have been done in an open and fair simple things like traveling and cut- environment. took its own sweet time in making ap- The American people deserve a census that ting monthly paychecks. And, most pointments. In fact, I had to send a let- is honest and reliable. This latest episode in- shockingly of all, they demand that ter on Friday to get the White House creases the risk of a failed census in 2000, one board members and employees forfeit to finally follow through with the ap- which will cost taxpayers billions and their constitutional right to free pointments last night. I would like to produce worthless results. I strongly urge speech while in the employment of the submit my letter for the RECORD. you to immediately rectify this situation by board. The text of the letter is as follows: confirming your appointments to the Census Mr. Coehlo certainly does not need Monitoring Board and allowing them to get CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, the advice of congressional Democrats on with the very serious work that await HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COM- on how to stonewall oversight, so my them. MITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM Sincerely, Democratic colleagues should not be AND OVERSIGHT, DAN MILLER, concerned with trying to interfere with Washington, DC, April 24, 1998. Chairman, Subcommittee on the Census. the oversight board’s activities and Hon. WILLIAM J. CLINTON, P.S. I strongly urge you to also move dictate their rules. President of the United States, The White quickly to nominate a new Director of the Once again this strikes me more as House, Washington, DC. Census Bureau. DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: I am writing to ex- an attempt to delay oversight. Rather press my extreme disappointment with the After receiving the letter we heard than getting down to serious oversight, apparent lack of serious interest your Ad- last night that the President finally the Democrats now want to fight about ministration is displaying towards the over- made his appointments. hiring a staff and play games with the sight of the 2000 Census. Mr. Speaker, I should not have to rules. That of course will take time, You are required pursuant to § 210 of Public send letters to the White House to get time that we do not have because the Law 105–119, the Departments of Commerce, the President to comply with the law. White House took so long to appoint Justice, and State Appropriations Act of The mere fact that the letter had to be 1998, to appoint four members to the Census its board members. I understand the Monitoring Board to observe and monitor all sent reflects poorly on the White game that is being played, and frankly aspects of the preparation and implementa- House. The fact that the dress re- it is sad. tion of the 2000 decennial census. These ap- hearsal has already started before the The American people deserve a cen- pointments were due to be made within 60 President made his appointments re- sus that is honest and reliable. This on- days of the enactment of P.L. 105–119, which flects poorly on the White House. Re- going saga of the delay at the oversight you signed into law on November 26, 1997. ports that the co-chairman, Tony board increases the risk of a failed cen- On April 6, 1998, The White House Office of Coehlo, is planning on leaving the sus in 2000, a census which will cost the Press Secretary released a two-page doc- country before the board has a chance ument which stated: ‘‘The President today taxpayers billions and produce worth- appointed Tony Coehlo, Dr. Everett M. Ehr- to meet reflects poorly on the White less results. I strongly urge the Presi- lich, Gilbert F. Casellas, and Lorraine Green House. dent to take the warnings of a failed as members of the U.S. Census Monitoring Fairly or unfairly, the cavalier atti- census seriously and direct his admin- Board.’’ I have attached a copy of this an- tude from the Clinton Administration istration to start cooperating and lis- nouncement for your reference. The news of creates the appearance of an attempt tening to Congress. the appointment of these individuals was to delay or prevent oversight of the f subsequently widely reported by a substan- controversial 2000 census plan. The tial number of news organizations. Commerce Department’s Inspector IN SUPPORT OF RESOLUTION ON Several times after this April 6th an- OCCASION OF 50TH ANNIVER- nouncement, including as recently as today, General and the General Accounting Office have repeatedly warned us that SARY OF FOUNDING OF MODERN my staff and counsels have reported to me STATE OF ISRAEL that in numerous telephone conversations, the decennial census is at a high risk both the Office of the Executive Clerk and for failure. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a the Office of Presidential Personnel have de- The critical census dress rehearsals previous order of the House, the gentle- nied to them that you have officially ap- began on April 18, yet the board has woman from Texas (Ms. JACKSON-LEE) pointed either these or any other individuals been unable to perform any oversight. is recognized for 5 minutes. to the Census Monitoring Board. Congres- Without this intensive oversight by the Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. sional Census Monitoring Board Co-Chair- board, the American people cannot be Speaker, I rise in support of House man J. Kenneth Blackwell has also been told that no appointments have been made, frus- confident that the demonstrations of Joint Resolution 102, expressing the trating his efforts to convene a meeting of the Bureau’s complicated and complex sense of Congress on the occasion of the Board to begin their work. These state- statistical methodologies have been the 50th anniversary of the founding of ments are in direct contradiction to your done in an open and fair environment. the modern state of Israel and re- earlier announcement. Now we have strong signals that the affirming the bonds of friendship and You can understand my frustration at this stonewalling will continue. My friend cooperation between the United States startling turn of events. It is completely ir- and respected colleague from New and Israel. responsible for the Administration to further York, the ranking member of the sub- I would like to particularly acknowl- delay the first meeting of the Board, since you are undoubtedly aware that the Board committee, is suggesting hiring prac- edge the Jewish community in Houston must first meet and approve its ground rules tices for the oversight board. Despite and thank them for giving to Houston before oversight activities can begin and pro- the fact that the law says that, ‘‘the and Houston school children the won- fessional staff can be hired. Thus, every day board may appoint and fix the pay of derful Holocaust Museum located in April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2381 Houston, TX which has provided so the world can join in to celebrate to- ber Tom Archer, his wife Kelly, and many with an opportunity to under- gether. The people of Israel have estab- their 2 children, Cody and Tanner, and stand the life and legacy of so many of lished a vibrant and functioning plural- to remember Larry Walsh, his wife Val- our Jewish community and as well the istic democratic political system in- erie, their four children, Angela, history of Israel. cluding freedom of speech, a free press, Lindsey, Jason and Shannon, in our I would also like to acknowledge spe- free and open elections, the rule of law, prayers. May we remember Tom Archer cial friends like the late Jerry Ribnik, and other important democratic prin- and Larry Walsh in our hearts as fa- someone who has lived his life in fos- ciples and practices. thers, husbands and two of America’s tering good relations, human relations I would like to offer my thanks and greatest heroes. May they rest in peace and communication between those of appreciation to the people of Israel for in God’s hands. the Jewish community and the larger their efforts in maintaining a demo- Mr. Speaker, I yield to the Chairman community, and particularly for his cratic government and the strengthen- of the Congressional Fire and EMS support of Israel. ing of the relationship with the United Caucus, the gentleman from Pennsyl- Likewise, I would like to add my ap- States as each Nation moves toward vania (Mr. WELDON). preciation and support for Vic Sam- the dawn of a new century. I wish all of Mr. WELDON of Pennsylvania. Mr. uels, the editor of the Jewish Herald Israel and its people a prosperous fu- Speaker, I thank my colleague for Voice, a paper that for many years has ture, and I believe that the next 50 yielding; and I just want to join him given to Houston the value of its in- years will be as successful as the last. and thank him for his eloquent state- sight and understanding of the issues Best wishes to all of you on the 50th ment on behalf of these two brave dealing with Israel and the issues in anniversary of the modern state of Americans and to extend my deepest general of the Jewish community. Israel. sympathies to their families along with I would also like to thank the late the gentleman from Iowa. f Karen Susman, who worked so very Let me state, Mr. Speaker, each year, hard with the Anti-Defamation League. IN HONOR OF TOM ARCHER AND unfortunately, we have a hundred inci- Many were able to see the light LARRY WALSH, VOLUNTEER dents of this type across this Nation, through Karen’s eyes; we thank her. FIREFIGHTERS FELLED IN THE where there is no other volunteer occu- With her recent passing, I wanted her LINE OF DUTY pation in America where, each year, 100 family and friends to know how much The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a brave Americans lose their lives and her contributions impacted all of us previous order of the House, the gen- they are torn from their families as we and helped to foster relationships be- have with the American volunteer fire tleman from Iowa (Mr. LATHAM) is rec- service. It is another example of where tween the Jewish community and the ognized for 5 minutes. we have people selflessly providing sup- larger community. Mr. LATHAM. Mr. Speaker, I rise Then I would also like to commend port to protect our families and our today to honor two fallen heroes from Melvin and Freda Dow whose combined neighborhoods, and it is all the more Albert City, Iowa. Tom Archer and leadership of AIPAC did so much in reason why in this terrible tragedy in Larry Walsh, both volunteer fire- adding to the national recognition of Iowa we should recommit ourselves as fighters with the Albert City Fire De- the friendship between Israel and the an institution to try to lessen the partment, were taken from us in the United States. amount of loss of life that we have not line of duty on April 9. They were It is important as well to recognize in just these brave Americans but from fighting a propane tank fire when an the many community associations and those people they are trying to save. organizations like Houston’s local unexpected and horrific explosion I join with my friend and colleague, chapter of the American Jewish Fed- claimed their lives. The explosion also and I would reiterate that on Thurs- eration, the local chapter of the Anti- injured six other firefighters and a dep- day, Mr. Speaker, we will be joined by Defamation League and, as I men- uty sheriff. some 2,000 of these leaders from across tioned earlier, the Jewish Herald Voice Both of these men were true heroes the country to talk about the kind of newspaper. All have contributed to fos- in every sense of the word. Between needs that would better prepare men tering greater understanding and them they had served for nearly 30 like Tom and Larry to deal with these friendship in Houston and added to our years as volunteer firefighters to pro- terrible disasters that they face every appreciation of the importance of tect the lives and the property of their day in their communities. Israel to our Nation and yes, to our neighbors, their families and their Right outside of the House Chambers city, the City of Houston. communities. will be a massive display of support for A milestone in world history was Larry Walsh and Tom Archer volun- the men and women of the American reached on November 29, 1947, when the teered because they cared. They volun- Fire Service, both paid and volunteers, United Nations General Assembly teered because they cared enough to asking this Congress and this adminis- voted to assist in the creation of the risk their lives whenever called upon. tration to finally listen, to provide not state of Israel. The people of the They volunteered because they cared just training but resources, commu- United States began a long history enough to interrupt their jobs, their nications equipment, support for pre- with the modern state of Israel on May meals and their precious time with planning that does not exist now so 14, 1948 when the people of Israel pro- their families. They volunteered be- that we do not keep having to come claimed the establishment of the sov- cause they cared about protecting the down to the well to pay tribute to ereign and independent state of Israel property, the safety and the lives of brave Americans like Tom Archer and and the United States Government es- their neighbors in times of need, a need Larry Walsh. tablished full diplomatic relations with that could have arisen at any time in Let me say in closing, Mr. Speaker, Israel. This relationship has been fos- the day or night or any day of the year. as we in this country look for heroes tered by a mutual appreciation for Tom Archer and Larry Walsh were we do not have to look to Hollywood, democratic values, common strategic two of the Nation’s finest volunteer and we do not have to look to our ath- interests and moral bonds of friendship firefighters, a group of men and women letic figures. We do not have to look to and mutual respect. who inspire so many by the brave ac- our politicians. We can look to those The establishment of a modern state tions they take in and for their com- men and women across this country, 1.2 of Israel as a homeland for the Jews munities. million of them in 32,000 organizations followed the murder of more than 6 and departments just like the one that b 1830 million European Jews during the Hol- Tom and Larry belonged to who, day in ocaust. This tragic chapter in world Volunteer firefighters are uniquely and day out, protect America. And history will never be forgotten, and the small town and rural American. They they do not do it for the pay. They do establishment of a modern state of provide a quality protection that their not do it for the recognition. They do Israel in no way relieves those respon- communities would never be able to af- it because it is the right thing to do for sible for that terrible crime. ford without their dedication. their community and for their country. This jubilee year for the state of This evening, I am asking that all I join with my friend, and I thank Israel is one that the United States and Americans take a moment to remem- him for his tireless efforts on behalf of H2382 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 the American Fire Service and in pay- Speaker, that the City of Kirtland In John Kennedy’s era, a time of rel- ing tribute to these two great Ameri- loved him. As we left the driveway of ative peace after Korea and before cans. the church, men, women and children Vietnam, we were spending 52 cents of Mr. LATHAM. Mr. Speaker, I thank lined the street and waved goodbye to every Federal tax dollar on the mili- the gentleman very much for his excel- their beloved chief. Store merchants tary. This year, we are spending 15 lent statement. put signs on their marquees thanking cents on the military. In John Ken- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a him for his 19 years of service and say- nedy’s era, we spent 9 percent of our previous order of the House, the gen- ing goodbye. country’s gross national product on de- tleman from Ohio (Mr. STRICKLAND) is He talked about his children, Jim fense. This year, it is 2.9 percent. recognized for 5 minutes. and Marcy, and how proud that he was And back in John Kennedy’s era, Mr. (Mr. STRICKLAND addressed the to have been able to participate in the Speaker, we had a draft where young House. His remarks will appear here- raising of such fine, fine Americans and people were taken out of high school after in the Extensions of Remarks.) how he was glad that if he had done and they were forced to serve the coun- f nothing else on Earth he was able to try and then they served for 2 years provide two young people with a good and left the service of the Nation. TRIBUTE TO DENNIS YAR- start in life so that they could be proud Today, we have an all-volunteer force, BOROUGH, KIRTLAND, OHIO’S Americans as well. well-paid, families, children, education CHIEF OF POLICE And, lastly, he talked about his wife costs, housing costs. So quality of life The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a Gail, his wife Gail whom he had been is a much larger portion of that small- previous order of the House, the gen- with since they were 12 years old. As a er amount of money that we spend on tleman from Ohio (Mr. LATOURETTE) is matter of fact, in our hotel in Toledo defense. Our job is to try to meet the recognized for 5 minutes. the chief had never been away from his needs of our military in a very difficult Mr. LATOURETTE. Mr. Speaker, be- wife for an extended period of time, and budget environment. fore I had the pleasure of serving as a he could not sleep. So he would get up Now added to this problem of de- Member of Congress, I was a prosecut- in the middle of the night, and he creasing defense assets is the fact that, ing attorney in Ohio. And while I pros- would walk the halls of the hotel, and over the past 6 years under this Presi- ecuted thousands of cases and saw that is how he passed his time. dent, we have had our troops deployed many defendants in court, there was Today, not only Kirtland, Ohio, but 25 times around the world at home and one in 1990 that was notorious; and the the United States and certainly the abroad. Now that compares to 10 de- facts of the case do not matter; and the area that I represent lost a great man. ployments in the previous 40 years. defendants, who are all in prison, real- On Thursday last, while jogging, an- Twenty-five deployments in 6 years ly do not matter. But what does matter other one of his passions, he collapsed versus 10 deployments in the previous is that that case, because of its notori- and died of a heart attack. 40 years. And the problem, Mr. Speak- ety, gave me the things that those of Tonight, Mr. Speaker, Dennis Yar- er, is none of these 25 deployments us in public life need to be successful: borough, Chief Dennis Yarborough of were budgeted for, none of these 25 de- name recognition, approval ratings. the Kirtland Police Department, I be- ployments were paid for. But, more than that, it gave me a lieve is in God’s arms. And I also pray So in spite of the dramatically de- friend for life, Chief Dennis Yarborough this evening that the good Lord watch- clining defense budgets, we have added of the Kirtland Police Department. es over his family, Gail and James and up an additional $15 billion that was Chief Yarborough served in the spe- Marcy; and I know that this country, not planned for that had to come out of cial forces posted at the White House. my district, Kirtland, Ohio, is better defense programs. So we have had an He was a highway patrolman in Penn- for the fact that Dennis Yarborough additional cut of $15 billion below the sylvania, and he served as a deputy came their way. authorized budget amount. sheriff before coming home to his be- f The problem, Mr. Speaker, is, in the loved Kirtland, where he served as The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a case of Bosnia, we are spending $9.42 chief of police for 19 years. previous order of the House, the gentle- billion on the Bosnian operation. It is Kirtland, Ohio, is a beautiful town. It woman from Connecticut (Ms. not that we do not think we have a role is a city of faith, it is a city of trees, DELAURO) is recognized for 5 minutes. for the U.S. in Bosnia, but what is many churches. It is the home, and (Ms. DELAURO addressed the House. being said in this body and the other those of the Mormon faith will know Her remarks will appear hereafter in body is, why should America go it Joseph Smith stopped in his travels in the Extensions of Remarks.) alone? Why did we put 36,000 troops in Kirtland, Ohio, and built the Kirtland f Bosnia when the Germans right next Temple. It is a city of good people, and door only put 4,000 troops in that thea- it is a place that Dennis very much MEETING THE NEEDS OF OUR ter? Why are we always asked to foot loved. MILITARY the bill for these deployments that are The last case in this series of cases, The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a so important for regional and global se- because of the pretrial publicity, was previous order of the House, the gen- curity? transferred hundreds of miles from our tleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. After all, President Bush in Desert home; and Dennis and I lived for weeks WELDON) is recognized for 5 minutes. Storm got the allied nations to reim- at a time in 1990 out of our suitcases. Mr. WELDON of Pennsylvania. Mr. burse the U.S. $53 billion for the costs And although it prepared me for this Speaker, this week we begin the annual of Desert Storm which were $52 billion. life, I have to say that I do not enjoy process of marking up our defense bills. Under this administration, we have had living out of a suitcase any more today These are the largest bills that we no reimbursements; and the $15 billion than I did then. enact in this Congress each year and, of contingency costs have all come out But we did have the chance, when we perhaps, I would argue, the most im- of an already strapped defense budget. had dinner at the end of the day or portant. I raise this issue, Mr. Speaker, be- when we had breakfast before going to Unfortunately, we are facing an im- cause we are in for tough times as we the courthouse in the morning, to talk; possible situation. The only major area approach the 21st century. We cannot and, just like here, it is good to not of Federal spending where this admin- continue to meet the needs of our talk always about legislation and istration has actually cut has been in troops under the type of robust com- things political. It was good not to talk the area of national security. All other mitments that this President has made about the case all the time. Federal agencies have either remained for the men and women of America’s Dennis’ conversation always focused stagnant or they have received slight military. We need to understand the on three things. It focused on the com- increases. In fact, this is the twelfth sacrifice, and we need to understand munity, Kirtland, where he grew up, a consecutive year of defense cuts. Some that we need to stop the continuing city that he loved, a place that he very would say, well, we are still spending drain of defense dollars that are so nec- much wanted to serve and protect; and more money on the military, but the essary to provide the support for these it was obvious today at his funeral, Mr. facts all prove otherwise. brave men and women. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2383 We also must fund the emerging Mr. Speaker, the 20th century saw a For instance, right now we spend threats that we see arising. Missile ca- goal for the United States thrust upon about $14 billion. We would go up to $28 pabilities around the world are coming it. billion, or the doubling about which we up. Iran, Iraq are now developing me- b 1845 speak, by the year 2003. Now, we have dium-range missiles that North Korea been averaging about a 7 percent in- already has. Our country was designated the role crease each year. I understand that Tomorrow, Mr. Speaker, I would ask in this entire global conflict that we this year the President offered a 9 per- our colleagues to join us on the Ray- witnessed during the 20th century of cent increase; the Senate version of the burn Triangle where we will unveil one preserving democracy, of repelling proposals would probably be about 11 of the Army’s newest programs called total totalitarianism in all of its percent, and we hope that we can do a THAAD, along with a Scud missile, a forms, and advancing the cause of de- little better than that and meet the 40-foot-long missile that was used by mocracy throughout the world. We did first leg, the first test of trying to dou- Saddam 7 years ago to kill 28 young that in responding to World War I, and ble it by getting up to 15 percent. If we Americans in Saudi Arabia. This new we did magnificently for the sake of do so, then we will see tremendous mo- Army system that we are desperately preserving Europe; in World War II to mentum build up so that we can accel- tying to fund in this difficult budget preserve the world on every side of the erate the rate and the breadth of the environment is designed to meet that planet, as it were. Since then, in all of research that is required to meet that threat in the 21st century. the skirmishes and battles and con- vision of eradication of disease among I urge our colleagues to join the flicts that have occurred, including the citizens of the world. Army and the Ballistic Missile Defense Korea and Vietnam and Desert Shield, The other feature of what we are Organization in seeing firsthand the Desert Storm later, Panama, Grenada, doing here is that we did not come up kind of technology that we are trying one names it, Bosnia today, the 20th with this idea about the worthwhile- to produce in this very difficult budget century saw the United States emerge ness of the National Institutes of environment. as the saviour of democracy and the Health just simply by saying it. About f proponent, the chief proponent, of de- 5 or 6 years ago we established the Bio- mocracy. So we met our goal to repel medical Research Caucus here in the A NEW NATIONAL GOAL: AD- totalitarianism and to preserve democ- House of Representatives. VANCEMENT OF GLOBAL racy. The gentleman from Alabama (Mr. HEALTH Now, what should be the goal of the CALLAHAN), the gentlewoman from The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. next century, of the 21st century? My California (Ms. PELOSI), the gentleman DEAL of Massachusetts). Under the legislation calls for the establishment from Massachusetts (Mr. KENNEDY) and Speaker’s announced policy of January of a commission to determine that the myself are the current cochairs of that 7, 1997, the gentleman from Pennsyl- goal for our country should be to eradi- Biomedical Research Caucus. We have vania (Mr. GEKAS) is recognized for 60 cate disease from the face of the earth. had over 60 or so special lectures by the minutes as the designee of the major- Now, this is a great humanitarian most advanced scientists that we could ity leader. goal implicit in the language that I muster as our lecturers to bring us up GENERAL LEAVE just used, to eradicate disease from the to date on the various progresses made Mr. GEKAS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan- face of the earth, but it also carries by the National Institutes of Health. imous consent that all Members have 5 with it an enlightened self-interest for Among them have been about a dozen legislative days within which to revise our country. Since our country leads Nobel Prize winners in their particular and extend their remarks on the sub- the world in pharmaceuticals and re- field. ject of this particular special order. search, in development of technologies So you name the disease, Mr. Speak- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there and biomedical advancements, in bio- er, and I will name a lecturer, re- objection to the request of the gen- technical concepts, in all of the science nowned lecturer, who has appeared in tleman from Pennsylvania? that is required to hone in on the these very halls of the House of Rep- There was no objection. eradication of disease, not only will we resentatives to give us an update on Mr. GEKAS. Mr. Speaker, this spe- be steadily moving towards the goal of those diseases. Arthritis, AIDS, wom- cial order is centered around our effort preventing and eradicating disease, but en’s breast cancer, multiple sclerosis, to double the appropriations, to double at the same time we will fashion a new Parkinson’s disease, you name it. I the funding, as it were, of the National leadership, economic worldwide leader- challenge you and I will tell you, not Institutes of Health over the next 5 ship, for our country in producing the only did we have a luncheon on it, I years. wherewithal by which to eradicate can even tell you the menu for the I have for a long time appreciated the those diseases. What that means is luncheon, but also who was the guest special efforts made by our scientists, more jobs, more enterprise, more pros- speaker and who brought us up-to-date researchers across the country, as have perity, while helping save humanity on these developments. In every single all Members of Congress as we see new, from the ravages of the diseases in case, cloning, new technologies, we spectacular advances made in research every corner of the world that too even had the people from the space pro- and development of technologies, new often are unattended. gram come to tell us the advancements ways to cure age-old diseases, those So what this Special Order here to- that were made by reason of space re- that have scourged the earth for all night does, it fits splendidly into the search in these very same scientific these years, and new ways of treating goal, the vision that I see for the 21st methodologies about which we speak. people who have reached older age, how century. Our message tonight is that Now, what is the purpose of all of to treat infant deaths and the scourge now is the time to double, we say to these things? To bring us up to date to of handicaps that are across the land. double the appropriations, the funding these diseases, but also to give incen- All these research methods and sci- mechanisms for the National Institutes tives to Members of the House to re- entific methodologies have blossomed of Health, which, after all, are the bul- double their efforts to bring about so- over the last several years to such an wark of all the research and the devel- lutions and treatments for the various extent that we feel confident that to opment that is required to meet these diseases about which we speak. I must redouble, using those words advisedly, visions that we have of combating dis- tell my colleagues that in many of the effort on the part of our entire so- ease. these cases, just around the corner lies ciety will benefit that society in a mil- Mr. Speaker, if we relegate funding the final solution to a lot of these ar- lion different ways. to the National Institutes of Health of chaic diseases that have plagued us for Pursuant to that, back in November something like 15 percent, to increase so long. of last year I introduced H.R. 2889. Now the funding for the next 5 years at 15 Now, how do we do this? I have col- this bill would have created and still is percent per annum, we would be dou- leagues here who are ready to speak on extent and could create, if passed, a na- bling the number of dollars now being these subjects. I will yield to the gen- tional commission for the new national spent for that magnificent institution tleman from Florida (Mr. STEARNS). goal, that goal being the advancement that provides so much benefit to man- Mr. STEARNS. Mr. Speaker, I thank of global health. kind, the National Institutes of Health. my colleague from Pennsylvania (Mr. H2384 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998

GEKAS), and I am honored to be here on erative efforts of genome biologists, responsible, but here is a case where this Special Order to help him with the mathematicians and engineers to make the direct benefits from increasing the endorsement of accelerated funding for the new field of genetics a reality will funding for the NIH will be enormous. the NIH. require this increased funding for the I am happy to say that there are other As chairman, cochairman with the NIH. So again, I think it is a good case Members who have stepped forward to gentleman from Texas (Mr. GREEN), of for all Members to be down here on the do just this. the Genetic Privacy and Health House floor to argue forcibly the need Recently, Senator CONNIE MACK from Records Task Force of the Committee for increased funding for the NIH. Florida, my Senator, advocated dou- on Commerce, I can fully understand I think when we talk about funding bling the NIH funding over the next 5 and appreciate the gentleman’s feel- for the NIH, we perhaps should put it years. So I have joined with him and ings about accelerating the funding for into human terms, and I want to give others to double this funding, to in- NIH. my colleagues a case example of where crease it, because I think they are con- It is interesting that when I came to this study, this research, has benefited sistent with the views of conservative Congress, we were spending almost $18 all of us. The first debate in medical budget policy. We get the biggest bang billion a year for foreign aid, and if circles in the late 1960s and early 1970s for the buck by this research to help anybody said, well, why are we spend- was about the role of cholesterol in all Americans, particularly when we ing so much money for foreign aid, yet heart disease. Many scientists reasoned look at what the population is doing we are spending so little for the NIH, I that a high-fat diet clogged the arte- today. It is aging, and we have Medi- think we have been forceful in trying ries and must surely contribute to care still not completely out of sol- to get more money for NIH, but we still heart attacks and strokes. Others ar- vency, right now is solvent to the year have a long way to go. gued that because so many Americans 2010, but we are going to see more and As the gentleman from Pennsylvania who dined on high-fat foods had appar- more baby boomers coming in, and we (Mr. GEKAS) mentioned, we are now at ently healthy hearts, cholesterol might need this research to protect their $14 billion a year. One says, well, that just be sort of a wrong, a scapegoat. lives. sounds like a lot of money, but when Two physician scientists, Michael So I was glad to join with Senator we think of the kinds of things it can Brown and Joseph Goldstein of the MACK and others in the House, with the do for all Americans and for all of hu- University of Texas Southwestern Med- gentleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. manity, this is not enough money, and ical Center of Dallas, were treating GEKAS) to increase funding for the NIH. I think so much could be done. children at the time, and this is inter- I would like to just, for example, It is a wise investment for the many esting, who had heart attacks before take my colleagues into the area I am health care results we achieve, and it is the age of 10. Now, they discovered familiar with, and that is taking ad- not that ambitious an enterprise when that the kids’ arteries were as full of vantage of some of the new opportuni- we consider that at the current rate of cholesterol deposits as those of a 50- ties in genetic engineering. For exam- expenditures, we will double NIH fund- ple, as we end this millennium, we will year-old beef-eating man. Soon they ing in 10 years rather than the 5 that have completed a program to map and identified the gene that controls spe- the gentleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. identify the entire human genome, but cial receptors on the surface of the GEKAS), proposed. liver, and other body cells, that re- we will not have begun to access this b 1900 new information. As my colleagues moved the bad cholesterol before it has a chance to wreak havoc in blood ves- We are suggesting that we provide may be aware, I have been working on this additional funding, we do it now, this legislation before the Committee sels. None of the children with early and I think the important theme to- on Commerce to ensure protective heart disease had the gene needed to night is to make all Members aware of measures for genetic privacy to indi- break down the bad cholesterol. So in the need to get behind this. It is not a viduals so that we can move forward 1985, Dr. Brown and Dr. Goldstein won lot of money. with these new technologies for all of the Lasker Award for discovering the As I say, the foreign affairs budget is our mutual benefits. mechanism that controlled cholesterol But where is this technology occur- metabolism, and that same year they almost higher than the NIH budget, ring? It is occurring at the National In- shared the Nobel Prize. and so now is the time to continue our stitutes of Health. In the new area of So that is an example of just simply efforts. NIH research opportunities, genetics is scientists having the time and energy, Mr. Speaker, I yield back to the gen- one of the most exciting and promising working through the National Insti- tleman from Pennsylvania. developments in molecular medicine. tutes of Health, through the grants, are Mr. GEKAS. Mr. Speaker, I thank Once the map of the normal function of able to solve some of the major prob- the gentleman for his remarks and I human genes is made available within lems. now yield to the gentleman from Wash- the next few years, we will then, Mr. I would like to identify another case ington (Mr. NETHERCUTT). Speaker, be able to make comparisons example by Judah Folkman who gen- Mr. NETHERCUTT. Mr. Speaker, I with our own unique genetic blueprint. erated a new approach to treating can- thank the gentleman from Pennsyl- This will herald in a whole new era of cer that is directed not at the cancer vania (Mr. GEKAS) for yielding to me. computer collaboration with molecular cell itself, but at blood vessels that Mr. Speaker, there is no greater trag- medicine to develop a DNA chip, trans- feed tumors. The cells that line blood edy in life that all of us must face at ferring the functions of human genome vessels put out a host of proteins or some time or another than facing a de- to a computer chip to be run for com- growth factors to which tumors are at- bilitating and serious and chronic dis- parison for diagnostic and treatment tracted. If the tumors are deprived of ease. It touches Democrats, Repub- purposes against our own genetic map. its proteins, the cancer can be starved licans, people of all races and religions. I mean, that is an enormous endeavor. without harming the healthy cells the It is a fact of life. It is going to require a lot of research. way normal chemotherapy does. This is It is my pleasure to be here tonight The NIH is on the leading edge of a remarkable and once ridiculed idea to talk in support of not only the ef- doing this, and we need to fund that that is now being tested in recurring forts of the gentleman from Pennsyl- project, because the ultimate guaran- and metastic cancer. Based on vania to increase funding for the Na- tee for all of us is better health by this Folkman’s work, experiments with tional Institutes of Health, but to DNA chip in transferring the function unique tumor-suppressing drugs will stand up in support of that national of the human genome to a computer soon be ready for breast, colon, pros- health organization that leads the chip so that we can run these compari- tate and other cancer trials. world in health research. sons to find out what particular genes So, Mr. Speaker, we have here a need I just happened to visit for the sec- are defective or what particular genes for this funding for research, and I ond time the National Institutes of provide a predisposition for any of us think many of us are on the House Health a week ago Monday. And I com- for certain diseases. floor today to say that the budget of mend that visit to every Member of The software and hardware that will $14 billion is not enough. A lot of us this body; to go out to the NIH and see be needed to be developed by the coop- around here talked about being fiscally the resources that we have there, that April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2385 we taxpayers fund in order to try to specific terms the National Institute analysis in men, and the colorectal make lives better by curing disease. It for Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Dis- screening, all covered now and in this is a remarkable experience to see it eases, which does this great research year in the Medicare program. That is and to meet with the leaders of the on how to cure diabetes. going to save dollars on the other end. centers and the institutes, the 21 cen- Mr. Speaker, if we cure diabetes, we And with this kind of research for ters and institutes of the National In- will have a better society. If we cure treatment and cures through the NIH, stitutes of Health. cancer, we will have more productivity we are going to be a better and Mr. Speaker, it is celebrating its 50th among all Americans and around the healthier and happier and more produc- year, approximately, this year, having world. So it is in our interest, our na- tive and less wasteful society. been the Public Health Service over tional interest, to dedicate ourselves to The Diabetes Working Group that we the years and being the National Insti- increased funding for the National In- introduced is going to help focus the tutes of Health in recent times. I must stitutes of Health. NIDDK, National Institutes for Diabe- say, Mr. Speaker, that the history is a When I visited the National Insti- tes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, in proud one. There have been tremendous tutes a week ago Monday, I had a how we set a chart, set a pathway to developments and progress achieved by chance to meet with the director of the cure diabetes. I think it is a great the scientists, the researchers, the National Cancer Institute, and he model, Mr. Speaker, for other insti- medical professionals, the nurses, the showed me some graphic pictures of a tutes to follow: To marshal the best administrators at the National Insti- gentleman who was a patient there of minds, the best researchers, the pa- tutes of Health. It is worthy of a Fed- the hospital at NIH with skin cancer, a tients, the children, the people who are eral taxpayer commitment to enhance terrible outbreak. Terribly devastating affected by these devastating diseases, this research, to seek cures in our soci- consequences of that disease are chronic conditions, mobilize them to ety for the very serious diseases which present today in our society. chart a path, to chart a course to a affect all Americans and, indeed, all Through the research that has been cure or to better treatment or to mak- people around the world. done at NIH to introduce the concept ing life easier with a particular dis- I think we have to look at what in- and the substance of Interleukin, to ease. That is what the Diabetes Work- creased funding would do. It would cer- allow the body to beef up its damaged- ing Group is doing. tainly help bridge the gap between the cell fighting capability, its natural In fact, they are meeting this week National Academy of Sciences and the mechanism for fighting disease, that again, all of these great minds and NIH. There is research going on, sci- Interleukin component works wonders. great scientists from around the coun- entific research going on throughout In fact, I had the chance to meet the try, to focus on how we can chart a this entire government. The Depart- gentleman who was the subject of the path for additional research dollars to ment of Defense has a breast cancer fa- pictures I was shown with his cancer be spent, all in the cause of curing dia- cility and bank that looks at the inci- developed earlier in last year. And now betes and its complications. dence of breast cancer and blood work I looked at him, and I know through I think we have to recognize also that would lead to cures for this ter- this great research effort, his skin was that the consumer has a say in all of rible disease. clear. this, and increased funding for NIH, The National Aeronautics and Space So this is one example of how we can doubling the funding over the next five Administration does tremendous work cure this disease called cancer 50 per- years, coordinating that funding with on microgravity. In fact, as we speak, cent of the time. We cannot cure all other scientific research throughout there is a satellite and a space station the cancers in America and in the the government, has to have as a main somewhere and a research facility world, but we can cure about 50 per- component a consumer involvement. If somewhere engaged with NASA doing cent, I am informed. So it is in our in- we go out to the National Institutes of this great research that is going to terest, having been touched by cancer Health and see the National Health Li- help people deal with the chronic dis- in my own family and having been brary, it is hooked up to the Internet. eases that affect their lives. touched by diabetes in my own family, It gets thousands of hits per month, per Mr. Speaker, I happen to have a spe- it is in our interest to devote ourselves week, per day, to see and learn about cial interest in diabetes research. In to this effort to increase research fund- disease and how NIH is working so very fact, I am proud to be one of the co- ing for this great institute. dramatically to help cure and treat founders of the Diabetes Caucus with Along with that increased research those kinds of diseases. the gentlewoman from Oregon (Ms. funding, I think we need to encourage That is a component that is very FURSE), and 158 Members are now part the NIH, encourage the scientists, the much a part of this NIH funding dou- of this Diabetes Caucus. We set out 55,000 scientists around the country, bling. So that we can have the con- over the last three years that I have through our university systems who do sumer who is touched by multiple scle- been in Congress to work very hard to NIH research as NIH grant recipients, rosis or AIDS or Alzheimer’s or diabe- raise the interest level and the under- to make sure that the money we devote tes or cancer or Parkinson’s or all the standing of diabetes. to this institute and this agency is other diseases that are prominent in The Speaker of the House, NEWT spent wisely. I do not doubt that it is, this country, they have a resource in GINGRICH, has been a great leader in but I also feel as though we can focus the National Institutes of Health to terms of providing additional funding better, perhaps, the resources of Amer- touch immediately, to find out about for NIH, for the research mission to ica, to allow the NIH to focus better that disease, to help a loved one get cure diabetes, because diabetes affects and the institutes to focus better, to through it, to learn about it. about 27 cents out of every Medicare work better toward preventive cures I know that is a common occurrence dollar. It is spent in the treatment of and prevention of disease. when people are touched by a disease. diabetes and the very serious complica- The gentleman from Pennsylvania The first inclination that we all have is tions that can come if a diabetic does (Mr. GEKAS) and I and others and the to find out about it, to learn about it not take care of himself or herself. Speaker of the House this year, and a and figure out how we can understand Things like blindness, amputations, lot of Democrats, voted very forcefully the current treatments. This is a value heart disease, kidney failure, all of in favor of the balanced budget agree- to doctors. It is a value to the con- those things are consequences of lack ment which provided $30 million for di- sumer. It is a value to the researcher. of treatment and lack of care for the abetes research for five years, $30 mil- And, by the way, we have to get good disease called diabetes that is a killer lion times five; and $30 million times researchers funded through the NIH, disease in our society. five, $150 million, for Native American the basic research that is done there So it has been our pleasure, with the research, which is a population dis- and the applied research that is done other 157 Members, along with the gen- proportionately affected by diabetes. there. tlewoman from Oregon (Ms. FURSE) and Speaker GINGRICH and others worked So this is a joint effort that joins dis- myself, to push very hard this idea very hard to get Medicare coverage for eases, it joins medical specialties that we have to have increased funding the preventive side of diabetes, across the board. It joins people from at the National Institutes of Health, in mammographies in women, prostate Congress, it joins special interest H2386 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 groups who care deeply about a par- settlements that may or may not occur doubling effort without harming the ticular disease. It joins the teachers or the tobacco financing that can still balanced budget for which the gen- and students, and families. It joins all occur, even without the overall settle- tleman from Ohio (Mr. KASICH) and the Americans in one common cause, one ment to which all the States are a gentleman from South Carolina (Mr. common objective. That is to cure dis- party, that is a source of funding which SPRATT) have worked so hard and ease in America and throughout the would be a natural to devote to medi- which we support and which we do not world. cal research, because it does not even want to violate in any way. The United States is the leader in have to be stated. We just want the priorities to be set that effort. It is the leader because we The causes of some of the worst dis- for the next century to include a heavy have the best scientists, the best eases that we have emanate from emphasis on biomedical research and minds, the best technology, the best re- smoking. We want to try to defeat both all the efforts that can go into eradi- sources and the greatest commitment, ends of the smoking cycle, to prevent cating disease worldwide with the im- I submit, to reach this great goal of teenagers from taking up the habit and plicit benefits not only to humanity curing disease globally. to treat those who did not avoid the but to the economic leadership of our So I want to thank the gentleman ravages of smoking, causing all the Nation. from Pennsylvania (Mr. GEKAS) and health problems that we know about. Mr. Speaker, I include for the thank the Speaker and all the others So we want to be able to say that to- RECORD the following: who care deeply about this issue. We bacco increased funding should be de- CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, will join with our colleagues and make voted, at least partially, towards medi- Washington, DC, April 8, 1998. this a reality in the next five years and cal research in the National Institutes Hon. JOHN KASICH, hopefully get it all done this year. of Health on how to prevent all the Chairman, House Budget Committee, Mr. GEKAS. Mr. Speaker, we thank dastardly diseases that follow a life- Washington, DC. the gentleman. His remarks have been time of smoking. Hon. JOHN SPRATT, right on point. We in the Biomedical So that is a natural, but that is not Ranking Member, House Budget Committee, Research Caucus recognize the gen- the only source that we can muster for Washington, DC. DEAR CHAIRMAN KASICH AND RANKING MEM- tleman from Washington (Mr. dedication to the National Institutes of NETHERCUTT) as one of our leading ad- BER SPRATT: As the Budget Committee be- Health. We also have what is now being gins consideration of the Fiscal Year 1999 vocates of focus and concentration on termed as the budget surplus. We are the disease of diabetes. We thank him. Budget Resolution, we urge you to provide fortunate enough by all the configura- sufficient budget authority and outlays to Mr. Speaker, the target of all this tions that have been entered into by provide a $2 billion increase (15%) for the Na- and the absolute goal of this special the Committee on the Budget to be tional Institutes of Health (NIH). This is the order is to convince the Committee on able to proclaim budget surpluses. first step toward achieving a doubling of the the Budget that it ought to respond to What better source for application of NIH budget over the next five years. the resolution that we offered about We recognize the pressures and trade-offs surpluses than that which we speak doubling the funding for the National that you and your Budget Committee col- about here tonight, the National Insti- Institutes of Health over the next five leagues face in maintaining a balanced budg- tutes of Health? To be able to pour in years. et, but we ask that you consider the benefits a couple of billion dollars a year from derived from America’s commitment to med- The gentleman from Ohio (Mr. KA- the $10 billion or $12 billion or $14 bil- ical research, including a reduction in health SICH) chairman of the Committee on care expenditures. Medical research is a the Budget, and the gentleman from lion or $20 billion, $30 billion per year surplus that we may be enjoying the budget saver, not a budget buster. South Carolina (Mr. SPRATT) ranking next several years would be facilitating Recent breakthroughs in medical and member, have been very workmanlike health sciences have dramatically improved over the past several years in preparing the doubling of the funding that we are the quality of life for all Americans, and con- the budgets for the entire government, talking about without really harming tinue to yield cures and new treatments for of course. We want them to pay special the path that we will have established the debilitating diseases which plague our attention to the doubling of the fund- for creating surpluses. society. The United States leads the world in ing effort for the National Institutes of So we believe that the letter that we the field of biomedical research, and will have sent to the Committee on the continue to lead the world only through a Health. national commitment to increase support for How do we do that? They have some Budget serves those purposes. We sent a letter dated April 8, 1998, to the gen- the NIH. problems because they are under the Based on this record of success, and the constraints that they are, of course, tleman from Ohio (Mr. KASICH), chair- tremendous potential for the future, we sup- trying to convince us we must main- man, and the gentleman from South port sufficient budget authority and budget tain, and they are correct, capping on Carolina (Mr. SPRATT), ranking mem- outlays to double NIH funding over the next spending so that we can stay within ber, signed by, oh, I do not know how five years, and to provide an increase of $2 the parameters of the balanced budget many, but a couple of dozen of our billion for Fiscal Year 1999 over the current Members in which we discussed this appropriated level. that we supported not too long ago and We respectfully request that the Budget which, of course, has to continue in very same prospect. In fact, the last paragraph, the last Committee consider using a combination of order for our country to prosper, to sources and funding mechanisms to achieve make sure that we never fall back into cogent paragraph, I would like to read the doubling goal for the NIH. These funding the deficit mode and that the balanced into the RECORD. sources include general revenues, budget sur- budget carries with it all the benefits We say, ‘‘We respectfully request pluses and budget offsets. We also request that it should. that the Committee on the Budget con- that the Budget Committee consider estab- Well, how do we convince them to be sider using a combination of sources lishing a reserve fund to capture offsets from able to do this doubling effort and still and funding mechanisms to achieve the any tobacco settlement for the purpose of doubling goal for the National Insti- funding biomedical research and for other maintain those caps? That is an inter- purposes stated in the settlement. esting problem, and one which we tutes of Health. These funding sources include general revenues, budget sur- As the House Budget Committee begins think can be addressed if only the preparing the FY 1999 Budget Resolution, we chairman and the ranking member of pluses, and budget offsets. We also re- remind you of the historically strong and bi- the Committee on the Budget will look quest that the Committee on the Budg- partisan support for the NIH, the world’s pre- at the possibilities that lie before us to et consider establishing a reserve fund mier research enterprise. We hope that you be able to do that without violating to capture offsets from any tobacco will honor our request to provide sufficient the balanced budget or the guidelines settlement for the purpose of funding budget authority and budget outlays to ac- biomedical research and for other pur- complish the will of your colleagues in the or the caps that they have instituted to House. protect the fiscal integrity of the Con- poses stated in the settlement.’’ So we are explicit to the powers that Thank you for your consideration. We look gress and of the government. forward to working with you on this historic be in the budget process. We are not b 1915 public health and quality-of-life initiative. saying, please, oh, help us and double Sincerely, We submit that any proceeds that the efforts. We are suggesting concrete George W. Gekas, Louise Slaughter, might be forthcoming from the tobacco methodologies for accomplishing the Connie Morella, Martin Frost, James April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2387 Leach, Randy ‘‘Duke’’ Cunningham, key entities that have helped us all Rep. Bachus—03/24/98. Eni F.H. Faleomavaega, Sam Gejden- along in bringing to the floor all the Rep. Gutierrez—03/24/98. son, Anna Eshoo, Cliff Stearns, Joseph special problems and special opportuni- Rep. Gonzalez—03/24/98. Rep. Greenwood—03/25/98. Kennedy, Brian Bilbray, Rosa DeLauro, ties that we have as the research com- Martin Meehan, James Greenwood, Al- Rep. Filner—04/01/98. bert Wynn, Steve Horn, Fred Upton, munity begins the work of the 21st cen- Rep. Fattah—04/21/98. Jose Serrano, Lois Capps, Gene Green, tury. Rep. Gejdenson—04/21/98. Jim McDermott, Brad Sherman, Rob- We have four research societies, for Rep. Frank—03/05/98. ert Borski, Carolyn McCarthy, Edward instance, like the Whitehead Institute, Rep. Coyne—03/05/98. Rep. Cunningham—03/05/98. Markey, Bobby Rush, Frank Mascara, the Human Genome Project, MIT, Dr. Rep. Evans—03/05/98. Dennis Kucinich, Bob Clement, Max Mike Bishop, who is a Nobel laureate Rep. Clayburn—03/05/98. Sandlin, Harold E. Ford, Jr., Earl Hill- for oncogenes, co-recipient with the Rep. McCarthy, C.—03/05/98. iard, Jerrold Nadler, James McGovern, NIH Director Harold Varmus as the Rep. Kennedy, J.—03/16/98. Nydia Velazquez, Members of Congress. chief program advisor, all who are the Rep. Boehlert—03/16/98. umbrella group that helps us put on Rep. Peterson, J.—03/16/98. CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, Rep. Pallone—03/16/98. Washington, DC, March 24, 1998. these biomedical research caucuses, Rep. Woolsey—03/16/98. JOIN US IN URGING THE BUDGET COMMITTEE TO briefings, luncheons, and other special Rep. Mink—03/16/98. MAKE MEDICAL RESEARCH A PRIORITY projects that have heightened the level Rep. Callahan—03/24/98. DEAR COLLEAGUE: As the House Budget of understanding among Members of Rep. Bentsen—03/24/98. Committee begins the process of formulating the House as to what progress is being Rep. Furse—03/24/98. the FY 1999 House Budget Resolution, we are made on all these. Rep. Farr—03/24/98. writing to ask you to sign the attached let- Rep. Sanders—03/24/98. By the way, Mr. Speaker, you should Rep. Bilbray—03/24/98. ter to Chairman Kasich and Ranking Mem- know that, in these biomedical re- ber Spratt Supporting sufficient budget au- Rep. McGovern—03/25/98. thority and outlays to accomplish two goals. search luncheons, not only do Members Rep. Spence—04/01/98. First, to enable the House to provide a $2 bil- come but the real important people of Rep. Rush—04/21/98. lion increase for the National Institutes of the House of Representatives attend, Rep. Jenkins—04/21/98. Rep. Baldacci—4/28/98. Health (NIH) in FY 1999, and second, to en- the staffers, the staffers who are able the House to double NIH funding over charged with the responsibility in their That covers everything that I might the next five years. respective Member’s offices to dis- have wasted the Speaker’s time in pre- Throughout history, the United States has senting at this juncture. been the world leader in biomedical research. charge the issues of health for their Member, for their congressman, attend Suffice it to say, again, if indeed the The benefits derived from America’s com- United States continues to be and mitment to medical research have led to life- these luncheons regularly and become saving medical breakthroughs, dramatically well updated on all the advances that wants to remain the leader in the improving the quality of life for men and we have made and which the research world of pharmaceuticals, of bio- women throughout the world, and substan- community has produced. medical research, biotechnological ad- tially reducing health care expenditures. Our We also have the Federation of Amer- vances, of all the efforts made towards investment has contributed to the develop- ican Societies for experimental biology one goal, to eradicate disease from the ment of innovative medical technologies and which issues news bulletins on ad- face of the earth and to remain the made America’s pharmaceutical and bio- chief spokesman in the world and the technology industries second to none. vances made on a regular basis; and, Research has demonstrated that many dis- just recently, they provided for us a chief entrepreneur in these enterprises, eases can be prevented, eliminated, detected whole series of statements on some of then it is a natural gigantic step for us or managed more effectively through a vast the progress that has been made. to double the funding for the National array of new medical procedures and thera- Some of their goals are to have the Institutes of Health. We trust that the pies. The devastation once caused by polio NIH increase its investment in collabo- Members of Congress will see it as has been virtually eliminated in most of the rative translational investigations by clearly as we do and help us in this ef- developed world. For the first time in his- supporting more grants engaging both fort. tory, overall death rates from cancer have Mr. PORTER. Mr. Speaker, I am very begun a steady decline in the United States. basic and clinical biomedical scientists Genetic research has enabled Americans to as co-investigators. These are the wool pleased to speak on the importance of dou- learn if they are more likely to develop from which the whole cloth is being bling funding for the National Institutes of osteoporosis, breast cancer, Lou Gehrig’s dis- constructed to try to hone in on and Health. ease, sickle-cell anemia, or some other dis- concentrate on eradicating disease In my judgment, basic biomedical research, ease. People with Parkinson’s disease, diabe- from the face of the earth. funded through the National Institutes of tes, Alzheimer’s disease, AIDS, and other ail- We also have lists of research oppor- Health, is one of our Nations highest priorities. ments are living longer, healthier lives. But The work performed by the scientists at the there is much more for us to learn, and much tunities, if we double this effort, from the Campaign for Medical Research, NIH campus, as well as those scientists who more we can do to enhance the quality of life are funded by the NIH at our Nation's premier for America’s ill, frail, and disabled. from the Joint Steering Committee for America’s historic dedication of resources Public Policy, as we have mentioned, academic institutions and nonprofit organiza- to biomedical research has had a real and and from various sources that are im- tions, is virtually important. There commitment lasting impact on our lives and those of our plicitly and explicitly involved in what to battling disease has provided signficiant parents, children and grandchildren. The we intend to try to accomplish. hope for the prevention, treatment, and even- health and well-being of future generations tual eradication of disease in the future. depends upon strengthening our dedication Mr. Speaker, I include that list that we have of the cosponsors to H. Res. 363 There is hardly a more vital endeavor. Bio- to the principle that the federal government, medical research lengthens and improves the in partnership with the private sector, has a urging the Committee on the Budget to legitimate role to further the advancement double the funding for the RECORD: quality of life for every AmericanÐindeed, for every human on this planet. Our country's of science. 44 COSPONSORS Turning those discoveries into new meth- continued lead in biomedical researchÐwe Rep. Porter—02/12/98. ods of treating disease will make every Rep. Morella—03/05/98. are the envy of the world in this regard in both American a beneficiary of these monumental Rep. Stearns—03/05/98. basic and applied researchÐmeans higher achievements. We ask you to join this effort Rep. Pickering—03/05/98. economic growth and the kind of high-tech, by agreeing to sign the attached letter to Rep. Towns—03/05/98. high paying jobs for our children and grand- Chairman Kasich and Ranking Member Rep. Kennedy, P.—03/05/98. Spratt. To co-sign the letter please contact children that we want. Indeed, biomedical re- Rep. Cooksey—03/05/98. Seth Johnson in Congressman Gekas’ office search is the best investment our Government Rep. Eshoo—03/16/98. at x54315. makes because it pays for itself thousands of Rep. Moakley—03/16/98. Sincerely, times over in terms of health care cost sav- Rep. Green—03/16/98. GEORGE W. GEKAS. Rep. Kennelly—03/16/98. ings. The savings from one discoverÐthe Salk ANNA ESHOO. Rep. Davis, D.—03/16/98. vaccineÐhas paid for all the costs of NIH over A full exposition of our plans to dou- Rep. Faleomavaega—03/16/98. its entire 50 year history and there have been ble the funding for NIH would not be Rep. Pelosi—03/24/98. thousands, tens of thousands, of such discov- complete without mentioning some Rep. Clay—03/24/98. eries. In addition, basic research, the kind H2388 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 most often pursued by NIH and NIH grantees Doubling the NIH budget is necessary to en- patient groups. While advocating different ap- will only be funded by Government; there is no sure that we are meeting the research needs proaches to disease research funding, all immediate profit motive. Finally, scientific op- of our scientific community. The NIH supports agreed on the need to provide more money portunities have never been greater. If we fail the work of more than 50,000 scientists within for biomedical research. to find the resources to take advantage of the United States. Yet, on average only one in To that end, I recently introduced H.R. them, we risk the lives and health of our peo- five of peer-reviewed NIH grants are funded. 3563, the Biomedical Research Assistance ple and all of the dear economic advantages We need to increase the number of peer-re- Voluntary Option or ``BRAVO'' Act. This bipar- of our leadership. viewed grants so that more life-saving and tisan measure would allow taxpayers to des- I serve as chairman of the Appropriations cost-effective treatments and therapies can be ignate all or a portion of their Federal income Subcommittee which funds the National Insti- discovered. In addition, in this age of man- tax refund to support NIH biomedical research. tutes of HealthÐas well as the Departments of aged care, the NIH must increase its budget These taxpayers would be entitle to a chari- Education, Health and Human Services, and to ensure that clinical trials continue. Aca- table deduction under existing provisions of Labor. Because there is such potential for real demic health centers, where many of these the Internal Revenue Code. progress in treatment, cure, and prevention of trials are conducted, have traditionally used Under my bill, funds designated by tax- disease through NIH research, I'm committed surplus revenues from patient care to supple- payers for use in biomedical research would to providing NIH Director Dr. Varmus, the re- ment federal funding. With managed care, be transferred by the Treasury Department to sources he and his colleagues need to ad- these surpluses are disappearing just as our the gift fund of the National Institutes of vance their work. scientific community is ready to develop new Health. The bill specifically states that trans- Over the last several years, we have treatments and therapies for cancer and other fers to the gift fund may not offset amounts achieved great success in doing just this. In diseases. With this added investment, more that otherwise would be appropriate for the fiscal year 1996, despite tremendous budget scientists would be able to conduct research National Institutes of Health. battles, and frankly, little support from the ad- that will reduce health care costs and save In addition, my bill would give the Treasury ministration, the Congress provided the NIH lives. Department flexibility in developing regulations with a 5.7 percent increase. For FY97, we in- I believe that investment in biomedical re- to implement the Act. The bill would only re- creased the NIH by 6.9 percent, and in 1998, search is cost-effective for taxpayers. A recent quire the designation to be made either on the by 7.1 percent to nearly $13.65 billion. National Science Foundation study found that first page of the return or on the page bearing Over its 50-year life, the annual real rate of advances resulting from government invest- the taxpayer's signature. increase in the NIH funding has been about 3 ments in research and development, totaling Passage of the BRAVO Act will help chan- percent. But despite these strong increases about $60 billion a year, has produced big re- nel additional funds to support the critical re- the number of research proposals funded is sults. This study found that more than 70 per- search efforts ongoing at NIH. I remain com- barely keeping up with the number of promis- cent of scientific papers identify government mitted to working with my colleagues to ing proposals that are available. Because the funding, not private research funding, as criti- achieve the goal of doubling Federal funding opportunities in science are unprecedented, I cal to new patents and biomedical discoveries. for NIH over the next 5 years. strongly doubling Federal funding for all basic I also believe that investing in the NIH helps Mrs. MORELLA. Mr. Speaker, I am pleased research over 5 years. With this strong com- our economy to grow. For every dollar spent to join my colleague from Pennsylvania, Con- mitment, the NIH will be able to pursue many on research and development, our national gressman GEKAS, in this important special more scientific opportunities that currently go output is permanently increased by 50 cents order on the critical importance of biomedical unfunded. or more each year. The government funds the research funding. The National Institutes of The goal of finding a cure for the diseases basic research which biotechnology and phar- Health (NIH) is located in my congressional that touch every individual in our society is an maceutical companies use to create new district, and I am proud to represent this pre- objective that should be above political par- therapies and treatments for cancer, diabetes, mier biomedical research institution. tisanship and economic and social divisions. I and heart disease. Tonight, we are devoting this special order urge my colleagues to work for this noble goal As the representative for the Texas Medical to the goal of doubling the NIH budget over by viewing the NIH as a whole, the sum of ex- Center, one of our Nation's premiere research the next 5 years. The NIH, the world's leading traordinary science that transcends the artifi- centers, I have seen firsthand that this invest- biomedical research institution, is one of the cial boundaries of institute and seeks to cure ment is yielding promising new therapies and great success stories of the Federal Govern- or alleviate all diseases that afflict humankind. treatments for all Americans. During a recent ment. Our current $13.6 billion investment in Mr. BENTSEN. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to tour at the Texas Medical Center, I reviewed biomedical research is a real ``bang for the express my strong support for maximizing a gene therapy project which is helping to buck''Ðsaving lives and reducing health care funding for biomedical research through the map the human genome. With this new infor- costs, while improving the quality of health National Institutes of Health (NIH). I believe mation researchers hope to understand the care and creating jobs and economic growth. that our Nation must increase this investment genetic basis for disease and provide new The historical support of the NIH by Con- to capitalize on recent medical advances and therapies by fixing genetic abnormalities. gress and both Republican and Democratic ensure that the NIH has the necessary re- I strongly urge Congress to provide maxi- administrations has produced a comprehen- sources to conduct cutting-edge research on mum funding for the NIH and urge my col- sive network of more than 50,000 scientists diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, leagues to support this effort. and technicians at more than 1,700 research cancer, and AIDS. Mr. BILIRAKIS. Mr. Speaker, As chairman universities, academic medical centers, and in- I believe that doubling the NIH budget is the of the Health and Environment Subcommittee, stitutions throughout the United States. best approach to meet this goal. In the coming which has jurisdiction over the National Insti- NIH-sponsored research provides economic weeks, I plan to offer an amendment in the tutes of Health (NIH), I want to take this op- returns of incalculable value. The spawning of House Budget Committee to double the NIH portunity to express my strong support for in- the biotechnology revolution is beyond ques- budget. As we know, President Clinton has creasing Federal funding to support the vital, tion, with increased sales in 1996 of $10.8 bil- proposed a Fiscal Year 1999 NIH budget of life-saving research performed by NIH experts. lion (a 15 percent increase over 1995) and the $14.8 billion, an increase of $1.15 billion or 8 I recently endorsed a proposal to double Fed- addition of 10,000 new high-tech jobs to our percent. The President also proposed increas- eral funding for the National Institutes of national economy. In 1993 alone, NIH contrib- ing funding for biomedical research by at least Health (NIH) over the next 5 years. uted nearly $45 billion to the U.S. economy 50 percent from 1999 to 2003. The President's On March 26, my Health and Environment and over 726,000 jobs. Our country's eco- proposal represents a good starting point, but Subcommittee held a hearing on new develop- nomic leadership has been secured in large Congress must make biomedical research an ments in medical research. This hearing was part by our ability to translate scientific discov- even higher priority, as we have in recent an important opportunity to learn more about eries into new product development for export. years. The Senate budget resolution includes the NIH priority-setting process and ongoing However, many Americans still face life- a 11-percent increase in NIH funding, to add research efforts related to a number of specific threatening health problems, and new medical $1.5 billion to the NIH budget. I believe the diseases. challenges constantly arise. For most of these House budget should include at least the Sen- At this hearing, we heard testimony from a conditions, research offers the best, and, in ate level of funding and preferably the $2 bil- distinguished group of witnesses, including many cases, the only hope. In recent years, lion increase called for in House Resolution Muhammad Ali, National Spokesman for the NIH-sponsored research has produced major 363, which was introduced by our colleague National Parkinson Foundation, Dr. Harold advances in the treatment of cancer, heart dis- Mr. GEKAS and which I am co-sponsoring. Varmus, NIH Director, and representatives of ease, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2389 and mental illness that have helped save hun- agents, and genetic factors in rheumatoid ar- medical research. For example another poll dreds of thousands, if not millions, of lives. thritis; development of new experimental found that 71% of Americans would be will- Currently, fewer than one-third of reviewed treatments for osteoarthritis, significant in- ing to pay 1% more for insurance if there grants are funded. Our failure to improve this sights into the specific genetic factors in- were some way to funnel the revenues exclu- volved in lupus; and improved total hip re- sively to biomedical research. ratio will cause important scientific leads to be placement materials and techniques that This is a crucial time in our country’s his- delayed or lost. It will also deter young, tal- have enhanced quality of life and productiv- tory. The 21st century has the potential to ented scientists from careers in biomedical re- ity for many people. search. The resulting loss in scientists and While these are significant advances, we be the golden age of medicine and human health. We must not waver from our deter- new ideas could endanger U.S. competitive- need to continue to support researchers and new investigators so that more answers can mination to make our country the healthiest ness. and wealthiest ever. Biomedical and other Funding biomedical research through the be found to reduce the incidence and preva- lence of arthritis. scientific research is one of the most time- NIH is today's investment in America's future. The Arthritis Foundation spent $16 million tested methods for achieving these ends. We must make a substantial commitment now in 1997 on arthritis research and has commit- Your support will help us to achieve these if we are to ensure the future health and econ- ted to more than doubling that amount to important goals. omy of our Nation. $37 million by the year 2000. Please support Sincerely, As I have for the past several years, I cir- our commitment by doubling the funding to LAWRENCE S. B. GOLDSTEIN, PH.D. culated the congressional funding letter, along NIH so that we can work together towards with Congressman JOE KENNEDY, urging the finding a cure for and prevention of arthritis. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Your time and efforts are greatly appre- Appropriations Committee to provide a 15-per- April 24, 1998. ciated by all who have arthritis. Hon. RANDY CUNNINGHAM, cent increase for the NIH for Fiscal Year 1999, Sincerely, the first installment toward our goal of dou- House of Representatives, JULIE SCHWARTZ, Washington, DC. bling the NIH budget. I am pleased to report Associate Vice President. that we had more than 80 co-signers on this DEAR CONGRESSMAN CUNNINGHAM, I under- bipartisan letter. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO, stand that you’re going to participate in a I am also pleased to be a cosponsor of the April 27, 1998. discussion of the NIH budget on April 28, and Hon. RANDY ‘‘DUKE’’ CUNNINGHAM, I’m writing to urge you to support as strong- resolution, introduced by Congressmen GEKAS House of Representatives, ly as possible the initiatives of the Congress, and PORTER, expressing the sense of Con- Washington, DC. as well as the Administration to increase the gress that the NIH budget be doubled within 5 DEAR DUKE: I am writing to urge you to budget allocation for NIH for the next fiscal years. I also co-signed the letter to Budget support the goal of doubling the budget of year. Finally the public realizes that NIH is Committee Chairman JOHN KASICH, urging that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 5 a magnificent national success story. The the budget resolution provide an adequate al- years, and to specifically support a $2 billion United States is leading the world in bio- location to the Labor-Health and Human Serv- increase in the NIH appropriation for FY99. medical research and for the first time in ices-Education Subcommittee in order to allow Such action will be an important step to- years, morbidity by cancer and cardio- such an increase in funding. wards expanding one of our country’s great- vascular diseases is decreasing. The Human est assets, namely the biomedical research Genome Program promises a true avalanche Mr. Speaker, I look forward to continuing to supported by the NIH. of useful information for diagnostic and fol- work with my colleagues here tonight to sub- To remind you, Federal support of bio- low-up of human diseases and advances made stantially increase our commitment to bio- medical research and the NIH is of crucial in cellular and molecular medicine continue medical research. importance to the health and vitality of the to be unusually exciting, often leading to Mr. CUNNINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, I rise people in our country. Historically, this type practical applications in biotechnology, as today to join my colleague from Pennsylvania of research has led to, and continues to lead well as in the pharmaceutical industry. It (Mr. GEKAS) in addressing the critical need for to, new treatments for previously incurable would be highly regretful if for myopic fi- increased funding for the National Institutes of diseases, as well as new and lower cost treat- nancial consideration the momentum we ments for already treatable diseases. Both have achieved in biomedical research will be Health (NIH). types of breakthroughs are of crucial eco- I am submitting letters from my constituents lost. I thank you in advance for your sup- nomic benefit to the country (imagine the port. I’m available for additional informa- who have shared with me the importance of cost of caring for people afflicted with polio tion, if needed and, I remain, NIH funding to their lives. These letters elo- if a vaccine had not been developed with fed- Gratefully yours, quently make the case for increased NIH fund- eral support). Both types of breakthroughs GEORGE E. PALADE, M.D. ing. also reduce much needless human suffering. Professor, Division of Cellular and Molecular Again, I want to thank my colleague from In addition, biomedical research will be a Medicine. Pennsylvania for leading this debate tonight critical component in the long-term solution and encourage all my colleagues to support of the Medicare financial crisis. Expensive, and ultimately treatable diseases of the el- UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO, increased funding for NIH. derly such as Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and can- April 28, 1998. ARTHRITIS FOUNDATION , cer play a large and growing role in sky- Hon. RANDY ‘‘DUKE’’ CUNNINGHAM, San Diego, CA, April 24, 1998. rocketing medical costs to our society. U.S. House of Representatives, Hon. RANDY CUNNINGHAM, Biomedial and other scientific research are Washington, DC. Rayburn House Office Building, also both economical drivers; they create DEAR REPRESENTATIVE CUNNINGHAM: I am Washington, DC. knowledge and insights that lead to new in- writing to thank you for participating in the DEAR REPRESENTATIVE CUNNINGHAM: This ventions, new companies, innovation, and floor discussion on doubling the NIH budget is to share our concerns and express the im- economic growth. Research supported by the tonight. As a research scientist, I know first portance of doubling the funding to the Na- NIH is the main engine that drives the in- hand the many benefits that biomedical re- tional Institutes of Health (NIH). Funding creasingly important Biotechnology indus- search provides for this country. The federal research is critical to addressing the causes, try in this country, and will continue to do government’s support of basic science has led treatments, and prevention of arthritis, mus- so in the foreseeable future. to spectacular advances in health while also culoskeletal and skin diseases. Over 40 mil- I also want to point out that the health contributing to our national economic lion Americans have some form of arthritis and quality of life of our citizens is just as growth. Investment in medical research is and it is predicted that by the year 2020 that much a national security issue as is military the first and critical step in prevention, number will increase to 60 million. defense. Surely, the battle against viruses, treatment, and control of disease, which in Arthritis occurs at all ages, destroys the bacteria, cancer and other debilitating dis- turn will lead to longer, healthier, and more quality of life for people who have it, and re- eases is just as important to the security of active lives. However, many Americans still quires medical care over long periods of all of the American people as is our vigilance face life-threatening health problems, and time. The current economic costs are esti- against threats from abroad. new medical challenges are arising. For most mated to be at least $143 billion. Arthritis Finally, I want to note that increased of these conditions, research offers the best and related diseases are the most common funding for NIH research is likely to be sup- and in many cases the only hope. causes of chronic illness in the United States ported by the vast majority of your constitu- and are the leading causes of time lost from ents. Recent polls found that 9 out of 10 I want to thank you for supporting the ef- work. Americans believe that we are not spending fort to substantially increase our investment Arthritis researchers are making great enough on medical research; they over- in biomedical research, which is critical to strides in understanding these diseases. whelmingly favor medical research over en- the health and well-being of our nation. Some of the advances sponsored by NIAMS vironmental, defense, or energy research. In Sincerely yours, include: new understandings of the roles of addition, there are data to support the view SCOTT D. EMR, immune system abnormalities, infectious that Americans are willing to pay for bio- Professor of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. H2390 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998

APRIL 27, 1998. By the time the baby boomers reach the crease the federal commitment to bio- Hon. RANDY ‘‘DUKE’’ CUNNINGHAM, age of greatest risk in the next century over medical research by allocating sufficient U.S. House of Representatives, 14 million Americans will have Alzheimer’s funding to the efforts at the National Insti- Washington, D.C. disease. It is hard to see how we can save tutes of Health and Center for Disease Con- DEAR REPRESENTATIVE CUNNINGHAM: I Medicare and Medicaid for future genera- trol. would like to strongly encourage you to sup- tions if we let that happen. Please, on behalf of all Americans who live port the goal of doubling the budget of the There is an answer to Alzheimer’s disease with the thief epilepsy, like my son Skyler, National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 5 and to other costly diseases. The answer is support initiatives to double the total na- years, and, in particular, to support a $2 bil- medical research. Scientists now know that tional commitment to medical research from lion increase in the NIH appropriation for changes in the brain start as much as 20 all sources. It is Skyler’s only hope. FY99. The opportunities for advances in bio- years before the disabling symptoms of Alz- Sincerely, medical sciences over the coming decades heimer’s appear. That means that in most of TRACEY J. FLOURIE. are unparalleled. The United States has pro- the baby boomers who will eventually get vided worldwide leadership in biomedical Alzheimer’s, the disease process has probably APRIL 26, 1998. science research over the years primarily be- already begun. DEAR CONGRESSMAN CUNNINGHAM: I have a cause of the visionary decision to establish The progress that has been made in Alz- beautiful, lovable 13 year old daughter, the National Institutes of Health in the heimer’s research in the past decade is truly Cassady, who was diagnosed with Insulin De- 1940’s. No other country has done this. remarkable. But just when the path to real pendent Diabetes when she was 10. She did The opportunities in the decades ahead are answers to the disease is becoming clear, the nothing to cause it. It is still a mystery why extraordinary as we see a merging of tech- funding for Alzheimer’s research has slowed certain people get type I diabetes. She is a nologies in the physical, chemical and com- to the point that scientists cannot begin the normal 13 year old; she loves to go to movies, putational sciences and their applications to talk on the phone with friends, play softball, biology and disease. Whereas we have made important work on prevention that must begin today if we are going to save the baby basketball and soccer, figure skate, play advances with telescopes and rockets that piano and go to our church’s youth group. probe the universe in the past, we are now boomers from the disease. If we can delay the onset of Alzheimer’s This could happen to anybody. We do not poised to make equivalent progress by focus- know of any diabetes in my husband’s or my ing our microscopes inward to cells and mol- disease for even 5 years, we can reduce the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in half and families. ecules. An investment in the NIH is not only We say prayers every night and when she save as much as $50 billion in the annual cost a sound investment in the benefits it will was first diagnosed, she would pray for God of care. That is one of the best investments reap for treating disease, for curing disease, to help her get over the diabetes. I had to in the future that Congress can possibly and for eradicating pathogens, it is also a tell her the bad news: once you get insulin make. sound economic investment. Not only will it dependent diabetes (Type I), it never goes reduce health care costs, the basic science Time is running out! That is why the Alz- heimer’s Association is asking Congress to away. Every day for the rest of her life she that has grown from basic biomedical re- will have to prick her finger and test her search supported by NIH has fueled our rap- increase funding for Alzheimer’s research this year by $100 million, and to increase the blood from 4 to 6 times a day and inject insu- idly growing biotechnology industry. Once lin from 3 to 5 times a day. And the insulin again we are undisputed world leaders. We overall funding for NIH by at least 15%. Thank you for your support of cause. must be done in proper dosages and at proper must continue to lead. times or she will die. That is until there is a Federal support of biomedical research and Sincerely, cure. Diabetes can have a horrible effect on the NIH is of crucial importance for the RON HENDRIX. these children’s bodies. One of every 7 dollars health and vitality of the people in our coun- Ps: My father died of Alzheimer’s disease in health care and one of 4 Medicare dollars try. Historically, this type of research has on December 26, 1997, after 10 long hard led to, and continues to lead to, new treat- years. My mother died 7 years earlier due to are spent on diabetes and its complications. So what is the answer? Research to find a ments for previously incurable diseases, as stresses brought upon by caregiving. I don’t cure. These two reasons: (1) to reduce the well as new and lower cost for treatments. want my children to face this disease. Please human suffering and deaths, and (2) to save Both types of breakthroughs are not only of help! the billions of dollars that are spent treating crucial economic benefit to the country, but diabetes and its complications. Sixteen mil- also reduce much needless human suffering. lion Americans have diabetes. (That’s Type I Biomedical and other scientific research are APRIL 27, 1998. and II.) also both economic drivers; they create Hon. RANDY CUNNINGHAM, That is why, as a mother, I feel it is impor- knowledge and insights that lead to new in- U.S. House of Representatives, tant to join with the many parents and vol- ventions, new companies, innovation, and Washington, DC. unteers at the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation economic growth. As indicated above, re- DEAR MR. CUNNINGHAM: Along with is urging a 15% increase in NIH funding this search supported by the NIH is the main en- 2,500,000 other Americans, a thief resides in next year and a doubling of the NIH funding gine that drives the increasingly important my home, robbing my eleven year old son in the next 5 years. Thank you for all you Biotechnology industry in this country, and Skyler of his health, his ability to learn, his are doing to help. Your compassion and com- will continue to do so in the foreseeable fu- self-confidence, his personal safety, and per- mitment are deeply appreciated. ture. This is a crucial time in our country’s his- haps, one day, his life. The intruder is epi- JANET KINTNER. tory. The 21st century has the potential to lepsy, a brain disorder that presents in the f form of seizures. Epilepsy can affect anyone; be the golden age of medicine and human TOBACCO REPORT ON TEENS health. Our ability to realize this vision de- any gender, any ethnicity, at any age, at any pends on the creative leadership of you and time, and in 30% of all cases, the cause re- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under your colleagues. Your support will help us to mains unknown. the Speaker’s announced policy of Jan- Modern treatments are successful in fully achieve these important goals and is greatly uary 7, 1997, the gentleman from New appreciated. or partially controlling seizures in about 85% of cases. Unfortunately, my son is counted in Jersey (Mr. Pallone) is recognized for Sincerely, 60 minutes as the designee of the mi- SUSAN S. TAYLOR, Ph. D. the additional 15% for whom all known medi- cal treatments have been tried and failed. nority leader. APRIL 27, 1998. Skyler has been on every seizure medication Mr. PALLONE. Mr. Speaker, I want Hon. RANDY CUNNINGHAM, available in the world, including clinical and to address a number of issues tonight: Rayburn House Office Building, compassionate use trials. At times it has first, a very important domestic issue, Washington, DC. 20515. been difficult to distinguish which were and that is the tobacco settlement and DEAR REPRESENTATIVE CUNNINGHAM, Alz- worse, the seizures which assault his brain some recent information that has come and body, or the drugs which cause him to heimer’s disease is one of the greatest out which supports, in my opinion, the threats to the personal and financial secu- lose his balance, his speech, his kidney and rity of most Americans as they reach their liver functions, and at times, his will to live. need or the suggestion that many of us retirement years. It is also one of the great- He has undergone obscure medical therapies have made, that we need to move for- est threats to Medicare and Medicaid. Today, such as steroid injections, immuno-globulin ward quickly and pass a tobacco bill 4 million Americans have Alzheimer’s. Most transplants, and ketogenic diets. And still that is very stringent in its effort to of them are Medicare beneficiaries; on an av- Skyler has debilitating seizures everyday of try to get after the problem of teen erage, the cost to the Medicare system is al- his life. smoking in this country. That basi- most 70% more than beneficiaries who are Mr. Cunningham, research holds the only cally increases the Federal tax on ciga- not cognitively impaired. This is true even hope that my son might live a productive though Medicare does not pay for most of and meaningful life. New medications with rettes so that the money can be used the care they need. Nearly half of the Medi- fewer side effects are desperately needed. Re- for these tobacco prevention programs, care beneficiaries also receive Medicaid, be- search alone holds the key to treatments for particularly among young people. cause they have used up all of their own re- epilepsy and many other catastrophic brain Then I would like to move on from sources paying for long term care. diseases and disorders. Congress must in- there and talk about a couple foreign April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2391 policy issues. But I would like to begin this evening, it is a rather thick re- Now, of course, we know that the op- with a report that just came out again port, it is a rather thick document, and posite is, in fact, happening. Just last on the issue of tobacco and teen smok- there is an executive summary, but it week, Speaker NEWT GINGRICH felt ing. does give us some very alarming infor- compelled to defend Joe Camel, among Yesterday, the Surgeon General, mation. all things. He went out of his way to David Satcher, released a report. It was It says that teen smoking rates grew make it known in his opinion that Joe prepared by the Centers for Disease among all ethnic groups in the 1990s. Camel is not the reason why teenagers Control and Prevention. It is called To- So even though this is about ethnic mi- smoke cigarettes. bacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic norities, the teen smoking rate grew Now, we have document after docu- Minority Groups. The report is the 24th amongst all ethnic groups in this dec- ment and report after report being re- in a series of tobacco reports that ade. The smoking rate amongst African leased, many of those reports coming began 34 years ago. It has some very American teenagers grew a staggering out of my own committee, the Commit- disturbing information in it. 80 percent between 1991 and 1997. tee on Commerce, and they show the This report’s release also, I might b 1930 havoc that tobacco has wreaked on our add, Mr. Speaker, could not be made children in the past and the devasta- Approximately 20 percent of African more timely in light of what is going tion it is causing today, and they clear- American high school students smoke on in this House of Representatives on today, and that is one out of every five ly show that Joe Camel is part of this the issue of tobacco settlement. African American teens. The Surgeon effort, that Joe Camel was an effort to It is very unfortunate, and I have al- General estimates that if this trend essentially target young people. And ready said on the floor and I will say continues, 1.6 million African Amer- here we have the Speaker of our House again, that Speaker GINGRICH and the ican children will become regular of Representatives defending Joe House Republican leadership has op- smokers and 500,000 of them will die as Camel. posed tough tobacco legislation. Be- a result of that smoking habit. This, I should add, comes shortly cause of their opposition and because I think it is important to note that after the Speaker picked up the mantle they are in the majority and control the increase in the 1990s amongst black of the tobacco industry itself and blast- what happens on the floor of this House children reverses the trend set in the ed the bill authored by his fellow Re- of Representatives, tobacco legislation ’80s and ’70s when smoking rates actu- publican, Senator JOHN MCCAIN of Ari- and the tobacco settlement’s future is ally declined. zona. essentially in doubt. Among Hispanic teens, the smoking I have said before that I admire Sen- It is not clear at all that we will be rate rose by 34 percent over this same ator MCCAIN for pushing a relatively able to pass a tobacco bill this year. I period. Approximately 33 percent, or tough piece of tobacco legislation. It want everyone to know, and I think ev- one out of every three Hispanic teen- does not go as far as I would have it go. eryone does already, that myself and agers smokes cigarettes. I think it does not go far enough on the other Democrats and the Democratic Amongst Asian American teens, the issue of liability for the tobacco com- leadership and the Democratic caucus smoking rate rose 17 percent between panies and some of the issues that in general are very much in favor of a 1990 and 1995; and the overall rate of Democrats care about. But he is mak- tobacco bill passing. Because if it does teens who smoke in the Asian Amer- ing a bipartisan effort to pass a to- not pass this year, we are going to lose ican community is estimated to be bacco bill that deals with the problem the opportunity to deal with the prob- about 20 percent. of teen smoking; and he should be com- lem of teen smoking in the United The report also provides information mended for it, not condemned for it. States. with regard to Native American teens, Speaker GINGRICH said that, in talk- Getting back to the report that was the fourth ethnic group examined by ing about Senator MCCAIN, he said that released yesterday by the Surgeon Gen- the report; and the teen smoking rate those people who say that is not a Re- eral, it makes a compelling case, I be- rose by 26 percent amongst that group publican bill, he is talking about Sen- lieve, for passing a tough tobacco bill. between 1990 and 1995. Approximately ator MCCAIN’s bill, they are right. So I In a letter to Members of Congress 50 percent or one of every two Native guess, from what the Speaker seems to that accompanied the report, the Sur- American teens smokes. be suggesting, any bill that does not geon General explained, and I quote, It is also estimated that about 40 per- win the tobacco industry’s stamp of ap- smoking is the leading cause of pre- cent of white high school students use proval cannot be called the Republican ventable death in the United States. cigarettes. bill. The reality is, it is sponsored by a Certain racial/ethnic minority popu- Now, the unfortunate thing about all Republican, and it was passed on a bi- lations remain at high risk for using this is, and we have pointed this out, partisan basis, and I commend the Re- tobacco and often bear a disproportion- myself and other Democrats who have publicans who have been joining with ate share of the human and economic been concerned about this issue, is that the Democrats to try to move this leg- cost of tobacco use. the tobacco companies clearly see the islation. Although some recent declines in need to increase smoking amongst This weekend, still more of Senator lung cancer trends are encouraging, we teenagers because they are the smok- MCCAIN’s colleagues took to the air- have reason for great concern about re- ers of the future. If the teen smoking waves to bash his bill. Again another ported increases and rates of smoking rates decline, then in another 10, 20, or Republican, Senator ORRIN HATCH, ap- among African American and Hispanic 30 years the amount of tobacco use in peared on Meet the Press this Sunday high school students. the country would significantly de- to make it known he, too, does not ap- That is in the letter that accom- cline. So that is the particular reason prove of the MCCAIN bill. panied the report from the Surgeon why the industry targets teenagers. It And at the same time that members General. is also the reason why we must stop of his own party continue to publicly The Surgeon General then continues them from continuing to do that tar- squabble about tobacco legislation, the that the report sounds an urgent geting amongst young people. Republican majority leader, Senator alarm. If minority tobacco use contin- As numbers like these continue to LOTT, ironically enough, continues to ues to increase, we can expect severe roll out, in concert with the documents criticize the President for showing no health consequences to begin to be felt from the tobacco industry that detail leadership on the tobacco issue. in the early part of the next century. their efforts to target children, I think I would suggest that Senator LOTT We must use every tool at our disposal Republican leaders in both the House needs to check his facts. The President to reduce tobacco use amongst racial and the Senate should not ignore re- and congressional Democrats are on and ethnic minorities, especially ality and block progress and basically the same page. We are all in agreement amongst adolescents, and to reverse join with the Democrats and particu- that the tobacco companies should not these frightening trends. larly with President Clinton in trying be left off the hook. I have to say, Mr. Speaker, if you to move tobacco legislation in the few In fact, President Clinton, when this look at this report, and I actually months that we have left in this Con- report that I am making reference to brought a copy of the report with me gress. today from the Surgeon General, it was H2392 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 actually released at a press event with unfortunately, the United States’ posi- propriated by Congress last fall. So we the President, where he stood with I tion has sided with Azerbaijan’s claim are talking 6 months for humanitarian think 30 teenagers from the Campaign of so-called territorial integrity, de- assistance that is desperately needed, for Tobacco Free Kids, and he noted spite the fact that this land has been and there is no excuse for this delay. the fact that the tobacco industry, in Armenian land for centuries and the While working to get the aid that has order to survive, has to attract these borders which gave the land to Azer- already been appropriated to its in- young people and how wrong it is for baijan were imposed by the Soviet dic- tended recipients in Karabagh, I am them to attract young people. And he tator Joseph Stalin. also urging the Subcommittee on For- has been pushing have very hard for to- Despite the ongoing pressures on eign Operations, Export Financing and bacco legislation almost on a daily Nagorno Karabagh, the people of that Related Programs this year to build basis. mountainous land have built a viable, upon its historic achievement in the To suggest that somehow the Presi- democratic society. In February, they fiscal year 1998 bill to earmark assist- dent is not supportive of efforts to celebrated the 10th anniversary of the ance to Nagorno Karabagh at $20 mil- move a tobacco bill is simply not true. Karabagh movement, the galvanizing lion, an increase, and make it even What I think is going on here is that moment in the long history of the Ar- more clear that aid is intended for dis- the Republican leadership is in the menian people. bursement within Nagorno Karabagh. process of what I call a work slowdown. But it has not been easy. The people I also hope the subcommittee will There are only about 40 legislative of Karabagh are victims of a cruel and consider broadening the scope of assist- days left in the year in which the Re- illegal blockade maintained by Azer- ance to Karabagh to include the re- publicans basically have clearly pro- baijan. Karabagh’s only connection to building and reconstruction of infra- jected their intention to do nothing, the outside world is via the Republic of structure damaged during the war. I and the tobacco bill could very easily Armenia, which is also the victim of know there are some true friends of Ar- be a victim of that. If we do not move blockades imposed by Azerbaijan and menia on that subcommittee, and I am something quickly to the Senate floor, Turkey; and front-line Karabagh de- hopeful of support for these much-need- out of committee in the House of Rep- fense forces are constantly under at- ed funds. resentatives, there will not be an op- tack from Azeri snipers violating the Mr. Speaker, let me say that, having portunity this year to pass a strong cease-fire, as I witnessed firsthand dur- twice visited this mountainous repub- anti-tobacco legislation. ing my visit to the region just in Janu- lic, I can attest that it is indeed a func- With 3,000 kids a day getting hooked ary of this year. tioning society, a fact also attested to on cigarettes, Mr. Speaker, I think it is The humanitarian and infrastructure by members of the USAID team that an awfully high price to pay. We need needs of this area are severe, and I also visited Karabagh to conduct a needs as- to move on tobacco legislation. witnessed that firsthand. sessment pursuant to this year’s fiscal I know that myself and other Demo- Now, last year, this Congress played year 1998 bill. crats are going to continue to press an extremely positive and constructive Unfortunately, the State Department this until the Republican leadership role in helping the people of Karabagh. has apparently interpreted the provi- agrees to move anti-tobacco legislation I want to praise the Subcommittee on sion of aid to the ‘‘victims of the to address the tobacco settlement and Foreign Operations, Export Financing Karabagh conflict’’, and they have in- to try to make it possible for us to ad- and Related Programs of the Commit- terpreted this language of ‘‘victims of dress the growing problem now of teen- tee on Appropriations for providing for the Karabagh conflict’’, contrary to age smoking. the first time direct aid to Karabagh in the intent of the House Subcommittee NO EXCUSE FOR DELAY IN AID TO NAGORNO the amount of $12.5 million for humani- on Foreign Operations, Export Financ- KARABAGH tarian assistance. ing and Related Programs, as referring Mr. PALLONE. Mr. Speaker, I would Unfortunately, Mr. Speaker, none of also to expanding existing funds for like to now move to a couple of foreign that aid has yet been provided to Azerbaijan’s needy. policy issues that I consider very im- Karabagh, and that is why I am ad- While I am concerned about the portant. dressing the House tonight on this needy people of Azerbaijan, two things I often talk about Armenia and India issue. I am very concerned that some are important to point out: First, U.S. because of my position as a cochair- elements in the administration have assistance is already being provided to man, the Democratic chairman, of the misinterpreted the clear intent of Con- Azerbaijan’s needy through nongovern- India caucus and also the Armenia cau- gress that the aid is destined for the mental organizations, with tens of mil- cus; and there are two issues, one with people of Karabagh and, instead, are lions of American funds having been regard to each country, that I would suggesting some of the funds should be provided over the past few years. And, like to address. diverted to Azerbaijan. second, and I regret to say, the govern- With regard to Armenia and the sepa- I will be circulating a letter to Brian ment of Azerbaijan has done very little rate Republic of Nagorno Karabagh, Atwood, the Administrator of USAID, to help the needy population in its which is next to Armenia, I would like the Agency for International Develop- rural areas, despite the huge revenues to address the need to expedite human- ment, urging that the funds be pro- being generated for Baku for develop- itarian assistance that has already vided immediately; and I am also de- ment of the Caspian Sea oil reserves. been appropriated to Nagorno manding the entire $12.5 million be pro- This is a fact that even our own State Karabagh. vided to Karabagh as it was intended Department acknowledges. Just by way of background, the Re- by Congress. I hope my colleagues will Finally, Mr. Speaker, I wanted to public of Nagorno Karabagh is a region join me in this appeal as we go around again stress the importance of main- which has been populated by Arme- and try to get co-signatures for this taining the current ban on government nians since ancient times and which is letter over the next few days. aids to Azerbaijan until that country still an Armenian region known as It is true that USAID did send a need lifts its blockade of Armenia and Artsakh to the Armenian people, but assessment team to Nagorno Karabagh Karabagh. This ban was enacted as which is claimed by the Republic of earlier this year pursuant to the lan- part of the Freedom Support Act of Azerbaijan as part of that country’s guage in the Foreign Ops bill. While 1992, and it is a good law. territory. the team has reported its findings to Now, Congress, unfortunately, is re- As I have mentioned in this House on Congress, we are still waiting for the examining the issue of the prohibition several occasions, the people of aid to be provided. on aid to Azerbaijan as part of an effort Karabagh fought, and won, a war of Give us the aid. It needs to be pro- to enhance U.S. engagement in the re- independence against Azerbaijan. A vided. These people are hurting, and gion. While I am all for greater U.S. en- cease-fire has been in place since 1994, they need the help. gagement in the Caucasus, we must not but it has been shaky at best. USAID officials have suggested that tinker with this provision. That is Sec- The U.S. has been involved in the ne- humanitarian aid will be committed in tion 907 of the Freedom Support Act. gotiations intended to pursue a just the near future; but, Mr. Speaker, I Unfortunately, some in Congress, the and lasting peace in this region but, wanted to emphasize this aid was ap- administration and the oil industry are April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2393 looking to curry favor with Azerbaijan that India is a priority of U.S. foreign forward to encourage U.S. investment by lifting or at least easing the ban on policy, and it is a priority viewed inde- and more trade or might put up some aid to Azerbaijan. And for the ban on pendently, if you will, because of In- barriers to U.S. articles, certain U.S. aid to be lifted, Azerbaijan need only dia’s own status in world affairs. materials or articles coming into lift the blockades of Armenia and Now, that is not to say that Ambas- India. But that has sort of been put to Karabagh. Until then, there should not sador Richardson and the others during rest in the last 2 weeks. be any consideration of asking the this visit did not want to increase the India’s Finance Minister was in United States taxpayers to support the dialogue between India and its neigh- Washington just a short time ago, and dictatorship in Baku. bors in South Asia. Quite the contrary. he made it quite clear that the new Again, Mr. Speaker, I feel very They stressed during the trip, and the government wants to move forward in strongly about this matter, and I think media reported the fact, that they terms of U.S. investment, particularly we need to seriously address the fact stressed the need for India and Paki- in infrastructure, that the market re- that this aid has not been coming to stan to resume their dialogue and try forms would continue, that privatiza- Nagorno Karabagh and that, hopefully, to improve their relations. And in fact, tion would continue. And I mentioned if we continue to tell the State Depart- today when I spoke to the President of to the President of India today that ment that they are not doing their job India, he was very optimistic that that this was very important to the United in providing the assistance, they will indeed would happen, that sometime in States, and he was of the opinion that do so forthwith. the next few weeks or the next few we had nowhere to go but forward in POSITIVE DEVELOPMENTS IN U.S.-INDIA months that the two Prime Ministers terms of increasing our trade and busi- RELATIONS of India and Pakistan would meet at ness relationships. So once again, I just wanted to say in Mr. PALLONE. Lastly, this evening, the Prime Minister level possibly, at conclusion this evening that what has Mr. Speaker, I had the opportunity the trade meeting of the SAARC group been happening since the new govern- today to visit in New York with the in July, or maybe even sooner than ment was elected in India in March has President of India. Some of my other that, and that this dialogue between been very positive in terms of U.S. re- colleagues were there, the gentleman the two countries to try to reduce ten- lations. I believe very strongly that the from New York (Mr. ACKERMAN) and sion and bring not only Pakistan and United States needs to think of India the gentleman from New York (Mr. India but all the countries of South MANTON). Each of us had the oppor- as a priority of its foreign policy and Asia together again economically, po- that we need to expand business and tunity to talk for some time with the litically and maybe even eventually President, and I wanted to comment on trade opportunities with India and ba- militarily, that this dialogue would sically have our countries work to- his historic visit to New York. continue. So that was a very optimistic He was there to receive an award, I gether in almost every area, whether it aspect of my conversation today with believe at a reception this evening; and is political, diplomatic, economic, or the President that I wanted to mention he also spent some time at the United even military. And I think we are to my colleagues this evening. clearly moving in that direction in Nations. But he, in my conversations The other thing that the President of with the President, was very optimistic terms of the developments that have India stressed at the meeting today taken place in the last month between about what has been happening in was the need for U.S. support for India terms of India and U.S. relations. And our two countries. to become a permanent member of the those of us who are members of the f U.N. Security Council. Obviously, a big India caucus, again which I mentioned part of his trip today to New York re- REPORT ON RESOLUTION PROVID- that I co-chair, are very pleased be- lated to the United Nations, and the ING FOR CONSIDERATION OF cause we see more and more positive United Nations is a focal point of In- H.R. 3717, TO PROHIBIT THE EX- developments in terms of U.S.-India re- dia’s efforts these days to become a PENDITURE OF FEDERAL FUNDS lations. permanent member of the Security FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF NEE- b 1945 Council. DLES OR SYRINGES FOR THE Just to mention a few things, just a Myself and a number of other mem- HYPODERMIC INJECTION OF IL- few weeks ago, one of our former col- bers of our India caucus have, in fact, LEGAL DRUGS leagues who is now the U.N. Ambas- sponsored a House resolution where we Mr. HASTINGS of Washington (dur- sador, Bill Richardson, visited India express the sense of this Congress that ing the Special order of Mr. OWENS), along with Rick Inderfurth, who is the India should be a permanent member of from the Committee on Rules, submit- Assistant Secretary of State for South the Security Council, and we are hop- ted a privileged report (Rept. No. 105– Asia, and also some other U.S. officials ing that eventually we can get that 497) on the resolution (H. Res. 409) pro- as part of the first delegation that the resolution passed, but we are also hope- viding for consideration of the bill President sent to India since the new ful that the State Department will (H.R. 3717) to prohibit the expenditure government was formed just about a eventually come around to that point of Federal funds for the distribution of month ago. And that trip I commented of view. needles or syringes for the hypodermic on last week was a very good trip be- Again, the President of India was ap- injection of illegal drugs, which was re- cause it really enhanced good feeling, preciative of the fact that the United ferred to the House Calendar and or- if you will, between other two coun- States is pushing for an expanded Secu- dered to be printed. tries. rity Council, but he would like to see f But one of the things that the Presi- the U.S. directly support India’s bid for dent of India said today that was very a seat, as would I. REPORT ON RESOLUTION PROVID- good about the trip or that he appre- The last thing I wanted to mention ING FOR CONSIDERATION OF ciated about this trip by Bill Richard- in this regard is that when I spoke to H.R. 3546, THE NATIONAL DIA- son was the fact that the U.S. rep- India’s President today, he was also LOGUE ON SOCIAL SECURITY resentatives, including Ambassador very much of the vein, and I certainly ACT OF 1998 Richardson, viewed India independ- agree, and I think it has been shown in Mr. HASTINGS of Washington (dur- ently from the other South Asian coun- the last 2 weeks as well, that the trade ing the Special order of Mr. OWENS), tries. In other words, in the past, India and business and investment relation- from the Committee on Rules, submit- has felt that U.S. foreign policy looks ship between our two countries, be- ted a privileged report (Rept. No. 105– at India vis-a-vis Pakistan or vis-a-vis tween India and the United States, is 498) on the resolution (H. Res. 410) pro- Bangladesh or some of its other South also going to move progressively for- viding for consideration of the bill Asian neighbors and does not see it as ward. (H.R. 3546) to provide for a national its own country with its own place, if There was some concern, I think, on dialogue on Social Security and to es- you will, an important place in world the part of American businesspeople tablish the Bipartisan Panel to Design affairs. And that clearly has changed. that with the new government, the Long-Range Social Security Reform, When Ambassador Bill Richardson BJP government as we call it, that which was referred to the House Cal- went to India, he made it quite clear they might not be as willing to move endar and ordered to be printed. H2394 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 REPORT ON RESOLUTION PROVID- budget. And I suppose one is being pre- tunate for the Democratic Minority, ING FOR CONSIDERATION OF pared in secret like everything else. It they changed radically at the last H.R. 6, HIGHER EDUCATION is a process where most things go on minute, and they went out, after giving AMENDMENTS OF 1998 behind closed doors, and very little us a $4 billion increase in education, Mr. HASTINGS of Washington (dur- participation is encouraged. they went out as the friends of edu- In the case of the Higher Education ing the Special order of Mr. OWENS), cation, as the champions of education. from the Committee on Rules, submit- Assistance Act, I found it very difficult Unfortunately, in this 105th Con- ted a privileged report (Rept. No. 105– as a member of the committee, I am a gress, that is not the case. The kind of 499) on the resolution (H. Res. 411) pro- member of the Committee on Edu- last-minute conversion did not carry viding for consideration of the bill cation and the Workforce, and I found over. We are back to business as usual (H.R. 6) to extend the authorization of it difficult to find out how things were when it comes to the Republican ma- programs under the Higher Education moving as the preparation of this very jority. First of all, they have the old Act of 1965, and for other purposes, important piece of legislation took proposals for school vouchers and pri- which was referred to the House Cal- place at the committee level. I have vatization of education on the table endar and ordered to be printed. heard my colleagues in other commit- with greater gusto than ever before. tees complain about the same process. Block granting and vouchers and all of f Even the Members of Congress are not those old items that did not sit well HIGHER EDUCATION ASSISTANCE invited to participate. We have to sort with the American people in the last ACT of force our way into the dialogue. Congress have been resurrected. We do Therefore, it is not surprising that the not hear any more of the talk of the The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. same ruling majority here does not abolishment of the Department of Edu- DEAL of Georgia). Under the Speaker’s provide opportunities for the public to cation. The extremism is not there announced policy of January 7, 1997, know very much about what is going anymore. They do not put it out on the the gentleman from New York (Mr. on, the voters. table. OWENS) is recognized for 60 minutes. I suppose this is a result of what hap- If they feel the Department of Edu- Mr. OWENS. Mr. Speaker, today is pened in the 104th Congress in terms of cation should be abolished, then that is April 28. Tomorrow will be April 29. A a very well-publicized, highly visible a covert matter; they do not talk about major event will take place on the agenda in the form of the Contract it in public. If they feel that Head floor of the House of Representatives. with America. We had maximum de- Start should be cut, that is a covert Tomorrow we shall begin the consid- bate. The Democratic Minority had a matter. eration of the Higher Education Assist- chance to answer the proposals put They actually have been very civil in ance Act, the reauthorization of the forth by the Republican majority. We this process of reauthorizing the High- Higher Education Assistance Act. I had out on the table the intentions of er Education Assistance Act. The High- think that I would like to proclaim to the Republican party, especially in the er Education Assistance Act has come the American people, to the public, to area of education. They clearly had in- forward. It will go to the floor tomor- everybody who cares in this Nation, tentions that were in confrontation row from the committee. And the Re- that this is no small event. with the majority of the American peo- publican majority on that committee Reauthorization of the Higher Edu- ple. They wanted to abolish the De- is to be commended, I suppose, for not cation Assistance Act is a major event. partment of Education. They wanted to proposing any drastic cuts. There are We only do it once every 5 years. And drastically cut certain education pro- no drastic cuts in the previous higher the role of the Federal Government in grams, even cut Head Start, school education programs. higher education has been no small lunches. We should rejoice. We should applaud one. It is very important. In fact, it is It was a situation where we appre- this. Let us give credit where credit is quite unfortunate that there has been ciated the honesty of the majority. The due. The jackals of the 104th Congress so little discussion and so little debate majority was honest. They put their that wanted to cut everything have up to this point. We should have had cards on the table; and the American left, basically, higher education assist- more dialogue, more interaction with people, in their wisdom, rejected them. ance alone. We should be rejoicing. And the people who are involved, students, They knew that these ideas had been I do rejoice. faculties, presidents of colleges. It has rejected as we approached the election On the other hand, as I said, on the been a very quiet reauthorization proc- date in November of 1996. They knew occasion of the markup of this impor- ess. that with respect to education, they tant piece of legislation, it is most un- I have been here now for 16 years, and had miscalculated, and they ran very fortunate that given the fact that we this is the third reauthorization I have fast and used their power to make reauthorize higher education assist- gone through, and I have never seen it amends. ance acts only once every 5 years, in a so quiet. It is part of the process that At the last minute during the appro- 5-year period, whatever we legislate to- has been forced upon us by the leader- priations process, the Republican ma- morrow, whatever comes out of our ship, the Republican majority leader- jority increased the budget for edu- House tomorrow and goes to the Sen- ship here in the House, that everything cation programs by $4 billion. Whereas ate and conference and signed by the is kept at a low profile, everything im- they had been threatening to cut as President, that will be in effect for 5 portant is kept at a very low profile. much as $4 billion in the previous year years. This session, this second year of the in 1995, in 1996 they increased it by the b 105th Congress, the art of forcing the same amount, $4 billion increase, in- 2000 low profile, the art of forcing a low vis- stead of a cut. So they understood, It is unfortunate that a bill which is ibility for important issues has been they understood through the focus going to carry us through the next 5 perfected. Never before have we been in groups, they understood through the years into the 21st century and beyond a session where we have had as many public opinion polls all of the barom- is really a status quo bill. We can ap- recesses as we have had this year, as eters that we use to measure opinions plaud the fact that they did not cut short a workweek as we have had this and to determine where the voters are. anything, we can applaud the fact that year. They understood that the common- there was no attempt to roll back his- A decision was made by the ruling sense wisdom of the American people tory, but we cannot applaud the fact Republican majority that the less visi- was not with them. that there are no innovations in the bility this Congress had, the less the Education is a high priority, and bill tomorrow, there is nothing new, people of the United States see their anyone who threatens to abolish the there is nothing that looks at the 21st Legistature at work, the better. So we Department of Education and greatly century and says that our thrust have minimized a very important dis- cripple the involvement of the Federal should be different, our commitment to cussion on education, as we minimize Government in education matters has higher education should be enhanced, all discussions. We are in a situation to pay the price for that kind of posi- we should meet some of the problems now where we have not even passed a tion. Fortunately for them, and unfor- that have surfaced and are clear on the April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2395 horizon, we should meet these prob- formation Center, another way for say- may get too many educated people and lems in this Higher Education Assist- ing the world’s greatest system of li- if you get too many educated people, ance Act or project a way to begin to braries, was created by the Defense De- you will drive down the standards and deal with them. This is a status quo partment. One of the by-products of the salaries and the quality of life of bill. that tremendous system for research the people who are educated. That has I complained at the level of the com- and for development was the Internet. been a stream running through deci- mittee and I will complain again to- We are the beneficiaries of a system sion-making in America for a long morrow that it is most unfortunate which was produced and financed by time. It is not new. Fifty or 75 years that at a time when we are enjoying the American people which was con- ago they were talking about the possi- the greatest prosperity the Nation ceived and operated and all the details bility of having too many educated probably has ever known, at a time have been put in place by American people, but it has never happened. We when there is no war to absorb re- science and technology. Yes, we might have never yet reached a point where sources, at a time when the window of have had some foreign scientists par- we have too many educated people. opportunity is wide open, we cannot ticipate, we will not take that away People with college degrees may have come up with some more creative and from them, but basically the techni- some difficulty in the job market now- imaginative proposals as to how we are cians and the scientists, the theo- adays or they may have always had going to proceed to educate the popu- reticians and the philosophers who put some difficulty, but generally they lation. We have a lot of problems below this great technological revolution to- land on their feet, and generally people the level of high school graduation. gether in terms of information tech- with college degrees do not end up But certainly we have always commit- nology were products of our education being dependent on society. It is true ted ourselves and always been praised system, mainly our higher education now, it was true 25 years ago, it is by for the fact that higher education in system, our higher education system going to be true in the year 2010. America is exceptional. We are ahead which is still like all other higher edu- Right now we are seeing an explosion of most of the industrialized nations cation systems in the world basically of the need for people in the informa- when they begin to make comparisons an elitist system. Only a small percent- tion technology sector. Information between the higher education systems age of people go to college. Only a technology involves work with tele- among the countries. Not so with our small percentage of people totally still communications apparatus, computers. elementary and secondary school sys- enjoy higher education opportunities It involves a lot of things which re- tems. But at a time like this when we throughout the world. That group and quire higher education. Most people do are ahead and it is clear that our high- what they do and how they do it is crit- not know it, but it also requires imagi- er education system has played a major ical to the advancement of our society nation, it also requires people who role in our ability to quickly take ad- and the continued prosperity that we have some conception of spatial rela- vantage of the scientific revolution and enjoy. So if we are authorizing a piece tionships, not just in terms of engi- to apply science and technology in of legislation called the Higher Edu- neering but also in terms of artistic many areas of life, including, of course, cation Assistance Act, then we ought presentations. If you look at Web sites in the military area where the Amer- to look at it in terms of this is a criti- and you look at the kind of things that ican people invested billions and bil- cal piece of legislation which will have they are doing with Web sites, you lions of dollars in the military research a great impact on what we are doing in know that these are not just mathe- and development, a situation which is the future, how can we make this a maticians, these are not just physical very relevant because right now the better piece of legislation. scientists. The successful Web sites are kind of prosperity we are enjoying is My first concern was that the legisla- being generated by people with imagi- partially fueled and pushed by the rev- tion did not take advantage of an op- nation. They have imagination, they olution in information technology. The portunity to increase greatly the have some background beyond math companies that are newest and making amount of opportunities for Americans and science or they are working in the greatest amount of money on Wall to go to college. The opportunities teams, so a person who is in drama and Street are information technology need to be increased for many reasons. who is in art illustration or in just so- companies, Intel, Microsoft, you name We need more educated people. It is cial science, understanding psychology it, the newest companies, by the way clear that there is a correlation be- of people, they may be on a team of who are not dependent on defense con- tween the number of educated people people, some of whom have math and tracts or government contracts, they and our progress. If that is the case, physics backgrounds, to produce what are all information technology related. then there should not be any question has to be produced in terms of software That information technology that they about having more people who have or in terms of Web sites, et cetera. We have chosen to make great profits off college education or higher education do not know, we cannot pick exactly of did not happen overnight and it did opportunities. Maybe some of them who is going to be most successful in not happen by magic. It did not come will only go to community colleges for this area. But we should assume that directly from God. Everything comes 2 years but the principle of the value all education can be fitted in some- from God indirectly but it did not come added, education adds value to every- where. The psychologist may be as val- as a natural resource. It is not like an body who participates, higher edu- uable as the physicist. We should have oil well, striking it rich with a dia- cation adds very extensive, very great as much education as possible across mond mine or a gold mine. Information value to anybody who participates in the whole spectrum. We understood technology and the state of the art higher education. A person coming out that briefly when the Russians out- right now is a direct result of the in- of a higher education institution is paced us in space. The Russians put up vestment of the American people in going to earn income and really pay Sputnik and began to put up one space great amounts of research and develop- back the investment that society has rocket and one space satellite after an- ment for military purposes. made in them. The person who comes other. We went to work in this country Information technology was really out of a higher education institution is to deal with the fact that you can only developed by the American people definitely not going to be dependent on compete in that arena if you have more through their military services seeking subsidies. They will contribute to the and more people in the area of science. ways to accomplish the jobs that they process instead of absorbing any re- They did not all have to be geniuses have to accomplish. The Internet was sources. We know all of this. It should and Einsteins. Some were theoretical created by the American military not be difficult to conceive of the ne- scientists, some were applied sci- forces. The Internet was created to as- cessity of increasing the number. How- entists, some were technicians and sist and aid and speed up the exchange ever, there are some people who balk at technologists, some were good mechan- of information throughout the world, the idea that we need more college ics. The entire array of people needed scientific information. The Internet is graduates and we need more college to produce the kind of military hard- the creation of the American people students. There is some notion that al- ware and the military processes that through their military services. Some- ways runs throughout deliberations matched the Soviet Union and eventu- thing called the Defense Technical In- about higher education that, hey, you ally made it spend itself to death in the H2396 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 area of military technology, that was of poor people go to school in the inner If we are going to go that route, and produced through the education proc- cities, we are way behind. there are people who argue that affirm- ess. We understood it then. In this Higher Education Assistance ative action is not good, but if we have We are facing now a situation where Act, my point is we have not taken proposals and programs that seek to there is a survey that tells us that in- into full consideration the fact that provide more help for people who are formation technology workers are in right now there are tremendous disadvantaged, people who need help great shortage. This new revolution, amounts of vacancies in the informa- because they are poor, well, that is these information technology compa- tion technology sector, 300,000 vacan- across the board. You know, consider nies that are producing such great cies right now, and a projection that race. You do not consider ethnicity, profits on the stock market, these are there will be many more, these people you just consider the fact that they are the places where we have vacancies ap- have to go through higher education disadvantaged, they need help, that pearing at a great rate. There is some even if it is only 2 years of college in that is the way to go. debate about it but some pretty thor- many cases. We have not taken that I have heard proponents of ending af- ough and credible surveys have been into consideration. Just to meet that firmative action. The people want very done which shows we are talking about need, we should have special programs much to end affirmative action, includ- 300,000 people in this area right now in colleges and universities at increas- ing the Speaker of the House. They who are needed and are not there, ing the number of students in the pool. argue that we do not want any consid- 300,000 vacancies exist out there now. b 2015 eration on the basis of ethnicity. Let That will only get worse, because the us forget about the 232 years of slavery reading of the survey of where students We have to replenish the number of doctors and lawyers and MBAs. You and the descendants of slavery who did are in college, how many are majoring not have a chance to accumulate any in the appropriate fields, generally know, there is a whole society demand- ing more and more educated people. wealth, and if you did not have a what the education pool is in our col- chance to accumulate any wealth, the leges and universities, that survey One of our biggest exports is not goods but services, the services supplied by whole family structure and the whole leads the information technology ex- supportive atmosphere that breeds, perts to project that you may have a experts, and these are experts that come out of our colleges and univer- that creates, middle-class people who million vacancies 5 or 6 years from now are more successful in the formal edu- trying to cope with an expanded enter- sities that export services around the world. There will be a more greater de- cation structure, forget about that prise, not only in business. Right now they said. the great investment is in business. mand for services from highly educated people in the future. Let us just consider everybody equal Profit-making businesses want to be on and take care of those who happen to top of the latest technology, informa- Mr. Speaker, let me just recapitu- late. I do not want anybody to get lost. be unfortunate economically all across tion technology. The state of the art is the board so that white poor and the always being sought by these profit- I am talking about the fact that there is a great demand for people with high- African American poor and the His- making businesses that have lots and panic poor are all treated equally. lots of money to spend because they er education, and the demand will in- crease, and we should have taken that I do not concede that affirmative ac- are making great amounts of profit, so into consideration when we considered tion is not important. I do not concede the money is being spent now in the this Higher Education Assistance Act. you should forget about 232 years of business arena. They have not even The act that we will be considering slavery and the impact of that on the started yet to really apply information tomorrow on the floor of the House is a descendants of slaves, the impact of a technology en masse to higher edu- status quo bill. It maintains things hundred and some years of oppression cation institutions, and further down pretty much as they are. And while we as second-class citizens that followed the public schools which the President, applaud the fact that there are no dras- the Emancipation Proclamation and President Clinton and Vice President tic cuts, it is unfortunate that we have the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments. I Gore certainly have seen the vision to not taken advantage of a window of op- do not concede that, but let us for a include in this information technology portunity to go forward and deal with moment lay it aside. Let us consider revolution. The public schools are way, needs that are obvious in our work the arguments that are made by these way down the chain. Even in some force. people who want to get rid of affirma- places like California where they led I also complained about the fact tive action. They say they are ready to the country in showing us how to get that, at the time that we considered be fair to everybody. schools wired using volunteers and put this bill in our committee, about the If you are honest about that asser- schools on the Internet, even there we fact that the great debate right now tion, then you will create more oppor- are talking about a situation where with respect to affirmative action and tunities. We should be considering how every school that was wired by volun- the problem of trying to provide diver- the Education Act, which had a tre- teers on a Saturday afternoon, we sity on higher education campuses by mendous increase in the amount of called them wired if they wired the li- taking into consideration certain mat- money available in order to create brary and five classrooms. The library ters that go beyond just the scores on more opportunity for more people re- and five classrooms was the extent of the SATs and the averages in courses gardless of their race, creed or color. the wiring. There is a lot more to be in high school and that great debate, We should have the Pell grants great- done even in the places where we have which is escalating, and certainly in ly increased. They are increased some- been most successful. But in my home- California, has led to some real disas- what, but the Pell grants should be town, New York City, and home State, ters in terms of the policy changes greatly increased in terms of the num- the big cities in New York have noth- made by the board of regents of Cali- ber of people covered. The amount for ing close to anything like 10 percent of fornia. Pell grants, the number of people cov- the schools wired. We have a project You have a drastic reduction in the ered should be greatly increased. going in our area where it has taken us number of Hispanics and African Amer- We should have great increases in all almost 2 years to get 22 schools wired ican students who are in the higher of the loan programs, in the TRIO pro- using our volunteers on Saturday. education freshman class. You have an grams and every program that is de- Even with the cooperation of the Board even more drastic reduction in the signed to promote higher education. of Education, Bell Atlantic and a lot of higher education graduate institutions. Because we should anticipate a great private sector people have partici- Texas has had a similar problem, and increase in the number of students pated, it is a slow process. Of course in across the country there are more dis- coming in who have been denied an op- the suburbs surrounding New York cussions and referendums and policy portunity because of the fact that they City, they have dealt with the process. changes now in process with respect to are poor. They have not depended on volunteers. ending efforts to promote diversity by That requires money, that requires They have wired their schools. They considering the ethnicity of a particu- appropriations and commitments. In have state of the art media in some of lar student and the need to achieve bal- the authorization of this bill, we have those places. Where the largest number ance in the student body. not dealt with that. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2397 Oh, yes, there is a lot of money in- and manipulated and very badly treat- There are very real problems out volved here, but it is status quo, you ed by the people who appropriate funds there related to affirmative action and know. It is taking into consideration over the last 20, 25 years. the way opportunities for higher edu- the fact that we are throwing out af- City University, the cost of educat- cation are being cut off, smothered in firmative action programs and, there- ing one student is about $20,000, and our various States, the Hopwood deci- fore, the affirmative action programs you might say $20,000 per year to edu- sion in Texas and the City University ought to be replaced with greater op- cate a student. Well, Harvard and Yale of New York. portunity programs. There should be is the Ivy League. Students are above If they end remediation, they would more opportunity programs. $30,000 and climbing, and you might be accomplishing what California has You know, consider the constellation say those are large amounts of money, accomplished through a back-door that we are dealing with here. In Amer- but compared to what? means. They do not talk about affirma- ica now, there are roughly about 15 The taxpayers of America spend tive action, but it is large numbers of million students in college and univer- $120,000 per student to educate students poor students, beginning with the poor sities, 15 million students in colleges who go to West Point. Let me repeat students who are African American, and universities. That includes the that figure so you will understand what the poor students who are Hispanic, community colleges and senior col- I said, and I had it checked and double but large numbers of white students leges. In America right now, there are checked, and this is not the military also who are poor will be cut out of the about 3,688 institutions of higher learn- training. Military training takes it up opportunity to go to a higher edu- ing, community colleges, senior col- to the $200,000 range. Just the academic cation institution, that kind of oppor- leges, et cetera. training of every student that goes to tunity provided by City University. Right now, the expenditures of the West Point costs the taxpayers of b 2030 State and local governments for higher America $120,000. education is approximately $89 billion Now get the perspective in place. I At a time when we ought to be con- per year. These may seem like big would say that we are spending much sidering how to have more of a pool of numbers, but the cost, the amount we too much to educate a student at West people upon which we can draw to meet are spending per student in our public Point, but I would say at the same the challenges of the 21st century, we institutions supported by State and time we are spending much too little to are going in the opposite direction. local governments and by the Federal educate a student at City University, There are some midget minds at work; Government, the Federal Government or maybe it is not relevant unless you there are some timid spirits that are expenditure I think is around $38 bil- look at how the money is being spent. moving things, and people that have lion for cash, programs receiving cash City University has 200,000 students. power do not have any vision about directly, and another $40 billion if all You know, the economies of scale where we are going. the tax credits and various new pro- would allow you to do things cheaper, Governor Rockefeller, who was a Re- grams that have been established are but City University also has students publican, laid out a vision for the uni- utilized. jammed into classrooms and college versity systems of New York’s SUNY You are talking about $38 billion, $40 classes with 40 and 45 students; you and CUNY, which catapulted them into billion. That is a lot of money, a lot of know, are not conducive to learning. a whole new stratosphere in terms of commitment. $38 billion, $40 billion, City University has an antiquated in- the kind of activities they are involved you know you are talking about nearly frastructure. Only recently, last 10 in now. Now we are under a Republican $80 billion of federal assistance, $89 bil- years, did some of the colleges get Governor going in the opposite direc- lion is expended by State and local gov- phones, push-button phones. You know tion in terms of that vision and under- ernments. I suppose that comes to, you they had rotary phones. In many cases standing of the role of higher education know, $169 billion, a lot of money. the buildings have, the academic build- at a time when we should be going in But what is our defense budget? How ings, have only a few phones, let alone the opposite direction. much money do we spend on defense? It lines that could connect computers to Consider the history of higher edu- is way, way up there at $200 billion, al- the Internet. cation in this country. Consider the most $300 billion. Combined events in The higher education establishments fact that if we had not had visionaries intelligence, you are talking about $300 and City University are way, way be- who understood the importance of edu- billion on defense and intelligence. hind the state-of-the-art higher edu- cation in the overall achievement of So you can only compare. These fig- cation institutions in respect to com- prosperity in this country, in the es- ures will drown you. You will get lost puters and information technology. tablishment of circumstances which quickly if you do not make compari- They need a great infusion of capital would allow our people to pursue hap- sons. You can only compare, determine just for that purpose. piness, if that vision had not been the value of what is being spent and I am not saying that New York State there, we would be in serious trouble. get some perspective if you look at and New York City should spend We do not realize how much education what modern costs are in other areas. $120,000 per student as they do at West and the initiatives taken by a few leg- What are we spending in defense? Close Point. But I think that, instead of the islators, people in power, has meant to $300 billion. $89 billion at the State present rage that is being promoted by over the years. and local level for higher education certain editorials in certain papers and First, Thomas Jefferson and the Uni- and another $80 billion probably at the certain of our political figures, the versity of Virginia. It probably did not Federal level. rage against City University for trying become the model he wanted it to be- It seems like a lot of money, but in to educate too many students and hav- come, but it certainly planted the seed terms of modern costs it is not a very ing too much remediation and needing at the University of Virginia as a State great expenditure. to raise its standards by locking out institution and as one of the first of its How much does the cigarette indus- large numbers of students from the op- kind in terms of being established and try make in billions of dollars per portunity in higher education provides run with public funds, not being bur- year? I mean, in terms of modern costs, all of that is going in the direction dened with the necessity to heavily our commitment to higher education which is counter to where we ought to weight its courses, courses related to is, I assure you, nothing staggering. be going as we move toward the 21st theology and philosophy, et cetera. City University in New York, City century. There is nothing wrong with theology University of New York, which prob- So I want to reemphasize the fact and philosophy, but the mission of the ably has one of the best bargains in that it is probably one of the most im- University of Virginia was to learn ev- education, we educate students in City portant bills that we consider in this erything that they could learn about University for less than $20,000 per Congress. The Higher Education Assist- everything that was useful. Maybe it year. I think that the recent budget ance Act that we will be considering did not achieve that, but it planted a cuts, they have had steady budget cuts tomorrow is probably one of the most seed. for the last 20 years. This is a univer- important bills that we will consider. A man named Justice Smith Morrill, sity that has been squeezed and pushed We only do it once every 5 years. M-O-R-R-I-L-L, the Morrill Act, people H2398 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 who have tossed off that term, the training for millions of veterans. The loans, which took us a lot of time. Morrill Act, the land grant colleges, Nation has in return earned many Banks were accused of trying to make Justice Smith Morrill was a Congress- times its investment in increased taxes a killing off student loans, and that man from Vermont, first as a Member and a dramatically changed society. was resolved. of the House of Representatives, and The law also made possible the loan of Pell grants in this bill, the bill au- then he became a Senator in 1862. He billions of dollars to purchase homes thorizes an increase in the maximum was here during the period of the Civil for millions of veterans and helped Pell grant award. It stands at $3,000 in War and the period shortly after the transform the majority of Americans the current academic year, and it will Civil War. He served in the Senate from renters to homeowners. go to $4,500 in the year 1999–2000 aca- until 1898, and he came forward several But the education part of it, the fact demic year. It is a slow, incremental times with proposals to establish insti- that returning veterans were able to go set of increases, not keeping pace with tutions that would go beyond the usual into colleges and universities and come the cost of living, but at least nobody parameters of education at that time, out with the kind of training and proposed that we cut it out or back. It the agricultural and the mechanical know-how put us in a position after authorizes annual increases of $200 colleges which would deal with a sci- World War II to mount the kind of in- until the 2003–2004 academic year when entific approach to farming, a sci- dustrial revolution that we have now, the authorized maximum amount entific approach to the practical mat- the information technology revolution, would be up to $5,300. So it is an incre- ters of our Nation, and eventually Mor- the research and development revolu- mental movement forward in the area rill was able to prevail, and we estab- tion, and the military which led the of student aid, which is the hallmark of lished land grant colleges in every way, allowed us to bring the competing the bill in terms of providing oppor- State in the Union. Soviet empire to its knees. All of that tunity for the poor, the Pell grants. The land grant colleges came out of could not have happened if we had not The bill makes a number of changes the Morrill Act. It was later on im- had a Morrill Act, a GI Bill of Rights, to the formula used to calculate how proved and doctored by other actions and the subsequent opportunities that much financial aid students receive. by Congress, but the whole conception that provided. The bill denies Federal student aid to that the government should participate The American Legion is credited those convicted or possessing or selling in the process of educating the popu- with designing the main features of the illegal drugs, an amendment which had lation was institutionalized in the Mor- GI Bill. These ideas are not radical, a great deal of discussion. I do not ap- rill Act and the land grant colleges they are part of a consensus that has prove of cutting off opportunity for that flowed from that action. been developed in America, and Repub- young people so early in life. There is The kind of education provided by licans and Democrats have partici- one factor that must always be consid- the land grant colleges proved to be the pated. The American Legion is credited ered is that children are children. They greatest thing that ever happened to with designing the main features of the are not adults. The aging process, any- America in terms of the production of GI Bill and pushing it through Con- body who is as old as I am, I am almost people who understood how to apply gress. The Legion overcame objections 62, one understands that one just could learning and knowledge and science to that the proposed bill was too sweeping not know at age 18 or 20 or 22 what one farming, to engineering, and a whole and could jeopardize veterans getting knows later on. One cannot make the core of people were created who moved help at all. At the time Congress had same judgments. And practically every us forward. In the area of agriculture already failed to act on about 640 bills young person is in danger of at some in particular, they moved us forward in concerning veterans. vulnerable moment making a mistake a way that no other industrial power, Members of the American Legion of some kind that is quite serious, but none of the leading nations in the met first in Washington on December we should not set up situations where world, have ever been able to match. 15, 1943, and by January 6 had com- that mistake becomes a trap that is We are way ahead in terms of produc- pleted the first draft of the GI Bill, and eternal for that person. Not to be able tion of food at low cost for the popu- on and on the story goes. The bill was to get a college education because one lation as a result of the Morrill Act another one of those landmarks in made a mistake is a little too harsh, and the land grant colleges. American history that produced a but that is part of the legislation at Mr. Speaker, we need that kind of vi- great leap forward, a great leap for- this point. Of course, I think it will be sion now. We need an innovation, an ward in our society. The GI Bill, the debated on the floor to some extent, initiative now which would match the Morrill Act, they are the kinds of ac- but the majority has prevailed thus far Morrill Act initiative. It has to go in a tions that have propelled us forward, on that matter. different direction, but it is not so dif- and they ought to be celebrated and It has many other good features be- ferent. Information technology alone understood. fore I talk about the negative. It does offers a challenge just to move so that It is a pity that at a time like this, have loan forgiveness for people who our colleges and universities are the when probably the Members of Con- teach in low-income communities; it premier agents for the development of gress are better educated than ever be- does have a number of features that are the human capital. Information tech- fore and understand more about the dy- improvements, slight improvements nology demands human capital. We do namics of our society and the need for over what was there before. There is a not have to have oil or gold or natural some kind of comprehensive approach provision related to the whole matter resources, coal, but we must have to where we are going in the next cen- of affirmative action that will be on human beings who have been very well- tury, it is a pity that those forces are the floor tomorrow. Again, we will educated. We should have some initia- all, for the moment, either paralyzed have to debate this whole matter of no tive which understands that and ap- or oppressed or lulled to sleep or efforts whatsoever can be made to di- plies it across the board to all of our blocked, and that we have the Higher versify campuses, and we will have to institutions of higher learning so that Education Assistance Act which makes deal with the fact that more stringent they can begin in a systematic way to no great steps forward. national standards will be applied; meet the needs. This Higher Education Assistance there will be an attempt to apply strin- Mr. Speaker, we had another innova- Act, as I said before, is at least not a gent national standards that are simi- tion that took place in 1944. The GI bill that is going to take us backwards, lar to the California antiaffirmative Bill, which established the right for but it really is pathetic in terms of its action program. every returning GI, every veteran of understanding of the need for the next Of the amendments that have been World War II, to receive an education, 5 years as we go into the 21st century. noticed, there will be an amendment was signed first by Franklin D. Roo- The bill that we will be considering offered by the gentleman from Califor- sevelt on June 22nd, 1944, called the on the floor tomorrow reauthorizes nia (Mr. RIGGS), an amendment to pro- Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of Federal student loans, Pell grants and hibit any institution of higher edu- 1944. During the past five decades the other student financial aid programs cation that participates in any higher law has made possible the investment for 5 years. It resolves a controversy education program from discriminat- of billions of dollars in education and over cutting interest rates on student ing against or granting preferential April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2399 treatment to any person or group in the schools in New York City. They uation which we presently confront, admissions based on, in whole or in also want to greatly reduce the amount then we will have a system that pro- part, on race, sex, color, ethnicity or of remediation done in the senior col- duces a priceless global product. national origin. The amendment ex- leges and in the community colleges, Using this method, the methods es- empts from its ban any private institu- two-year colleges. What this will do, if tablished in New York, with our great tion of undergraduate higher education we reduce remediation, if we require and enormously diverse population, we that traditionally and continually students to make remediation before will have developed a blueprint, a from its establishment admitted stu- they enter college, we will greatly re- model for higher education which dents to schools on the basis of sex. duce the number of students because would be applicable anywhere in the The amendment also specifies that it remediation is needed by large num- world. The world market for such a does not prohibit or limit any institu- bers of students. Eighty percent of the service is almost unlimited. It would tion from encouraging or recruiting students have some form of remedi- be a product of highest value. In other qualified women and minorities from ation that they participated in during words, the challenge is to take the peo- seeking admission, provided that such the course of their time in college. ple who have the deficits educationally recruitment and encouragement does Remediation are courses in effect for whatever reason. The New York not involve granting preferential treat- across the country. Most colleges and City public schools are inadequate now ment in selecting any person for admis- universities have some remediation and they have gotten worse over the sion based, in whole or in part, on race, programs. What we have learned about last 10 years, so students with good sex, color, ethnicity or national origin. the human mind and the learning proc- brains and great potential may have This is an amendment which, in very ess ought to tell us that remediation is skills deficits, and the only way to deal nice language, coats the fact that what a natural thing to have in higher edu- with those skills deficits is when they it is saying is that we do not want any cation, because genius and talent is not get to college. effort to encourage and promote diver- comprehensive. It is not across the What is happening in New York City sity on a campus. The world is diverse. board that every student who is very is a tragedy, however. At a pivotal The United States is diverse. The num- good in English is also going to be good point in the life of the city, as we ap- ber of people who are minorities, the in math; those who are good in science proach the dawn of the 21st century, there are confused but powerful forces proportion keeps increasing. To have are also going to be good in foreign lan- in the city which are turning a time for diversity on campus, of course, is only guages. Remediation helps to balance out a process that nature has started, triumph into a time for tears. to have students live on campus in a President Clinton has rightfully re- world that is very similar to the world and we only rule out genius if we start insisting that remediation courses ferred to America as an indispensable outside. But this language, however nation. It is not exaggerated to state civil it may seem on paper, seeks to should be eliminated. Mr. Speaker, I made the following that in this indispensable nation, New wipe all of that out in one stroke. It York City is the indispensable city. In would do what the University of Cali- statement, and I want to close with this statement. I did want to talk a bit order for this city to maintain its fornia has done across the Nation. Be- rightful place and fully realize its des- cause practically every higher edu- about one other amendment that we will have on the floor tomorrow con- tiny, an open, thriving, creative City cation institution does receive some University of New York is an indispen- Federal funds, every higher education nected with information technology, the need for information technology sable institution. City University of institution would have its hands tied in New York is the jewel in the crown of terms of promotion of diversity workers. I will have an amendment to provide our unique urban civilization. through its own affirmative action pro- This is a moment at which we must for information technology partner- grams. truly rally our better instincts, our ships between colleges and community- common sense. We must rally our well- b 2045 based agencies in order to provide more cultivated logic and our receptivity to So the Riggs amendment will be de- opportunities for young people to get the evidence provided by well-known bated, and I hope that we will prevail exposure to computers and be able to studies. Such studies show that the and not have the Federal Government determine whether or not they want to record of CUNY is a laudable one. City participate in the blocking of opportu- go into computer technology. They will University of New York has a laudable nities for large numbers of deserving have a chance to practice and a chance record. students who need to go to college. to get excited by it, and then apply it Consider the fact that the cost to Unfortunately, as a New York City to a community college and a college educate a single student is so much resident, a New York State resident, I to go into a program. The college greater in Harvard, and even greater at will be participating in the argument would run these local centers where West Point, $120,000 per year per stu- knowing fully well that an effort is students would have these opportuni- dent. Despite the shoestring budget of being made in my own city and my own ties. the City University of New York and State to accomplish the same action, Mr. Speaker, I just want to close repeated fiscal harassments, City Uni- to accomplish the same ends through with my statement before the City versity of New York has endured over the back door. We are going to close off University Board of Trustees. I many lean years. City University of opportunity to large numbers of peo- thanked them for the opportunity to New York still stands in the ranks of ple. testify and then I mentioned that all the greatest in its production of out- And whereas I started by saying this over the world the education of masses standing scholars, Nobel laureates, sci- Higher Education Assistance Act fails of youth emerging from educationally entists and international prize winners. to increase opportunity by increasing deprived backgrounds is a vital chal- The City University, as I said before, the amount of funds and resources lenge to the process of building a new is indispensable to the life of the city. available so that poor people, no mat- global society with abundant supplies Any university anywhere in the coun- ter what color, race or creed they may of indigenous leadership. If we meet try, all of our public institutions, fol- be, will be able to take advantage of this challenge of educating those who lowing the tradition of the Morrill Act, the higher education process, we do not arrive in our college classrooms with following the tradition of the GI Bill, have that. Yet we are going to have to inadequate preparation in the City of all of these have a great deal to offer as debate an attempt to throttle even fur- New York, in the City University, if we we go into the 21st century. ther that which exists already. can take freshmen from impoverished We should look at the Higher Edu- At City University of New York pro- backgrounds with enormous skills defi- cation Act tomorrow as being inad- posals are being made that they raise cits but who have normal brains and equate but at least a start, and find the standards of the senior colleges great potential, if we can take this ways to improve and expand on the using SAT scores and cut off the ad- kind of raw material and create pro- Higher Education Assistance Act which mission of large numbers of students ductive and independent citizens able will come before us for deliberations on who cannot measure up to those SAT to take care of themselves and also the House of Representatives floor to- scores, although they are graduates of serve as leaders, if we can seize the sit- morrow morning. H2400 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AMENDMENT preme Court by amending the Con- Mr. Speaker, when we have the TO THE CONSTITUTION stitution to provide for voluntary growth of government where it is with The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under school prayer, and to reinstate other us in every aspect of our lives today, in the Speaker’s announced policy of Jan- protections in religious expression schools, in something involving health uary 7, 1997, the gentleman from Okla- which used to be common in the U.S.A. care, in so many bodies that are cre- homa (Mr. ISTOOK) is recognized for 60 until approximately 36 years ago. ated as public bodies, and we are told, minutes as the designee of the major- Mr. Speaker, the text of the proposed ‘‘My goodness, this is a government- ity leader. amendment has been approved by the funded activity. You cannot have a Mr. ISTOOK. Mr. Speaker, tonight I House’s Subcommittee on the Con- prayer to open or close, or we feel hesi- am going to be talking about a very stitution. It has been approved by the tant if you involve your religious be- important issue that is coming before House Committee on the Judiciary. It liefs in sharing your opinion.’’ this House in approximately a month, is ready to come to this floor and will For example, a first grade student in that being the Religious Freedom be coming to the floor soon. Medford, New Jersey, in the last year Let me quote, Mr. Speaker. It reads Amendment. was told by a Federal judge that even Mr. Speaker, I will submit a copy of thusly: though he won a contest, a reading a detailed analysis of the proposed con- To secure the people’s right to acknowl- contest, and could read whatever story edge God according to the dictates of con- he wanted, because he chose a story stitutional amendment which I will science: Neither the United States nor any provide to the Clerk, to be printed and State shall establish any official religion, from the Beginner’s Bible, the school included in the RECORD. but the people’s right to pray and to recog- said, ‘‘Oh, no, you cannot read that at The Religious Freedom Amendment, nize their religious beliefs, heritage, or tra- school,’’ and the Federal judge said, known as House Joint Resolution 78, is ditions on public property, including schools, ‘‘That is right. You cannot read that at responding to the public’s very valid shall not be infringed. Neither the United school,’’ and cited as his mantra what concern for the last generation that States nor any State shall require any per- Justice Rehnquist has condemned, sep- the courts in the United States of son to join in prayer or other religious activ- aration of church and State. ity, prescribe school prayers, discriminate In Florida, in Fort Myers, Florida, America have become hostile to reli- against religion, or deny equal access to a gion. They have placed barriers to reli- benefit on account of religion. they said they wanted to have a course gious expression which do not exist for And of course under the normal proc- not teaching doctrine but teaching other forms of speech for free speech. ess it is proposed that two-thirds of the about religion. And so they were going A false standard has been created by House approve this amendment, two- to have aspects of the course that dealt the courts basically saying, well, if ev- thirds of the Senate approve, and then with the Bible as history, which is eryone is not unanimous in agreeing on during a seven-year window of oppor- something that is supposed to be ex- some religious topic, then we ought to tunity it would require ratification by pressly approved, many people think, be censoring it, if it is something like the necessary three-fourths of the as long as it is taught as history. But a prayer in a public school during the State legislatures. the Federal judge in Florida ruled that school hours or the football game or at That, of course, is the process that they could teach about the Old Testa- a graduation. was created by the Founding Fathers ment as history, but they could not In the next 30 days or so, Mr. Speak- to amend the Constitution, and indeed teach anything about the New Testa- er, all across America we are going to it has been amended before to correct ment because not everybody believes in have students graduating from high erroneous Supreme Court decisions. the resurrection. So the Bible even as school, and in some places from col- For example, the Dred Scott decision literature was singled out by a Federal lege, and they will usually want what back in the middle of the last century judge. Why? Because they are following has become an American tradition, or provoked a lot of outrage with its deci- the standards set by the U.S. Supreme was until the Supreme Court inter- sion that basically was in favor of slav- Court, standards not of neutrality but, fered, namely having a simple prayer ery, and that was corrected by a later unfortunately, to promote hostility. to begin or to close or both at a public amendment to the Constitution. b 2100 school graduation. Mr. Speaker, a lot of people today, In fact, it is a tradition. The earliest and I think the media has a great deal Our courts blaze a wayward trail be- recorded public school graduation in to do with this misleading, because we cause they use a broken compass. Let the United States, according to the Su- will find in the press too a lot of people me tell you, it was in the case of Wal- preme Court, featured a prayer. In fact, are told, well, the issue is separation of lace v. Jaffree that Chief Justice multiple prayers. But the Supreme church and State. Rehnquist made his remarks about his Court has basically taken a stand and Mr. Speaker, we could talk among little catch phrase, ‘‘separation of said if everybody does not agree, then ourselves and say, well, what does that church and state.’’ This was an opin- we ought to censor it, because they say term mean? But I think that it is in- ion, it came down from the Supreme we do not want to have an establish- structive to look at what the Chief Court in 1985 in Alabama. Because they ment of religion created. Justice of the United States Supreme were so upset with the effort of the Or some people use a catch phrase, Court, our current Chief Justice, Wil- courts to strip prayer out of the public and I will talk about this more, Mr. liam Rehnquist, has said about the use schools, they passed a law that said, let Speaker, use a catch phrase of saying, of this term, which he said has been us have a moment of silence, a moment well, it would violate the wall of sepa- used to mislead people about what the of silence at public schools. The U.S. ration between church and State, Constitution actually says and what Supreme Court ruled the moment of si- which is not a phrase found in the the Founding Fathers actually in- lence was unconstitutional because it American Constitution. It is a phrase tended when it comes to religious free- could be used for silent prayer. that has been put in by other people for dom. A lot of Americans are not aware of other purposes and often, rather than Justice Rehnquist, our Chief Justice, that, Mr. Speaker. They do not know quoting the Constitution itself, people has written in official Supreme Court that the Supreme Court has gone so far cite that phrase as though it explained opinion that the use of that term as to say if you have a moment of si- everything. should be ‘‘frankly and explicitly aban- lence, that is unconstitutional, because What does the Constitution say? doned.’’ Those are his words. ‘‘It should people could be offering a silent prayer. ‘‘Congress shall make no law respect- be frankly and explicitly abandoned.’’ Now, if that is not an outrage, Mr. ing an establishment of religion or pro- Why? Because it has not been used to Speaker, I do not know what is. hibiting the free exercise thereof.’’ promote neutrality toward religion, The Chief Justice was outraged by The Supreme Court rulings against but it has been used to promote hos- what five of the Justices did. It was a school prayer and other religious issues tility. Essentially, it has been used to 5–4 decision. He was so outraged, and have been provoking public outrage say that if government is present, then he wrote about it, and he talked about since 1962. We have not had a vote here religion must be absent. So if govern- what they had said and the error of it. in the House of Representatives since ment comes into a situation, religion For example, the originator of the 1971 on a proposal to correct the Su- must be pushed out and pushed aside. phrase ‘‘wall of separation between April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2401 church and state’’ is usually said to be Are we to say that, because someone other body, begins its meetings with a Thomas Jefferson. But as Chief Justice has overly sensitive ears and they prayer. Chambers of commerce, civic Rehnquist noted in his opinion, and I choose to be offended by an expression clubs, Lion’s, Kiwanis, PTA organiza- quote here, ‘‘It is impossible to build of faith, that, therefore, we must cen- tions, State legislatures, city councils, sound constitutional doctrine upon a sor and we must silence those expres- all sorts of groups open with a prayer. mistaken understanding of constitu- sions? Or if there may be a chance that Yet, if it happens in a public school, tional history; but unfortunately, the one prayer out of a million might be of- they say that is to be condemned. establishment clause has been ex- fensive, do we say that we silence a In the State of Alabama, there is an pressly freighted with Jefferson’s mis- million prayers just to be sure that one outrageous court order from a Federal leading metaphor for nearly 40 years. particular offensive prayer is never ut- judge that is covering the students Thomas Jefferson was, of course, in tered? We do not apply that standard of there. Many students have been kicked France at the time the constitutional free speech. We say that something out of school because the judge has amendment known as the Bill of with which we may disagree is never- issued a gag order against so much reli- Rights was passed by Congress and theless protected. gious expression in the Alabama public ratified by the States.’’ Were we to say that you can censor schools, appointing monitors to make The person that originated that people if you do not like what they are sure that something does not happen phrase was not involved in drafting the saying, Mr. Speaker, we would not that he believes is wrong. first amendment. So the Chief Justice have free speech in this country. How, I want to read to you from part of the said clearly in the Wallace v. Jaffree then, can we say you can censor what opinion that was rendered by Federal opinion, and I quote him again, ‘‘The someone is saying if it is a prayer in a Judge Ira DeMent in Alabama just this establishment clause did not require public place and still claim to have last year. As requested by foes of pub- government neutrality between reli- freedom of religion? lic prayer, U.S. District Judge Ira De- gion and irreligion, nor did it prohibit No, Mr. Speaker, freedom of religion Ment, permanently enjoined the the Federal Government from provid- means that we accept those with whom schools from this, and I will read to ing nondiscriminatory aid to religion. we agree and those with whom we dis- you what he said could not happen There is simply no historical founda- agree. It means we look after the under penalty of law. This was what tion for the proposition that the fram- rights of the majority and the rights of was banned: ‘‘Permitting prayers, Bib- ers intended to build the wall of sepa- the minority. We don’t fall for this lical and scripture readings and other ration.’’ mistaken theory that the Bill of Rights presentations or activities of a reli- As Justice Rehnquist said, the evil is meant to protect only minorities and gious nature at all school-sponsored or that they wanted to address was from not protect the rest of us. It is meant school-initiated assemblies and events, proposals to establish an official na- to protect all of us with a standard of including, but not limited to, sporting tional church, or an official religion, tolerance. events, regardless of whether the activ- because we do not want that in the In the cases where the U.S. Supreme ity takes place during instructional United States of America. But he said, Court ruled against prayer in public time, regardless of whether attendance the Congress clearly intended to have a schools, one of the dissenting Justices is compulsory or noncompulsory, and positive attitude toward religion. was Supreme Court Justice Potter regardless of whether the speaker, pre- Then the Chief Justice said that this Stewart; and he noted that, if we really senter, is a student, school official, or so-called wall of separation is actually believe in diversity, then we ought to nonschool person.’’ what he labeled a blurred and distinct say people can offer their prayers. We No matter what the occasion, if it in- and variable barrier. He called it a know there will be different prayers, volves a public school, whether it is metaphor based on bad history. In his because we follow a basic principle, Mr. from a student or anyone else, there words, quoting again, ‘‘A metaphor Speaker. You do not have a prayer better not be a prayer, whether it be in based on bad history, a metaphor composed by government. The religious the classroom, a school assembly, a which is approved useless as a guide to freedom amendment says absolutely football game, a graduation, you name judging, it should be frankly and ex- not. You do not have an imposition of it. plicitly abandoned.’’ government to require prayer to be He appointed court monitors. In fact, Now, Mr. Speaker, I go through all said, nor its content. he recently issued an order saying all that talking about what the Chief Jus- Who then selects a prayer or offers the teachers and administrative per- tice of the U.S. Supreme Court has it? Well, we follow a very basic prin- sonnel from the school system have to written merely to try to get people to ciple that is used in so many aspects of come to special training sessions to understand that the issue is freedom. school, something we learned in kin- hear what the judge’s standards are to The issue is religious freedom. dergarten. It is called taking turns, make sure that people do not mouth If someone wants to stand up in a and let different people have their religious utterances in a public school. school and together wants to say the turns, and let people be aware. Mr. Speaker, that is not free speech. Pledge of Allegiance, can they say the Yes, there are diverse ways in which That is not freedom of religion. That is Pledge of Allegiance at a public school? people pray. There are different opin- oppression of religion masquerading, Sure. There was a challenge to that a ions. But do we expect our children to masquerading as constitutional law. number of years ago. It came out of be isolated from those during their Why do the courts do this? West Virginia. The U.S. Supreme Court daily activities at school, and then, Remember what the First Amend- wrote that no child can be compelled to when they become an adult, suddenly ment says. Congress shall make no law say the Pledge of Allegiance. I agree they are supposed to understand, sud- respecting an establishment of religion with that. But, Mr. Speaker, they denly they are supposed to be tolerant or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. never gave a child who did not want to of different opinions when they have That last phrase is basically ignored by say it the right to censor and silence been told for years that those are dan- the Supreme Court and, therefore, by the classmates who did want to say the gerous or damaging or must be si- the inferior courts, because the Su- Pledge of Allegiance. lenced? No, Mr. Speaker. preme Court has said, well, anything, Mr. Speaker, that is the correct As Justice Stewart wrote, in a soci- anything that smacks of religion be- standard that needs to be followed ety of compulsory attendance at public comes suspect. when it comes to a prayer that people schools, to say that, during the school Therefore, even if you are not creat- may want to offer in public school, a day, a child must be isolated from what ing a church, you are not advocating positive expression of hope and faith at is normal in everyday life is not neu- an official set of beliefs, you are not the beginning of the day. Whether it be trality. It is placing religion at an arti- telling people that we are going to part of a devotional activity, whether ficial and State-created disadvantage. have a hierarchy, or priesthood, or a it be done on a school basis or class- Mr. Speaker, prayers are normal. church building, or a tithing, or doc- room basis, whatever they choose to They are common. We begin each day trine, or theology or any of those implement, the issue is the freedom to in this House of Representatives with a things, nevertheless, if it is a simple do so. prayer. The United States Senate, the prayer, that is going too far. That is H2402 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 too close to an official establishment b 2115 want to give a lot of credit to the of religion. Mr. Speaker, that is using The danger in our society, if we keep American people. We are a generation the establishment clause of the Con- backing away from this moral premise, beyond now the original decisions in stitution as a weapon to suppress the is if we ever do get a moment of si- 1962, and people have not given up. free exercise of religion. lence, the kids will be thinking about It is not just the public opinion polls, One of the outrageous things, and stock market reports instead of a pray- because they consistently, for 36 years, there is plenty of them, one of the out- er. And is that really going to be better show that 75 percent or more of the rageous things in the Supreme Court for America if we lose this idea that American people support a constitu- decisions came in the graduation pray- there is a power higher than us? tional amendment to make it possible er case, the Lee v. Weisman decision, I find it extremely offensive that in to have prayer in public schools or a which came out of a public school grad- class, and I agree with the gentleman’s nativity scene on public property or uation in Rhode Island; and in that allusion to this. It is not clear where whatever it might be, so long as we are case, Justice Kennedy wrote that a the law exactly is on a lot of this. In not establishing an official church or a prayer must be assumed to be offen- fact, school districts have been intimi- national religion or saying that some- sive. That is right. He said a prayer dated for fear of lawsuits and, probably body has precedence because their reli- must be automatically assumed to be because of that, have gone farther than gion is better than somebody else’s. We offensive. Those were his words, Mr. they need to go. But currently in do not do that. Speaker. America we are in a situation where a And the American people haven’t Do we automatically assume that teacher probably could talk about Na- given up because, as the gentleman anything else is not only offensive, but tive American religions but, boy, she knows, there is a lot of civil disobe- must be suppressed? We do not apply better be careful if she mentions Jesus dience that goes on. There are people that to about anything else other than, Christ. that are still having prayer, in some I guess, pornography, Mr. Speaker. We A teacher could probably post on the cases in public schools or at football say that you have to be silent about wall, Desiderata was big back when we games or at school graduations, often this because we find it to be offensive. were in college, to God, whoever he because the ACLU has not gotten Now, if it is pornography, let us kick may be but, boy, if they put the 23rd around to their town yet. it out, and let us enforce the laws Psalm up there or the 10 Com- But the moment that the ACLU does against it. But since when is a prayer mandants, that might poison these come in, or some of the other groups or religious utterance considered to be poor little kids. that work with them and bring these automatically assumed to be offensive? It is one thing if they have a book of lawsuits around the country, groups The Internal Revenue Service, and, astrology or magic spells on a desk, like Americans United for Separation you know, obviously, they are follow- but what if it is a Bible? Woe be to that of Church and State or People for the ing the same rationale as Justice Ken- teacher, because these kids might pick American Way, these are groups that nedy, the Internal Revenue Service, in up something that has a moral base. are typically involved with the ACLU Now if the kids in the hall want to one of its major California districts, and these lawsuits to suppress religious talk to other kids about marijuana or sent out a memo to its employees expression because it makes some peo- how that works, or crack or how that about 2 years ago. The memo said, in ple uncomfortable. works, as long as they are not selling your personal work space or on your Well, as we know, it is common for drugs, they can talk about drugs all desk, you cannot have any sort of reli- someone to say something with which day. But if they want to talk to an- gious emblem or item. It may be a lit- someone else may disagree, and we are other child about eternal salvation, tle nativity scene. No. It may be a star supposed to be taught to be tolerant, they will probably go down to that of David, no. It may be a Bible, no. but they are teaching them to be intol- principal’s office, may even, as a friend I wrote them, Mr. Speaker. I said, erant. But yet the American people of my son’s did, get expelled from why are you doing this? The Internal keep trying. school for raising the question. Not ag- Revenue Service wrote back to me, cit- We have something called the Equal gressively pushing it, for raising the ing some different court cases. Frank- Access Act, and that means that before question of eternal salvation because it ly, Mr. Speaker, I think they went be- school starts or after school kids have could make somebody feel bad. been able to get together in Bible yond them, but citing a court case, You can wear a Black Sabbath T- they said, items which are considered shirt, a mockery of the Sabbath and all clubs, although they have problems to be intrusive , such as religious items this kind of thing, but if you wear a re- with them there. They are not per- or sexually suggestive cartoons or cal- ligious T-shirt, you might be evangeliz- mitted the same rights as other school endars, were to be banned. ing. Not that all this crappy rock clubs. They cannot meet during the Mr. Speaker, that is the full list of music stuff is evangelizing or the drug hours once school starts until school is what they said was offensive, to be hints or the hats that you can find in out for the day. Other clubs can meet banned; if it is religious, or if it is sex- many stores in the mall with the mari- during the day in different set-aside ually suggestive, if it is pornographic. juana weed on it or other types of time but not the Bible clubs. Or they You see how the courts are equating drugs, that is not evangelizing. But, can have a faculty adviser but not the the two, saying that something that is boy, if you have any religion on your Bible clubs. Or they can be recognized religious is offensive. T-shirts or symbols that could make in the yearbook and other things as Mr. Speaker, that flies in the face of other kids feel slightly intimidated, other groups are, but the Bible clubs everything on which this country was you can be reprimanded. are typically excluded. founded and on which most Americans What are we coming to? I don’t un- I looked through my high school an- place their hope and faith and trust. It derstand how we have gotten in this nual recently. I graduated from high flies in the face of what we believe. situation in the country. It is why so school in Texas in 1967. There is Fel- Mr. Speaker, I yield to the gentleman many people are despairing. It is why lowship of Christian Athletes and from Indiana (Mr. SOUDER). we have to take the extraordinary step Youth for Christ, but in many places Mr. SOUDER. Mr. Speaker, I want to that the Founding Fathers have given today those are considered suspect and thank the gentleman from Oklahoma us to go to a constitutional amend- they have to be handled with care. Yet for his leadership and persistence on ment. clubs for any other purpose, as the gen- this issue in pushing us to get a House Quite frankly, we can pass laws here tleman mentioned, are routinely ap- vote and to give us at least the oppor- in Congress, and the courts do not proved. tunity to attempt to pass this con- seem to care. If we just pass laws with- So some people say, well, the fact stitutional amendment. I could not out amending the Constitution, we are that we have Bible clubs being formed take any more of the examples. My totally at their mercy to continue this at school or kids having prayer before outrage was rising. It is inconceivable what I believe is nonsense in these rul- or after school in their groups of their that even a moment of silence is illegal ings. own initiative, that is not a symbol of because people might be thinking Mr. ISTOOK. I think the gentleman the fact that there is nothing wrong, about prayer. has made some excellent points. Yet I because there are things wrong. It is a April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2403 symbol of the great desire of the Amer- stretch of the imagination, thinks that but, at the same time, I learned to un- ican people and how they are always I am a liberal, this will get rid of that derstand even why rules were there looking for a way. impression. I mean, there are issues that I did not agree with because I had But why should we say that in class- where I disagree with the majority of to execute them and I had to execute rooms where, as the gentleman men- my conservative friends, and tomorrow them in a period where I was the only tioned, they may be talking about on the amendment of the gentleman one or sometimes one of only three drugs, they may be talking about sex, from California (Mr. FRANK RIGGS) and who held that position. they may be talking about all sorts of other things on affirmative action, it is I did not go to my senior prom be- different alternate life-styles, but if one area where I have a disagreement. cause I did not dance. And I was senior somebody gives a religious perspective But, for the most part, I am very con- class president, and I was supposed to or says we ought to be able to start our servative; and my roots are very con- speak at the senior prom. They had days with prayer just like the U.S. servative. printed up the programs with my name Congress does, oh, no, we cannot do it, I grew up in the Apostolic Christian in it. I told them I am not going to go. and people are threatened with arrest. Church of America. It is a very fun- It was embarrassing, and it was dif- I have to tell my colleague another damentalist church. When we join that ficult as a senior. It was difficult in horror story here. In Galveston, Texas, church, we do not have infant baptism. many of these years to go through that Santa Fe High School, a Federal judge We believe in the age of accountability, personal discipline of being different was persuaded that, since the initiative and we commit our lives to Jesus than everybody else. But I did not ask came from students, he said, well, Christ. When we do, we agree to accept everybody else to change because they okay, you can have a prayer at gradua- certain guidelines of that church. When were not like me. tion, but I will have a U.S. Marshal we accept those guidelines, we are ex- The problem we have in America there, and if anybody mentions the pected to follow them. right now is that, if there are a few name of Jesus Christ, they can be ar- One of the guidelines is that we do people who do not like what the major- rested and be held accountable to me. not go to movies. That was a difficult ity of the people like, they feel they So it was not enough that they tried thing, I think it was my junior year in have a right to stop them from their to squeeze out the ability to have some high school, because the school decided practice of religious freedom, which, semblance of prayer. The judge wanted to go to the Sound of Music. Now, the quite frankly, is the fundamental belief to control it. And how offensive that is church rule was not PG films or G that America was founded on; that we to so many people. films, it was no movies. That meant were going to have free exercise of reli- I know we have people of different that I had to go sit alone in a class- gion; that we were going to be able to faiths. We will pray different ways. But room while the rest of the kids went to worship God as we saw fit; that in we learn. We learn from our dif- America we had a fundamental belief ferences. see Sound of Music. Mr. SOUDER. If the gentleman will I did not file an objection to stop ev- in this Congress, in this body, in the yield, it is almost, well, it is not al- erybody else in the school because I Christian holy trinity. most inconceivable, it is inconceivable was isolated, because my religious be- Now, we have more diversity in when we have gangs, we have drug liefs were a minority and somehow I America today, but it is still the pre- problems all over our country, we have was going to be eternally damaged or ponderant belief. All our laws, as teachers getting raped in the hallways, even temporarily damaged because I Francis Schaeffer said, are really and we are concerned about stamping was singled out, because other kids echoes and remnants, if not direct out- out anybody talking about Jesus made fun of me because of my church, growth, of old testament law and of the Christ. because I was extra conservative. I had Judeo-Christian tradition. If we lose In 1983 and ’84, I cannot remember to go sit alone. that foundation as a country, we are which year, when then Congressman The small school that I grew up in lost. Dan Coats, I was working on his dis- has a lot of Amish around it. The What we are trying to do, and what trict staff, was working on the equal Amish do not believe in taking public the gentleman has tried to do in his access bill, we actually had a series of showers. Therefore, often they were ex- leadership with this religious liberty problems come up in the school district cused from gym or had to sit there or amendment, is to allow free practice. that my kids were in that helped pro- did not shower if they had to go to the We could make a case that our Found- vide some of the fodder that led to the gym class. But the school did not can- ing Fathers, with their State establish- passage of the equal access bill, includ- cel gym classes. And in this particular ment of religion, which they did not ing a series of rules that the adminis- school 12 percent of the kids were ban, different States had State reli- tration did not mean for the parents to Amish. Twelve percent was not consid- gions, intended it to go far more. They get ahold of, which included not allow- ered a significant enough minority to just did not want one national religion. ing any religious affiliated instructors change the behavior of the rest of the They believed in aggressive promotion or teachers or ministers to go on school around it. of religious values. school grounds during the day. There needs to be a sensitivity. And We are not asking that anymore. In The way this came about is one rural I have to say I never ran into a teacher America, we are down to saying, can high school, the student who got in who mocked my religious beliefs. I ran we not wear a T-shirt; can we not put trouble at school asked to talk to his into plenty who questioned my reli- a Bible on our desk; can we not talk to pastor. The pastor came into the gious beliefs and were curious about other people about our religious faiths? school, and that led to a banning of them or told me they did not think This is how far we have gone in Amer- pastors going into the school during they were very sound even biblically, ica. This is the least we can do. Not the the school day. but nobody mocked my beliefs. most we can do. It is the least we can The church that I grew up in had a And, quite frankly, because I had to do for our children in our schools is to children’s home. Many of those people go through experiences much, quite allow them free exercise of religion. who worked as house parents were lay frankly, like other minorities have We are not trying to impose anything pastors. And the question is, could gone through in different ways, I had here. Now we have the reverse. The mi- they go on to school grounds? No, they to decide to give in or actually firm up nority is imposing on the majority. were banned under this rule. It was ab- my beliefs. Mr. ISTOOK. I think the gentleman surd. You could not use the school for In fact, to use a reverse example, the makes some excellent points. The first after hours if you had any religious af- Communist party, in their indoctrina- amendment’s first protection, the Bill filiations. tion, used to send new recruits onto the of Rights, the very first thing is free- This whole prayer question. A whole street to try to spread their doctrine. dom of religion. That is the first thing series of type of things led to many of And when they were attacked, they the Founding Fathers put in the bill of these changes, supposedly covered by learned the beliefs better than if they rights. And yet now, this doctrine that equal access. But we have backslid. did not have to defend them. the courts have adopted is, as the gen- I want to use one other personal ex- I learned more about the principles, tleman has illustrated, it is encourag- ample. For anybody who, by any not all of which I agree with today; ing people not only to be thin-skinned H2404 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 but to seek to control the behavior of Mr. ISTOOK. And the religious free- sert into the RECORD an article. It is others under the guise of freedom. It is dom amendment is intended to protect actually a book review in this week’s a topsy-turvy philosophy. these to say that the standard ought to Weekly Standard magazine by Richard We need to recognize that the intol- be the same as it is for the Pledge of Neuhaus, one of the tremendous Chris- erant person is not the one who wants Allegiance. If they do not want to say tian writers in this country who wrote to be able to say a prayer. The intoler- it, that is fine, but that does not mean ‘‘Religion in the Public Square.’’ He ant person is the one who insists on that they can stop other students that has a review of John Noonan’s new stopping it and bringing down the may want to have a prayer in public book ‘‘The Luster of Our Country, the weight and power and might of the school. American Experience of Religious Federal Government through the Fed- Take the Supreme Court’s decisions Freedom.’’ I would like to insert this eral courts to stop people from simple on nativity scenes, the Allegheny v. review into the RECORD at the end of religious expression such as a prayer. Pittsburgh ACLU case from the Su- this special order. b 2130 preme Court, where they said they can- He makes two points in this review not have a nativity scene or a Jewish that, in fact, one of the reasons some The cases go on. There was another menorah, they were both covered on people want to suppress religious free- case in Texas where a minister that public property there, because there dom and free exercise is that, in fact, it had an antidrug program was banned was not in the same line of sight secu- is a danger to the State; that there from presenting it in public schools not lar emblems, Santa Claus, plastic rein- have been a number of efforts in this because there was anything religious deer, and so forth. country rooted in religious freedom, about his presentation. But simply be- In Jersey City, New Jersey, gosh, the abolition of slavery, the war cause he was a minister. In Colorado, a over 30 different religions have been against polygamy, the prohibition of teacher was fired, and the courts permitted by Mayor Bret Schundler to alcohol, and the civil rights movement upheld the firing, for reading a Bible put their religious emblems on City under the leadership of Martin Luther during the class reading time when the Hall property, but they got sued over King, that really forced changes in our students were told, ‘‘This is reading the nativity scene. And the judge said, political system. time. Read whatever you want to well, they have done it for the other re- Furthermore, he points out in this read.’’ And while the students read ligions, that is fine, and they put out a book, he has whole chapters to four when they wanted to read, he read his manger scene, and they have put here contrasting case studies. The French Bible, and he was fired because he was secular emblems, Santa Claus, the Revolution’s affirmation and betrayal told, ‘‘You cannot do that,’’ and he in- plastic reindeer, Frosty the Snowman, of the American idea of religious free- sisted upon doing it. And the courts but it is still not good enough because dom; the American imposition of the said that was okay? the nativity scene is just too powerful, idea on a defeated Japan; Russia’s cur- You take symbols. In San Francisco, and it has got to go. So that was an- rent and deeply flawed efforts to incor- California, in a city park for more than other Federal court ruling this last De- porate the idea; and the American in- 60 years there has been a large cross. cember. Outrageous. But it comes from fluence in the Second Vatican Coun- Even during FDR’s days when Franklin the U.S. Supreme Court’s case and the cil’s teaching on religious liberty. D. Roosevelt was President of the Allegheny case. In other words, in societies where United States, in a national address he Now, do my colleagues know what I they have not followed our pattern of praised that as a great example and am really waiting on? The Supreme religious freedom, they have developed monument. And the Supreme Court a Court says, well, they can’t have reli- problems. And because we allowed it, year ago said it has got to go. gious emblems unless they balance religious freedom, in fact, drove the There have been similar cases in Ha- them with a secular emblem, and even system and changed the system. waii and Eugene, Oregon, saying we then they say the religious emblems One other thing that I would like to should not have those on public prop- are too powerful. But I have never seen insert into the RECORD also following erty. And yet, if we will pull out a dol- them say they cannot have secular em- this article is a cover story in this lar bill, on the back of the dollar bill is blems unless they balance them with week’s U.S. News about James Dobson. the Great Seal of the United States and religious emblems. Are we going to say This article is not directly on this sub- the stars on the Great Seal, the 13 they cannot have a Frosty the Snow- ject but touches on some of the prob- stars, are arranged in the form of the man unless they also have Mary and lems of this country that are occurring star of David. And we have plenty Joseph? because of the lack of responsiveness. other religious references. Let us get real, my colleagues. Let us I know the gentleman from Okla- Mr. SOUDER. If the gentleman would quit being so thin-skinned. Let us homa (Mr. ISTOOK) has been in some of further yield, behind us on the wall is make the standard where the religious these meetings, as well as our friend, Moses. All the other lawgivers are freedom amendment says, which is the gentleman from Colorado (Mr. BOB pointing to the side. what Justice Rehnquist said, it is what SCHAFFER) in the chair. We have some Mr. ISTOOK. We have a couple Popes the Founding Fathers intended. We do differences as to how to approach this, on the wall of the House Chamber. not want an official religion. We will but what we understand is that Dr. Mr. SOUDER. Moses is looking not have an official religion in the James Dobson has been a spokesman straight on the Speaker’s chair. We United States of America. That is in- and has been a mentor to many of us in know, and our Founding Fathers knew, consistent with freedom of religion. his family issues and how he has done where our laws were derived from. But suppressing expressions of reli- this, and he is speaking for a lot of our Mr. ISTOOK. If we look right above gious heritage or tradition or belief or supporters and millions of people in the Speaker’s chair, above the Speak- a prayer on public property, that is America when he says that he is frus- er’s chair and the flag are emblazoned also inconsistent with our beliefs in trated and he is frustrated with the the words ‘‘In God we trust,’’ which we America. So let us correct these court types of thing that the gentleman from also find on our currency. There are decisions. Oklahoma has been talking about to- people that find that offensive. Does Mr. SOUDER. Perhaps my colleague night and I have been talking about that mean we should take it off? had not heard, we cannot refer to him when he says in here, and he is speak- Mr. SOUDER. It is important to as Santa Claus. It is just Claus. ing for many people when he said that know these were not additions after ‘‘Santa’’ is, of course, ‘‘saint’’ in Span- he cares about the moral tone of the the Republicans took over Congress in ish, so we really should not say that. Nation. ‘‘I care about right and wrong. 1994. They have been here under Repub- And I am waiting for it to be called I have very deep convictions about ab- licans, they have been here under Patrick’s Day rather than St. Patrick’s solute truth.’’ Democrats, because we have a unified Day. It has a little bit of religious And he says, had he stayed simply on tradition in America that this is our overtones. We have to be so careful in family themes, he could have moved cultural heritage, it is our spiritual our society anymore. with ease through all denominations heritage, it is the foundation our coun- Mr. Chairman, at the end of this par- and in both political parties. But he try is built on. ticular special order, I would like to in- has started to speak out because he is April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2405 concerned about the general thrust and They have been chipping and chip- hope and faith in their school day, and direction of our society that causes ping and chipping away at our rights. let them be aware that yes, there are some heartburn in our party, causes Are we then to be satisfied because we some differences in how some people some heartburn in Members of Con- still have something left, or must we pray and we have some differences gress, such as the gentleman from recognize the process of this chipping among us that reflect some of our dif- Oklahoma and myself. away, of this diminishing, of this fenc- ferent faiths. But yet we are united, we At the same time, we understand why ing in of our rights and our freedom are united by our common beliefs that this article says ‘‘a righteous indigna- and our precious religious heritage? almost all Americans share. tion,’’ because that is what many peo- Are we to accept this false notion that, That certainly was part of the beliefs ple in America feel right now. They do as government expands, religion must of the Founding Fathers, that we owe not understand what in the world is shrink to maintain a separation be- our existence to God, and if we do not wrong with the government. The exam- tween church and state, because we recognize God and if we do not do it ples that my colleague has given defy live in the era of expanding govern- freely and openly and consistently and common sense. ment, and if that is the philosophy, yes, daily, Mr. Speaker, then how long Mr. ISTOOK. Mr. Speaker, I think then expansion of government neces- can we expect the blessings of the Lord the gentleman is making the point sitates a shrinking of religion? to continue with us and with our fami- that we cannot separate values and Mr. Speaker, that is not the philoso- lies and with our beloved Nation? We principles and moral standards from phy in which our Founding Fathers be- need that freedom which has been the religious beliefs which gave them lieved. That is why I quoted Chief Jus- under attack by the courts. birth and gave them life and give them tice Rehnquist on that, and many other Let me share with you once again, meaning. things to this effect can be found in Mr. Speaker, the words of the Religious If we look at the original founding their writings. We want to have a posi- Freedom Amendment which would be- document of this Nation, the Declara- tive attitude toward religion, but make come a part of the Constitution, not to tion of Independence, there is a very sure that we never embark upon any- replace the First Amendment but to supplement it, to be side-by-side with well-known clause in that. Many peo- thing that would create any official re- it. The Religious Freedom Amendment ple only read it partway. But I am ligion or any official church or any of- states as follows: speaking of the clause that says, ‘‘We ficial faith for the United States of To secure the people’s right to acknowl- hold these truths to be self-evident America. But the severity of this prob- lem in the USA has been noted around edge God according to the dictates of con- that all men are created equal; that science: Neither the United States nor any they are endowed by their Creator with the world. State shall establish any official religion, certain inalienable rights; that among I want to read a statement from Pope but the people’s right to pray and to recog- these are life, liberty, and the pursuit John Paul II, which he issued this past nize their religious beliefs, heritage or tradi- of happiness; that to secure these December, just 5 months ago. He was tions on public property, including schools, rights, governments are instituted greeting the new American Ambas- shall not be infringed. Neither the United States nor any State shall require any per- among men.’’ sador to the Vatican, and Pope John Paul II spoke these words to the new son to join in prayer or other religious activ- Now, if we look at what the Founding ity, prescribe school prayers, discriminate Fathers wrote, Mr. Speaker, we see American Ambassador: ‘‘It would truly against religion, or deny equal access to a that they say our rights did not come be a sad thing if the religious and benefit on account of religion. from the State, they did not come from moral convictions upon which the ex- Those are the simple words, that is the Federal Government, they did not periment was founded could now some- the simple language which will correct come from the State government, they how be considered a danger to free soci- these things which we have been dis- did not come from a local government, ety such that those who would bring cussing, which will correct these way- they did not come from a king, they do these convictions to bear upon your ward court decisions, which will give not come from an emperor, our rights Nation’s public life would be denied a the Supreme Court a better compass come from God. ‘‘We hold these truths voice in debating and resolving issues than the one which they have been fol- to be self-evident. We are endowed by of public policy. The original separa- lowing. our Creator with certain inalienable tion of church and state in the United Mr. Speaker, it is long overdue. We rights.’’ States was certainly not an effort to should have had this vote decades ago. And what is the purpose of govern- ban all religious conviction from the I am so grateful to be an American, to ment according to the Declaration of public sphere, a kind of banishment of live in a land where the American peo- Independence? To secure these rights, God from civil society.’’ ple have not lost their faith, but they to secure the rights which come to us b 2145 need to be free to express it. With faith comes value, with faith comes prin- from God. That is what the Founding Mr. Speaker, it is time that we take ciples, with faith comes morals, with Fathers wrote they believed was the notice and that we take action. We will faith comes strength, and with faith purpose of government, to protect our have the opportunity on the floor of comes the blessings, the blessings of God-given rights. this House within approximately a liberty which we seek to secure for our- I must question, if we cannot ac- month to vote on the Religious Free- selves and for our posterity. knowledge the author of our rights, if dom Amendment. It has been approved we cannot acknowledge the origin of by the Subcommittee on the Constitu- DETAILED AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELI- GIOUS FREEDOM AMENDMENT, HOUSE JOINT our rights, if we cannot express belief tion, by the Committee on the Judici- in He who created our rights, for which RESOLUTION 78 ary, it has over 150 Members of Con- (By U. S. Congressman Ernest J. Istook, Jr.) government was created to protect gress who are cosponsors of it. I hope THE RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AMENDMENT (HOUSE those rights, if we cannot do those even more will add their names to it. things, can we stay believers and true JOINT RESOLUTION 78) I hope, Mr. Speaker, that those all ‘‘To secure the people’s right to acknowl- persons to those beliefs and to the prin- across the country who are aware of edge God according to the dictates of con- ciples on which this Nation was found- this will contact their Member of Con- science: Neither the United States nor any ed? If we abandon the source of this gress. I hope they will say to their State shall establish any official religion, Nation, we abandon its principles. Member of Congress, ‘‘We need to pro- but the people’s right to pray and to recog- Mr. Speaker, the religious freedom tect our religious freedom, we need to nize their religious beliefs, heritage or tradi- amendment is intended to protect reverse the attack upon prayer in tions on public property, including schools, these rights which are in jeopardy. It school and our other religious free- shall not be infringed. Neither the United has not gone without notice across the States nor any state shall require any person doms, we need the Religious Freedom to join in prayer or other religious activity, world that even though we enjoy great Amendment, and we expect our Mem- prescribe school prayers, discriminate religious freedom in the United States bers of Congress to support it.’’ Mem- against religion, or deny equal access to a of America, but let us not measure it bers of Congress need to hear that mes- benefit on account of religion.’’ by what we have left. Let us look at sage. BACKGROUND what has been taken away by these and Our children in public school need to The Religious Freedom Amendment, House other court decisions. be free to have a simple message of Joint Resolution 78, responds to the public’s H2406 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 valid concern that our courts have become ‘‘It should be frankly and explicitly aban- accurate’’ and can only be ‘‘dimly per- hostile to religion, placing barriers to reli- doned.’’ 7 ceived.’’ [Citations omitted.] gious expression which do not exist for other The term ‘‘separation of church and state’’ * * * * * forms of free speech. has been frequently used not to promote offi- ‘‘But the greatest injury of the ‘‘wall’’ no- A false and impossible standard of unanim- cial neutrality toward public religious ex- tion is its mischievous diversion of judges ity has been created, saying that if a single pression, but to promote hostility. Essen- from the actual intentions of the drafters of person objects to a prayer or other religious tially, it suggests that whenever government the Bill of Rights. . . . The ‘‘wall of separa- expression, then an entire group must be si- is present, religion must be removed. Unfor- tion between church and State’’ is a meta- lenced and censored. This is the exact oppo- tunately under this philosophy, because gov- phor based on bad history, a metaphor which site of free speech. Free speech exists only ernment today is found almost everywhere, has proved useless as a guide to judging. It when people have a right to say something the growth of government dictates a shrink- should be frankly and explicitly abandoned. with which others disagree. ing of religion. ‘‘Separation’’ becomes a eu- For over 36 years, court decisions have phemism for ‘‘crowding out’’ religion. * * * * * harmed religious freedom in America; the A proper analysis should center on the ac- ‘‘The Framers intended the Establishment Religious Freedom Amendment (RFA) is in- tual text of the Constitution, but too often Clause to prohibit the designation of any tended as the solution, because the courts the language of the Constitution is ignored, church as a ‘‘national’’ one. The Clause was have left no other remedy than to amend the and is replaced with a focus on the catch- also designed to stop the Federal Govern- Constitution. Over 150 Members of the House phrase ‘‘separation of church and state.’’ It ment from asserting a preference for one re- of Representatives are co-sponsoring the is cited almost as a mantra, often in an ef- ligious denomination or sect over others. RFA. It also is supported by a broad coali- fort to foreclose further discussion, and Given the ‘‘incorporation’’ of the Establish- tion that includes Christian groups, and Jew- without critical analysis of what the phrase ment Clause as against the States via the ish groups, and Muslim groups. Support actually might mean. That phrase is not Fourteenth Amendment in Everson, States ranges from America’s largest black denomi- found in the Constitution; yet it commonly are prohibited as well from establishing a re- nation, the National Baptists, to the Salva- is erroneously treated as the standard meas- ligion or discriminating between sects. As its tion Army, Youth for Christ, and the coun- uring stick for religious freedom issues. history abundantly shows, however, nothing try’s largest Protestant group, the Southern A wrongful focus on this term inevitably in the Establishment Clause requires govern- Baptist Convention, and many more. becomes antagonistic to religion, because its ment to be strictly neutral between religion Supreme Court rulings on school prayer premise is that wherever government exists, and irreligion, nor does that Clause prohibit and other religious issues have provoked religion must be pushed aside, to maintain Congress or the States from pursuing legiti- public outrage since 1962. Throughout the the ‘‘separation.’’ Since American govern- mate secular ends through nondiscrim- last 36 years, public opinion polls consist- ment today is far, far larger than in the days inatory secular means.’’ ently show about 75% or more of the Amer- of our Founding Fathers, or than in any The Religious Freedom Amendment re- ican public want a constitutional amend- other era,8 its expansion automatically flects Rehnquist’s analysis as Chief Justice ment supporting prayer in public schools. crowds out religious expression. When gov- of the Supreme Court, and corrects the deci- Not since 1971 has such a constitutional ernment enters, religion must exit. Our sions he criticizes. amendment been voted upon in the House of courts are blazing a wayward trail because Catch-phrases such as ‘‘separation of 1 Representatives. The Senate conducted they use a broken compass, a fact noted by church and state’’ 10 have had a chilling ef- 2 3 4 votes in 1966, 1970, and 1984. Obviously, dissenters on the Supreme Court. Chief Jus- fect in modern America because government none of those succeeded. Additionally, relat- tice Rehnquist has decried the phrase as a has expanded into almost every area of life. ed votes not involving a constitutional ‘‘misleading metaphor’’ which the Court has If the church must be segregated from gov- amendment have ranged from efforts to followed ‘‘for nearly forty years.’’ 9 ernment, then government’s entry into any limit the jurisdiction of the federal courts, After reviewing at great length both the activity is a de facto expulsion of religion to equal access proposals, to riders on appro- extra-Constitutional origin of the phrase, from that area. The severity of the problem priations bills. (These efforts are described and the history of the development of the was noted by Pope John Paul II, on greeting in detail in a 1996 report by the Congres- First Amendment itself, Chief Justice the new American ambassador to the Vati- 5 sional Research Service. ) In 1997, on March Rehnquist in Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 can in December, 1997, when he stated, ‘‘It 4th, the House approved legislation (HCR 31) (1985) condemned the reliance on the phrase would truly be a sad thing if the religious to promote display of the Ten Command- ‘‘separation of church and state’’. Among his and moral convictions upon which the Amer- ments on public property, despite Supreme comments: ican experiment was founded could now Court rulings to the contrary. It prevailed by ‘‘The evil to be aimed at, so far as those somehow be considered a danger to free soci- 295–125, a 70% margin. It was, however, only who spoke were concerned [in the Congress ety, such that those who would bring these a resolution of support, not changing any which approved the First Amendment], ap- convictions to bear upon your nation’s pub- statutes or court decisions, much less chang- pears to have been the establishment of a na- lic life would be denied a voice in debating ing the Constitutional language which the tional church, and perhaps the preference of and resolving issues of public policy. The courts have misconstrued. one religious sect over another; but it was original separation of Church and State in TEXT OF THE RFA definitely not concern about whether the the United States was certainly not an effort The RFA will end 27 years of inaction by Government might aid all religions to ban all religious conviction from the pub- the House on a constitutional amendment, evenhandedly. lic sphere, a kind of banishment of God from by adding to our Constitution this language: civil society.’’ * * * * * ‘‘To secure the people’s right to acknowl- HOW WILL THE RFA CHANGE THE OUTCOME OF ‘‘It would seem from this evidence that the edge God according to the dictates of con- PREVIOUS SUPREME COURT DECISIONS? science: Neither the United States nor any Establishment Clause of the First Amend- ment had acquired a well-accepted meaning: As noted in numerous examples, some of State shall establish any official religion, which follow, the RFA reflects the opinions but the people’s right to pray and to recog- it forbade establishment of a national reli- gion, and forbade preference among religious expressed by many Supreme Court justices nize their religious beliefs, heritage or tradi- prior to the Court’s detours in recent years, tions on public property, including schools, sects or denominations. Indeed, the first American dictionary defined the word ‘‘es- and also reflects the dissenting opinions of shall not be infringed. Neither the United many Justices during this period. (Often States nor any State shall require any per- tablishment’’ as ‘‘the act of establishing, founding, ratifying or ordainin(g,’’) such as these were 5–4 decisions, meaning the dis- son to join in prayer or other religious activ- senters were but a single vote short of being ity, prescribe school prayers, discriminate in ‘‘[t]he episcopal form of religion, so called, in England.’’ 1 N. Webster, American a majority.) The RFA effectively incor- against religion, or deny equal access to a porates (or re-incorporates) their arguments 6 Dictionary of the English Language (1st ed. benefit on account of religion.’’ into the Constitution. H.J. Res. 78 also includes the normal proto- 1828). The Establishment Clause did not re- quire government neutrality between reli- The following are some of the key deci- col for submitting this text to the states for sions which are affected: ratification, with a seven-year limit on that gion and irreligion nor did it prohibit the process. federal government from providing non-dis- ENGEL V. VITALE criminatory aid to religion. There is simply 11 ABOUT ‘‘SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE’’ —The threshold case of Engel v. Vitale no historical foundation for the proposition held that government may not compose any The phrase ‘‘separation of church and that the Framers intended to build the ‘‘wall official prayer or compel joining in prayer. state’’ is a term whose usage has been offi- of separation’’ that was constitutionalized in This portion of Engel would remain intact. cially condemned by the Chief Justice of the Everson. However, that portion of Engel which pre- Supreme Court, William Rehnquist, and with cluded students from engaging in group good reason. He labels it a ‘‘mischievous di- * * * * * classroom prayer even on a voluntary basis version of judges from the actual intentions ‘‘Our recent opinions, many of them hope- would be corrected by the RFA.12 of the drafters of the Bill of Rights. . . . a lessly divided pluralities, have with embar- metaphor based on bad history, a metaphor rassing candor conceded that the ‘‘wall of ABINGTON SCHOOL DISTRICT V. SCHEMP which has proved useless as a guide to judg- separation’’ is merely a ‘‘blurred, indistinct, —Abington School District v. Schemp 13, to ing.’’ Rehnquist then stated his conclusion: and variable barrier,’’ which ‘‘is not wholly the extent that it prohibited the composition April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2407 or imposition of prayer by an entity of gov- of the four Justices who dissented to this 5– chilling when it is used for prior restraint of ernment, would remain the law under the 4 decision. Whether at a graduation or other religious speech. It also perpetuates the no- RFA. But to the extent that Abington broad- school setting, the RFA incorporates the tion that an offense to a few must be cor- ly permits the Establishment Clause to su- conclusions of these four Justices (Scalia, rected, even if doing so gives offense to the persede the Free Exercise Clause, it would Rehnquist, White and Thomas) that ‘‘hear- vast majority. As Justice Kennedy noted (505 yield to the standard enunciated in Justice ing’’ is not ‘‘participating’’ and ‘‘hearing’’ is U.S. 595), ‘‘for many persons an occasion of Stewart’s dissent: not ‘‘joining’’ in prayer, and thus there was this significance lacks meaning if there is no ‘‘It is, I think, a fallacious oversimplifica- no coercion to pray. recognition, however brief, that human tion to regard these two provisions as estab- The Court never explained how expecting achievements cannot be understood apart lishing a single constitutional standard of respect for a rabbi’s prayer at graduation is from their spiritual essence.’’ But he found ‘‘separation of church and state,’’ which can worse or more ‘‘coercive’’ than expecting that interest immaterial, so long as any one be mechanically applied in every case to de- courtesy and quiet for non-religious school person was offended. The four dissenters lineate the required boundaries between gov- presentations, or for the Pledge of Allegiance took a view much more in keeping with re- ernment and religion. We err in the first which was also a part of the graduation cere- specting the rights of all, and not just of a place if we do not recognize, as a matter of mony. The majority, though, turned its back few. They noted that, in trying to avoid of- history and as a matter of the imperatives of on neutrality by holding that expecting fense to one student and one parent, the our free society, that religion and govern- courtesy and tolerance is coercive, even Court’s anti-graduation prayer ruling ig- ment must necessarily interact in countless though seeking respect for non-religious nored the fact that it was giving offense to ways. Secondly, the fact is that while in speech was normal and permitted. But be- all the other students and parents. They many contexts the Establishment Clause and cause Lee V. Weisman transmuted simple stated (at 505 U.S. 645): the Free Exercise Clause fully complement listening into ‘‘participation’’, the Religious ‘‘The reader has been told much in this each other, there are areas in which a doc- Freedom Amendment instead requires some- case about the personal interest of Mr. trinaire reading of the Establishment Clause thing greater than this before an activity is Weisman and his daughter, and very little leads to irreconcilable conflict with the Free deemed to be an infringement of rights. The about the personal interest on the other side. Exercise Clause.’’ RFA applies a simple common-sense stand- They are not inconsequential. Church and ard that makes prayer an expressly-per- state would not be such a difficult subject if WALLACE V. JAFFREE mitted activity, so long as actual joining-in religion were, as the Court apparently thinks —The prohibition on silent prayer in pub- and/or prescribing of prayer are not required. it to be, some purely personal avocation that lic schools, incorporated into Wallace v. Listening is not joining and is not partici- can be indulged entirely in secret, like por- Jaffree 14, would be corrected by the RFA. Si- pating and is not coercion. nography, in the privacy of one’s room. For lent prayer (as well as vocal prayer) would be In dissenting to Lee V Weisman’s 5–4 rul- most believers it is not that, and has never legitimized, so long as there was no govern- ing, Justice Scalia called the new ‘‘psycho- been. Religious men and women of almost all ment dictate either to compel that it occur, logical coercion’’ standard ‘‘boundless, and denominations have felt it necessary to ac- or to compel any student to participate. boundlessly manipulable’’.15 He noted that knowledge and beseech the blessing of God as As Chief Justice Burger stated in his dis- prayer at school graduations had been stand- a people, and not just as individuals, because sent in Wallace v. Jaffree: ard since the first known graduation from a they believe in the ‘‘protection of divine ‘‘It makes no sense to say that Alabama public high school, in Connecticut in July Providence,’’ as the Declaration of Independ- has ‘‘endorsed prayer’’ by merely enacting a 1868.16 Just as the RFA now does, Justice ence put it, not just for individuals but for new statute ‘‘to specify expressly that vol- Scalia and the other three dissenting jus- societies; because they believe God to be, as untary prayer is one of the authorized activi- tices distinguished between being present Washington’s first Thanksgiving Proclama- ties during a moment of silence, . . . To sug- and actually joining in a prayer. As these tion put it, the ‘‘Great Lord and Ruler of Na- gest that a moment-of-silence statute that four justices wrote (at 636): tions.’’ One can believe in the effectiveness includes the word ‘‘prayer’’ unconstitution- ‘‘. . . According to the [majority opinion of of such public worship, or one can deprecate ally endorses religion, while one that simply the] Court, students at graduation who want and deride it. But the longstanding Amer- provides for a moment of silence does not, ‘‘to avoid the fact or appearance of participa- ican tradition of prayer at official cere- manifests not neutrality but hostility to- tion,’’ . . . in the invocation and benediction monies displays with unmistakable clarity ward religion. are psychologically obligated by ‘‘public that the Establishment Clause does not for- pressure, as well as peer pressure, . . . to bid the government to accommodate it.’’ * * * * * Lee v. Weisman, in discussing the tradition ‘‘The notion that the Alabama statute is a stand as a group or, at least, maintain re- spectful silence’’ during those prayers. This of graduation prayer, also included an inter- step toward creating an established church esting note that the practice was part of the borders on, if it does not trespass into, the assertion-the very linchpin of the Court’s opinion—is almost as intriguing for what it first known American graduation ceremony. ridiculous. The statute does not remotely As it noted (at 505 U.S. 635): threaten religious liberty; it affirmatively does not say as for what it says. It does not say, for example, that students are psycho- ‘‘By one account, the first public high furthers the values of religious freedom and school graduation ceremony took place in tolerance that the Establishment Clause was logically coerced to bow their heads, place their hands in a Durer-like prayer position, Connecticut in July 1868—the very month, as designed to protect. Without pressuring it happens, that the Fourteenth Amendment those who do not wish to pray, the statute pay attention to the prayers, utter ‘‘Amen,’’ or in fact pray. . . . It claims only that stu- (the vehicle by which the Establishment simply creates an opportunity to think to Clause has been applied against the States) plan, or to pray if one wishes . . .’’ dents are psychologically coerced ‘‘to stand . . . or, at least, maintain respectful si- was ratified—when 15 seniors from the Nor- In Justice Potter Stewart’s dissent from wich Free Academy marched in their best Abington, he found permitting school prayer lence.’’ . . . The Court’s notion that a stu- dent who simply sits in ‘‘respectful silence’’ Sunday suits and dresses into a church hall is a necessary element of diversity: and waited through majestic music and long ‘‘. . . the duty laid upon government in during the invocation and benediction (when all others are standing) has somehow prayers.’’ connection with religious exercises in the Under the pretense of promoting tolerance, public schools is that of refraining from so joined—or would somehow be perceived as having joined—in the prayers is nothing our courts have thus been used to promote structuring the school environment as to put censorship. The RFA corrects this, protect- any kind of pressure on a child to participate short of ludicrous.’’ The standard of Lee v. Weisman’s bare 5–4 ing the rights of both minorities and majori- in those exercises; it is not that of providing ties. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights an atmosphere in which children are kept majority has been dangerous, because it de- clares that simple exposure to religious were intended to protect each and every one scrupulously insulated from any awareness of us, not merely some of us. that some of their fellows may want to open speech (like exposure to pornography) is so STONE V. GRAHAM the school day with prayer, or of the fact inherently damaging that people must be —The ability to post the Ten Command- that there exist in our pluralistic society dif- protected from it. In the majority opinion, ments on public property (as an expression of ferences of religious belief.’’ Justice Kennedy wrote (at 505 U.S. 594), ‘‘As- suming, as we must, that the prayers were religious beliefs, heritage or traditions of the LEE V. WEISMAN offensive . . .’’. Even pornography is granted people), prohibited by Stone v. Graham,17 be- —Graduation prayers (so long as not pre- a chance to be measured against prevailing comes protected under the RFA, although scribed by government) would be freed of the community standards; but prayer is assumed there would be neither a mandate nor a guar- prohibition in Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 automatically to be offensive. Lee v. antee that it would be proper under all cir- (1992). Justice Kennedy wrote in that case Weisman’s subjective standard permits a cumstances. But Stone v. Graham’s auto- that the normal expectation of respectful si- lone ‘‘offended’’ individual to silence all oth- matic prohibition on such a display would be lence (which is expected for so many other ers in a public place, thereby censoring their ended. school programs), became coercion when a religious expressions. Stone’s majority decision expressed con- rabbi offered a graduation prayer, because it The effect of this ruling was to create the cern that posting the Ten Commandments creates ‘‘pressure, though subtle and indi- dangerous notion of a new ‘‘freedom from would ‘‘induce the schoolchildren to read, rect, . . . as real as any overt compulsion.’’ hearing’’ right which is superior to others’ meditate upon, perhaps to venerate and The RFA takes issue with Justice Ken- express free speech rights under the First obey, the Commandments.’’ 18 But, in dis- nedy’s view, and instead embodies the views Amendment. This is especially insidious and sent, Chief Justice Rehnquist noted:19 H2408 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 ‘‘The Establishment Clause does not re- would be that reflections of faith, meaning unalienable Rights; that among these are quire that the public sector be insulated minority faiths as well as majority faiths, Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. from all things which may have a religious are clearly permitted, so long as it does not That to secure these rights, Governments significance or origin. .. . Kentucky has de- progress into advocating or promoting any are instituted among Men.’’ cided to make students aware of this fact by particular faith. The Religious Freedom Amendment also applies a phrase common to many of the demonstrating the secular impact of the Ten SECTION-BY-SECTION REVIEW OF THE RFA Commandments.’’ original state constitutions: ‘‘according to Preamble: ‘‘To secure the people’s right to Chief Justice Rehnquist then quotes from a the dictates of conscience’’. Virginia used it acknowledge God according to the dictates 1948 opinion 20 by former Justice Jackson: in 1776 as part of its Declaration of Rights, ‘‘. . . Perhaps subjects such as mathe- of conscience: . . .’’ proclaiming, ‘‘all men are equally entitled to matics, physics or chemistry are, or can be, The preamble has a purpose. As former the free exercise of religions, according to completely secularized. But it would not Chief Justice Story described the nature of a the dictates of conscience.’’ It appeared with seem practical to teach either practice or ap- constitutional preamble, ‘‘Its true office is slight variations in the original constitu- preciation of the arts if we are to forbid ex- to expound the nature and extent and appli- tions of Delaware, New Jersey and North posure of youth to any religious influences. cation of the powers actually conferred by Carolina (all 1776), Vermont (1777), Massa- Music without sacred music, architecture the Constitution, and not substantively to chusetts (1780) and New Hampshire (1784). 26 minus the cathedral, or painting without the create them.’’ The preamble to H.J. Res. 78 Today, this phrase of ‘‘according to the dic- scriptural themes would be eccentric and in- serves principally to indicate intent, to as- tates of conscience’’ is echoed in the con- complete, even from a secular point of sist in interpreting the substantive provi- stitutions of 28 states—Arkansas, Connecti- view. . . . I should suppose it is a proper, if sions. cut, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, not an indispensable, part of preparation for The concept of this particular preamble is Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, a worldly life to know the roles that religion attributed chiefly to Forest Montgomery, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hamp- and religions have played in the tragic story legal counsel for the National Association of shire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Caro- of mankind. The fact is that, for good or for Evangelicals. There is nothing unique or un- lina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Is- ill, nearly everything in our culture worth usual, however, to have constitutional lan- land, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, transmitting, everything which gives mean- guage which expressly mentions God. Such Vermont, Virginia and Wisconsin. It must always be stressed that the Reli- ing to life, is saturated with religious influ- language is the rule, and not the exception, gious Freedom Amendment is not intended ences, derived from paganism, Judaism, in our state constitutions. to override the First Amendment’s prohibi- Christianity—both Catholic and Protes- Critics of this mention of God should re- tions on establishing any religion as a state tant—and other faiths accepted by a large view the constitutions of our 50 states. religion and on creating official status for part of the world’s peoples.’’ Through these, the American people have freely embraced attitudes very different any set of beliefs. The RFA would not do LEMON V. KURTZMAN from those expressed by the U.S. Supreme this. The preamble’s inclusion of the phrase, —Lemon v. Kurtzman 21 and its subjective Court. All fifty of our states 27 have adopted ‘‘according to the dictates of conscience,’’ is three-pronged test have often been used to express and explicit mentions of God in their the first of multiple protections within the achieve a desired result rather than to guide constitutions or preambles. The attached Religious Freedom Amendment to safeguard an analysis. The Lemon test would nec- Appendix details the express language, from the rights of religious minorities. essarily be revised, because a ‘‘purely secu- each of the states. The term ‘‘according to the dictates of lar’’ objective would no longer be compul- In Alaska, the constitution states that its conscience’’ does not, however, protect lewd sory. Recognition of religious heritage, tra- citizens are ‘‘grateful to God and to those behavior under the claim or pretense of reli- dition or belief would be a proper objective, who founded our nation ... , in order to se- gion. Although worded in absolutist fashion, so long as it did not rise to the level of pro- cure and transmit to succeeding generations the First Amendment nevertheless yields moting a particular faith. our heritage of political, civil and religious when necessary to avoid ‘‘substantial threat 29 ALLEGHENY V. ACLU liberty’’. In Colorado, theirs reads, ‘‘with to public safety, peace, or order’’. The courts have determined that free exercise of —The case of County of Allegheny v. profound reverence for the Supreme Ruler of religion is not a license to disregard general ACLU, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter,22 would the Universe.’’ Idaho states, ‘‘grateful to Al- statutes on behavior, such as those against be brought back into line with Lynch v. Don- mighty God for our freedom,’’ which is the advocating violent overthrow of the govern- nelly.23 (Both were 5–4 decisions.) The so- identical phrase used by California, and Ne- ment,30 outlawing polygamy 31, use of illegal called ‘‘plastic reindeer’’ test for holiday braska, and New York, and Ohio, and Wis- drugs 32, prostitution 33, and even snake-han- symbols on public property would no longer consin. Pennsylvania phrases it as ‘‘grateful dling 34. The right to free speech does not be decisive. Lynch permitted display of a to Almighty God for the blessings of civil permit shouting ‘‘Fire!’’ in a public thea- government-owned Nativity scene, whereas and religious liberty, and humbly invoking ter 35, or wanton and intentional libel and Allegheny restricted the display of a private His guidance.’’ slander 36. Free speech does not give students Some go even farther. Maryland’s Article creche on public property, citing a need for a right to interrupt and usurp class time to 36 declares ‘‘the duty of every man to wor- better visual ‘‘balance’’ with secular em- speak whenever they want about whatever ship God.’’ Maryland’s constitution further blems. It would be no more compulsory to they want. Neither does the RFA. The RFA states that nothing in it shall prohibit ref- add secular items to a religious display than would not permit or sanction disruptive be- erences to God or prayer ‘‘in any govern- to require adding religious symbols to ‘‘bal- havior by those wishing to pray or to speak mental or public document, proceeding, ac- ance’’ purely secular displays. about religion. It does not open public tivity, ceremony, school, institution, or A truer test would consider whether sym- schools to anyone who might wish to enter bols of differing faiths were afforded similar place’’ and declares that those things are not to bring in their own religious message. opportunity for display during their special considered to be an establishment of reli- Trespass remains trespass. The RFA simply seasons. The proper test would be whether gion. Virginia’s refers to the ‘‘duty which we permits religious openness by those students government sought to establish an official owe to our Creator’’ and to the ‘‘mutual duty who have a right (and usually a legal obliga- religion, rather than outlawing traditions of all to practice Christian forbearance, love tion) to attend school. from a public forum. and charity.’’ ‘‘The people’s right’’ is a right held both by The Religious Freedom Amendment would These references to God are typical of our individuals and as a collective group. The correct the Supreme Court’s bias that secu- state constitutions. RFA does not, however, create a mechanism lar symbols, regardless of how perverse, are Just as America adopted ‘‘In God We for government officials to begin dictating constitutionally-protected for public dis- Trust’’ as our national motto, the states wholesale inclusion of religious symbols for play,24 whereas religious symbols are consid- have mottoes, often incorporated on their constant or incessant display on public prop- ered suspect. The intent of the RFA is to re- state seals. Arizona’s seal states, ‘‘Ditat erty, because they would remain bound by establish true neutrality, by affording reli- Deus’’, meaning ‘‘God Enriches.’’ Florida’s the First Amendment’s prohibition against gious expression the same equal protection seal states, ‘‘In God We Trust.’’ Ohio doesn’t establishing an official religion via govern- as other expression, rather than the pretense put it on a seal, but proclaims its motto, ment! The RFA simply shifts the boundary, of neutrality that too often exists in name ‘‘With God, All Things Are Possible.’’ 28 away from exclusionism and into greater ac- only.25 The carryover of true neutrality The Religious Freedom Amendment echoes commodation, but stops well short of actual would extend to other aspects of once-com- the philosophy found in our state constitu- endorsement of religion. It provides a check mon but now-suppressed reflections of be- tions, namely that faith guided the creation upon the court challenges which have erro- liefs, heritage and traditions. School holiday of America’s common principles and ideals, neously equated and confused accommoda- programs would not feel the pressure to and faith is at the core of preserving them. tion and recognition with endorsement. limit songs to ‘‘Frosty the Snowman’’ or It tracks the essence of the Declaration of The RFA would correct the trend of using ‘‘Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer’’. The car- Independence, wherein our Founding Fathers the Establishment Clause to run roughshod ols of Christmas, the hymns of Thanks- proclaimed that our rights come not from over the Free Exercise Clause. The First giving, the songs of Hanukkah, and those of government, but from God, declaring, ‘‘We Amendment consciously established a ten- other holidays and other faiths would be wel- hold these truths to be self-evident, that all sion by stating not only what government come. Tolerance and understanding would be men are created equal, that they are en- could not do, but also stating what the peo- promoted, rather than avoided. The standard dowed by their Creator with certain ple could do. Our courts have instead used it April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2409 to halt voluntary religious expressions by ‘‘The Court today has ignored the wise ad- the people, using their instrumentality of citizens, individually and collectively, when- monition of Justice Goldberg that ‘‘the government, in specifying that ‘‘The enu- ever government has some connection. measure of constitutional adjudication is the meration in the Constitution, of certain Because the scope and intrusiveness of gov- ability and willingness to distinguish be- rights, shall not be construed to deny or dis- ernment into all aspects of American society tween real threat and mere shadow.’’ parage others retained by the people.’’ and has grown so rapidly, it has become all-per- The language to permit religious expres- that ‘‘The powers not delegated to the vasive, making it a rare occasion when there sion on public property is the first corrective United States by the Constitution, nor pro- is no presence of government. Accordingly, segment of the RFA; the second is the por- hibited by it to the states, are reserved to the judicially-created ‘‘wall of separation’’ tion dealing with non-discrimination. the states respectively, or to the people.’’ has become a moving wall. As the presence The text of the RFA uses the two-part PROTECTING KEY DECISIONS of government constantly expands, this structure employed by the First Amend- The RFA is also intended to preserve and standard crowds out opportunities for reli- ment, intended to balance freedom from protect the precedential value of Supreme gion to be present and to flourish. As shown state-imposed religion (via the so-called Es- Court decisions favorable to religious free- by the recent ruling in City of Boerne v. Flo- tablishment Clause, ‘‘Congress shall make no dom and to even-handed treatment of reli- 37 res, Archbishop even a church’s ability to law respecting an establishment of gion, namely Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783 have room to seat its worshippers is sub- religion . . .’’) with freedom of religion (via (1983) and Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors jected to government control. This was never the so-called Free Exercise Clause, ‘‘or pro- of the University of Virginia, 115 S. Ct. 2510 the intention of our Founding Fathers. hibiting the free exercise thereof’’). The RFA (1995). Without the RFA, the future of these The RFA’s preamble stresses our shared likewise echoes the prohibition on an official precedents is problematical, because they belief that government should accommodate religion, then follows it with language clear- are isolated exceptions to the trends of the and protect religious freedom, but it simul- ly indicating that the intent is not to re- Supreme Court in other religious freedom taneously stresses that government should strict religion, but to maximize it. The cases. Their viability and precedential value not and must not dictate in regard to reli- RFA’s terms are necessarily more explicit is subject to sudden change by the Court, ab- gion. By concluding with the safeguard of than the First Amendment, as a necessity to sent the RFA. ‘‘according to the dictates of conscience,’’ correct court rulings of recent years. The RFA also cements the precedent of an- the preamble assures that as it protects reli- The RFA reflects former Chief Justice other series of Supreme Court decisions, re- gious expression in public places, it never- Warren Burger’s comments about how gov- lating to government providing of benefits to theless cannot be used to dictate expression ernment should accommodate expressions of students who are in parochial schools. That or non-expression of beliefs, nor can it be religious tradition, heritage and belief. As he ruling, in the 5–to–4 decision in Agostini v. used to favor one religious faith over an- wrote in Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, at Felton, is discussed as part of the ‘‘benefits’’ other. 675 (1984) (and before Lynch was undercut by clause of the RFA, later in this document. Protecting religious expression: ‘‘Neither a later 5–4 ruling): Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783 (1983), by the United States nor any State shall estab- ‘‘[t]here is an unbroken history of official 6–to–3 upheld the constitutionality of pray- lish any official religion, but the people’s acknowledgment by all three branches of ers by a government-paid chaplain, at the right to pray and to recognize their religious government of the role of religion in Amer- opening of legislative sessions.39 Rosenberger beliefs, heritage or traditions on public prop- ican life from at least 1789’’ and that there by a 5–to–4 Court margin directed that when erty, including schools, shall not be in- are ‘‘countless . . . illustrations of the Gov- a public university funded other student pub- fringed. . . .’’ ernment’s acknowledgment of our religious lications, it could not refuse to assist one NEVER AN OFFICIAL CHURCH heritage and governmental sponsorship of with a Christian association. graphic manifestations of that heritage.’’ This phrase draws a clear boundary beyond These decisions in Marsh v. Chambers and These included, in part: which government cannot go. No public Rosenberger v. Rector are protected by the ‘‘—invocations of Divine guidance in delib- property occasion which recognizes religious Religious Freedom Amendment, guarding erations and pronouncements of the Found- beliefs, heritage or tradition, and no such ex- them from the vagaries of back-and-forth ing Fathers and contemporary leaders; ercise of the right to pray shall rise to the shifting margins on the Supreme Court. ‘‘—George Washington’s designation of a level of denoting any religion as official. PROTECTING RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE religiously-toned Thanksgiving, which 80 This follows the intent of the drafters of the H.J. Res. 78 does not seek to protect reli- years later was made a national holiday; First Amendment, as understood by now- gious rights simply by restricting the power ‘‘—the designation of Christmas as a na- Chief Justice William Rehnquist and related of government; it also proclaims an affirma- tional holiday and the grant of paid leave to in his opinion in Wallace v. Jaffree: tive right of the people themselves. The Bill public employees on that day; ‘‘The evil to be aimed at, so far as [its of Rights and other Constitutional amend- ‘‘—Presidential proclamations commemo- drafters] were concerned, appears to have ments have likewise used both approaches to rating other religious events, such as the been the establishment of a national church, establish and protect rights of the people.40 Jewish High Holy Days; and perhaps the preference of one religious The Religious Freedom Amendment ex- ‘‘—Usage of ‘‘In God We Trust’’ as a na- sect over another, but it was definitely not pressly declares the rights of the people, to tional motto, and on coins and currency; concern about whether the Government ‘‘—Display of religious paintings in pub- make its intent clearer to the courts. (But, might aid all religions evenhandedly.’’ 38 licly-supported art galleries [to which he as previously noted, the absolutist state- Government should accommodate Ameri- could have added the religious overtones of ment of an affirmative right does not impede ca’s faiths, and the emphasis they have al- many of the depictions in Statuary Hall in reasonable requirements for the time, place ways received in this nation’s life, but the U.S. Capitol itself].’’ and manner of speech. For example, the RFA should not be promoting any one faith in does not give a student any right to disrupt particular. For example, the RFA would not WHO ARE ‘‘THE PEOPLE’’? class by spontaneously offering a prayer, permit government to proclaim officially The word ‘‘people’’ was purposefully cho- just as the First Amendment does not give that the United States is a ‘‘Christian na- sen rather than specifying simply ‘‘a per- them any right to disrupt class by spontane- tion’’, nor a ‘‘Jewish nation,’’ ‘‘Muslim na- son’s right’’ or ‘‘every person’s right’’ to ously launching into any other form of tion,’’ nor that of any other particular faith. pray, and to recognize religious tradition, speech.) But the supposed accommodation under cur- heritage or belief. In speaking of ‘‘the peo- ‘‘Public property’’ as used in the RFA is rent rulings is typically a pretense, the func- ple’s right’’, the RFA embodies ‘‘people’’ in synonymous with ‘‘government property’’, tional equivalent of no accommodation at both the individual and the collective mean- but is not limited to real estate. In a proper all. ing of the word. This is consistent with the case, it can for example address public prop- The proper standard of accommodation dual usage already employed by Constitu- erty such as a city seal which contains a de- was described by then-Chief Justice Warren tional references to ‘‘the people.’’ piction of a community’s heritage, traditions Burger, in his dissent to Wallace v. Jaffree, In its Preamble, the Constitution opens or beliefs. Thus, the limiting test is to assure 472 U.S. 38, at 90: with ‘‘We the People’’, thus referring to the that any role of government does not go be- ‘‘The statute [permitting a moment of si- collective conduct of the American people yond recognizing religious belief, heritage or lence, and thus silent prayer, in Alabama’s acting to create their government. tradition, and avoids becoming the promot- public schools] ‘‘endorses’’ only the view The First Amendment uses an obviously ing of any religion. The RFA does not repeal that the religious observances of others collective sense of ‘‘people’’ when it pro- the Establishment Clause of the First should be tolerated and, where possible, ac- claims ‘‘the right of the people peaceably to Amendment, but interacts with it, restoring commodated. If the government may not ac- assemble, and to petition the government for the former balance between the Establish- commodate religious needs when it does so a redress of grievances.’’ ment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. in a wholly neutral and noncoercive manner, The Fourth Amendment employs it to indi- Use of public property to go beyond the the ‘‘benevolent neutrality’’ that we have cate individual rights in protecting ‘‘The Equal Access Act, to go beyond recognition long considered the correct constitutional right of the people to be secure in their per- and into promotion of a religion would con- standard will quickly translate into the sons, houses, papers, and effects, against un- tinue to run afoul of the Establishment ‘‘callous indifference’’ that the Court has reasonable searches and seizures.’’ Clause of the First Amendment. consistently held the Establishment Clause The Ninth and Tenth Amendments make Protecting individual conscience and mi- does not require. obvious reference to the collective rights of norities: ‘‘. . . Neither the United States nor H2410 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 any State shall require any person to join in sions) two recent Supreme Court decisions. shelters for the homeless, to aid to refugees prayer or other religious activity, [or] pre- Both were decided by 5–4 margins, in an area and to unwed mothers. Over a billion dollars scribe school prayers . . .’’ where the Court still shifts back-and-forth, each year is spent on GI Bill education bene- The RFA does contain any language to unless the RFA provides an anchor to pre- fits, over $7-billion to federal Pell Grants to overturn the First Amendment’s prohibition serve these fragile rulings. students, $23–billion a year in federally-guar- on establishing an official religion, neither The first of these protected holdings is anteed student loans, and $17-billion a year expressly nor impliedly. Nevertheless, it con- Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the in direct lending to students, all of which tains protective language as an extra safe- University of Virginia, 115 S.Ct. 2510 (1995), may be used at private and church schools, guard to assure this. The RFA echoes the holding it impermissible viewpoint discrimi- as well as at public schools. pattern of the First Amendment, with both a nation to exclude student religious publica- The RFA does not permit any appropria- prohibition on establishing an official tions from the University’s general subsidy tion or other funding for religious activities. church, coupled with guarantees intended to of student publications. The Court concluded Government funding for a religious purpose assure maximum religious liberty. that free speech itself was threatened if reli- would still be banned by the prohibition on No school prayer (nor any religious activ- gious speech were singled out for different official religion found both in the First ity) could ever be mandatory; the RFA ex- treatment: Amendment and in the RFA. However, once plicitly makes this clear. It demonstrates an ‘‘The governmental program at issue is a government program was established, to abundance of caution and concern for reli- neutral toward religion. Such neutrality is a accomplish a governmental purpose, partici- gious freedom for all, in particular for any significant factor in upholding programs in pants could not be disqualified on the basis who may be in a minority in their area. It the face of Establishment Clause attack, and of religion or religious affiliation. does not permit a large group to muzzle or the guarantee of neutrality is not offended Other illustrations of the current problem suppress a small group; it does not permit a where, as here, the government follows neu- (and the not-clearly-settled law in light of 5– small group to muzzle or censor a large tral criteria and even-handed policies to ex- 4 Supreme Court rulings): group. Nor does it permit anyone to compel tend benefits to recipients whose ideologies —Although the case was ultimately set- prayer or other religious conduct by those and viewpoints, including religious ones, are tled, the Federal Communications Commis- who do not wish to participate. broad and diverse.’’ sion denied a federal grant to Fordham Uni- Neither the federal nor state government The RFA also reflects the philosophy em- versity, because its campus station included could prescribe prayer. This covers both bodied—by a bare margin—in Agostini v. a religious program on Sunday mornings. principal definitions of ‘‘prescribe’’. It could Felton, No. 96–552 (June 23, 1997). Agostini by The federal district court 47 sided with the not ‘‘prescribe’’ prayers, in the sense that it 5–4 reversed a prior ruling on the same issue FCC that Fordham was disqualified by sup- could not direct that they occur; under the (a ruling in Aguilar v. Felton, 473 U.S. 402 posed church-state considerations. The RFA RFA, that initiative properly comes from (1985)), which likewise was decided by 5–4). students. Nor could government ‘‘prescribe’’ will prevent such injustices in the future. The Court justified the reversal because the —Provisions of state constitutions have prayer, in the sense that it could not dictate the content of prayer. Court had also reversed two prior opinions been used to deny using general benefit pro- This language reinforces the ‘‘according to on crucial points. Those cases likewise grams when there was any connection with a the dictates of conscience’’ protection of the turned on margins of 5–4 in one instance 44 religious institution. Again, the RFA will RFA’s preamble. and also 5–4 in the other! 45 What the Court rectify this, because it applies at both the The RFA effectively endorses and follows gives, the Court can take away tomorrow, federal and the state levels.48 the standard applied by the Supreme Court especially on 5–4 decisions! The RFA protects —After the Oklahoma City bombing, it was in West Virginia State Board of Education v. these important decisions from such judicial reported that HUD attorneys almost denied Barnette.41 There, the Court correctly ruled schizophrenia. nearby churches the ability to receive bomb- that no child could or should be compelled to In Agostini v. Felton, the Supreme Court ing repair money, on the same basis as other say the Pledge of Allegiance. However, the ruled that New York City may use federal damaged property, because of ‘‘separation of Court did not create a right for an objecting Title I funds to provide special teachers on church and state’’ concerns. Again, the RFA student to prohibit their classmates from the premises of parochial schools, to give protects the ability to participate on an saying the Pledge. supplemental and remedial instruction to equal and non-discriminatory basis. Providing equal protection: ‘‘. . . [Neither disadvantaged children.46 The ‘‘benefits’’ language does not guaran- the United States nor any State shall] . . . The Court opined that there were suffi- tee any benefit to any person or group. In- discriminate against religion, or deny equal cient safeguards to assure that sectarian stead, it assures ‘‘equal access’’ if and when access to a benefit on account of religion.’’ schools would not have a profit motive to some benefit is made available for a per- ENDING DISCRIMINATION AGAINST RELIGION provide religious instruction. It added: mitted governmental purpose. For example, Religious symbols and religious behavior ‘‘First, the Court has abandoned Ball’s pre- the RFA does not create a program of vouch- are treated by current court decisions as sumption that public employees placed on ers for education. If and when a unit of gov- being automatically suspect when they occur parochial school grounds will inevitably in- ernment chose to create them, however, the on public property, or in association with a culcate religion or that their presence con- RFA would simply assure that all individ- government activity or program.42 But un- stitutes a symbolic union between govern- uals and private entities are afforded equal like the standard on religion, secular sym- ment and religion. Zobrest v. Catalina Foot- access to them. This is the identical stand- bols, behavior, or activity are not pre-bur- hills School Dist., 509 U.S. 1, 12–13. No evi- ard already utilized in federal student loan dened. This discriminatory dual standard is dence has ever shown that any New York programs and the G-I Bill. prohibited by the RFA. The amendment does City instructor teaching on parochial school Private institutions, including those affili- not prohibit positive accommodation of reli- premises attempted to inculcate religion in ated with churches, should be permitted to gion, such as non-profit tax treatment, but students. Second, the Court has departed participate under the same standards as pub- focuses instead to bar discrimination against from Ball’s rule that all government aid that lic institutions. For example, neither the religion. directly aids the educational function of reli- University of Notre Dame nor Boston College The Congressional Research Service re- gious schools is invalid. Other Establishment are disqualified from federal education pro- ported recently on 30 instances of federal Clause cases before and since have examined grams for being Catholic, nor is any other statutes and regulations which assure that the criteria by which an aid program identi- school disqualified on the basis of religion. government does not subsidize religious fies its beneficiaries to determine whether This is a proper standard which has proven practices of receiving organizations. But the criteria themselves have the effect of ad- workable, which should be applied uni- CRS also found an additional 51 federal stat- vancing religion by creating a financial in- formly, and which should be protected from utes and regulations which disqualify reli- centive to undertake religious indoctrina- the uncertainty of the Supreme Court rul- gious organizations or adherents from neu- tion. Cf. e.g., Witters, supra, at 488; Zobrest, ings in this area. tral participation in generalized government supra, at 10. Such an incentive is not present CONCLUSION 43 where, as here, the aid is allocated on the programs. This discrimination needs cor- Rather than promoting understanding, re- basis of neutral, secular criteria that neither rection. cent decades of current Supreme Court deci- favor nor disfavor religion, and is made There is a growing recognition that faith- sions have promoted the opposite. A correct available to both religious and secular bene- based programs can succeed, winning results standard of tolerance would accept the bene- ficiaries on a nondiscriminatory basis.’’ even when other programs cannot, to combat fits of listening respectfully to other views, crime and violence, teen pregnancy, welfare NEUTRALITY REGARDING BENEFITS-PROTECTING rather than using the courts to silence them. dependency, recidivism, and other social CURRENT POLICIES As four current Supreme Court justices problems. To disqualify them because of In addition to the Supreme Court prece- have expressed: 49 their religious component not only violates dents of Rosenberger and of Agostini, the ‘‘. . . nothing, absolutely nothing, is so in- the notion of neutrality, but denies assist- ‘‘benefits’’ provision of the RFA protects clined to foster among religious believers of ance to a great many Americans. other current policy. For example, the RFA’s various faiths a toleration—no, an affec- NEUTRALITY REGARDING BENEFITS-PROTECTING ‘‘benefits’’ provision protects these existing tion—for one another than voluntarily join- FRAGILE PRECEDENTS programs: Over a billion dollars each year in ing in prayer together, to the God whom The ‘‘benefits’’ provision of the RFA re- federal grants goes to Catholic Charities they all worship and seek. Needless to say, flects and protects (among other policy deci- USA for various social services, ranging from no one should be compelled to do that, but it April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2411 is a shame to deprive our public culture of Maine—‘‘acknowledging with grateful upon read, ‘‘Nothing contained in this Constitution the opportunity, and indeed the encourage- hearts the goodness of the Sovereign Ruler shall abridge the right of persons lawfully assem- ment, for people to do it voluntarily. The of the universe in affording us an oppor- bled, in any public building which is supported in whole or in part through the expenditure of public Baptist or Catholic who heard and joined in tunity, so favorable to the design; and im- funds, to participate in voluntary prayer or medita- the simple and inspiring prayers of Rabbi ploring God’s aid and direction in its accom- tion.’’ The vote was 240–162, falling 28 votes short of Gutterman on this occasion was inoculated plishments, do agree’’ the necessary two-thirds majority needed, of the 402 from religious bigotry and prejudice in a Maryland—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for House Members who voted. manner that cannot be replicated. To deprive our civil and religious liberty’’ 2 Sen. Dirksen of Illinois led the effort which pro- our society of that important unifying mech- Massachusetts—‘‘acknowledging with moted this language, ‘‘Nothing contained in this grateful hearts, the goodness of the great Constitution shall prohibit the authority admin- anism, in order to spare the nonbeliever istering any school, school system, educational in- what seems to me the minimal inconven- Legislator of the Universe, in affording us, in stitution or other public building supported in whole ience of standing or even sitting in respect- the course of His providence, and oppor- or in part through the expenditure of public funds ful nonparticipation, is as senseless in policy tunity’’ from providing for or permitting the voluntary par- as it is unsupportable in law.’’ Michigan—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for ticipation by students or others in prayer. Nothing The wayward state of Supreme Court deci- the blessings of freedom’’ contained in this article shall authorize any such sions has been decried by Chief Justice Minnesota—‘‘grateful to God for our civil authority to prescribe the form or content of any prayer.’’ A vote on September 19, 1966, resulted in a Rehnquist: and religious liberty’’ 51–36 favorable vote to substitute this for other text, ‘‘George Washington himself, at the re- Mississippi—‘‘grateful to Almighty God, but the final vote of 49–37 was nine votes short of the quest of the very Congress which passed the and invoking blessings of freedom’’ two-thirds needed. Bill of Rights, proclaimed a day of ‘‘public Missouri—‘‘with profound reverence for the 3 During floor action on the proposed Equal Rights thanksgiving and prayer, to be observed by Supreme Ruler of the Universe, and grateful Amendment, Sen. Baker of Tennessee proposed add- acknowledging with grateful hearts the for His goodness’’ ing this text to the ERA, ‘‘Nothing contained in this many and signal favors of Almighty God.’’ Montana—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for Constitution shall abridge the right of persons law- History must judge whether it was the father the blessings of liberty’’ fully assembled, in any public building which is sup- ported in whole or in part through the expenditure of his country in 1789, or a majority of the Nebraska—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for of public funds, to participate in nondenominational Court today, which has strayed from the our freedom’’ prayer.’’ By 50–20, the text was added to the then- meaning of the Establishment Clause.’’ 50 Nevada—‘‘Grateful to Almighty God for pending ERA. However, this plus another successful The American people have never accepted our freedom in order to secure its blessings’’ amendment, to exempt women from the military the Supreme Court’s extra burdens levied New Hampshire—‘‘unalienable right to draft, were seen more as anti-ERA maneuvers than against school prayer and against religious worship God according to the dictates of con- anything else, and final passage of the ERA (with science’’ this language added) was blocked at that time. freedoms during the past 36 years. It has 4 New Jersey—‘‘grateful to Almighty God A Reagan Administration initiative, S.J. Res. 73, been 27 years since this House has acted was revised in committee to read, ‘‘Nothing in this upon the necessary constitutional amend- for the civil and religious liberty which He Constitution shall be construed to prohibit individ- ment to correct this, and the time to remedy hath so long permitted us to enjoy, and look- ual or group prayer in public schools or other public that is now. The Religious Freedom Amend- ing to Him for a blessing upon our endeavors institutions. No person shall be required by the ment should be adopted. to secure . . .’’ United States or by any state to participate in pray- er. Neither the United States nor any state shall APPENDIX New Mexico—‘‘grateful to Almighty God compose the words of any prayer to be said in public References to God in State Constitutions & Pre- for the blessings of liberty’’ New York—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for schools.’’ On March 20, 1984, the vote on this lan- ambles guage was 56–44, falling 11 votes shy of the two- our Freedom’’ Alabama—‘‘invoking the favor and guid- thirds needed. North Carolina—‘‘grateful to Almighty 5 ance of Almighty God’’ ‘‘School Prayer: The Congressional Response, God, the Sovereign Ruler of Nations’’ 1962–1996’’, by David M. Ackerman, Legislative At- Alaska—‘‘grateful to God and to those who North Dakota—‘‘grateful to Almighty God torney, American Law Division, October 16, 1996. founded our nation . . . in order to secure for the blessings of civil and religious lib- 6 This differs slightly from the language of H.J. and transmit succeeding generations our erty’’ Res. 78 as originally introduced. As introduced, the heritage of political, civil, and religious lib- Ohio—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for our RFA read as follows: erty’’ freedom’’ ‘‘To secure the people’s right to acknowledge God Arizona—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for according to the dictates of conscience: The people’s Oklahoma—‘‘Invoking the guidance of Al- right to pray and to recognize their religious beliefs, our liberties’’ mighty God’’ Arkansas—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for heritage or traditions on public property, including Oregon—‘‘to worship Almighty God’’ schools, shall not be infringed. The government the privilege of choosing our own form of Pennsylvania—‘‘grateful to Almighty God shall not require any person to join in prayer or government, for our civil and religious lib- for the blessings of civil and religious lib- other religious activity, initiate or designate school erty’’ erty, and humbly invoking His guidance’’ prayers, discriminate against religion, or deny equal California—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for Rhode Island—‘‘grateful to Almighty God access to a benefit on account of religion.’’ our freedom’’ 7 Excerpted from Chief Justice Rehnquist’s dissent for the civil and religious liberty which He Colorado—‘‘with profound reverence for in Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985). hath so long permitted us to enjoy, and look- the Supreme Ruler of the Universe’’ 8 For example: Government runs most schools, Connecticut—‘‘acknowledge with grati- ing to Him for a blessing upon our endeav- with laws to compel attendance, and requires taxes tude, the good providence of God’’ ors’’ to support those schools, even from those who pay to send their children to private schools. Charitable Delaware—‘‘Through Divine goodness, all South Carolina—‘‘grateful to God for our liberties’’ works, once the primary domain of the religious sec- men have by nature the rights of worship- tor, now are dominated by government programs. ping and serving their Creator according to South Dakota—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for our civil and religious liberties’’ The largest portion of American health care is paid the dictates of their own conscience.’’ in some way by a unit of government. Government Florida—‘‘being grateful to Almighty God Texas—‘‘Humbly invoking the blessings of runs most of the public welfare system, and massive for our constitutional liberty’’ Almighty God’’ quantities of public housing. Georgia—‘‘relying upon the protections Tennessee—‘‘to worship Almighty God’’ 9 Rehnquist commented at great length in his dis- and guidance of Almighty God’’ Utah—‘‘Grateful to Almighty God for life sent to the graduation prayer case of Wallace v. Hawaii—‘‘grateful for Divine Guidance’’ and liberty’’ Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985): Washington—‘‘grateful to the Supreme ‘‘Thirty-eight years ago this Court, in Everson v. Idaho—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for our Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1, 16 (1947) summarized freedom’’ Ruler of the Universe for our liberties’’ West Virginia—‘‘Since through Divine its exegesis of Establishment Clause doctrine thus: Illinois—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for the ‘In the words of Jefferson, the clause against estab- civil, political and religious liberty which He Providence we enjoy the blessings of civil, lishment of religion by law was intended to erect ‘a has permitted us to enjoy and seeking His political and religious liberty . . . reaffirm wall of separation between church and State.’ Rey- blessing upon our endeavors’’ our faith in and constant reliance upon nolds v. United States, [98 U.S. 145, 164 (1879)].’ Indiana—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for God . . .’’ ‘‘This language from Reynolds, a case involving the free exercise of the right to choose our Wisconsin—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment rather than the Establishment Clause, quotes from own government’’ our freedom’’ Wyoming—‘‘grateful to God for our civil, Thomas Jefferson’s letter to the Danbury Baptist Iowa—‘‘grateful to the Supreme Being for Association the phrase ‘I contemplate with sov- the blessings hitherto enjoyed, and feeling political, and religious liberties’’ ereign reverence that act of the whole American our dependence on Him for a continuation of Vermont—‘‘to worship Almighty God’’ people which declared that their legislature should those blessings’’ Virginia—‘‘. . . duty which we owe to our ‘make no law respecting an establishment of reli- Kansas—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for our Creator . . . mutual duty of all to practice gion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,’ thus civic and religious privileges’’ Christian forbearance, love, and charity’’ building a wall of separation between church and State.’ 8 Writings of Thomas Jefferson 113 (H. Wash- Kentucky—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for FOOTNOTES the civil, political, and religious liberties we ington ed. 1861). 1 Although the Judiciary Committee in 1971 re- ‘‘It is impossible to build sound constitutional enjoy’’ fused to report any of several proposed prayer doctrine upon a mistaken understanding of constitu- Louisiana—‘‘grateful to Almighty God for amendments, a discharge petition sponsored by Ohio tional history, but unfortunately the Establishment the civil, political, economic, and religious Rep. Wylie successfully compelled a floor vote. Clause has been expressly freighted with Jefferson’s liberties we enjoy’’ Thereafter, on November 8, 1971, the language voted misleading metaphor for nearly forty years. Thomas H2412 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 Jefferson was of course in France at the time the exercises at issue in these cases. For a compulsory 43 March 18, 1996, report from American Law Divi- constitutional amendments known as the Bill of state educational system so structures a child’s life sion, Congressional Research Service. Rights were passed by Congress and ratified by the that if religious exercises are held to be an imper- 44 Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District, 509 states. His letter to the Danbury Baptist Associa- missible activity in schools, religion is placed at an U.S. 1 (1993), holding that providing a sign-language tion was a short note of courtesy, written fourteen artificial and state-created disadvantage. Viewed in interpreter for parochial school students was not a years after the amendments were passed by Con- this light, permission of such exercises for those who First Amendment violation. As noted in Agostini v. gress. He would seem to any detached observer as a want them is necessary if the schools are truly to be Felton, the Supreme Court in Zobrest ‘‘abandoned less than ideal source of contemporary history as to neutral in the matter of religion.’’ Ball’s presumption that public employees placed on the meaning of the Religions Clauses of the First 26 Story, Joseph, Commentaries on the Constitu- parochial school grounds will inevitably inculcate Amendment.’’ tion of the United States (1833), Sec. 462. religion or that their presence constitutes a sym- Chief Justice Rehnquist thereafter presents a de- 27 In testimony given in 1997 by Rep. Istook regard- bolic union between government and religion.’’ tailed account of the actual history of the develop- ing the RFA, it was indicated that five states lacked 45 School District of the City of Grand Rapids v. ment of the First Amendment’s language on reli- a reference to God in their state constitutions. This Ball, 473 U.S. 373 (1985) had held it unconstitutional gious freedom. was inaccurate. Corrective research indicates that for a public school district to provide special supple- 10 Although it is the most-often used, this is not the five ‘missing’ states—New Hampshire, Oregon, mental classes at public expense to students located the only catch-phrase that is used to mislead in de- Tennessee, Vermont and Virginia, in fact do refer at places leased from private religious schools. It bate on these issues. The terms of ‘‘state-sponsored’’ expressly to God in their state constitutions. was not a ‘‘pure’’ 5–4 decision, in the sense that prayer, and of ‘‘captive audience’’ are also misused 28 Just as litigation is pending on many other some justices concurred in part while dissenting in often. fronts, challenging prayers at schools, graduations, part. One key part of Bell was later reversed in the The term ‘‘state-sponsored’’ prayer is invoked to football games, etc., it is also happening over the Zobrest case, once again by a 5–4 ruling. Another include situations when a school or government offi- Ohio motto. Ohio is being sued to block any further part of the 5–4 ruling of Bell was later reversed by cial simply permits prayer to occur, even when stu- use of this motto. the Court in Witters v. Washington Dept. of Services dent-initiated. Thus, in the 1997 Alabama federal 29 Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963) for the Blind, 474 U.S. 481. 30 court ruling, Chandler v. James, CV–96–D–169–N Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444, 447 (1969) hold- 46 Despite discussing other grounds as dispositive, (Middle District of Alabama), U.S. District Judge ing it is not protected to advocate ‘‘imminent law- the Agostini decision was clearly motivated by a de- Ira Dement (at pages 7 & 8) permanently enjoined less action if likely to incite or produce such ac- sire to permit the government to escape the $100– the schools from ‘‘permitting prayers, Biblical and tion’’. See also 18 United States Code, Sec. 2385, million expense of providing state facilities adjacent scriptural readings, and other presentations or ac- being the criminal code’s prohibition of advocating to the religious schools, so the teaching would not tivities of a religious nature, at all school-sponsored violent overthrow of the government and related of- be on the grounds of a church school. It can be ques- or school-initiated assemblies and events (including, fenses. tioned whether the 5–4 majority was acting to pro- 31 Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 154 (1878) but not limited to, sporting events), regardless of tect religious freedom, or to protect government 32 Olsen v. Drug Enforcement Administration, 878 whether the activity takes place during instruc- purse strings. F.2d 1458 (D.C. Cir. 1989), cert. den., 494 U.S. 906 tional time, regardless of whether attendance is 47 Fordham University vs. Brown, 856 F. Supp. 684 (1990); United States v. Rush, 738 F.2d 457 (1st Cir. compulsory or noncompulsory, and regardless of (D.C.Cir., 1994), appeal dismissed per stipulation 94– 1984), cert. den., 470 U.S. 1004 (1985); and United whether the speaker/presenter is a student, school 5229 (D.C.Cir., Jan 5, 1996). States v. Middleton, 690 F.2d 820 (11th Cir. 1982), cert. official, or nonschool person.’’ 48 In Witters v. Washington Department of Serv- den., 460 U.S. 1051 (1983). The ‘‘captive audience’’ notion is never used to ex- ices for the Blind, 474 U.S. 481 (1986), although the 33 Tracy v. Hahn, 940 F.2d 1536 (9th Cir. 1991). press concern for the majority of students, who are federal constitution (by a 5–4 Supreme Court ruling) 34 Pack v. Tennessee, 527 S.W. 2d 99 (Tenn. 1975), required to be in school, yet required to leave their was not used to deny vocational rehabilitation funds cert. den., 424 U.S. 954 (1976). normal religious expressions behind while they are to an individual who desired to become a pastor, the there—which is the largest segment of their waking 35 Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 52 (1919), wherein Justice Holmes wrote, ‘‘The most stringent state constitution was ultimately used to block this. day. As Justice Potter Stewart noted in his dissent 49 Scalia, Rehnquist, White and Thomas, in their in Abington v. Schemp, ‘‘a compulsory state edu- protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a dissent in Lee v. Weisman, at 505 U.S. 646. cational system so structures a child’s life that if 50 Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985) religious exercises are held to be an impermissible panic.’’ 36 activity in schools, religion is placed at an artificial New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 279–280 GOVERNING GOD and state-created disadvantage. Viewed in this light, (1964); Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130 permission of such exercises for those who want (1967). A JUDGE’S REFLECTIONS ON RELIGIOUS 37 them is necessary if the schools are truly to be neu- City of Boerne v. Flores, Archbishop, 521 U.S. FREEDOM tral in the matter of religion.’’ ———, 1997 WL 345322, June 25, 1997. 38 Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985). (By Richard John Neuhaus) 11 Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962). 39 A similar standard was enunciated in dissent by Since his appointment to the Ninth Circuit 12 The pertinent portion of Engel stated, ‘‘Neither Justice Potter Stewart in Engel v. Vitale, who wrote the fact that the prayer may be denominationally Court of Appeals in 1986, John Noonan has that school prayer was not an ‘‘official religion,’’ neutral nor the fact that its observance on the part provided ample evidence that he is one of the but simply an effort ‘‘. . . to recognize and to follow of the students is voluntary can serve to free it from most distinguished minds in our federal judi- the deeply entrenched and highly cherished spiritual the limitations of the Establishment Clause, as it ciary. Earlier, as a law professor at Berkeley traditions of our Nation—traditions which come might from the Free Exercise Clause, of the First down to us from those who almost two hundred and the author of major studies on the con- Amendment, both of which are operative against the years ago.’’ Justice Stewart then elaborated with nections between religion and law, he dem- States by virtue of the Fourteenth Amendment.’’ To numerous references to the statements and conduct onstrated that he is, above all, a historian of this Justice Stewart wrote in dissent, ‘‘With all re- of the Founding Fathers. ideas. That demonstration continues with spect, I think the Court has misapplied a great con- 40 The First Amendment prohibits Congress from his most recent work, The Lustre of Our stitutional principle. I cannot see how an ‘‘official making any law ‘‘respecting an establishment of re- religion’’ is established by letting those who want to Country, which is a personal summing up of ligion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or Noonan’s reflections on what he believes to say a prayer say it. On the contrary, I think that to abridging the freedom of speech,’’ etc. The Second deny the wish of these school children to join in re- Amendment says the affirmative right ‘‘of the peo- be America’s most innovative and audacious citing this prayer is to deny them the opportunity of ple to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.’’ contribution to world history—the free exer- sharing in the spiritual heritage of our Nation.’’ The Fourth Amendment sets forth ‘‘the right of the cise of religion. 13 Abington School District v. Schemp, 374 U.S. 203 people’’ against unreasonable searches and seizures, The book’s title comes from Noonan’s (1963). and then limits the government’s ability to issue hero, James Madison, for whom ‘‘the whole 14 Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985). warrants, except for probable cause. The Fourteenth 15 at 505 U.S. 632. burden of freedom was carried by the for- Amendment gives citizenship to all persons born or mula of free exercise.’’ The First Amend- 16 at 505 U.S. 635–636. naturalized in the U.S., then restricts the states 17 Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39 (1980). with equal protection and due process requirements. ment’s commitment to the free exercise of 18 at 449 U.S. 42. These and other examples illustrate the duality of religion, Madison wrote, ‘‘promised a lustre 19 at 449 U.S. 45–46. protections, both by establishing affirmative rights to our country.’’ That commitment is ex- 20 McCollum v. Board of Education, 333 U.S. 203 of the people, and by restrictions upon the conduct pressed in merely sixteen words: ‘‘Congress (1948). of government. shall make no law respecting an establish- 21 Lemon v. Kurtzman, 402 U.S. 603 (1971). 41 West Virginia State Board of Education v. ment of religion, or prohibiting the free ex- 22 County of Allegheny v. ACLU, Greater Pitts- Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943) ercise thereof.’’ burgh Chapter, 492 U.S. 573 (1989). 42 There is also lack of balance regarding which 23 Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668 (1984). symbols are treated as suspect. Typically, only sym- But the interpretation of those words, 24 In R.A.V., Petitioner v. City of St. Paul, Min- bols of a majority faith, such as a Christian cross, more than any other aspect of contemporary nesota, 505 U.S. 377 (1992), the Supreme Court held are ordered to be removed. Yet many other emblems jurisprudence, has cut to the heart of our un- that a ‘‘hate crimes’’ law banning cross-burnings are used as symbols of different faiths. The thirteen derstanding of the American experiment. Al- and Nazi swastikas was unconstitutional on its face. stars on the Great Seal of the United States remain though his tone is generally irenic, Noonan In National Socialist Party v. Skokie, 432 U.S. 43 arranged as a Star of David, a symbol of the Jewish leaves no doubt that the courts—and the Su- (1977), the Court upheld the right of neo-Nazis to pa- faith. Banning all symbols of a religion also becomes preme Court in particular—have made a hash rade with swastikas and anti-Semitic literature problematic because they are so numerous, and through the midst of a predominantly Jewish com- often are also used for other purposes. The swastika of the Religion Clause under the rubric of munity. is a condemned symbol of Nazism to most, but also ‘‘church-state law.’’ 25 Justice Potter Stewart’s dissenting comments in is a sacred symbol for many Hindus. A hammer is a An egregious error entrenched itself in the Abington v. Schemp provide an apt description of symbol of Norse mythology, and small hammers 1950s when the courts began speaking not of true neutrality, in contrast with the antagonism were often worn on necklaces, akin to the practice the Religion Clause but of two Religion that can masquerade as neutrality. As he wrote, ‘‘It of Christians wearing a cross pendant. Kites have re- Clauses—the no-establishment clause and might also be argued that parents who want their ligious symbology in Japan. Beetles (scarabs) are re- the free-exercise clause. Predictably, the children exposed to religious influences can ade- ligious symbols for Egyptian sun worship. A spokes- quately fulfill that wish off school property and out- man for Americans United for Separation of Church error has been compounded again and again side school time. With all its surface persuasiveness, and State has even mentioned (although perhaps not as the ‘‘two clauses’’ have been pitted however, this argument seriously misconceives the seriously) banning witches from school Halloween against each other, almost always to the det- basic constitutional justification for permitting the displays, because of possible religious significance. riment of free exercise. But as Noonan notes, April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2413 we are dealing with two prepositional reality. Employing various literary tech- cluding the admonition that ‘‘you shall phrases of one clause. ‘‘The first phrase as- niques, sometimes eccentric but always fas- know that no person, man or woman, histo- sumed that establishments of religion ex- cinating, Noonan retells key cases in which rian or law professor or constitutional com- isted as they did in fact exist in several of the Supreme Court has tied itself into knots mentator or judge, is neutral in this mat- the states; the amendment restrained the by regulating religion, with the result that ter.’’ Fair enough. Noonan is right to insist power of Congress to affect them. The second it ends up in ludicrous efforts to adjudicate that, where religion is concerned, imagina- phrase was absolute in its denial of federal the sincerity and truth of religious claims— tion and empathy are required. ‘‘Can a judge legislative power to inhibit religious exer- exactly the claims that Madison declared to be a pilgrim?’’ he asks. He answers in the af- cise.’’ Over time, state establishments dis- be none of the government’s business. firmative. But as a judge, he should strive to appeared and the First Amendment was ‘‘in- On the ‘‘subversive’’ dimension of free ex- read the law, to be objective, and, yes, to be corporated’’ to apply also to the states, but ercise, Noonan recalls four ‘‘crusades’’—the neutral. Safety from judicial usurpation always it should have been evident that abolition of slavery, the war against Mormon rests not so much in having judges who are there is one Religion Clause, devoted to the polygamy, the prohibition of alcohol, and better philosophers as in having judges who end of the free exercise of religion. No estab- the civil-rights movement under the leader- recognize that, as Madison would say, there lishment is a stipulated means to serve that ship of Martin Luther King Jr. Curiously, he are questions beyond their ‘‘cognizance.’’ end. The jurisprudence of the last half cen- does not include a fifth crusade, that against Both suggestive and problematic is tury, however, has tended to turn the means the abortion license of Roe v. Wade, on which Noonan’s persistent drawing of parallels be- into the end, repeatedly declaring that any he has written elsewhere with great persua- tween judicial interpretation and John connection, no matter how benign, between sive effect. In all this, Noonan leaves no Henry Newman’s theory of ‘‘the development government and religion is a forbidden ‘‘es- doubt that the free exercise of religion is an of doctrine.’’ In this connection, he offers an tablishment.’’ The result is a court-imposed idea potentially dangerous to the state. Yet extended treatment of the development of governmental indifference to religion that Madison and most of the other Founders be- Catholic teaching on religious freedom at results in de facto governmental hostility to lieved that the entire constitutional order, Vatican Council II. Clearly, Noonan has no religion. this novus ordo seclorum, was contingent use for the exponents of a ‘‘living Constitu- In regulating the activities of government, upon taking that risk. Noonan worries that tion,’’ who declare, in effect, that the Con- Noonan notes, the courts frequently pretend we Americans, with the courts in the lead, stitution is dead because it means whatever that they are not themselves part of govern- may now have lost our nerve for it. Implicit the courts say it means. Just as clearly, ment. But in fact, they are that part of the in that loss of nerve, he suggests, is an ac- there are parallels between what judges do government that assumes that ‘‘the courts ceptance of Durkheim’s view that religion is and what church councils do. Both are in- themselves are sacred.’’ ‘‘Performing these essentially a function of society, something volved in trying to comprehend a ‘‘sacred tasks that they have determined to be allot- to be used and tolerated to the extent that it text’’ as it relates to current problems and ted them by the First Amendment, the serves ‘‘the sacred society.’’ understandings. courts unself-consciously place themselves Nonetheless, Noonan is by no means ready A crucial difference, however, and a dif- above any church or creed.’’ And this is pre- to give up. For all the missteps along the ference on wishes Judge Noonan addressed cisely what Madison was determined to avoid way, the American commitment to the free more directly, is that church councils—at by declaring that citizens had a ‘‘prior obli- exercise of religion is still, he insists, a ‘‘suc- least in the Catholic understanding of gation’’ and ‘‘natural right’’ to acknowledge cess.’’ Against what he views as the false hu- things—are promised the guidance of the a sovereignty higher than the sovereignty of mility of many Americans, he urges a forth- Holy Spirit. But let me not leave the wrong impression. the state. The genius of his innovation was right acknowledgment that religious free- The questions and arguments provoked by to insist that, with respect to the exercise of dom is this country’s foremost contribution The Lustre of Our Country testify to its that obligation and right, the government to the world’s understanding of just govern- great achievement. Judge Noonan under- has no legitimate ‘‘cognizance.’’ ment. In advancing that claim, he devotes The Founders were keenly aware that the chapters to four contrasting case studies: the stands, as very few judges and constitutional free exercise of religion was qualitatively French Revolution’s affirmation and be- scholars do, the founding genius of the different from religious tolerance. ‘‘Toler- trayal of the American idea of religious free- American experiment. He understands those ance,’’ writes Noonan, ‘‘is a policy, an ac- dom; the American imposition of the idea on sixteen words in the First Amendment—and ceptance of religious difference because it’s a defeated Japan; Russia’s current and deep- persuasively explains why they continue to more trouble than it’s worth to eliminate it, ly flawed efforts to incorporate the idea; and be this country’s most innovative, auda- a prudential stance of wise statesmen. It is the American influence in the Second Vati- cious, and promising contribution to the something else to inscribe in fundamental can Council’s teaching on religious liberty. world’s understanding of the right ordering law an ideal of freedom for the human activ- The Lustre of Our Country is erudite and of political society. ity most potentially subversive of the exist- instructive, frequently whimsical and typi- cally wise. Yet I expect that other readers [From U.S. News & World Report, May 4, ing order.’’ 1998] The free exercise of religion is most poten- will share my frustration with aspects of its tially subversive because it proclaims a sov- argument. At times, Noonan seems to A RIGHTEOUS INDIGNATION ereignty that ‘‘stands against the sov- conflate freedom of religion with freedom of JAMES DOBSON—PSYCHOLOGIST, RADIO HOST, ereignty of the state.’’ Writes Noonan, ‘‘Each conscience. There are similarities, to be FAMILY-VALUES CRUSADER—IS SET TO TOP- individual’s religion ‘wholly exempt’ from sure, there are also big differences. Freedom PLE THE POLITICAL ESTABLISHMENT social control? No qualifications whatever on of conscience is easily reduced to radical in- (By Michael J. Gerson) the right and duty to pay homage to God as dividualism, ending up with what Noonan On March 18, in the basement of the Cap- one sees fit? Surely, in the heat of battle, rightly deplores as the courts’ common de- itol, 25 House Republicans met with psychol- Madison exaggerates! No, his theological piction of religion as a private aberration, to ogist James Dobson for some emotional premises compel these radical conclusions.’’ be tolerated insofar as it does not interfere venting. But this was not personal therapy; The last point touches on a matter central with government purposes. This conflation it concerned the fate of their party. Dobson, to Noonan’s argument, namely, that the free also invites the subsuming of religious free- long on loyal radio listeners and short on pa- exercise of religion is, in the main, a reli- dom into constitutional guarantees of free- tience, was threatening, in effect, to bring gious achievement. This is explicitly pro- dom of speech and other provisions that ig- down the GOP unless it made conservative posed against the received wisdom that reli- nore religion’s necessarily subversive wit- social issues, including abortion, a higher gious freedom—usually construed as toler- ness to a higher sovereignty. Noonan is ap- legislative priority. ‘‘If I go,’’ he has said, ‘‘I ance—is the achievement of the secular En- parently unhappy with the Supreme Court’s will do everything I can to take as many lightenment against religion. In carrying recent striking down of the Religious Free- people with me as possible.’’ this point, Noonan the historian is on im- dom Restoration Act—a decision that many In the audience sat some of Dobson’s clos- pressive display. viewed as tantamount to a repeal of the Reli- est ideological allies. Rep. Steve Largent of The Lustre of Our Country is oddly con- gion Clause—but he offers no suggestion of Oklahoma, a former star football player, was trived. It begins with an engaging auto- other legislative remedies for judicial hos- a volunteer speaker for Dobson’s organiza- biographical sketch of the Catholic author tility to religion, a matter of some impor- tion, Focus on the Family, from 1990 to 1993. coming of age under the shadow of Puritan tance, as Congress is now working on an- He credits this with ‘‘sparking my interest Boston. Noonan then examines the limits other effort to produce such legislation. in public policy.’’ Rep. James Talent of Mis- and contradictions embodied in the Puritan Throughout the book, the reader is pro- souri, years before, had pulled off the high- idea of religious freedom, to which he con- voked to speculate about the assumptions way and prayed along with Dobson on the trasts Madison’s ‘‘original insight.’’ A chap- underlying Noonan’s judicial philosophy. He radio to become a Christian. ‘‘He is the in- ter is devoted to a fictional letter ‘‘discov- is clearly a ‘‘textualist,’’ and also an strument through which I committed my life ered’’ by Noonan, written by Tocqueville’s ‘‘originalist,’’ in his devotion to the radical to Christ. It is the single most important younger sister, who argues that her brother intention of those responsible for the First thing that has ever or will ever happen to was right to view religion as ‘‘the foremost Amendment. Yet at other time she seems to me.’’ institution’’ of American democracy, but want judges to act as philosopher kings. His But for over two hours, until nearly mid- wrong in claiming that the ‘‘separation of epilogue proposes ‘‘Ten Commandments’’ for night, House conservatives confronted Dob- church and state’’ is, in fact, the American people who deal with religious freedom, in- son about his indiscriminate attacks on the H2414 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 Republican Party, asking credit for achieve- This is the evangelicalism of the quivering ried the ministry through five headquarters ments he had ignored. At one point the wife lip, the arm around the shoulder, the lump in buildings and from California to Colorado of a congressman, in tears, explained how the throat, the easy tear. Though he might Springs, where 1,300 people work in the $113 Dobson’s broadside had hurt their family, in- resent the comparison, Dobson displays a million enterprise. viting harsh questions from friends. An emo- Clinton-like emotional connection, particu- Focus provides answers to those seeking tional Dobson, according to one witness, re- larly with women, who make up the vast ma- advice. It is also the center of a pro-family sponded, ‘‘I’m so sorry I hurt you.’’ jority of his audience. He accepted the Naza- culture that is a kind of parallel universe to Sobered, Dobson canceled planned meet- rene faith at the age of 3 and never rebelled mainstream popular culture. There are ings with the New York Times and the Wash- against it, though, like many of his genera- monthly magazines for pre-schoolers, grade ington Post, where he would have laid out his tion of Nazarenes, he abandoned its more schoolers, teen boys, and teen girls. Glossy, threat to leave. But in the next two weeks, rigid prohibitions against pop culture. frank, and helpful, they have articles like As an only child, Dobson was ‘‘spoiled rot- he sent lengthy, public letters renewing the ‘‘Battle of an Anorexic,’’ ‘‘Back-to-School ten,’’ recalls old friend Mike Williamson. threat, which hangs in the air like distant Fashion,’’ and ‘‘Spiritual Growth Boosters.’’ ‘‘His family doted over him.’’ And Dobson de- thunder at the Republican picnic. Other magazines go to single parents, teach- veloped a particularly close relationship This conflict dramatizes a growing gap be- ers, physicians, and pastors. Focus’s second- with his father, who combined the moral tween grass-roots conservatism and govern- most-popular production—after Dobson’s rigor of a preacher with the softer traits of ing conservatism, between the raised expec- daily radio program—is Adventures in Odys- an artist. (He was a serious painter.) ‘‘He was tations of activists and the weary realism of sey, a children’s radio drama with moral a gentle man, a kind man, an easy touch, but legislators. It reveals a party that may be story lines that is carried on over 1,500 radio outraged toward sin,’’ Dobson says. ‘‘He had crumbling, not at its periphery but at its stations. There are women’s seminars and an abhorrence of that which offended God, center, among its most loyal supporters. And ‘‘Life on the Edge’’ seminars, designed to it may be signaling a major shift in the atti- and a lot of what I feel today reflects that.’’ Dobson might have been expected to go help parents and teens communicate about tudes of Christian conservatives toward poli- the challenges of adolescence. A new absti- tics. into the ministry himself. But Nazarene ministry must be inspired by a very special nence video, titled No Apologies, combines Many Republicans are taking Dobson’s di- MTV production techniques, biblical values, vorce threats very seriously. House Speaker calling from God, and Dobson never felt it. He went instead to a Nazarene school in Cali- and the explicitness of an Army VD training Newt Gingrich has hosted several meetings film. Teens who have already had sex are with other House leaders to discuss Dobson’s fornia, Pasadena College, and then to the graduate program in psychology at the Uni- urged to be ‘‘recycled virgins.’’ It is specific demands, which include defunding countercultural, urging children to rebel Planned Parenthood, requiring parental con- versity of Southern California. There he found himself interested in the science of against the slipshod moral world around sent for abortions, and eliminating the Na- them by displaying virtue. tional Endowment for the Arts. House Ma- child development, and he spent 14 years as jority Leader Dick Armey has asked sub- a professor of pediatrics at the USC School Most of the Focus operation, which re- committee chairmen to explore how Dob- of Medicine and 17 years on the attending ceives up to 12,000 letters, calls, and E-mails son’s agenda could be advanced. But Dobson staff at Children’s Hospital at Los Angeles. every day, is occupied with ‘‘constituent will not be easily appeased. Of the assur- In the middle of his career, Dobson was service.’’ In one pile of counseling requests ances he has been offered that his issues will hungry for broader influence on the issue he at a random Focus cubicle, a long-distance be taken seriously, he says: ‘‘We’ve got to cared about most: child rearing. He hired an trucker asks how to keep his family together see the proof. . . . If they will not change, I agent and began lecturing. And he also pub- when he is always gone; a woman deals with will try to beat them this fall.’’ lished a book in 1970 titled Dare to Dis- a miscarriage; a divorced man asks if it is cipline. It sold 3 million copies and estab- OK to remarry. Prototype responses, drawn HIS FOCUS lished his national reputation. Dobson, who from Dobson’s vast output of advice, guide Dobson is a central figure in Republican has written 15 other books, is a critic of per- counselors. All incoming letters are stored politics because he is the central figure in missive parenting. He stresses the idea that by computer, so the next time these people conservative Christianity. His radio and TV kids need boundaries to develop self-esteem write, the dialogue will pick up where it left broadcasts are heard or seen by 28 million and self-confidence. Children’s behavior can off. Focus does not just answer mail; it people a week. A core audience of 4 million be conditioned by the judicious use of re- maintains relationships. Some hard cases are listens to his Focus on the Family radio show wards and punishments. He believes spank- referred to licensed counselors. Some people every day. That gives him a greater reach ing is permissible, but only between 18 are offered temporary financial help. They than either Jerry Falwell or Pat Robertson months and 8 years, and never by anyone deal with one or two suicide threats a week. at the height of their appeal. Dobson’s most with a history of abuse or a violent temper. Dobson’s reach grows each day. At a recent popular books have sold more than 16 million But he also argues that rules without rela- weekly meeting of the Focus ‘‘cabinet’’— copies, and his other tracts and pamphlets tionship lead to rebellion. So parents, while Dobson plus his senior executives—there have sold millions more. His organization, firm, should be emotionally accessible to were reports on the translation of Focus Focus on the Family, has a budget five times their children. broadcasts into Zulu. On how three Central the size of the Christian Coalition’s and gets Dobson stresses the need for fathers to be and South American countries were putting so much mail it has its own zip code. His fully engaged in the life of their family, in Focus abstinence material into their public mailing list of over 2 million is one of the contrast to the distant breadwinners of the schools. On how Adventures in Odyssey is most potent organizing tools in the religious past. His film on the subject, Where’s Dad?, now one of the top five radio programs in world. had a profound effect, for example, on Rep. Zimbabwe. On how 500 state-owned radio sta- But the 62-year-old Dobson is not a preach- Frank Wolf of Virginia. ‘‘That film, that tions in China are about to begin the Focus er or political activist. He is a psychologist, day, changed my life. After that, I never broadcast. and his authority comes from an ability to went to a political event on Sunday, not When it comes to the business of helping connect with people right at the level of when asked by George Bush or Ronald people, Dobson the empathetic extrovert has their problems. ‘‘His family advice is simply Reagan. I dedicated myself to spending more a reputation as an intimidating micro- helpful, and he has a reputation for absolute time with [the children]. My kids joke about manager. No one, no matter how long or integrity—standing for something and stick- B.D. and A.D.—before Dobson and after Dob- loyal their service, is exempt from ing to it,’’ says Prof. John Green of the Uni- son.’’ versity of Akron, an expert on the religious The psychologist’s method is a mix of tra- confrontational scrutiny. ‘‘I saw people who right. ditional parenting, biblical insights, and had given blood [serving] him come out of The effect is completed by the slight drawl basic psychology—a traditionalism human- his office weeping,’’ says a former employee. of a country doctor, a radio voice that is at ized by common sense and flexibility. His ad- ‘‘He believes so strongly in his rightness.’’ once effortless and authoritative. Its influ- vice to a mother and 12-year-old daughter Another former employee says ‘‘the pace [at ence seems to surprise even him. ‘‘My voice fighting bitterly over whether the young girl Focus] is unbelievable. But everyone has to is a friendly voice that comes into the home should be allowed to shave her legs: ‘‘Lady, appear perfectly happy.’’ each day, somebody they know, somebody buy your daughter a razor!’’ His counsel on At the center of it all is a man who does many of them trust. And it does become a masturbation: ‘‘Attempting to suppress this not lack confidence. He tells a story about king of friendship. It’s a strange thing. I act is one campaign that is destined to fail— his ill father, who prayed for three days and have a lot of women especially who write me so why wage it?’’ He urges discipline for big nights without sleep that his time on Earth and say, ‘My father was not a father to me. issues and tolerance on the smaller stuff. would be extended so he could finish his . . . You’ve become a father to me,’ which is When demand for Dobson as a speaker work as a minister. At dawn, Gold told him interesting when you consider I’ve never met began to steal time from his own two chil- he was going to reach millions around the them.’’ dren, he quit his job at Children’s Hospital of world—not through himself but through his Dobson is very much the son, grandson, Los Angeles in 1977 and started his radio pro- son. The next day Dobson’s father suffered a and great-grandson of Nazarene evangelists, gram. Two years later, he summarized his major heart attack; he died in a few weeks. a denomination known both for moral parenting views in a seven-part Focus on the ‘‘I saw for the first time,’’ says Dobson, ‘‘why sterness—no movies or makeup—and for the Family video series, which has now been [Focus on the Family] seemed charmed—be- emotional openness of the camp meeting. seen by 70 million people. Rapid growth car- yond my ability and beyond my intelligence, April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2415 my academic knowledge, my ability to com- creased partisanship might undermine the party or working against it—would be much municate.’’ This is the person who has cho- generally nonpartisan good works of Focus the same. Bauer’s political action commit- sen to test his influence against the Repub- on the Family. Still others warn that his tee’s fervent support for a conservative can- lican Party. He does not describe his actions walkout strategy will only result in the elec- didate in a recent California congressional as those of a man moved by grubby ambi- tion of Democrat Dick Gephardt as House special election helped elevate the abortion tion; he sees it as a calling. speaker. Dobson’s response: ‘‘It is never issue. Party leaders believe this allowed POLITICS AND PROPHECY wrong to do what’s right. And you stand for Democrat Lois Capps to win in the moderate Dobson was once positioned to be a more what’s right whether it is strategic or not.’’ district. They fear that if Dobson intervenes The fact that Dobson has struck a chord conservative version of Joyce Brothers. ‘‘If I on behalf of social conservatives in other among conservative activists may be signal- had simply stayed on those [family] themes, contests, similar results will follow. As for ing an important shift of political styles in I could have moved with ease through all de- the nuclear option, the mood of many Repub- evangelicalism. There are at least three of nominations in both political parties. But I licans is frustrated resignation that Dobson those tendencies to be considered: priest, care about the moral tone of the nation, I will always be on the attack against the kingmaker, prophet. From the 1950s to the care about right and wrong. I have very deep GOP. ‘‘It wouldn’t matter how many hoops 1970s, Billy Graham performed a priestly convictions about absolute truth.’’ of fire we jump through, it is never enough His sense of political urgency has come in function as minister to the ministers of for him,’’ complains one party official. That stages. Convinced that his and his followers’ state. His role was to legitimize power and to strategist and others say majority parties views were not being given voice in Washing- use his access to present the Christian Gos- have a responsibility to govern, and that ton, he created in 1982 an advocacy group, pel, which was his primary goal. Personal means muting ideological fervor at times. It the Family Research Council. But it was contact and influence were paramount. In is hard to imagine this official and Jim Dob- purposely designed to keep him one step re- the 1980s, culminating in the rise of Pat Rob- son in the same party—and it may be in- moved from direct political involvement. ertson and the Christian Coalition, the goal creasingly hard for Dobson to imagine that Gary Bauer, a key aide in Ronald Reagan’s shifted from legitimizing power to exercising as well. White House, now runs the group, and he is power—the role of kingmaker. Robertson, f supposed to be the partisan lightning rod, al- the son of a senator, understood the give and lowing Dobson to focus, as it were, on the take of coalition building and the need for a SCOURGE OF ILLEGAL DRUGS family. place at the table. AGAIN UNDER ATTACK But Dobson, in the past several months, But the pragmatism of the religious right is under serious question, particularly in the The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under has become so dissatisfied with conserv- the Speaker’s announced policy of Jan- atives’ performance in Congress that he wake of the coalition’s embrace of Repub- wants to become more directly and person- lican Bob Dole in the last presidential elec- uary 7, 1997, the gentleman from Indi- ally involved in politics. ‘‘He has watched tion, which many in the movement argue ana (Mr. SOUDER) is recognized for 60 the manipulation of the religious right for was a compromise too far. University of Ak- minutes. the last decade,’’ argues his close friend ron’s Green compares Dobson to an Old Tes- Mr. SOUDER. Mr. Speaker, the gen- tament prophet ‘‘speaking truth to power.’’ Charles Colson. ‘‘He feels a sense of betrayal tleman from Oklahoma is once again and responsibility for stewardship of the It is a designation Dobson accepts: ‘‘I really do feel that the prophetic role is part of what to be commended for his leadership on great silent majority.’’ this issue. There is no doubt that the He is particularly intolerant of those who God gave me to do.’’ share his views but not his driving sense of And that frames the questions for his sup- number one fundamental problem in urgency. So he has developed a habit of tar- porters: Do Christian activists want to be this country is the breakdown of char- geting allies with footnoted letters showing players or prophets? Insiders who accept in- acter, the breakdown of the value sys- that Dobson can at times slip over the line evitable compromises, or outsiders who hold tem, the principled foundations of this between righteousness and self-righteous- on to higher standards? country and the resultant breakdown ness. When Ralph Reed, then the head of the THE NEXT MOVE partly, directly, the two things go in Christian Coalition, was insufficiently criti- Dobson has rejected the idea of becoming a tandem, of families as well. cal during the last election of Colin Powell political candidate himself or trying to cre- The number one outgrowth that we for his support of abortion rights, Dobson ate a third party. This leaves him with two wrote to Reed: ‘‘Gary Bauer and I have dis- options. The conventional choice is for Dob- are seeing in this country is the prob- cussed your recent statements and consid- son to intervene directly in Republican pri- lem of drug abuse: drugs of all types, ered the need to distances ourselves from maries on the side of social conservatives. marijuana, cocaine, heroin, alcohol, to- you. . . . Some of the politicians with whom This would require, in Dobson’s words, ‘‘peri- bacco, but in particular what we have you have made common cause . . . would odic leaves of absence’’ to protect the non- been focusing on is this explosion seal the fate of [unborn children] and sac- profit status of Focus on the Family. Bauer’s among our youth of the narcotics, of rifice millions more in years to come. I will political action committee has already marijuana, heroin, cocaine, crack, fight that evil as long as there is breath scouted 40 races where Dobson might throw methamphetamines and other artificial within my body.’’ Commenting on Dobson’s his weight on the side of a candidate. After tendency to attack allies, conservative col- the congressional elections, Dobson would stimulants. Tonight we are going to umnist Cal Thomas argues, ‘‘You begin to determine how to have the maximum impact spend some time discussing this issue. marginalize yourself, saying, I am the only in the 2000 presidential campaign. Bauer It is a relatively historic night. To- true believer. Soon you are left only with himself is considering a presidential run and morrow we are going to have our first your wife, then you begin to look at her covets Dobson’s endorsement. pieces of legislation, what will be a funny. All of a sudden, you’re Ross Perot.’’ But Dobson is also actively considering comprehensive multi-week, hopefully When confronted with the charge, Dobson re- ‘‘going nuclear’’ against the GOP leadership. multi-month, year and up to three sponds: ‘‘I guess it irritates me when people Instead of working through primaries in the years extended start of a battle on who know what is right put self-preservation summer, Dobson would urge social conserv- and power ahead of moral principle. That is atives to abandon Republicans in Novem- drugs. We have done piecemeal legisla- more offensive to me, in some ways, than ber—to stay at home or vote for third par- tion over the last few years but we what Bill Clinton does with interns at the ties—with the goal of ending the GOP major- have not had the concentrated effort White House.’’ ity in Congress. ‘‘It doesn’t take that many that we will see starting as of tomor- Dobson is not the kind of traditional con- votes to do it. You just look how many peo- row. servative who has a keen appreciation of the ple are there by just a hair, [who won their We have a needles bill in front of us limits and complexities of politics. He is a last election by] 51 percent to 49 percent, and tomorrow to ban the use of giving free moralist and a populist, demanding rapid, they have a 10- or 11-vote majority, I told needles to heroin addicts with taxpayer immediate progress to fit a flaming moral [House Majority Whip] Tom DeLay, ‘I really vision: ‘‘If you look at the cultural war hope you guys don’t make me try to prove it, dollars. We have in the higher edu- that’s going on, most of what those who dis- because I will.’ ’’ One senior Republican offi- cation bill an amendment relating to agree with us represent leads to death—abor- cial says he has identified six districts in taking back student loans if students tion, euthanasia, promiscuity in hetero- which Dobson could ‘‘turn the tide’’ against abuse drugs while they are on a govern- sexuality, promiscuity in homosexuality, le- the GOP candidate, Dobson muses about de- ment subsidized loan requiring them to galization of drugs. There are only two livering this message by ‘‘getting a stadium go into treatment programs, and I have choices. It really is that clear. It’s either with 50,000 seats and having Chuck Colson a second amendment on drug testing. God’s way, or it is the way of social disinte- and Phyllis Schlafly and Alan Keyes and It is the start. gration.’’ Gary Bauer and myself fill it at a strategic Some conservatives dismiss this as an im- times. That get the attention of Republican We are also having announcement of practical philosophy for a governing party leaders.’’ a major initiative and Republican ef- since progress emerges by small steps. Other Some Republican insiders believe the ef- fort later this week. The number one conservative critics fear that Dobson’s in- fect of either approach—working within the person behind this is our Speaker. H2416 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998

Speaker NEWT GINGRICH is committed tegrity, who brought honesty, who national security priority list. It was to having an all-fronts war. brought vision to the White House. His his action that dropped the war on I am going to yield now to my friend job, and Senator Hawkins and others drugs to 29th as a national priority. the gentleman from Florida who has who served in the new Senate majority To date, he has continued to allow been a leader in this. Many of us have at that time, was to get a handle on the State Department to let counter- been involved in this, not just now but this situation. In fact they did, even narcotics issues lag far behind other for many years. Congressman MICA and joined by the First Lady who initiated priorities in our relations with other myself both were staffers before we be- a program of saying ‘‘Just Say No.’’ countries. Only recently have we heard came Members of Congress. He was I do remember and recall how the the Secretary of State begin to speak elected in the class before I was, but he new Republican majority in the Senate out because the problem has reached was also on the hill before I was work- began an Andean strategy. As a staffer such tremendous proportion and the ing over as Senate chief of staff. I also I helped develop the certification law cost and effect in our communities is worked in the House and Senate before that requires that countries that get so dramatic. I got elected to Congress. Both of us United States foreign assistance or The number of individuals, and this have had experience in working with trade assistance or financial assistance again is fact, I cite only fact here to- drug legislation before we were elected are certified each year for their eligi- night, the number of individuals pros- to Congress. bility for United States largesse by a ecuted for Federal drug violations fell This is not a new issue. These things review of their efforts to eradicate drug from 25,033 in 1992 to 21,900 in 1994, a 12 go in tides. Right now we are at a high trafficking and illegal narcotics. That percent drop in just 2 years. So there tide level again and we need to up our was another product of that era. There was a deemphasis of prosecution at the efforts. He is to be commended for his was tough enforcement. Federal level. Again, the results are leadership. I now yield to the gen- What we saw in the 1980s under the very clear of what we see. tleman from Florida to fill us in on Reagan Administration and the Bush It is interesting to note this, because some of the battles that he has been Administration, I am not sure if this with the election of Rudy Giuliani as watching, some of the background, and will show up to my colleagues watch- Mayor of the City of New York, he in- particularly a lot of what has happened ing C-SPAN, but in fact teenage drug troduced a zero crime tolerance policy, in Orlando and Florida which has been use declined dramatically in the early he introduced a tough prosecution pol- at the epicenter of it, kind of backed 1980s, and not until 1992–1993 did we see icy, and there has been as high a drop off, and now you have another wave, that trend reverse. In 1992 I was elected recorded as 30 percent in crime, a dra- which is exactly what is happening in to the Congress. History now records matic drop in drug trafficking in that this country. George Bush being defeated and the community of New York City. We have Mr. MICA. I thank the gentleman for Democrats controlling the White seen that tough enforcement, tough yielding. I certainly thank him for his House, the United States Senate and prosecution works. leadership on the drug issue and also the House of Representatives. And we see the results at the Federal on so many other issues before the One of the first acts that President level of what has happened with a de- Congress. Clinton took, and I would like to re- crease in Federal prosecutions, again We do have the privilege of serving view this historically because I think citing only the facts in this case. From together on the Government Reform it is important for the record of what 1992 to 1995, again when the other party and Oversight Committee and on the took place and what the results of controlled the House, the Senate and subcommittee that deals with our na- those actions are today, one of Presi- the White House, 227 agent positions tional drug policy, and that is the Sub- dent Clinton’s first actions on taking were eliminated from the Drug En- committee on National Security, Inter- office was in fact to gut the Office of forcement Agency, and Clinton’s fiscal national Affairs, and Criminal Justice. National Drug Control Policy. In fact, year 1995 budget proposed cutting 621 The gentleman from Indiana has President Clinton gutted the staff of drug enforcement positions from the brought tremendous leadership and, the Drug Czar’s office by 80 percent. DEA, the FBI, the INS, the United again from his tremendous experience The facts are, it was slashed from 146 States Customs Service and the Coast both as a staffer and a Member of Con- staff members to 25 staff members. Guard. gress and someone who cares about Also in his first year, President Clinton this issue, cares about his constituents cut $200 million in drug interdiction ef- b 2200 and also is very compassionate towards forts in the Caribbean and another $200 what illegal narcotics are doing, and million from alternate crop production In fact, my community, and I rep- drug abuse, to the children of our Na- and drug eradication in Mexico and the resent central Florida, probably one of tion. Andean drug-producing countries. the more affluent, more prosperous Tonight I want to take a few min- Back in the 1980s we thought that the areas, one of the vibrant areas of our utes, if I may, and review a little bit of most cost-effective means of stopping State and Nation, a great community the history of how we got ourselves drugs was at its source, where it is of people who are law abiding but who into this situation. As the gentleman grown, where just a few pesos or a few nonetheless have been inundated by a from Indiana said, I was a staffer back dollars is given for the product at its flow of illegal narcotics. An investiga- in the early 1980s on the U.S. Senate source. It seemed to make a tremen- tion of this issue found that, in fact, a side working with Senator Hawkins dous amount of sense. Rather than try tremendous quantity of drugs is com- from Florida. You have also heard and to catch drugs when they entered our ing in through Puerto Rico; and some understand, I think, that no State borders or when they entered our people blame the Puerto Rican State probably has been more severely im- streets or were disbursed through our Governor and others, the Common- pacted historically by illegal narcotics communities and our schools and try- wealth, for not really taking a lead on trafficking than the State of Florida. ing to cut off drugs at that point, we the issue. When Senator Hawkins was elected, felt then, we believe now, that interdic- What we found, and our subcommit- the streets of Miami were overrun with tion, eradication, crop substitution tee went down and held a hearing on a illegal narcotics trafficking, we had programs at the source countries are Coast Guard cutter on San Juan Bay, unprecedented amounts of illegal drugs the most effective means of stopping was that, in fact, this administration coming in and transiting through Flor- drug trafficking. You stop it right at had cut the Coast Guard resources by ida and into our Nation, and for the its source, in its heels. nearly 50 percent. The Coast Guard, first time we saw record drug abuse in These programs were gutted by this United States Coast Guard, in fact, our State and Nation. The question was administration. These are the facts. since Puerto Rico is a Commonwealth what should we do and what could we The facts speak for themselves. We and does not have its own armed do at that time. have seen, again, the results. In 1993, forces, relies on the United States We were fortunate to have the tre- President Clinton dropped the war on Coast Guard for coastal protection. mendous leadership of a new President drugs from 3rd to 29th in the national That, again, that protection was cut by who brought a vision, who brought in- security list. The President produces a this administration by 50 percent, and April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2417 those drugs came in in incredible quan- country and into our State and into ure effort, whatever, again, finances tities into Puerto Rico in transit for our neighborhood so that our particu- the Congress can muster to make cer- Florida and the United States. lar situation has been that in the last tain that we bring this under control so Those are the results. They are docu- few years central Florida has seen her- that the people who we represent, mented. We have seen this, and we oin deaths on a par with other major those who are trying to raise their have seen what this type of policy has metropolitan areas like Detroit, like children in communities, get them provided as a legacy for our Nation and New York, like Los Angeles. through schools, those who are retired our children. So this is the legacy that we have in- trying to live in peace in their commu- The President, in fact, has not sub- herited through this policy. It is clear. nities, young people. stantially increased funding for ac- It is documented. I met a young lady the other day in countable youth prevention programs One of the other things that I wanted one of the local department stores but instead has nearly doubled the to mention tonight was that my col- working, going to college, and she told amount of funding. His policy was to league has mentioned that we took me she could not go to school at night, promote a doubling of funding for drug over the Congress in, what was it, 36, 40 and it was difficult for her to work and treatment programs, and this has been short months ago. We have been able to earn enough money because she was described sort of as treating the bring some of our Nation’s finances afraid to be out at the bus stop at night wounded in a battle and not addressing into balance, but we are trying to focus because of a potential for crime. And, the fight itself or just approaching it as leaders in this new majority with again, 80 percent of the crime in my from sort of the most demoralized end the leadership of Speaker GINGRICH in community is drug abuse related, and of the game with the least potential for addressing some of the social problems. that is a pretty pitiful statement. success. And if drug abuse and misuse is not a So for those people who we represent, Then, of course, President Clinton re- problem, I do not know what is a prob- their children and those trying to cently certified Mexico, and again no lem. Two million Americans are behind make a living or gain an education or nation has been more responsible for bars. live in peace and retirement, we owe the influx and transit of hard drugs We held a hearing, and the gentleman them this effort, and we are going to into our Nation than Mexico, again an- from Indiana (Mr. SOUDER) and others see it through. And indeed it will suc- other slap in the face of the American came into our State. They heard our ceed because we have the commitment, citizenry. local officials. One of my local sheriffs this new majority, and we hope we I have not brought up other instances said 80 percent of those behind bars in have the support of every one of my of incredible misjudgment on the part his county jail, that went through his colleagues who are listening. I thank the gentleman from Indiana of this administration and this Presi- jail, were there because of drug abuse (Mr. SOUDER) for yielding to me, and I dent, but I must when you appoint a or drug related crime. This has an un- am pleased also to join him tomorrow surgeon general such as Jocelyn El- believable effect on our communities as we pass a resolution making certain ders, who adopted a program that said and on our children. And, again, this that a needle exchange program which to our children, just say maybe, maybe drug problem is not relegated to the almost came into effect was stopped at it is okay. Then you had echoed by the poor, to the ghettos, to the across-the- the last minute through the efforts of President of the United States, a figure railroad-track neighborhoods. This is the new drug czar, General McCaffrey, that every child looks to in this Na- hitting every neighborhood, every level and others who know this is the wrong tion, and his comments which I have of society, and we must do something policy. It sends the wrong message. It heard over and over on various tele- about it. is not the way to go. And if we are con- So our committee, under the leader- vision programs and news broadcasts: cerned about the minority commu- ship of the Speaker, under the leader- If I had it to do over again, I would in- nities, young black men and women hale. ship of Chairman HASTERT, have begun who have been killed, we should be ap- Now what kind of a message does a program of restoring the funds in plauding that decision not to fund this. that send to our young people? In fact, these programs that were cut. We have I am speaking tonight at the United we know what the message has done. got the military back into the war on States Capitol in Washington, D.C., the The message has, and this is entitled drugs, and the Speaker and others are District of Columbia. No jurisdiction in Trends In Youthful Drug Use, Ages 12 committed to make certain that they our Nation has been more oppressed by to 17. We have seen from that reduction have the resources to conduct a real drugs. No segment of our communities I showed you under Reagan and Bush, war on drugs. We have restored the in this Nation have been more dev- the just say no to just say maybe, a cuts in the Coast Guard and other pro- astated. Since I have been coming to skyrocketing of youthful drug use in tective agencies, Customs and DEA, to Washington over the last 18 years, al- this country. make certain that they have the tools most every year between 300 and 400 We are talking about not only mari- and the resources and the financial ca- young black males between the age of juana in incredible amounts and a pability to conduct a real war on drugs. 14 and 40 have been slaughtered on the more dangerous marijuana than we saw And what we are doing this week is streets within view of this Capitol in the streets in the 1960s, we are talk- launching, in fact, a concerted effort to building, a travesty which surpasses ing about cocaine, we are talking about see that we have the laws in place, that the casualty in many of our inter- methamphetamines, we are talking we have the tough enforcement in national conflicts just here in Washing- about heroin. place and that these individuals who ton, D.C. Again, I come from a community, are charged in our Federal Government So, if the Black Caucus, if other and my community is one of the most with this new policy have every re- Members are concerned about policy rock solid in Florida, fairly prosperous, source to see that it, in fact, is accom- that will turn this situation around as I said, and economically doing well, plished. and save some of these young people’s and I have this headline from our local So that is the purpose of our coming lives and not destroy the great young newspaper, the Orlando Sentinel. It together tonight, is to announce this men, the young black citizens of our says: Long out of sight, heroin is back policy. We have seen some terrible mis- nation’s capital who have just had killing teens. takes in the past when we did not have their lives snuffed out, then they My community in central Florida, control of the Congress, when we had should be here joining with us to see if again a peaceful community, was a vic- leadership in the White House that, in we can turn this situation around. tim of this policy, letting down the fact, strayed. And maybe they were We know what has been done, and guard and gut slashing the budget, well-intended, but the results, in fact, what was done by this administration which they did when they controlled are just devastating to our young peo- did not work. We see the results. These this body, the Senate and the White ple and our communities and the social are not abstract or manufactured sta- House. The guard around Puerto Rico cost involved. tistics. This is what has taken place in heroin came down not only through But we are determined again to turn from a failed policy, and we need to that country and hurting that terri- this around, and whatever resources it turn that around and give these people tory of the United States but into our takes we are going to devote full meas- a chance. H2418 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 So I am pleased again to join with dying around this world fighting this tration, whether it is Filegate or the gentleman from Indiana (Mr. drug war. Whitewatergate or whatever, Greg SOUDER) tonight and others as we This is a dinner table issue. One of Livingstonegate I guess, whatever the launch a program to bring a meaning- the criteria that the Speaker looks for variation is, and people say, is that all ful war on drugs, a war against drug when we are going to have a major you guys do? We have done less on that abuse and a public awareness to our focus is, is this what people talk about than we have done on drugs. But drugs young people and to our citizens that at their dinner table? Is this what par- is not quite as sexy to put on the we must realize the consequences of il- ents are concerned about at night when evening news as talking about some legal narcotics and drugs. their kids are not there? Is this what kind of finance scandal. Mr. SOUDER. Mr. Speaker, I want to parents are concerned about in the It is not that I am concerned and hu- thank the gentleman from Florida once schools? Is this something that actu- miliated about the influence of the again for his leadership and for his ally resonates with the people as op- Federal Government on possible illegal compassion and heart for those who posed to being kind of an inside-the- influence of foreign contributions and have been abused, shot, lives wrecked Beltway Washington concern or a con- campaign finance, but the fact is we and ruined by the terrible scourge of cern of a special interest that is lobby- work on a lot of other issues, too, but drugs in this country, and it has been a ing because they have lots of funds, or they do not necessarily hit on the front consistent, complete support. of some other reason in the ways we page. We have had many oversight hear- One of the things I want to do, too, is deal with legislation? This is what ings; we have been in Indiana, Illinois a supplement to what the gentleman strikes at the hearts and homes of and Michigan; we have been down in from Florida has done, is to lay out a American people, and that is why he is Florida multiple times and California little bit what is happening here in the leading. multiple times and Arizona, up in New past and where we are headed and what Mr. Speaker, it did not just come out England; we have been around the we have been doing as we head into of the blue. If we have been following country in Plano, Texas, where we had this major effort for the Members who this carefully, it has been kind of strange. Why did former Senator Bob kids die of heroin overdoses in the dis- are sitting in their office doing mail, trict of the gentleman from Texas (Mr. for the dedicated C-Span junkies, to Dole, our Presidential contender, talk SESSIONS), just like they have done in about drugs during the campaign? It those who just will look through the Orlando. RECORD later. Because some may say, did not light a fire, it was not a hot I have been to South America three where did the issue come from? Why all media issue, but he was out there talk- times now in the last 3 years, where of a sudden is Speaker NEWT GINGRICH ing about it. So was the Speaker. Peo- there is an actual war going on. We talking about drugs? Where did this ple thought, this is kind of unusual. have been over in Asia and the Middle pop in? Did they do some kind of poll? Why are they talking about drugs? Ev- East trying to meet with foreign coun- People are going to say, well, we have erybody in Washington is talking tries where the heroin, cocaine, mari- not seen what is all this action. about the budget, and they are talking juana and other drugs are coming in. I want to establish that there are a about taxes and so on. These people We have had hearings on Hollywood number of logical things that have led were talking about this early. and the movies and their impact on the to the development of this big push you One of the things is when we took culture. We have had hearings on the are going to see. Too often, we have ap- over Congress, the figures that the gen- music industry and the impact on the proached the drug issue as we ap- tleman from Florida (Mr. MICA) was culture and what we can do related to proached the Vietnam war, and that is looking at were highlighted by then that. we devote just enough resources to not Congressman Bill Zeliff, who headed This is not something we invented quite win, and so we keep falling fur- our subcommittee, and he got the ear yesterday. This is something we have ther and further behind in a war we can of our Presidential candidate, Bob been working on almost from the ill afford to lose. Dole, and our Speaker and said, look, month we took over Congress. Every- What has happened here is that the there is a huge problem here. We need body was focused on the Contract With grassroots, every one of us, know, and to start concentrating on this. America, but, in fact, Congressman the gentleman from Florida (Mr. MICA) This is not something that we came Zeliff and this subcommittee were detailed what we heard in central Flor- up with last week; this is something starting on the drug issue not very ida. We are hearing from prosecutors, that our committee, I am not sure many days after we got here, and the we are hearing from sheriffs, we are whether we have had 30 or 40 hearings gentleman from Florida (Mr. MICA) and hearing from all sorts of law enforce- in the Committee on National Security I know that because both of us are on ment officials that 70 to 85 percent of and Justice Oversight Committee, the subcommittee, and we were up and all crime in every jurisdiction has which, in addition to having jurisdic- running. Furthermore, the gentleman some relationship to drug and alcohol. tion over the State and defense and the from Florida (Mr. MICA) had been ob- Justice Department, also has the drug b 2215 jecting for years that the Democratic czar legislation that moves through it leadership of that subcommittee had They are either stealing to fund a and some very broad jurisdiction, and not been focusing on it, so when we got habit, they are high on the drugs or al- we have been concentrating on this. In in control, we started to move on this cohol, and that leads to 70 to 85 percent addition, the gentleman from New issue. of all crime. Child abuse, spouse abuse, York (Mr. GILMAN), who is the senior Now, what we heard in these hearings not just robbery, rape, pillaging, auto- Republican on the former Select Com- were from young people who talked, mobile wrecks when it is reckless driv- mittee on Narcotics, has been focusing and I remember one at the Orlando ing; all of these types of things have as on the international issue. The gen- hearing where a young man was there its source one common problem. The tleman from Florida (Mr. MCCOLLUM) with his dad. It was a tough day for average person knows this, the commu- has been focusing on judiciary-related them because they were there together nities know this, but it has been very issues in his Subcommittee on Crime. and going public, and his dad was fairly difficult to tackle this on a national The gentleman from Ohio (Mr. well-known. But he said how he started level. PORTMAN) has been a leader in commu- with marijuana and how he saw that General McCaffrey argues that it is a nity efforts. his parents did not realize it, and then cancer; many of us argue that it is a It is not as though we have been si- he started moving to harder drugs, and war. It is both a cancer and a war. That lent. It is that we have not gotten a lot he started stealing, and his dad, as he means that we will work to eliminate of news media coverage. There is a dif- said, really did not want to confront it as much as possible, but quite frank- ference. For example, the gentleman his son, did not really understand all of ly, as long as there is sin, we are likely from Florida (Mr. MICA) and I are on that, wishes now that he had been more to have some drug abuse there. It is a the Committee on Government Reform involved. His son did not understand question of how we are going to control and Oversight where we have been why his father did not get involved. it. It is also a war. People are dying on doing the investigations into the kind They saw his grades dropping. It was the streets of America, people are of ‘‘gate’’ of the week of the adminis- very touching. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2419 Every young person we have heard the shoot-down policy. We had a policy they are producing 10,000 hectares from, whether it is in Texas, whether it established under the Reagan adminis- which will make heroin as cheap on the is in California, whether it is in Flor- tration that, given fair warning over streets of the United States, and it is ida, say, I started with marijuana, and these air spaces, in fact, in Peru and getting there very quickly, and a much then I moved to cocaine. I robbed to Bolivia and Colombia, the drug dealers stronger, much more potent heroin, be- support my habit. My grades went would be shot down, and they, in fact, cause of our policy. We failed to pro- down, my life was wrecked, and then I were until a liberal in the Clinton ad- vide the equipment. was spared. And we looked at this type ministration moved from the Depart- The Congress directed the equipment, of thing. ment of Justice, I think, to DOD, and the funds, that spare parts be given We heard from one lady in Texas who then turned this policy upside down, down there to fight this war on drugs, talked about how her husband would and we saw a lot of these drugs coming and in the meantime this administra- get high on cocaine; how she and her back. I will say the other side worked tion has denied those requests. Even of daughter were hiding out because they with us on this to get the attention of late when they have decertified Colom- knew he was going to kill them if the the President, but we had to reverse bia with a waiver, the goods and the drug habit did not kill him first. She that. That did a great deal of damage. materiel and the resources to fight was living in terror, and what are we Then when we visited the jungles that war on drugs still have not going to do about this? That is what we down there, we learned from some of reached Colombia, and Colombian mili- have heard about it. our agents that overflights that had tary are being slaughtered. The na- We have heard how the administra- been conducted in that region had, in tional police chief Seranno has been tion’s budget cuts have had an inverse fact, been diverted, I believe, to Alaska here and begged us for assistance, and effect. When they cut the interdiction by the administration to look for other we still ignore it, and we have an in- efforts, when they cut the source coun- problems, I think environmental prob- credible amount of drugs, as the gen- try efforts, what we saw was supply go lems as opposed to the drug problem tleman from Indiana (Mr. SOUDER) just up, driving price down, and for com- flights. Then we, in fact, learned that described, coming in now, not only petitive purposes, the purity and the our DEA agents in the jungles were transiting, but they are now mass pro- potency of the marijuana and cocaine dipping into their own pockets in some ducers of heroin. They are even into and heroin we have on our street is far cases to keep programs alive, because the cocaine business, because this ad- greater. It is not like the 1960s and money had been shifted from drug en- ministration has made it profitable for 1970s. The marijuana is more like the forcement and from those programs them to succeed. hard drugs of those eras, and the hard and strategies, and I think I heard the I can tell my colleagues, there is drugs are fatal today. figure of $40 million was put into Haiti nothing more effective as far as use of We had signals out of the administra- for that incredibly failed program taxpayer dollars. Out of $16 billion we tion, which the gentleman from Flor- where we wasted almost $3 billion to are spending this money on treatment ida (Mr. MICA) has delineated very well, date. So each of these attempts by the and programs that do not work. We that we have kids’ use going up. Even administration to destroy the program talk about losing a Vietnam War. This though we see in some adult sectors co- did not succeed. would be just like putting all of our re- caine usage and others going down, the The gentleman from Indiana (Mr. sources in a war and just treating the terrible news is it is soaring among SOUDER) has also outlined how since we wounded, and that is what this admin- kids. took over the Congress, and in fact, I istration’s policy has been, and that is I want to talk briefly about the served on the subcommittee and the why it has failed. international problem. The cocaine committee before, the Democrats held We have to have tough enforcement. comes from basically three places in one hearing of any substance relating We have to have tough and effective the world. We can chase it all over to national drug policy while all of this education. We have to have treatment. America and all over the world, but was being done, in spite of my circulat- We have to have interdiction, and all of there is three countries, Bolivia, Peru ing a bipartisan letter of 132 Members these elements coming together in a and Colombia, where the stuff comes requesting hearings on our policy. And concentrated effort to make this thing from. And thanks to the policies in Bo- the gentleman from Indiana (Mr. work. livia and Peru, it has mostly now shift- SOUDER) has said we are not Johnny- b 2230 ed to Colombia. Initially the coca come-latelies in that, and in fact, we leaves were grown in Peru and Bolivia, have held over 40 hearings. And that is what we are hopefully and then Peru and Colombia were They may not be interesting to the going to do. But the gentleman from doing the transfer in the making co- media; they may not want to cover Indiana has, in fact, outlined the failed caine, and the Colombia was the car- them. They may want to spend more South American strategy, and we could tels. And now most has gone to Colom- time on tobacco and some of the out- go on more about Mexico. bia, and it is a narcoterrorism threat- landish figures that have been brought Mr. SOUDER. I would like to make ening the very democracy and the sta- out as a diversionary tactic by this ad- some additional comments on Colom- bility of the nation of Colombia. ministration while the country is going bia. We were just down there again this Mr. MICA. Mr. Speaker, will the gen- down the path of ruin with illegal nar- past week as we went down to the tleman yield? cotics and drug abuse, and 100,000 dying Summit for Americas. I had an amend- Mr. SOUDER. I yield to the gen- in our streets. And the social costs ment that passed and was held in con- tleman from Florida. being absolutely astronomical, in addi- ference committee that three Mr. MICA. Mr. Speaker, this is an in- tion to, of course, medical costs and Blackhawk helicopters were supposed teresting point the gentleman raises the families that are destroyed. to be sent to Colombia. If this adminis- about what had developed as an Ande- But this is what we have learned, this tration had followed the law, those an strategy to stop in a very cost-effec- is what we have done, and in fact, we Blackhawk helicopters would be down tive manner; we only spent about $200 have taken these actions, as Mr. there and they would be able to get in million out of $16 billion on this whole Souder has outlined, and now we are the areas and eradicate the heroin. drug effort, but we spent about $200 faced with a dilemma in Colombia. The They cannot get up there with the million down there. It has been pretty administration again, with another Hueys. They do not get up to that alti- much tightened up because of the ef- failed policy, the Colombian failed pol- tude. forts of President Fujimori, who we icy. We begged, we pleaded, we have Furthermore, there is a shooting war met with when we went down there, sent letters. We passed, I believe, a res- where people are dying in Colombia, and also because of Bolivia’s effort, but olution on the floor of this Congress. while we stand here fiddling in Wash- we learned some interesting things in Mr. SOUDER. A law, Mr. Speaker. ington trying to decide what to do, this experience. Mr. MICA. To get aid to Colombia, while we have grounded because of me- We learned first that, and we had a which is now where there is an incred- chanical failure every Huey helicopter knock-down, drag-out fight with this ible production of heroin. The heroin, that they have. They have nothing administration when they destroyed when we went down there, they told us with which to fight. They have lost 40 H2420 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 percent of Colombia, the effective con- that we were requiring them to send by abuse it less than before, that is some trol of the rural countryside. law, and they are saying, well, they kind of progress. But there are a couple For those who do not understand the need 20 helicopters. You know what, of basic principles here and we will be significance of this, understand that we three is better than zero. If we need to putting these in as we move through have troops in Haiti. We have troops in send them three more, we would not be the treatment question. Bosnia. The national interest is a little arguing, maybe six, if we had sent If we do not do drug testing, how do unclear, even in the Middle East, where them the three last year, then we could we know in fact if the treatment pro- we are spending $1.5 billion about every get them the three more this year. gram worked? One of the basic prin- nine months right now, where the gen- Frankly, they need the Blackhawks ciples is that we ought to have meas- tleman from Florida and I just visited and more Huey IIs. urements in treatment programs and last fall and heard skepticism from our The alternative is American troops. we ought to have monitoring. It is only own armed forces leaders that we need Here we have a country, Colombia, the most kindhearted and compas- to be at that level given the direct where they are willing to fight and die sionate thing we can do for an abuser, threat there. partly because of our consumption here and that is hold them accountable for And even arguing that the Middle in America. Thousands and thousands their behavior. Do not let them fall East has multiple reasons of our na- of police officers, and we were just back in, particularly after we use tax- tional interest, including our friend- down there in Colombia and we visited payers’ dollars to try to get them out. ship with Israel, our friendships with a hospital, and we visited a number of Let us monitor and follow through. the potentially threatened Arab States Colombian national police who have It is absurd to give out free needles and the oil supply, let us look at Co- been shot down trying to eradicate the to heroin addicts. They argue that, lombia. If it is supplying the cocaine cocaine so that it does not hit our well, they will be clean. They will not and heroin to this country where peo- streets. And what is our reaction? We get AIDS. They will just die of drug ple are dying in my hometown of Fort will not give them the weapons with overdose. They will not die of AIDS Wayne and throughout northeastern which to do it. Apparently we are not and they will not spread it. This would Indiana and all over America, the going to do it until we have to send be the equivalent of going into the drugs alone is enough to have national troops down there. American schools and saying these interest be a priority there. But it is This hat belonged to Colonel Gallego, kids are going to smoke anyway, why more than just that. the head of the DANTE, the not give them low-tar cigarettes paid Along the Panamanian border they antinarcotics subforce of the Colom- for by taxpayer dollars? have lost effective control of that. The bian National Police. General Serrano Why would we use taxpayers’ dollars drug dealers and control has spread and Colonel Gallego signed this for me. to sustain somebody in a habit that is into that section of Panama, the If anybody saw ‘‘Clear and Present going to kill them, destroy them, Darien area. We are about to abandon Danger,’’ it was a fictionalized ac- wreck their families? If they are a dad Panama. I am very concerned that not count. The former ambassador who or a mom, it is abandonment of their only are we going to pull out mili- went with us on one of the trips, I children, and we are going to give them tarily, but that our efforts to get an asked him if it was an accurate movie clean needles? It is absurd. We should antinarcotics center there could be and he said, ‘‘Not completely. I died in have gone further than banning direct kiboshed. the movie.’’ It is a pretty accurate pic- government money. We should have That is extremely critical, as we just ture of the fight they are facing in Co- gotten the fungible money where it is heard earlier from Congressman MICA lombia. transferred from one place to another. about the shootdown policy. They need Colonel Gallego is the man who took Furthermore, we should be looking the AWACS. If we send those AWACS down Pablo Escobar of the famous into people like George Soras who is up to the United States and they have Medellin Cartel. He is known as the lab funding a lot of these programs and an hour-and-a-half transit time to get buster. He has a $3.5 million price on also funding the medicinal marijuana, down there, we are going to dramati- his head. General Serrano has an $8 the back-door legalization of mari- cally reduce our airtime for surveil- million price on his head. They want juana. There are legitimate cases, but lance, and we are going to have even him dead. they are few and far between. more drugs at cheaper prices on our These people, there is no blood on Anybody who watched the special streets, threatening our kids and fami- this hat, but there are thousands of po- that focused on a lot of these kind of lies. We need to make sure we have at lice officers and military forces who drug clubs for the medicinal uses of least an antinarcotics center in Pan- have died in Colombia fighting our bat- marijuana in California, it is appalling. ama as we leave. tle. I do not want to have American Sit around and pass the pot. It is just Because Colombian narcotics drug men and women. I want to help the like in the 1960s on the college cam- lords are prepared to move in through people who are fighting the war so that puses, only this time it is under legiti- Panama. On the other side they control they at least have a fighting chance to mate government approval funded by about half the Venezuelan border win and drive back the narcotics, the George Soras and two friends in State where the jungle is. And control, in a FARC and others. I do not know that after State. There are basically three guerrilla war they do not have to have they will, but we ought to at least give people with one person at their head forts and troops and lines. Particularly them the chance. We are the ones with funding this, and we need to look into in the jungle they can move around. our national security interest directly that question. We have to have at least four times the threatened here. We need to also look at prevention effective troops and an operative mili- I want to move on to a couple of programs. A lot of the drug-free school tary defending ground or we in effect other issues here in the last remaining money, while well-intentioned, has lose control because they get to pick minutes. I touched some on foreign pol- been frittered away. We need to find and choose where they want to fight. icy, but I want to say that we are also particularly effective programs for We have lost half the Venezuelan bor- approaching this comprehensively and those most at risk. A lot of times it der. It is not the Middle East that is domestically in treatment. It is clear seems that these programs are mostly our number one supplier of oil, it is that unless we can get the hard core aimed at kids who are not really high Venezuela. Seventeen percent of our oil addicts, and every hard core addict we risk. We have to figure out those kids comes from Venezuela. In oil by-prod- get off, we have a dramatic reduction who are most at risk and we need to ucts, Colombia is our number one sup- in the abuse of heroin and cocaine in try to get them off. plier. Talk about energy threat, the en- particular. I remember at one school where I ergy threat is in Colombia. It is not in Now we also know that, let us just went around the district and talked the Middle East. The Canal and the say, that treatment programs are very through these issues with high school trade threat is in Panama, and we have erratic in their effectiveness. There are kids at about 17 high schools in my all the drugs. different measures to use. Obviously congressional district in northeast In- And what is our response? We will there is going to be a high recidivism diana, and one student came up and not send them the three helicopters rate, and obviously if people at least said that he had just gone clean the April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2421 day before because his friend had got- with the anti-drug task force. I think b 2245 ten high and committed suicide. And we are going to see a difference. Or the loss in our community just he said, ‘‘I don’t want to do that.’’ He Mr. Speaker, we need this adminis- within the last 24 hours, as I left one of said, ‘‘I’m scared. I hope I can get off.’’ tration to join with us. This needs to the communities, Oviedo, where a And he said, ‘‘I wish my friend was still be a bipartisan effort. This cannot be young woman was found dead, 21 years here.’’ divided and have a bunch of people on old, who worked in a local bank, either When are we going to try to identify the other side posturing with this. This of an overdose of cocaine or heroin, these high-risk kids and try to help needs to be a joint effort, a drumbeat just again within the last 24 hours in them, as opposed to sometimes it from every source saying this is unac- my community. seems we are more concerned about ceptable. The incident we had in my commu- As a goal we ought to say by the giving out little rulers or having a skit nity and the college reunion festivities Year 2000 we are going to have a 50 per- than actually tackling the very hard over the weekend in Daytona Beach, cent reduction, and the President of cases of the prevention. the young man from Orlando who at- The gentleman from Ohio (Mr. the United States and others should tacked the police with a gun was a ha- PORTMAN) was a leader in passing legis- join with us and say we are going to bitual drug user and had a record of co- lation which we now have, in northeast have a 50 percent reduction. A 50 per- caine use. Indiana almost every county now has a cent reduction in two years sounds like Almost every incident of crime, of so- community-based group that is trying a lot, but that would only take us to cial problem that we see today is drug to pull the different organizations to- the place where we were when this related, so we are committed to launch gether. Sometimes schools feel like President took office. this campaign this week. We have not there are 23 different groups hitting Mr. Speaker, the least he could do is, just spoken in the past 36 months but them up to try to do anti-drug pro- when he leaves, get it back to the level also acted in putting back together the grams. We need community-wide orga- of when he came. Then we can start to pieces of an effective multifaceted war nized efforts and we are trying to stim- get rid of the drug abuse that we had on drugs. You can call it whatever you ulate some of that through the which was already there when he got want, but it is going to be indeed a na- Portman bill. here. We need his help so that when he tional effort. The gentleman from New York (Mr. exits, we are at least back to the level We beg the administration to get the SOLOMON) has an amendment that we that it was when he came. He owes that resources to Colombia, to other pro- have in the Higher Education Act that to the American people, and hopefully grams that are effective, to treatment says that if students want a subsidized we can work together with that. programs that work. We are not student loan, then they have an obliga- Mr. MICA. Mr. Speaker, I thank the against treatment, but when you have tion to stay clean. If they do not stay gentleman for yielding and for his com- them come before our committee and clean for one year, the first time they ments, and again for his dedication to testify, folks testify that these are are suspended from their student loan this subject. I honestly cannot think of failed programs, and then you learn and they have to go into treatment. any other issue before the Congress as And I want to offer tomorrow an far as the social impact on our Nation. that sometimes the religious or faith- amendment that also says that drug We have been successful in the last 36 based programs are the most effective, testing be included to make sure they or 40 months getting our finances in or the private sector, non-Federally or are clean for two years, then they can order, but now the number one priority publicly funded programs are most ef- get reinstated. The second offense, must be to tackle the illegal narcotics fective, you begin to wonder. We have they are off for two years. Definitely, problem, the crime that it does rain been spending more and more in treat- three strikes and they are out. We do upon this country. ing these wounded. not want to have high-risk people not This week we have launched another So today we take up arms, and this have the opportunity to get an edu- stage in the battle, a new offensive. It week I know I will be joined by every- cation. Self-esteem and education are is going to take both Democrats and one on this side of the aisle, and I know critical to keeping them off of drugs. Republicans working together to get we will have many from the other side But at the same time, taxpayers should that passed. of the aisle, to make a meaningful ef- not have to fund behavior that is con- But we I think also tonight have doc- fort to turn around this situation in trary to the law. umented that the policy from this our country, and again the dramatic There needs to be a give-and-take point, 1993, when he took office, to 1995, cost to young people and citizens of with this, and we want to encourage did not work. It was a failed policy. every age, race, and color across our people to get clean. The best thing we The results are dramatic. Since 1992 Nation. can do for them, the college education drug use among teens has skyrocketed, Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentleman is a waste of money if they are on the latest statistics indicate by 70 per- from Indiana (Mr. SOUDER) again for drugs. We have to get them clean. If cent. Half of the high school seniors in his leadership in taking time tonight. I they sold, it is a suspension of two a recent survey think it is easy to ob- know he and I would rather be with our years for first offense and indefinitely tain cocaine and LSD; and now eighth families at home, but this is such an for second offense. So this will be up graders, where drug use has increased important issue. It is not to be made tomorrow. by 150 percent since 1992. These are the light of. The gentleman from Mississippi (Mr. latest statistics. One in four high It will not be on the front page of to- WICKER) who has been a leader in the school seniors is a current user of ille- morrow’s paper, except it will be there needles issue, along with the gen- gal drugs. in the obituary page and the page of tleman from Oklahoma (Mr. COBURN) This has had a dramatic impact on abuse, the page of murders and crimes will be working with that. We will our young people. If we took out the in our community, and the social costs work aggressively on prevention and areas of tough enforcement such as Mr. and disruption to each of our commu- treatment. Giuliani in New York, and some of the nities throughout this land. So that is Let me reiterate, the difference that other areas where some tough enforce- part of our agenda. It is part of our pro- is seen here is a concentrated effort, ment and prosecution and zero toler- gram. I thank the gentleman for his not a dribbling of a bill here and a bill ance has taken place, we can see that leadership. there. I am willing to criticize the we still have a very dramatic problem f Speaker when I have disagreements, with tremendous cost to the taxpayers and I want to make sure I praise him of this Nation, not to mention the inse- LEAVE OF ABSENCE when I think he has taken the com- curity of individuals who fear going By unanimous consent, leave of ab- mendable leadership in this, as has the from their car to the supermarket, sence was granted to: gentleman from Illinois (Mr. HASTERT) from their community, from street to Mr. BATEMAN (at the request of Mr. along with his cochairs, the gentleman street at night, or even in the daylight ARMEY) for today and the balance of from Florida (Mr. MCCOLLUM) and the being accosted by someone who is on the week on account of medical rea- gentleman from Ohio (Mr. PORTMAN) drugs. sons. H2422 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998

Mr. DIXON (at the request of Mr. GEP- Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN. the Department’s final rule—Amendment to HARDT) for today and the balance of the Mr. FORBES. Class E Airspace; Valentine, NE [Airspace week on account of medical reasons. Mr. LEWIS of California. Docket No. 97–ACE–39] received April 23, 1998, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Mr. SANDLIN (at the request of Mr. Mr. WELDON of Florida. Committee on Transportation and Infra- Mr. SENSENBRENNER. GEPHARDT) for today and the balance of structure. the week on account of family medical Mr. GILMAN. 8773. A letter from the General Counsel, reasons. Mr. HASTERT. Department of Transportation, transmitting f Mr. PACKARD. the Department’s final rule—Amendment to Mr. GOODLING. Class E Airspace; Chadron, NE [Airspace SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED Mr. RILEY. Docket No. 97–ACE–38] received April 23, By unanimous consent, permission to (The following Members (at the re- 1998, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); to the address the House, following the legis- quest of Mr. SOUDER) and to include ex- Committee on Transportation and Infra- lative program and any special orders traneous matter:) structure. heretofore entered, was granted to: Mr. BOB SCHAFFER of Colorado. 8774. A letter from the General Counsel, Department of Transportation, transmitting Mr. MORAN of Virginia. The following Members (at the re- the Department’s final rule—Airworthiness Mr. SCHUMER. quest of Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA) to revise Directives; Gulfstream Model GV Series Air- and extend their remarks and include Ms. STABENOW. planes [Docket No. 98–NM–114–AD; Amend- extraneous material: Mr. BENTSEN. ment 39–10480; AD 98–09–01] (RIN: 2120–AA64) Mr. DOGGETT, today, for 5 minutes. Mr. BRYANT. received April 23, 1998, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. Mr. UNDERWOOD, today, for 5 minutes. Mr. CONDIT. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on Transpor- Ms. MILLENDER-MCDONALD, today, for Mr. ACKERMAN. tation and Infrastructure. 5 minutes. Mr. STARK. 8775. A letter from the General Counsel, Department of Transportation, transmitting Mr. STRICKLAND, today, for 5 min- Mr. FAZIO of California. Mr. ETHERIDGE. the Department’s final rule—Airworthiness utes. Directives; SOCATA— Groupe f Ms. CARSON, today, for 5 minutes. AEROSPATIALE Model TBM 700 Airplanes Ms. DELAURO, today, for 5 minutes. ADJOURNMENT [Docket NO. 97–CE–42–AD; Amendment 39– Ms. JACKSON LEE of Texas, today, for 10476; AD 98–08–27] (RIN: 2120–AA64) received 5 minutes. Mr. SOUDER. Mr. Speaker, I move April 23, 1998, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. The following Members (at the re- that the House do now adjourn. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on Transpor- quest of Mr. JONES) to revise and ex- The motion was agreed to; accord- tation and Infrastructure. tend their remarks and include extra- ingly (at 10 o’clock and 49 minutes 8776. A letter from the General Counsel, neous material: p.m.), the House adjourned until to- Department of Transportation, transmitting the Department’s final rule—Airworthiness Mr. PAUL, on April 28 and 29, for 5 morrow, Wednesday, April 29, 1998, at 10 a.m. Directives; Avions Pierre Robin Model R3000/ minutes each. 160 Airplanes [Docket No. 97–CE–88–AD; f Mr. SMITH of Michigan, today, for 5 Amendment 39–10477; AD 98–08–28] (RIN: 2120– minutes. EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, AA64) received April 23, 1998, pursuant to 5 Mr. MILLER of Florida, today, for 5 ETC. U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on minutes. Transportation and Infrastructure. Mr. LATHAM, today, for 5 minutes. Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, execu- 8777. A letter from the General Counsel, Mr. RIGGS, on April 29, for 5 minutes. tive communications were taken from Department of Transportation, transmitting Mr. LATOURETTE, today, for 5 min- the Speaker’s table and referred as fol- the Department’s final rule—Airworthiness utes. lows: Directives; Twin Commander Aircraft Cor- poration 500, 680, 690, and 695 Series Air- Mr. JONES, on April 29, for 5 minutes. 8767. A letter from the the Comptroller General, the General Accounting Office, planes [Docket No. 96–CE–54–AD; Amend- Mr. WELDON of Pennsylvania, today, ment 39–10474; AD 98–08–25] (RIN: 2120–AA64) for 5 minutes. transmitting a review of the President’s first special impoundment message for fiscal year received April 23, 1998, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. f 1998, pursuant to 2 U.S.C. 685; (H. Doc. No. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on Transpor- tation and Infrastructure. EXTENSION OF REMARKS 105—242); to the Committee on Appropria- tions and ordered to be printed. f By unanimous consent, permission to 8768. A letter from the Assistant Secretary revise and extend remarks was granted for Legislative Affairs, Department of State, REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON to: transmitting certification of a proposed li- PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS (The following Members (at the re- cense for the export of defense articles or de- Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of quest of Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA) and to in- fense services sold commercially to the Re- committees were delivered to the Clerk clude extraneous matter:) public of Korea (Transmittal No. DTC–61–98), for printing and reference to the proper pursuant to 22 U.S.C. 2776(c); to the Commit- Ms. DELAURO. tee on International Relations. calendar, as follows: Mr. ROEMER. 8769. A letter from the General Counsel, Mr. YOUNG of Alaska: Committee on Re- Mr. BERRY. Department of Transportation, transmitting sources. H.R. 2807. A bill to amend the Rhi- Mr. KUCINICH. the Department’s final rule—Establishment noceros and Tiger Conservation Act of 1994 Mr. LIPINSKI. of VOR Federal Airway; CA [Airspace Docket to prohibit the sale, importation, and expor- Mr. TRAFICANT. No. 97–AWP–17] (RIN: 2120–AA66) received tation of products labeled as containing sub- Mr. WAXMAN. April 23, 1998, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. stances derived from rhinoceros or tiger; Mr. MCDERMOTT. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on Transpor- with an amendment (Rept. 105–495). Referred Mr. MENENDEZ. tation and Infrastructure. to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union. Mr. KIND. 8770. A letter from the General Counsel, Department of Transportation, transmitting Mr. YOUNG of Alaska: Committee on Re- Mr. VENTO. the Department’s final rule—Modification of sources. S. 231. An act to establish the Na- Mr. CLAY. the Atlantic High Offshore Airspace Area tional Cave and Karst Research Institute in Ms. NORTON. [Airspace Docket No. 97–ASO–16] (RIN: 2120– the State of New Mexico, and for other pur- Mr. GEPHARDT. AA66) received April 23, 1998, pursuant to 5 poses (Rept. 105–496). Referred to the Com- Mr. FROST. U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on mittee of the Whole House on the State of Mr. PAYNE. Transportation and Infrastructure. the Union. Mr. FRANK of Massachusetts. 8771. A letter from the General Counsel, Mr. SOLOMON: Committee on Rules. Mr. BORSKI. Department of Transportation, transmitting House Resolution 409. Resolution providing Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. the Department’s final rule—Amendment to for consideration of the bill (H.R. 3717) to Class E Airspace; Topeka, Forbes Field, KS; prohibit the expenditure of Federal funds for Mr. COYNE. Correction [Airspace Docket No. 98–ACE–1] the distribution of needles or syringes for Mr. BROWN of California. received April 23, 1998, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. the hypodermic injection of illegal drugs Mr. OBERSTAR. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on Transpor- (Rept. 105–497). Referred to the House Cal- (The following Members (at the re- tation and Infrastructure. endar. quest of Mr. JONES) and to include ex- 8772. A letter from the General Counsel, Mr. DIAZ-BALART: Committee on Rules. traneous matter:) Department of Transportation, transmitting House Resolution 410. Resolution providing April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2423 for consideration of the bill (H.R. 3546) to to provide for the continued operation of cer- H.R. 676: Mr. GOODE and Mr. COYNE. provide for a national dialogue on Social Se- tain tour businesses in recently acquired H.R. 715: Mr. BLILEY. curity and to establish the Bipartisan Panel areas of Big Cypress National Preserve; to H.R. 872: Mrs. NORTHUP, Ms. PELOSI, Mr. to Design Long-Range Social Security Re- the Committee on Resources. QUINN, Mr. SMITH of New Jersey, and Mr. form (Rept. 105–498). Referred to the House By Mr. LIPINSKI (for himself and Mr. WELDON of Florida. Calendar. DEFAZIO): H.R. 902: Mr. BOEHNER, Mr. FOSSELLA, Mr. Mr. HASTINGS of Washington: Committee H.R. 3741. A bill to amend title 49, United GILLMOR, Mr. GILMAN, Mr. GOSS, Mr. DAN on Rules. House Resolution 411. Resolution States Code, to require congressional ap- SCHAEFER of Colorado, and Mr. WOLF. providing for consideration of the bill (H.R. proval of civil aviation agreements; to the H.R. 979: Mr. BILBRAY, Mr. MCHUGH, and 6) to extend the authorization of programs Committee on Transportation and Infra- Mr. MILLER of California. under the Higher Education Act of 1965, and structure, and in addition to the Committee H.R. 1054: Mr. PAPPAS and Mr. BARRETT of for other purposes (Rept. 105–499). Referred on Rules, for a period to be subsequently de- Nebraska. to the House Calendar. termined by the Speaker, in each case for H.R. 1061: Mr. ROTHMAN, Mr. COBURN, and f consideration of such provisions as fall with- Mr. GUTIERREZ. H.R. 1126: Ms. SLAUGHTER and Mr. PICKETT. PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS in the jurisdiction of the committee con- cerned. H.R. 1173: Mr. SNYDER. Under clause 5 of Rule X and clause 4 By Mr. RIGGS (for himself, Mr. WATTS H.R. 1200: Mr. TIERNEY. of Rule XXII, public bills and resolu- of Oklahoma, Mr. TALENT, Mr. H.R. 1375: Mrs. EMERSON and Mr. BUNNING tions were introduced and severally re- MCINTOSH, Mr. PITTS, Mr. PACKARD, of Kentucky. ferred, as follows: Mr. SOUDER, and Mr. WAMP): H.R. 1524: Mr. SCHUMER, Mr. WELDON of H.R. 3742. A bill to provide flexibility to Pennsylvania, Mr. PICKERING, Mr. YOUNG of By Mr. WELLER (for himself, Mr. certain local educational agencies that de- Alaska, and Mr. SUNUNU. MCINTOSH, Mr. RILEY, and Mr. velop voluntary public and private parental H.R. 1531: Mr. LAMPSON. HERGER): H.R. 1689: Mr. NEY, Mr. CHABOT, Mr. H.R. 3734. A bill to amend the Internal Rev- choice programs under title VI of the Ele- DELAY, and Mr. COOK. enue Code of 1986 to eliminate the marriage mentary and Secondary Education Act of H.R. 1788: Mr. DIXON. penalty by providing that the income tax 1965; to the Committee on Education and the H.R. 1802: Mr. CALVERT. rate bracket amounts, and the amount of the Workforce. H.R. 1911: Mr. TURNER. standard deduction, for joint returns shall be By Mr. PAUL: H.R. 1995: Mr. ACKERMAN, Mrs. KELLY, and twice the amounts applicable to unmarried H.J. Res. 116. A joint resolution proposing Mr. SHAYS. individuals; to the Committee on Ways and an amendment to the Constitution of the H.R. 2021: Mr. SESSIONS. Means. UnitedStates relative to abolishing personal H.R. 2023: Mr. MCGOVERN, Mr. FRANK of By Mr. PAUL (for himself, Mr. LIVING- income, estate, and gift taxes and prohibit- Massachusetts, Mr. VENTO, and Mr. WAXMAN. STON, Mr. TAUZIN, Mr. BRADY, Mr. ing the United States Government from en- H.R. 2081: Mr. HILLIARD. COOKSEY, Mr. ORTIZ, Mr. TAYLOR of gaging in business in competition with its H.R. 2088: Mr. SHERMAN. ALLAHAN CAR citizens; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Mississippi, Mr. C , Mr. S - H.R. 2094: Mrs. CAPPS. BOROUGH, Mr. JOHN, and Mr. By Mr. KENNEDY of Rhode Island: H. Con. Res. 261. Concurrent resolution rec- H.R. 2124: Mr. ENSIGN. BONILLA): H.R. 2183: Mr. FOX of Pennsylvania. H.R. 3735. A bill to disapprove a rule re- ognizing the importance of rivers to the H.R. 2523: Mrs. JOHNSON of Connecticut. quiring the use of bycatch reduction devices United States and supporting efforts to in- H.R. 2560: Mr. SANDERS, Mr. ROMERO- in the shrimp fishery of the Gulf of Mexico; form and educate the people of the United BARCELO, Mr. LANTOS, Mr. BENTSEN, Mrs. to the Committee on Resources. States regarding rivers and the importance MYRICK, Mr. BOSWELL, Mr. BALDACCI, Mr. LU- By Mr. SMITH of Texas: of their preservation; to the Committee on THER, Mr. CONDIT, Mr. SHERMAN, Mr. H.R. 3736. A bill to amend the Immigration Resources. SHIMKUS, Mr. COYNE, Mr. PARKER, Mr. KA- and Nationality Act to make changes relat- By Mr. KIM: ing to H–1B nonimmigrants; to the Commit- H. Con. Res. 262. Concurrent resolution au- SICH, and Mrs. KENNELLY of Connecticut. H.R. 2568: Mr. PRICE of North Carolina. tee on the Judiciary. thorizing the 1998 District of Columbia Spe- H.R. 2579: Mr. PICKERING and Mr. HILLEARY. By Mr. ALLEN: cial Olympics Law Enforcement Torch Run H.R. 2598: Mr. BOB SCHAFFER. H.R. 3737. A bill to amend the Water Re- to be run through the Capitol Grounds; to H.R. 2604: Mr. CAMPBELL, Mr. BENTSEN, and sources Development Act of 1996 to deauthor- the Committee on Transportation and Infra- Mr. SNOWBARGER. ize the remainder of the project at East structure. H.R. 2612: Mr. DINGELL. Boothbay Harbor, Maine; to the Committee By Mr. KIM: H.R. 2635: Mr. JACKSON, Mr. TOWNS, Mr. on Transportation and Infrastructure. H. Con. Res. 263. Concurrent resolution au- CLYBURN, Mr. OWENS, Mr. MARKEY, Mr. BAR- By Mr. DOGGETT (for himself, Mr. thorizing the use of the Capitol Grounds for RETT of Wisconsin, Mr. ABERCROMBIE, Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts, Mrs. the seventeenth annual National Peace Offi- STARK, Mr. MOAKLEY, Mr. FRANK of Massa- LOWEY, Ms. PELOSI, Mr. HANSEN, Mr. cers’ Memorial Service; to the Committee on chusetts, Mr. COYNE, Mr. VENTO, Mr. MCDERMOTT, Mr. OLVER, Ms. Transportation and Infrastructure. POSHARD, Ms. WATERS, and Mr. EVANS. DEGETTE, Ms. ROYBAL-ALLARD, Mr. By Mr. PALLONE (for himself, Mr. H.R. 2678: Mr. UNDERWOOD. STARK, Ms. MILLENDER-MCDONALD, PASCRELL, Mr. SANDLIN, Mrs. CUBIN, H.R. 2708: Mr. CAMP, Mr. TOWNS, Mr. Mr. VENTO, Mr. UNDERWOOD, Mrs. Mr. KLECZKA, Mr. WELDON of Penn- SUNUNU, Mr. MARTINEZ, and Mr. MCHUGH. TAUSCHER, and Mr. PALLONE): sylvania, and Mr. ROTHman): H.R. 2800: Mr. STUMP. H.R. 3738. A bill to establish a responsible H. Con. Res. 264. Concurrent resolution ex- H.R. 2829: Mr. JEFFERSON and Mr. CAMP. United States international tobacco policy, pressing the sense of the Congress with re- H.R. 2895: Mr. DELAHUNT, Mr. FROST, Mr. to prevent tobacco companies from targeting spect to documentation requirements for KENNEDY of Rhode Island, and Mr. OBERSTAR. tobacco products to children, to ensure no physicians who submit claims to Medicare government promotion of tobacco overseas, H.R. 2912: Mr. PAYNE and Mr. HASTINGS of for office visits and for other evaluation and Florida. to curb smuggling of tobacco products, to es- management services; to the Committee on H.R. 2922: Mr. CALVERT. tablish the American Center on Global Ways and Means. Health and Tobacco, and for other purposes; H.R. 2936: Mr. BEREUTER. to the Committee on Commerce, and in addi- f H.R. 2955: Mr. SANDERS, Mr. ENGLISH of tion to the Committees on Ways and Means, Pennsylvania, Mr. KANJORSKI, and Mr. International Relations, National Security, ADDITIONAL SPONSORS KOLBE. Resources, and the Judiciary, for a period to Under clause 4 of rule XXII, sponsors H.R. 2990: Mr. KLINK, Mr. LEVIN, Mr. be subsequently determined by the Speaker, were added to public bills and resolu- BECERRA, Mr. SCOTT, and Mr. GUTIERREZ. H.R. 3010: Mr. TORRES. in each case for consideration of such provi- tions as follows: sions as fall within the jurisdiction of the H.R. 3016: Mr. PORTER. committee concerned. H.R. 45: Mr. BLAGOJEVICH and Mr. KIND of H.R. 3111: Mr. RUSH. By Mr. FRANK of Massachusetts: Wisconsin. H.R. 3150: Mr. HEFLEY, Ms. PRYCE of Ohio, H.R. 3739. A bill to amend title II of the So- H.R. 59: Mr. SOUDER. Mr. KLECZKA, Mr. ANDREWS, Mr. BRADY, Mrs. cial Security Act to allow for distribution of H.R. 218: Ms. GRANGER and Mr. SHERMAN. NORTHUP, Mr. SPENCE, Mr. TALENT, Mr. the lump sum death payment, in the absence H.R. 306: Mr. MEEKS of New York. BOYD, Mr. PICKETT, and Mr. DOOLEY of Cali- of a widow or widower or surviving children, H.R. 371: Ms. BROWN of Florida. fornia. to any other person as certified by the de- H.R. 372: Ms. KAPTUR, Mr. BLUMENAUER, H.R. 3152: Mr. DREIER and Mr. WALSH. ceased worker to the Commissioner of Social Mr. COYNE, and Mr. MANTON. H.R. 3181: Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA. Security; to the Committee on Ways and H.R. 519: Mr. SMITH of Michigan. H.R. 3187: Mr. DEFAZIO. Means. H.R. 539: Mr. ENGEL and Ms. PELOSI. H.R. 3205: Ms. DEGETTE and Mr. LAMPSON. By Mr. GOSS: H.R. 612: Mr. TANNER, Mr. FOLEY, Mr. H.R. 3217: Mr. MCDERMOTT. H.R. 3740. A bill to amend the Act of Octo- SALMON, Mr. PACKARD, and Mr. BERMAN. H.R. 3243: Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN and Mr. SCAR- ber 11, 1974 (Public Law 93–440; 88 Stat. 1257), H.R. 633: Mr. NETHERCUTT and Mr. WISE. BOROUGH. H2424 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998

H.R. 3251: Mr. GEJDENSON, Mr. MANTON, Mr. H. Con. Res. 55: Mrs. CAPPS, Mr. ENGLISH of Math and Science Teacher Scholarships on a BATEMAN, Mr. CLAY, Mr. FATTAH, Mr. WATT Pennsylvania, Mr. BILBRAY, Ms. STABENOW, competitive basis to qualifying higher edu- of North Carolina, Mr. BARTLETT of Mary- and Mr. SCHUMER. cation institutions with graduate programs land, Ms. RIVERS, and Mr. KENNEDY of Rhode H. Con. Res. 127: Mr. BUYER. in teacher training. The Secretary may not Island. H. Con. Res. 181: Mr. MASCARA, Mr. KIM, provide any individual higher education in- H.R. 3255: Mr. MANTON. Mr. LEWIS of Georgia, Mr. PASTOR, Mr. SABO, stitution more than $100,000 per academic H.R. 3262: Mr. ABERCROMBIE. Mr. NORWOOD, Mr. NEAL of Massachusetts, year for the purpose of the National Math H.R. 3314: Mr. GRAHAM. Mr. TORRES, Mr. NEY, Mr. GEPHARDT, Mr. and Science Teacher Scholarships. An insti- H.R. 3331: Mr. TALENT. VENTO, Mr. JACKSON, and Mr. ALLEN. tution applying for such Scholarships may H.R. 3338: Ms. KILPATRICK. H. Con. Res. 210: Mr. BOYD. only be eligible to receive funds if such insti- H.R. 3379: Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA and Mr. H. Con. Res. 233: Mr. BECERRA, Mr. LUTHER, tution— POSHARD. and Mr. JENKINS. ‘‘(1) meets nationally accredited teacher H.R. 3396: Mr. BILIRAKIS, Mr. TORRES, Mr. H. Res. 151: Mr. PICKETT. training graduate program standards; or COLLINS, and Mrs. KELLY. H. Res. 363: Mr. BALDACCI. ‘‘(2) demonstrates to the Secretary that at H.R. 3400: Mr. HINOJOSA and Mr. OLVER. H. Res. 374: Mr. ROYCE, Mr. LANTOS, Mr. least 90 percent of the graduates of such a NGLISH H.R. 3438: Mr. E of Pennsylvania and ENGEL, Mr. WEXLER, Mr. BROWN of Ohio, Mr. graduate teacher training program take, and ALVERT Mr. C . GUTIERREZ, and Ms. FURSE. on their first attempt pass, the State teacher H.R. 3459: Mr. PAYNE. H. Res. 392: Mr. WATTS of Oklahoma, Mr. qualification assessments for new teachers. H.R. 3470: Mr. BONIOR. PETERSON of Pennsylvania, Mr. NETHERCUTT, ‘‘SEC. 281D. INDIVIDUAL SCHOLARSHIP ELIGI- H.R. 3506: Mr. BLUMENAUER, Mr. KASICH, Mr. SOUDER, Mr. BARRETT of Nebraska, and BILITY. Mr. MICA, Mr. HYDE, Mr. SISISKY, Mr. SHU- Mr. MATSUI. ‘‘An individual may be eligible for a Na- STER, Mr. GREEN, Mr. SKELTON, Mr. DAVIS of f tional Math and Science Teacher Scholar- Illinois, Mr. SCARBOROUGH, Mr. MALONEY of ship only if such individual— Connecticut, Mr. MCCRERY, Mr. SCOTT, Ms. AMENDMENTS ‘‘(1) is a citizen or national of the United DELAURO, Mr. BARCIA of Michigan, Mr. Under clause 6 of rule XXIII, pro- States or an alien lawfully admitted to the NETHERCUTT, Mr. BURTON of Indiana, Mr. United States for permanent residence; STOKES, Mr. NEY, Mr. RAHALL, Mr. MINGE, posed amendments were submitted as ‘‘(2) is majoring in a physical or life Ms. FURSE, Mr. FARR of California, Mr. follows: science or mathematics graduate teacher MCINNIS, Mr. BEREUTER, and Mr. ROGERS. H.R. 6 training program; H.R. 3514: Mr. CLAY, Mr. SABO, Mr. KIND of OFFERED BY: MR. ALLEN ‘‘(3) is enrolled in a higher education insti- Wisconsin, Mr. DAVIS of Virginia, Mr. ALLEN, tution that— AMENDMENT NO. 10: Page 68, after line 11, and Mrs. CLAYTON. ‘‘(A) meets nationally accredited teacher H.R. 3523: Mr. KING of New York, Mr. insert the following new section (and redes- training graduate program standards; or BERRY, Mr. BURTON of Indiana, Mr. CANNON, ignate the succeeding section and conform ‘‘(B) demonstrates to the Secretary that at Mrs. LOWEY, and Mr. MATSUI. the table of contents accordingly): least 90 percent of the graduates of such a H.R. 3524: Mr. MILLER of California, Mr. SEC. 206. TEACHER RECRUITMENT. graduate teacher training program who FROST, and Mr. TORRES. (a) FUTURE MATH AND SCIENCE TEACHER enter the field of teaching take, and on their H.R. 3526: Mr. GORDON. RECRUITMENT.—Title II is further amended first attempt pass, the State teacher quali- H.R. 3534: Mr. DELAY, Mr. WAMP, Ms. by adding at the end the following new part: fication assessments for new teachers; and SANCHEZ, Mr. CALVERT, Mr. TAYLOR of Mis- ‘‘PART F—FUTURE MATH AND SCIENCE ‘‘(4) is willing to be teacher certified or li- sissippi, Mr. HERGER, Mr. BERRY, Mr. LIVING- TEACHER RECRUITMENT censed and commit themselves to teaching STON, Mr. SISISKY, Mr. STUMP, Mr. POMBO, math or science in a rural or urban public Mr. CUNNINGHAM, Mr. CAMPBELL, Mr. ‘‘SEC. 281A. SHORT TITLE; FINDINGS. secondary school for no less than 3 full aca- STEARNS, Mr. COLLINS, Mr. RYUN, Mrs. ‘‘(a) SHORT TITLE.—This part may be cited demic years. NORTHUP, Mr. TALENT, Mrs. EMERSON, Mr. as the ‘Recruit and Reward Future Math and WICKER, Mr. PICKERING, MR. BALLENGER, Mr. Science Teachers of America Act of 1998’. ‘‘SEC. 281E. SCHOLARSHIP AMOUNT. SMITH of New Jersey, Mr. SKEEN, Mr. GIB- ‘‘(b) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the follow- ‘‘(a) AMOUNT OF AWARD.—The amount of BONS, Mrs. KELLY, Mr. FOX of Pennsylvania, ing: scholarship awarded by participating teacher Mr. NETHERCUTT, Mr. PORTER, Ms. GRANGER, ‘‘(1) United States high school students training graduate programs under this part Mr. ENSIGN, Mr. MORAN of Kansas, Mr. BOB rank 12th and 19th, respectively, in science for any academic year shall be $10,000 per student. SCHAFFER, Mr. GALLEGLY, Mr. LATOURETTE, and math out of 25 countries. ‘‘(b) ASSISTANCE NOT TO EXCEED COST OF Mr. DEAL of Georgia, Mr. PAPPAS, and Mr. ‘‘(2) Of United States high school students ATTENDANCE.—No individual shall receive an PAUL. who take physical science and math courses, award under this part in any academic year H.R. 3541: Mr. KOLBE, Mr. BOUCHER, Mr. 48 percent and 49 percent, respectively, are which exceeds the cost of attendance. A FOLEY, Mr. GOODE, Mr. GIBBONS, Mr. HUTCH- taught by teachers who did not prepare in scholarship awarded under this part shall INSON, Mr. HOSTETTLER, Mr. BLUNT, Mr. HALL that field. not be reduced on the basis of the student’s of Ohio, Mr. CANADY of Florida, Ms. PRYCE of ‘‘(3) Teachers’ knowledge and skills power- receipt of other forms of Federal student fi- Ohio, Mr. JOHNSON of Wisconsin, Mr. CAL- fully influence student learning. nancial assistance, but shall be taken into VERT, Mr. FRANK of Massachusetts, and Mr. ‘‘(4) More than 2,000,000 teachers will need account in determining the eligibility of the SOUDER. to be hired over the next decade. student for those forms of Federal student fi- H.R. 3567: Mr. FRANKS of New Jersey. ‘‘(5) The ability of the United States to nancial assistance. H.R. 3570: Mr. STRICKLAND, Mr. LAMPSON, place highly qualified math and science ‘‘SEC. 281F. AGREEMENT; GRANT AND STIPEND Mr. VENTO, and Mr. THOMPSON. teachers specializing in their field of instruc- REPAYMENT PROVISIONS. H.R. 3599: Mr. TALENT. tion will depend on proactive policies that ‘‘(a) AGREEMENT.—Recipients of the Na- H.R. 3605: Mr. BISHOP, Mr. NEAL of Massa- increase funding for teacher training, re- tional Math and Science Teachers Scholar- chusetts, Mr. DAVIS of Illinois, Mr. MOLLO- cruitment, and induction. ships shall agree to teach in an urban or HAN, Mr. MOAKLEY, and Mr. SCOTT. ‘‘SEC. 281B. PURPOSE; APPROPRIATIONS AU- rural public secondary school for no less H.R. 3608: Mr. TAYLOR of Mississippi. THORIZED. than 3 full academic years. H.R. 3613: Ms. WOOLSEY and Mr. MALONEY ‘‘(a) PURPOSE.—It is the purpose of this ‘‘(b) REPAYMENT FOR FAILURE TO FULFILL of Connecticut. part to make available, through a pilot pro- AGREEMENT.—Any recipients of a Scholar- H.R. 3615: Mr. PAYNE, Mr. EVANS, Ms. gram, 500 scholarship grants and stipends to ship found by the Secretary to be in non- SLAUGHTER, and Mrs. MALONEY of New York. outstanding students enrolled in a nation- compliance with the agreement entered into H.R. 3636: Mr. MARKEY, Mr. FRANK of Mas- ally accredited teacher training graduate under subsection (a) of this section shall be sachusetts, Mr. HOUGHTON, Ms. KILPATRICK, program who are committed to pursuing ca- required to repay a pro rata amount of the Ms. WATERS, and Ms. CARSON. reers teaching math and science at an urban H.R. 3641: Mr. ENSIGN. scholarship awards received, plus interest or rural secondary level classroom. H.R. 3648: Mr. SESSIONS, Mr. ROYCE, Mr. and, where applicable, reasonable collection ‘‘(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— BRADY, Mr. ENGLISH of Pennsylvania, Mr. fees, on a schedule and at a rate of interest There are authorized to be appropriated to FORBES, Mr. WALSH, and Mr. CHABOT. prescribed by the Secretary by regulations. carry out this part $5,000,000 in each of the H.R. 3651: Mr. TOWNS and Mr. NADLER. ‘‘SEC. 281G. EXCEPTIONS TO REPAYMENT PROVI- fiscal years 1999, 2000, and 2001. H.R. 3661: Mr. KILDEE, Mr. LATOURETTE, SIONS. and Mr. MEEKS of New York. ‘‘SEC. 281C. SCHOLARSHIP DESIGNATION AND SE- ‘‘An individual recipient of a Scholarship H.R. 3674: Mr. JOHNSON of Wisconsin. LECTION CRITERIA. under this part shall not be considered in H.R. 3684: Ms. PRYCE of Ohio. ‘‘(a) SCHOLARSHIP DESIGNATION.—Funds violation of the agreement entered into pur- H.R. 3690: Mr. BACHUS and Mr. EVANS. made available under this part shall be des- suant to section 281F during any period in H.R. 3713: Ms. WOOLSEY. ignated as the ‘National Math and Science which the recipient— H.R. 3719: Mr. GOODLING. Teacher Scholarships’. ‘‘(1) is pursuing a full-time course of study H.J. Res. 102: Mr. LIVINGSTON and Mr. KAN- ‘‘(b) SELECTION CRITERIA.—The Secretary in math and science at an accredited institu- JORSKI. of Education may award funds for National tion; April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2425

‘‘(2) is serving, not in excess of 3 years, as (i) CHANGE IN STATUS.— ‘‘(A) are determined in accordance with a member of the armed services of the (1) AMENDMENT.—Section 498(i)(2) is paragraph (2) for each one year period begin- United States; amended by striking subparagraph (E) and ning on July 1; and ‘‘(3) is totally disabled for a period of time inserting the following new subparagraph: ‘‘(B) notwithstanding the note or other not to exceed 3 years as established by sworn ‘‘(E) the change in tax filing status of an written evidence of the loan and subpara- affidavit of a qualified physician; institution from for-profit to non-profit; or’’. graphs (D) and (E) of section 428(b)(1), shall ‘‘(4) is seeking and unable to find full-time (2) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendment continue to be paid until— employment for a single period not to exceed made by paragraph (1) shall be effective on ‘‘(i) the borrower has repaid the principal 12 months; the date of the enactment of this Act. and any accrued or capitalized interest on ‘‘(5) is seeking and unable to find full-time H.R. 6 the loan; or employment as a math and science teacher ‘‘(ii) the remaining obligations of the bor- OFFERED BY: MR. ANDREWS in a public or private nonprofit elementary rower are discharged under subsection (c). MENDMENT O or secondary school or education program A N . 12: Page 153, before line 13, ‘‘(2) CALCULATION OF INSTALLMENTS.— for a single period not to exceed 27 months; insert the following new subsection (and re- ‘‘(A) INSTALLMENT AMOUNTS.—The total or designate the succeeding subsections accord- amount that a borrower shall be required to ‘‘(6) satisfies the provision of additional re- ingly): pay as installments on a loan of such bor- payment exceptions that may be prescribed ‘‘(b) CONSOLIDATION LOANS.—Notwithstand- rower that is subject to repayment under by the Secretary in regulations issued pursu- ing any provision of subsection (a), with re- this section is equal to— ant to this section. spect to any consolidation loan made under ‘‘(i) one-fourth of the annual amount deter- section 428C for which the first disbursement ‘‘SEC. 281H. REPORT TO CONGRESS. mined under subparagraph (B), in the case of ‘‘On or before January 29, 2002, the Sec- is made on or after July 1, 1998, the applica- a loan that is repaid in quarterly install- retary of Education shall submit a report to ble rate of interest shall, during any 12- ments; or Congress evaluating the success of the Na- month period beginning on July 1 and ending ‘‘(ii) one-twelfth of such annual amount, in tional Math and Science Teacher Scholar- on June 30, be determined on the preceding the case of a loan that is repaid in monthly ships pilot program in recruiting math and June 1 and be equal to— installments. ‘‘(1) the bond equivalent rate of 91-day science teachers to teach in America’s public ‘‘(B) ANNUAL AMOUNT.—The annual amount secondary schools.’’. Treasury bills auctioned at the final auction for a loan that is subject to repayment under held prior to such June 1; plus this section is determined for each one year H.R. 6 ‘‘(2) 2.3 percent, OFFERED BY: MR. ALLEN period beginning on July 1 of each calendar except that such rate shall not exceed 8.25 year. The annual amount is determined by AMENDMENT NO. 11: Page 267, after line 11, percent. reference to the taxable income of the bor- insert the following new subsection (and re- H.R. 6 rower for the taxable year ending in the cal- designate the succeeding subsections accord- endar year preceding the calendar year in ingly): OFFERED BY: MR. ANDREWS (d) FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR REFUNDS AMENDMENT NO. 13: Page 154, line 18, strike which the determination is made. The an- AND DURING PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATION.— ‘‘2.8 percent’’ and insert ‘‘2.3 percent’’. nual amount is determined in accordance (1) AMENDMENT.—Section 498(e) is amended Page 155, strike lines 2 and 3 and insert the with the following table: by adding at the end the following new para- following: graphs: paragraph shall be applied by substituting Annual limit ‘‘(6) Notwithstanding any other provision ‘1.7 percent’ for ‘2.3 percent. of law, any person required to pay, on behalf In clause (iv) as amended by the Manager’s If the taxable income of the borrower Then the annual amount is— of a student or borrower, a refund of un- amendment to page 155, lines 12 through 23, is— earned institutional charges to a lender, or relating to consolidation loans, strike ‘‘for Less than $20,000 ...... 3% of taxable income the Secretary, who willfully fails to pay such ‘2.8 percent’, subject’’ and insert ‘‘for ‘2.3 per- $20,001–$40,000 ...... 5% of taxable income refund or willfully attempts in any manner cent’, subject’’. $40,001–$60,000 ...... 7% of taxable income to evade payment of such refund, shall, in H.R. 6 $60,001–$90,000 ...... 10% of taxable income addition to other penalties provided by law, $90,001–$120,000 ...... 15% of taxable income OFFERED BY: MR. ANDREWS be liable to the Secretary for the amount of $120,001 or more ...... 20% of taxable income the refund not paid, to the same extent with AMENDMENT NO. 14: Page 156, after line 3, respect to such refund that such an individ- insert the following new section (and redes- ‘‘(C) SPECIAL RULE FOR JOINT RETURNS.—If ual would be liable as a responsible person ignate the succeeding sections and conform an individual who is a borrower of a loan for a penalty under section 6672(a) of title 26, the table of contents accordingly): that is subject to repayment under this sec- United States Code, with respect to the non- SEC. 417. INCOME CONTINGENT REPAYMENT tion files a joint return for the taxable year payment of taxes. UNDER THE FFEL PROGRAM. on which the annual amount is based, then ‘‘(7) Notwithstanding any other provision Part B of title IV is amended by inserting the annual amount for such individual is de- of law, a proprietary institution of higher after section 427A (20 U.S.C. 1077a) the fol- termined under subparagraph (B) by treating education, as defined in section 481(b), may lowing new section: the taxable income of such individual as be provisionally certified under subsection ‘‘SEC. 427B. INCOME CONTINGENT REPAYMENT equal to one-half the taxable income indi- (h) only if it provides the Secretary with fi- OPTION cated on such joint return. nancial guarantees from one or more individ- ‘‘(a) AVAILABILITY OF OPTION.— ‘‘(3) CAPITALIZATION OF UNPAID INTEREST.— uals whom the Secretary determines, in ac- ‘‘(1) INDIVIDUAL LOANS.—An individual who If the amount that any borrower pays as an cordance with subsection (e)(2), exercise sub- has only one loan outstanding under this installment under paragraph (2) on a loan stantial control over such institution. Such part shall, not more than 6 months prior to that is subject to repayment under this sec- financial guarantees shall be in addition to the date on which the borrower’s first pay- tion is less than the interest that has ac- any financial guarantees otherwise required ment is due, be offered by the lender the op- crued since the preceding installment, then from the institution and shall be in an tion of repaying the loan in accordance with the remaining unpaid interest shall be added, amount determined by the Secretary to be this section. not more frequently than quarterly, to the sufficient to satisfy the institution’s poten- ‘‘(2) MULTIPLE LOANS.—An individual who principal amount of the loan. Such capital- tial liability to the Federal Government, has two or more loans outstanding under ization of interest shall not be deemed to ex- student assistance recipients, and other pro- this part may obtain a consolidation loan ceed the annual insurable limit on the ac- gram participants for funds under this title under section 428C for the purposes of obtain- count of the borrower. during the period of provisional certifi- ing the option of repaying the loan in ac- ‘‘(c) DISCHARGE OF OBLIGATION.— cation.’’. cordance with this section. ‘‘(1) UNPAID BALANCE REMAINING AFTER 25 (2) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments ‘‘(3) DIRECT LOANS.—An individual who has YEARS.—If the unpaid balance on a loan that made by paragraph (1)— one or more loans under part D of this title is subject to repayment under this section (A) relating to responsibility for unpaid re- may obtain income contingent repayment has not been repaid in full at the end of 25 funds, shall be effective with respect to any pursuant to section 455(e). years of repayment, then— unpaid refunds that were first required to be ‘‘(4) RESTRICTION OF OPTION TO NEW BOR- ‘‘(A) the Secretary shall repay the holder paid to a lender or to the Secretary on or ROWERS.—Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) of such loan such unpaid balance and the after 90 days after the date of enactment of through (3), the option of repaying a loan in holder of the loans shall be deemed to have this Act; accordance with this section shall be avail- a contractual right, as against the United (B) relating to financial guarantees re- able only to borrowers who, on the date of States, to receive from the Secretary such quired for provisional certification, shall be enactment of this section, do not have any unpaid balance without administrative delay effective with respect to any proprietary in- outstanding balance of principal or interest after the receipt by the Secretary of an accu- stitution of higher education provisionally on any loan made under this part or part D. rate and complete request for payment; and certified by the Secretary on or after the ‘‘(b) TERMS OF REPAYMENT UNDER OPTION.— ‘‘(B) such payment by the Secretary shall date of enactment of this Act. ‘‘(1) LOAN OBLIGATIONS UNDER OPTION.—A be applied to discharge the borrower from Page 269, after line 4, insert the following loan that is subject to repayment under this any remaining obligation with respect to the new subsection: section shall be repaid in installments that— loan. H2426 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998

‘‘(2) UNPAID BALANCE.—For the purposes of H.R. 6 H.R. 6 paragraph (1), the unpaid balance of a loan is OFFERED BY: MR. ANDREWS OFFERED BY: MR. ANDREWS the sum of unpaid principal and unpaid ac- AMENDMENT NO. 15: Page 163, strike out AMENDMENT NO. 17: Page 164, after line 25, crued and capitalized interest, and any fees, lines 16 and 17 and insert in lieu thereof the insert the following new section (and con- such as late charges, assessed on such loan in following: form the table of contents accordingly): accordance with the requirements of this (p) LENDERS-OF-LAST-RESORT.—Section part and the regulations thereunder. SEC. 417A. ADDITIONAL REDUCTIONS AND BENE- 428(j)(3) is amended— FITS. ‘‘(e) INFORMATION NEEDED FOR COLLEC- (1) in subparagraph (A)— (a) LENDER AND HOLDER RISK SHARING.— TION.— (A) in the heading thereof, by striking Section 428(b)(1)(G) (20 U.S.C. 1078(b)(1)(G)) is ‘‘(1) ACCESS TO TAXPAYER INFORMATION.— ‘‘DURING TRANSITION TO DIRECT LENDING’’; amended by striking ‘‘98 percent’’ and insert- (B) by striking out ‘‘during the transition The Secretary may obtain such information ing ‘‘95 percent’’. as is reasonably necessary regarding the tax- from the Federal Family Education Loan (b) INSURANCE PREMIUMS.—Section Program under this part to the Federal Di- able income of a borrower (and the borrow- 428(b)(1)(H) of such Act is amended— er’s spouse, if applicable) of a loan that is rect Student Loan Program under part D of (1) by inserting the clause designation subject to repayment under this section for the title,’’ and inserting a comma; ‘‘(i)’’ following the subparagraph designa- (C) by inserting ‘‘designated for a State’’ the purpose of determining the installment tion; immediately after ‘‘a guaranty agency’’; and caps under subsection (b)(2). Returns and re- (2) by striking ‘‘the loan,’’ and inserting (D) by inserting ‘‘subparagraph (C) and’’ turn information (as defined in section 6103 ‘‘any loan made under section 428 or 428B be- of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) may be immediately before ‘‘section 422(c)(7),’’; and (2) by adding at the end thereof the follow- fore July 1, 1998,’’; and obtained under the preceding sentence only (3) after clause (i) (as redesignated by para- ing new subparagraph: to the extent authorized by section 6103(l)(13) graph (1)), by adding ‘‘and’’ and the following of such Code. ‘‘(C) The Secretary shall exercise the au- thority described in subparagraph (A) only if new clause: ‘‘(2) ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTS.—A borrower ‘‘(ii) provides that no insurance premiums of a loan that is subject to repayment under the Secretary determines that eligible bor- rowers are seeking and are unable to obtain shall be charged to the borrower of any loan this section and for whom taxable income is made under section 428 or 428B on or after unavailable or does not reasonably reflect loans under this part, and that the guaranty agency designated for that State has the ca- July 1, 1998;’’. the borrower’s current income, shall provide (c) DIRECT LOAN ORIGINATION FEES.—Sec- pability to provide lender-of-last-resort to the Secretary other documentation of in- tion 455(c) (20 U.S.C. 1087e(c)) is amended— loans in a timely manner, in accordance with come satisfactory to the Secretary. (1) by striking ‘‘The Secretary’’ and insert- its obligations under paragraph (1), but can- ‘‘(3) TRANSMISSION OF DATA TO LENDERS.— ing ‘‘(1) For loans made under this part be- not do so without advances provided by the The Secretary shall, by regulation, establish fore July 1, 1998, the Secretary’’; Secretary under this paragraph. If the Sec- procedures for the transmission of data gath- (2) by striking ‘‘of a loan made under this retary makes the determinations described ered under (1) and (2) to the lender or holder part’’; and of a loan that is subject to repayment under in the preceding sentence and determines (3) by adding at the end thereof the follow- this section. that it would be cost-effective to do so, the ing new paragraph: Secretary may provide advances under this ‘‘(4) NOTIFICATION TO BORROWERS.—The Sec- ‘‘(2) For Federal Direct Stafford/Ford retary shall establish procedures under paragraph to that guaranty agency. If the Loans made under this part on or after July which a borrower of a loan that is subject to Secretary determines that guaranty agency 1, 1998, the Secretary shall charge the bor- repayment under this section is notified of does not have such capability, or will not rower an origination fee of 3.0 percent of the the terms and conditions of such loan, in- provide such loans in a timely fashion, the principal amount of the loan.’’. cluding notification of such borrower— Secretary may provide such advances to en- (d) SECRETARY’S EQUITABLE SHARE OF COL- ‘‘(A) that the Internal Revenue Service able another guaranty agency, that the Sec- LECTIONS.— will disclose to the Secretary tax return in- retary determines to have such capability, to (1) AMENDMENT.—Section 428(c)(6)(A)(ii) (20 formation as authorized under section make lender-of-last-resort loans to eligible U.S.C. 1078(c)(6)(A)(ii)), as amended by sec- 6103(l)(13) of the Internal Revenue Code of borrowers in that State who are experiencing tion 412(d)(2)(A), is further amended by strik- 1986; and loan access problems.’’. ing ‘‘24 percent’’ and inserting ‘‘18.5 per- ‘‘(B) that if a borrower considers that spe- H.R. 6 cent’’. cial circumstances, such as a loss of employ- OFFERED BY: MR. ANDREWS (2) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendment ment by the borrower or the borrower’s AMENDMENT NO. 16: Page 164, after line 25, made by paragraph (1) of this subsection spouse, warrant an adjustment in the bor- insert the following new subsection: shall be effective with respect to any pay- rower’s loan repayment as determined using (t) NOTICE OF AVAILABILITY OF INCOME-SEN- ments made by borrowers on or after October the information described in subparagraph SITIVE REPAYMENT OPTION.— 1, 1997. (A), or the alternative documentation de- (1) AMENDMENT.—Section 428 is further H.R. 6 scribed in paragraph (2), the borrower may amended by adding at the end the following OFFERED BY: MRS. CLAYTON contact the Secretary, who shall determine new subsection: whether such adjustment is appropriate, in ‘‘(o) NOTICE OF AVAILABILITY OF INCOME- AMENDMENT NO. 18: Page 248, line 4, strike accordance with criteria established by the SENSITIVE REPAYMENT OPTION.—At the time ‘‘and’’; on line 10, strike the second period Secretary. of offering a borrower a loan under this part, and insert ‘‘; and’’, and after line 10 insert the following: ‘‘(f) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this sec- and at the time of offering the borrower the (7) by adding at the end the following new tion: option of repaying a loan in accordance with paragraph: ‘‘(1) TAXABLE INCOME.—The taxable income this subsection, the lender shall provide the ‘‘(23) The institution will distribute to of a borrower is determined in the manner borrower with a notice that informs the bor- each student, during registration for enroll- provided in section 63 of the Internal Reve- rower, in a form prescribed by the Secretary ment in its instructional program, the mail nue Code of 1986. by regulation— voter registration application form described ‘‘(2) TAXABLE YEAR.—The term ‘taxable ‘‘(1) that all borrowers are eligible for in- in section 9(a)(2) of the National Voter Reg- year’ means the taxable year of a taxpayer come-sensitive repayment through loan con- istration Act of 1993, unless the student, in for purposes of subtitle A of such Code.’’. solidation under section 428C; writing, declines to receive such form.’’. Page 204, after line 5, insert the following ‘‘(2) the procedures by which the borrower new section (and redesignate the succeeding may elect income-sensitive repayment; and H.R. 6 sections and conform the table of contents ‘‘(3) where and how the borrower may ob- OFFERED BY: MR. EDWARDS tain additional information concerning in- accordingly): AMENDMENT NO. 19: In section 271 of the come-sensitive repayment.’’. SEC. 438. INCOME CONTINGENT REPAYMENT Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended by (2) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.— UNDER THE FEDERAL DIRECT LOAN (A) Section 428(b)(1)(E)(i) is amended by in- the manager’s amendment offered by the PROGRAM. serting before the semicolon the following: Gentleman from Pennsylvania, strike ‘‘and’’ Section 455(e) of the Higher Education Act ‘‘or of repaying the loan in accordance with at the end of paragraph (2), strike the period of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1087e(e)) is amended to read an income-sensitive repayment schedule of- at the end of paragraph 93) and insert ‘‘; as follows: fered pursuant to section 428C’’. and’’, and after such paragraph 93) insert the ‘‘(e) PARALLEL INCOME CONTINGENT REPAY- (B) Section 485(b)(1)(A) is amended— following new paragraph: MENT.— (i) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end of clause ‘‘(4) to provide competitive grants to ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall offer (i); States for assistance in improving the mana- borrowers under this part the option of re- (ii) by striking the period at the end of gerial skills of school principals and super- paying their loans in the same manner as clause (ii) and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and intendents. loans that are subject to repayment in ac- (iii) by adding at the end the following new In section 273(a) of the Higher Education cordance with section 427B. clause: Act of 1965, as amended by the manager’s ‘‘(2) EXCEPTIONS.—The Secretary shall pre- ‘‘(iii) the information required to be dis- amendment offered by the Gentleman from scribe any regulations necessary to imple- closed by lenders pursuant to section Pennsylvania, add at the end the following ment the requirements of paragraph (1).’’. 428(o).’’. new paragraphs: April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2427 ‘‘(7) Developing and implementing effective management that has been reviewed by an tive ownership based on the percentage of mechanisms to provide principals and super- independent audit firm no later than 60 days such asset acquired with such Federal re- intendents with advanced managerial skills. after the date of enactment of this Act and serve funds and any other funds, to be used ‘‘(8) Creating opportunities for school prin- to submit such a report to the House and by such agency as authorized by this part. cipals and superintendents to further their Senate authorizing committees. To the extent that a nonliquid asset was ac- professional development by providing ad- (2) Take actions necessary to ensure that quired only in part with Federal reserve vanced managerial skills training. all internal and external systems and hard- funds, and the cost of such asset was allo- H.R. 6 ware administered by the Department and cated between such Federal reserve funds OFFERED BY: MR. FARR OF CALIFORNIA required for aid processing and administra- and other funds, the Secretary may restrict tion under title IV of the Higher Education or regulate the use of such asset only to the AMENDMENT NO. 20: Insert at the end of sec- Act of 1965 are Year 2000 compliant to the ex- extent necessary to reasonably protect the tion 271(1) of the Higher Education Act of tent necessary to ensure that no business Secretary’s prorated share of the value of 1965 as amended by the manager’s amend- interruption occurs. Such actions shall in- such assets. ment offered by the Gentleman from Penn- clude— Page 142, after line 22, insert the following sylvania the following: ‘‘, such as math, (A) establishing schedules for testing and new paragraph (and redesignate the succeed- science, English, foreign languages, history, implementing new exchange formats prior to ing paragraph accordingly): economics, art, and civics’’. 1 March 1999 for completing all data ex- ‘‘(3) PURCHASE OF NONLIQUID ASSETS.—The H.R. 6 change corrections; which schedules may in- guaranty agency may use the Operating OFFERED BY: MR. FARR OF CALIFORNIA clude national test days that could be used Fund or other non-Federal funds to purchase AMENDMENT NO. 21: Page 310, strike line 3 for end-to-end testing of critical business nonliquid assets of the agency originally ac- and insert the following (and redesignate the processes and associated data exchanges af- quired, in whole or in part, with Federal re- succeeding paragraph accordingly): fecting Federal, State, and local govern- serve funds. Such nonliquid assets may be (3) in subsection (c)(2)— ments; purchased at fair market value, prorated (A) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end of sub- (B) notifying exchange partners of the im- based on the percentage of such asset ac- paragraph (E); plications to the agency and the exchange quired with Federal reserve funds; except (B) by redesignating subparagraph (F) as partners if they do not make date conversion that a guaranty agency may not use the Op- subparagraph (G); and corrections in time to meet the federal erating Fund to purchase any such nonliquid (C) by inserting after subparagraph (E) the schedule for implementing and testing Year assets during any period in which funds are following new subparagraph: 2000 compliant data exchange processes; owed to the Federal Student Loan Reserve ‘‘(F) professional graduate degrees in (C) giving priority to installing the filters Fund as a result of a transfer under 422A(f). translation and interpretation; and’’; and necessary to prevent the corruption of mis- The prorated purchase amount shall be de- H.R. 6 sion-critical systems from data exchanges posited in the Federal Student Loan Reserve OFFERED BY: MR. FOLEY with noncompliant systems; and Fund of the guaranty agency. AMENDMENT NO. 22: Page 346, after line 24, (D) developing and implementing, as part Page 143, line 5, strike ‘‘the due diligence’’ insert the following new part (and conform of the Department’s overall business con- and insert ‘‘any due diligence’’. the table of contents accordingly): tinuity and contingency planning efforts, Page 143, line 7, insert before the period Part C—General Education Provisions Act specific provision for the data exchanges the following: ‘‘which are no more burden- that may fail, including the approaches to be some than those regulations in effect upon SEC. 961. ACCESS TO RECORDS CONCERNING used to mitigate operational problems if the date of enactment of this section’’. CRIMES OF VIOLENCE. their partners do not make date conversion Page 143, line 14, insert before the period Section 444(h) of the General Education corrections when needed. the following: ‘‘which are no more burden- Provisions Act (20 U.S.C. 1232g(h)) is amend- (3) Have a qualified independent audit firm some than those regulations in effect upon ed to read as follows: review the Department’s Year 2000 system the date of enactment of this section’’. ‘‘(h) DISCIPLINARY RECORDS.—(1) Nothing in this section shall prohibit an educational and hardware compliance and submit a re- Page 144, line 3, strike ‘‘The’’ and insert agency or institution from— port on its review to the Secretary and to ‘‘Notwithstanding any other provision of ‘‘(A) including appropriate information in the chairs of the respective House and Sen- law, the’’. the education record of any student concern- ate authorizing committees no later than Page 149, strike line 22 through page 150, ing disciplinary action taken against such June 30, 1999. line 2, and insert following: student for conduct that posed a significant (4) Convene at least quarterly meetings aversion fee. Such fee shall be paid for any risk to the safety or well-being of that stu- with individuals from the school, student, loan on which a claim for default has not dent, other students, or other members of lender, and guarantor communities begin- been paid that the guaranty agency brings the school community; or ning 30 days after the date of enactment of into current repayment status on or before ‘‘(B) disclosing such information to teach- this act to be responsible— the 210th day after the loan becomes 60 days ers and school officials, including teachers (A) for reviewing the risk assessment and delinquent. and school officials in other schools, who audit report provided for in paragraphs (1) Page 150, strike line 6 through line 10, and have legitimate educational interests in the and (3); insert the following: (B) for monitoring the Department’s im- behavior of the student. by the lender. Such fee shall not be paid plementation of the Year 2000 change; ‘‘(2) Nothing in this section shall prohibit more than once on any loan for which the (C) for assisting the Department with the any post-secondary educational agency or in- guaranty agency averts the default unless development of contingency plans for any stitution from disclosing disciplinary the lender filed a default aversion assistance item reported to be noncompliant under records of any kind which contain informa- request at least 12 months after the borrower paragraph (30; tion that personally identifies a student or became current in payments. A guaranty (D) publishing quarterly reports on imple- students who have either admitted to or agency may been found to have committed any act, mentation progress which shall include the H.R. 6 which is a crime of violence (as that term is Department’s status in completing key steps defined in section 16 of title 18, United States for data exchanges, such as the percent of ex- OFFERED BY: MR. GORDON Code), in violation of institutional policy, ei- changes inventoried, assess, for which agree- AMENDMENT NO. 25: Page 154, beginning on ther as a violation of the law or a specific in- ments have been reached, testing and imple- line 5, strike subparagraph (F) through page stitutional policy, where such records are di- mentation schedules and testing and imple- 155, line 19, and insert the following: rectly related to such misconduct.’’. mentation completed; and ‘‘(F) Subject to paragraph (4), the special H.R. 6 (E) providing such a report to the respec- allowances paid pursuant to this subsection tive House and Senate authorizing commit- on loans made on or after July 1, 1998 for OFFERED BY: MR. GORDON tees. which the applicable interest rate is deter- AMENDMENT NO. 23: Page 53, after line 3, in- H.R. 6 mined under section 427A(a) shall be com- sert the following new part (and conform the OFFERED BY: MR. GORDON puted— table of contents accordingly); AMENDMENT NO. 24: Page 138, beginning on ‘‘(i) by determining the bond equivalent Part C—Year 2000 Computer Compliance line 9, strike subsection (e) through page 139, rate of the average of the quotes as reported SEC. 121. YEAR 2000 AUTHORIZATION. line 9, and insert the following: by the Federal Reserve of the 3-month com- To ensure that all computer operations ‘‘(e) OWNERSHIP OF FEDERAL FUND.—The mercial paper (financial) rate in effect for and processing including title IV aid process- Federal fund of the guaranty agency, and each of the days in the quarter for which the ing delivery, and administration is provided nonliquid assets, such as buildings and rate is being determined; without interruption by the Department of equipment, purchased by the guaranty agen- ‘‘(ii) by subtracting the applicable interest Education beyond December 31, 1999, the Sec- cy, in whole or in part with Federal reserve rate on such loan from such applicable bond retary of Education shall take each of the funds, regardless of who holds or controls the equivalent rate; following actions: reserves or assets, shall be considered to be ‘‘(iii)(I) for Stafford loans during any pe- (1) Publish a risk assessment of the sys- the property of the United States and the riod in which principal need not be paid tems and hardware under the Department’s guaranty agency, prorated as to their respec- (whether or not such principal is in fact H2428 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 paid) by reason of provision described in sec- H.R. 6 of a high school diploma by a student in the tion 428(b)(1)(M) or 427(a)(2)(C), by adding 1.8 OFFERED BY: MS. JACKSON-LEE OF TEXAS grade that the recipient is in at the time the percent to the resultant percent, (II) for award commences; and AMENDMENT NO. 31: at the end of the bill, Stafford loans during any other periods, by ‘‘(2) for a postsecondary student, shall be add the following new title: adding 2.39 percent to the resultant percent, the lesser of— or (III) or PLUS loans, by adding 3.1 percent TITLE XIII–EARLY DYSLEXIA ‘‘(A) the time actually required by the stu- to the resultant percent; and DETECTION dent to complete a course of study and ob- ‘‘(iv) by dividing the resultant percent by SEC. 1202. EARLY DYSLEXIA DETECTION. tain a diploma; and 4.’’. Directs the Secretary to conduct a study ‘‘(B) 6 years in the case of a student en- H.R. 6 and submit a report to the Congress on gaged in undergraduate studies and 3 years in the case of a student engaged in post- OFFERED BY: MR. HALL OF TEXAS methods for identifying students with dys- lexia early in their educational training, and graduate studies. AMENDMENT NO. 26: At the appropriate conduct such study in conjunction with the ‘‘(d) NOTIFICATION.—The Secretary shall place in the bill in Title VIII insert the fol- National Academy of Sciences. notify the recipient and the eligible institu- lowing new section: H.R. 6 tion of the applicant’s selection for receipt SEC. . TEXAS COLLEGE PROVISION. of an award under this chapter, the condi- The Secretary may not consider audit defi- OFFERED BY: MRS. KELLY tions pertaining to award eligibility and con- ciencies relating to record keeping with re- AMENDMENT NO. 32: Page 128, line 12, strike tinuance. spect to qualifying students for financial aid the close quotation marks and following pe- ‘‘(e) FISCAL AGENT.—The Secretary shall, if at Texas College, located in Tyler, Texas, for riod and after such line insert the following practicable, use the eligible institution as academic years prior to academic year 1994– new chapter: fiscal agent for payment of an award. 1995 in determining whether Texas College ‘‘CHAPTER 6—PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICER ‘‘SEC. 411B. ADDITIONAL AWARD REQUIREMENTS. complies with the financial responsibility MEMORIAL SCHOLARSHIPS. A student awarded a scholarship grant and administrative capacity standards under ‘‘SEC. 411A. SCHOLARSHIPS AUTHORIZED. under this chapter, as a condition for initial Section 498 of the Higher Education Act of ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.— receipt of such award and periodically there- 1965, if Texas College has made a good faith ‘‘(1) SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS.—The Secretary after as a condition for its continuation, effort to furnish records to the Department is authorized to award a scholarship to— shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the with respect to such audits. ‘‘(A) any eligible applicant who is attend- Secretary that the student is— H.R. 6 ing, or who has been accepted for attendance ‘‘(1) maintaining satisfactory progress in OFFERED BY: MS. JACKSON-LEE OF TEXAS at, any eligible institution providing instruc- the course of study the student is pursuing— ‘‘(A) in the case of a kindergarten or ele- AMENDMENT NO. 27: Page 136, line 19 add tion for one or more of grades kindergarten mentary or secondary school student, as de- the following new section: through 12; or (B) any eligible applicant who is enrolled, termined by the Secretary; and TITLE IV—GUARANTY AGENCY ‘‘(B) in the case of a postsecondary stu- REFORMS or has been accepted for enrollment, in an el- igible institution as a full-time or part-time dent, consistent with section 484(c); SEC. 413. GUARANTY AGENCY REFORMS. post-secondary level student. ‘‘(2) committed to remaining drug-free; and Directs the Secretary to conduct a study ‘‘(2) APPLICATION.—To receive a scholarship ‘‘(3) attending class on a regular basis as to to investigate to what extent the actions of award under this chapter, each eligible appli- not interfere with normal course of studies the lenders and the guarantors impact upon cant shall submit an application to the Sec- except for excused absence for vacation, ill- the default rates of student borrowers as it retary in such time and manner as may be ness, military service and such other periods relates to the servicing of the loans or the determined appropriate by the Secretary, ac- deemed good cause by the eligible institu- due diligence of the loan. companied by a certification from the head tion or the Secretary. H.R. 6 of the agency that employed the public safe- ‘‘SEC. 411C. AGREEMENTS WITH ELIGIBLE INSTI- TUTIONS. OFFERED BY: MS. JACKSON-LEE OF TEXAS ty officer to whom the applicant was married (in the case of a surviving spouse), or with For the purposes of this chapter, the Sec- AMENDMENT NO. 28: Page 149, line 13, strike retary is authorized to enter into agree- ‘‘60th’’ and insert ‘‘120th’’. whom the applicant was living or from whom the applicant was receiving support con- ments with eligible institutions in which any Page 150, line 2, strike ‘‘60 days’’ and insert student receiving a scholarship award under ‘‘120 days’’. tributions (in the case of a dependent child), stating that such officer died as a result of this chapter has enrolled or has been accept- H.R. 6 the performance of the officer’s official du- ed for enrollment. Each such agreement OFFERED BY: MS. JACKSON-LEE OF TEXAS ties. shall— AMENDMENT NO. 29: Page 182, line 14, strike ‘‘(b) MAXIMUM AWARD.— ‘‘(1) provide that an eligible institution the close quotation marks and following pe- ‘‘(1) ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY will cooperate with the Secretary in carry- riod and after such line insert the following AWARDS.—For any academic year, the maxi- ing out the provisions of this chapter, in- new paragraph: mum amount of a scholarship award under cluding the provision of information nec- ‘‘(7) AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY TO AS- this section for a kindergarten or elemen- essary for a student to satisfy the require- SIST DISTRESSED INSTITUTION.—The Sec- tary or secondary school student may equal, ments in section 411B; retary is authorized to provide administra- but not exceed, the lesser of the following: ‘‘(2) provide that the institution will con- tive, fiscal, management, strategic planning, ‘‘(A) The average per pupil expenditure for duct a periodic review to determine whether and technical assistance through a qualified elementary and secondary education of the students enrolled and receiving scholarship third-party consultant identified by the in- local educational agency for the geographic awards continue to be entitled to payments stitution or an organization representing area in which the eligible applicant resides. under this chapter and will notify the Sec- such institutions. Institutions eligible for ‘‘(B) The actual cost to the student for at- retary of the results of such reviews; and such assistance include those institutions tendance at the school, including expenses ‘‘(3) provide for control and accounting which qualify for the exemption in para- such as tuition, fees, books, transportation procedures as may be necessary to assure graph (2)(C)(i), (ii), and (iii) of this sub- costs, and other related expenses determined proper disbursements and accounting of section, or which have submitted a default by the Secretary. funds paid under to the institution under management plan under paragraph (5) which ‘‘(2) POSTSECONDARY AWARDS.—For any section 411A(e). has been accepted by the Secretary. academic year, the maximum amount of a ‘‘SEC. 411D. DEFINITIONS. H.R. 6 scholarship award under this section for a In this chapter: postsecondary student may equal, but not ‘‘(1) DEPENDENT CHILD.—The term ‘depend- OFFERED BY: MS. JACKSON-LEE OF TEXAS exceed, the lesser of the following: ent child’ means a child who is either living AMENDMENT NO. 30: Page 270, after line 16, ‘‘(A) The average cost of attendance (as de- with or receiving regular support contribu- insert the following new section: fined in section 472), at a State university in tions from a public safety officer at the time SEC. 480. RELIEF FROM OBLIGATION. the State in which the student resides, for a of the officer’s death, including a stepchild To the extent authorized in advance in an State resident carrying the same academic or an adopted child. appropriation Act, the Secretary may, in workload as the student, with the same num- ‘‘(2) ELIGIBLE APPLICANT.—The term ‘eligi- settlement of claims found or arising under ber of dependents as the student, and resid- ble applicant’ means a person residing in a audits and program reviews under title IV of ing in the same type of housing as the stu- State who is— the Higher Education Act of 1965, forgive the dent. ‘‘(A) a surviving spouse; or obligations to pay such claims of Texas ‘‘(B) The actual cost of attendance (as de- ‘‘(B) a dependent child. Southern University relating to the adminis- fined in section 472) of such student. ‘‘(3) ELIGIBLE INSTITUTION.—The term ‘eli- tration of programs under such title, subject ‘‘(c) AWARD PERIOD.—The duration of each gible institution’ means a public or private to such terms and conditions as Secretary award under this chapter— kindergarten or elementary or secondary may require with respect to conduct of pro- ‘‘(1) for a kindergarten or elementary or school, or any institution defined in section grams under such title on and after the date secondary school student, shall be the period 435(a), if the kindergarten, school, or institu- of enactment of this Act. of time normally required for the completion tion— April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2429 ‘‘(A) is located in a State; and ‘‘(1) the time actually required by the stu- ‘‘(i) apprehending or attempting to appre- ‘‘(B) complies with the antidiscrimination dent to complete a course of study and ob- hend of any person— provisions of section 601 of the Civil Rights tain a diploma; and ‘‘(I) for the commission of a criminal act; Act of 1964 and does not discriminate on the ‘‘(2) 6 years in the case of a student en- or basis of race. gaged in undergraduate studies and 3 years ‘‘(II) who at the time was sought as a ma- ‘‘(4) PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICERS.—The term in the case of a student engaged in post- terial witness in a criminal proceeding; or ‘public safety officer’ means a person serving graduate studies. ‘‘(ii) protecting or guarding a person held a public agency of a State or of a unit of gen- ‘‘(d) NOTIFICATION.—The Secretary shall for the commission of a criminal act, or held eral local government, with or without com- notify the recipient and the eligible institu- as a material witness in connection with a pensation, as— tion of the applicant’s selection for receipt criminal act; or ‘‘(A) a law enforcement officer, including a of an award under this chapter, the condi- ‘‘(iii) lawfully preventing of, or lawfully corrections or a court officer engaged in— tions pertaining to award eligibility and con- attempting to prevent the commission of, a ‘‘(i) apprehending or attempting to appre- tinuance. criminal act or an apparent criminal act in hend any person— ‘‘(e) FISCAL AGENT.—The Secretary shall, if ‘‘(I) for the commission of a criminal act; the performance of his official duty; or practicable, use the eligible institution as or ‘‘(B) a firefighter. ‘‘(II) who at the time was sought as a ma- fiscal agent for payment of an award. ‘‘(5) SURVIVING SPOUSE.—The term ‘surviv- terial witness in a criminal proceeding; or ‘‘SEC. 411B. ADDITIONAL AWARD REQUIREMENTS. ing spouse’ means the legally married hus- ‘‘(ii) protecting or guarding a person held A student awarded a scholarship grant band or wife of a public safety officer at the for the commission of a criminal act, or held under this chapter, as a condition for initial time of the officer’s death. as a material witness in connection with a receipt of such award and periodically there- ‘‘(6) UNIT OF GENERAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT.— criminal act; or after as a condition for its continuation, The term ‘unit of general local government’ ‘‘(iii) lawfully preventing of, or lawfully shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the means any city, county, township, town, bor- attempting to prevent the commission of, a Secretary that the student is— ough, parish, village, or any other general criminal act or an apparent criminal act in ‘‘(1) maintaining satisfactory progress in purpose subdivision of a State, or any Indian the performance of his official duty; or the course of study the student is pursuing tribe which the Secretary of the Interior de- ‘‘(B) a firefighter. consistent with section 484(c); termines performs law enforcement func- ‘‘(5) SURVIVING SPOUSE.—The term ‘surviv- ‘‘(2) committed to remaining drug-free; and tions.’’. ing spouse’ means the legally married hus- ‘‘(3) attending class on a regular basis as to H.R. 6 band or wife of a public safety officer at the not interfere with normal course of studies OFFERED BY: MR. KENNEDY OF time of the officer’s death. except for excused absence for vacation, ill- MASSACHUSETTS ‘‘(6) UNIT OF GENERAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT.— ness, military service and such other periods The term ‘unit of general local government’ AMENDMENT NO. 34: Page 33, after line 10, deemed good cause by the eligible institu- insert the following new section (and redes- means any city, country, township, town, tion or the Secretary. borough, parish, village, or any other general ignate the succeeding section and conform ‘‘SEC. 411C. AGREEMENTS WITH ELIGIBLE INSTI- the table of contents accordingly): purpose subdivision of a State, or any Indian TUTIONS. tribe which the Secretary of the Interior de- SEC. 103. NATIONAL RECOGNITION AWARDS. For the purposes of this chapter, the Sec- Section 111, as redesignated by section termines performs law enforcement func- retary is authorized to enter into agree- tions.’’. 101(a)(3)(E), is amended by adding at the end ments with eligible institutions in which any the following new subsection: H.R. 6 student receiving a scholarship award under ‘‘(e) NATIONAL RECOGNITION AWARDS.— OFFERED BY: MRS. KELLY this chapter has enrolled or has been accept- ‘‘(1) AWARDS.—For the purpose of providing AMENDMENT 33: Page 128, line 12, strike the ed for enrollment. Each such agreement models of alcohol and drug abuse prevention close quotation marks and following period shall— and education (including treatment-referral) and after such line insert the following new ‘‘(1) provide that an eligible institution programs in higher education and to focus chapter: will cooperate with the Secretary in carry- national attention on exemplary alcohol and ‘‘CHAPTER 6—PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICER ing out the provisions of this chapter, in- drug abuse prevention efforts, the Secretary MEMORIAL SCHOLARSHIPS. cluding the provision of information nec- of Education shall, on an annual basis, make ‘‘SEC. 411A. SCHOLARSHIPS AUTHORIZED. essary for a student to satisfy the require- 10 National Recognition Awards to institu- ments in section 411B; ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.— tions of higher education that have devel- ‘‘(2) provide that the institution will con- ‘‘(1) SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS.—The Secretary oped and implemented effective alcohol and is authorized to award a scholarship to any duct a periodic review to determine whether drug abuse prevention and education pro- eligible applicant who is enrolled, or has students enrolled and receiving scholarship grams. Such awards shall be made at a cere- been accepted for enrollment, in an eligible awards continue to be entitled to payments mony in Washington, D.C. and a document institution as a full-time or part-time post- under this chapter and will notify the Sec- describing the programs of those who receive secondary level student. retary of the results of such reviews; and the awards shall be distributed nationally. ‘‘(3) provide for control and accounting ‘‘(2) APPLICATION.—To receive a scholarship ‘‘(2) APPLICATION.— award under this chapter, each eligible appli- procedures as may be necessary to assure ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—A national recognition cant shall submit an application to the Sec- proper disbursements and accounting of award shall be made under paragraph (1) to retary in such time and manner as may be funds paid under to the institution under institutions of higher education which have determined appropriate by the Secretary, ac- section 411A(e). applied for such award. Such an application companied by a certification from the head ‘‘SEC. 411D. DEFINITIONS. shall contain— of the agency that employed the public safe- In this chapter: ‘‘(i) a clear description of the goals and ob- ty officer to whom the applicant was married ‘‘(1) DEPENDENT CHILD.—The term ‘depend- jectives of the alcohol and drug abuse pro- (in the case of a surviving spouse), or with ent child’ means a child who is either living grams of the institution applying, whom the applicant was living or from whom with or receiving regular support contribu- ‘‘(ii) a description of program activities the applicant was receiving support con- tions from a public safety officer at the time that focus on alcohol and other drug policy tributions (in the case of a dependent child), of the officer’s death, including a stepchild issues, policy development, modification, or stating that such officer died as a result of or an adopted child. refinement, policy dissemination and imple- the performance of the officer’s official du- ‘‘(2) ELIGIBLE APPLICANT.—The term ‘eligi- mentation, and policy enforcement; ties. ble applicant’ means a person residing in a ‘‘(iii) a description of activities that en- ‘‘(b) MAXIMUM AWARD.—For any academic State who is— courage student and employee participation year, the maximum amount of a scholarship ‘‘(A) a surviving spouse; or and involvement in both activity develop- award under this section for a postsecondary ‘‘(B) a dependent child. ment and implementation; student may equal, but not exceed, the lesser ‘‘(3) ELIGIBLE INSTITUTION.—The term ‘eli- ‘‘(iv) the objective criteria used to deter- of the following: gible institution’ means an eligible institu- mine the effectiveness of the methods used ‘‘(1) The average cost of attendance (as de- tion as defined in section 435(a) that— in such programs and the means used to fined in section 472), at a State university in ‘‘(A) is located in a State; and evaluate and improve the program efforts; the State in which the student resides, for a ‘‘(B) complies with the antidiscrimination ‘‘(v) a description of special initiatives State resident carrying the same academic provisions of section 601 of the Civil Rights used to reduce high-risk behavior or increase workload as the student, with the same num- Act of 1964 and does not discriminate on the low risk behavior, or both; and ber of dependents as the student, and resid- basis of race. ‘‘(vi) a description of coordination and net- ing in the same type of housing as the stu- ‘‘(4) PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICER.—The term working efforts that exist in the community dent. ‘public safety officer’ means a person serving in which the institution is located for pur- ‘‘(2) The actual cost of attendance (as de- a public agency of a State or of a unit of gen- poses of such programs. fined in section 472) of such student. eral local government, with or without com- ‘‘(B) ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA.—All institu- ‘‘(c) AWARD PERIOD.—The duration of each pensation, as— tions of higher education which are two- and award under this chapter for a postsecondary ‘‘(A) a law enforcement officer, including a four-year colleges and universities that have student, shall be the lesser of— corrections or a court officer engaged in— established a drug and alcohol prevention H2430 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998

and education program are eligible to apply such time, in such manner, and containing ‘‘(c) INFORMING CONGRESS.—The Secretary for a National Recognition Award. To re- or accompanied by such information as the shall keep the appropriate committees of the ceive such an Award an institution of higher Secretary may reasonably require by regula- Congress informed with respect to the efforts education must be nominated to receive it. tion. made pursuant to this section and shall rec- An institution of higher education may ‘‘(3) The Secretary shall make every effort ommend any additional legislative authority nominate itself or be nominated by others to ensure— that will serve the purposes of this section. such as professional associations or student ‘‘(A) the equitable participation of private ‘‘SEC. 409C. DATABASE AND INFORMATION LINE. organizations. and public institutions of higher education ‘‘There are authorized to be appropriated ‘‘(C) APPLICATION REVIEW.—The Secretary (including community and junior colleges), $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1999 and such sums of Education shall appoint a committee to and as may be necessary for each of the 4 suc- review applications submitted under sub- ‘‘(B) the equitable geographic participation ceeding fiscal years to carry out this chap- paragraph (A). The committee may include of such institutions, ter.’’ representatives of Federal departments or in grants and contracts under paragraph (1). H.R. 6 agencies whose programs include alcohol and In the award of such grants and contracts, OFFERED BY: MR. KENNEDY OF drug abuse prevention and education efforts, the Secretary shall give appropriate consid- MASSACHUSETTS directors or heads (or their representatives) eration to institutions of higher education of professional associations that focus on with limited enrollment. AMENDMENT NO. 37: Page 128, line 12, strike prevention efforts, and non-Federal sci- ‘‘(4) There are authorized to be appro- the close quotation marks and following pe- entists who have backgrounds in social priated to carry out this subsection $5,000,000 riod and after such line insert the following science evaluation and research methodol- for fiscal year 1999 and such sums as may be new chapter: ogy and in education. Decisions of the com- necessary for each of the 4 succeeding fiscal ‘‘Chapter 6—Paul E. Tsongas Fellowships mittee shall be made directly to the Sec- years.’’. ‘‘SEC. 411A. SHORT TITLE. (b) REPEAL.—Section 4122 of the Elemen- retary without review by any other entity in ‘‘This chapter may be cited as the ‘Paul E. tary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 the Department of Education. Tsongas Fellowship Act’. U.S.C. 7132) is repealed. ‘‘(D) REVIEW CRITERIA.—Specific review cri- ‘‘SEC. 411B. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE. H.R. 6 teria shall be developed by the Secretary in ‘‘It is the purpose of this chapter to en- conjunction with the appropriate experts. In OFFERED BY: MR. KENNEDY OF courage individuals of exceptional achieve- reviewing applications under subparagraph MASSACHUSETTS ment and promise, especially members of (C) the committee shall consider— AMENDMENT NO. 36: Page 123, after line 13, traditionally underrepresented groups, to ‘‘(i) measures of effectiveness of the pro- insert the following chapter (and redesignate pursue careers in fields that confront the gram of the applicant that should include the succeeding chapters accordingly): global energy and environmental challenges changes in the campus alcohol and other ‘‘CHAPTER 5—PUBLIC INFORMATION of the 21st century. drug environment or climate and changes in ‘‘SEC. 409A. DATABASE AND INFORMATION LINE. ‘‘SEC. 411C. DOCTORAL FELLOWSHIPS AUTHOR- alcohol and other drug use before and after ‘‘From the funds available under section IZED. the initiation of the program; and 409C, the Secretary shall award a contract to ‘‘(a) PROGRAM AUTHORIZED.—The Secretary ‘‘(ii) measures of program institutionaliza- maintain and improve— of Education, in consultation with the Sec- tion, including an assessment of needs of the ‘‘(1) a computerized database of all public retary of Energy, is authorized to award doc- institution, the institution’s alcohol and and private student financial assistance pro- toral fellowships, to be known as Paul E. drug policies, staff and faculty development grams, to be accessible to schools and librar- Tsongas Doctoral Fellowships, in accordance activities, drug prevention criteria, student, ies through either modems or toll-free tele- with the provisions of this chapter for study faculty, and campus community involve- phone lines; and and research in fields of science or engineer- ment, and a continuation of the program ‘‘(2) a toll-free information line, including ing that relate to energy or the environment after the cessation of external funding. access by telecommunications devices for such as physics, mathematics, chemistry, bi- ‘‘(3) AUTHORIZATION.—For the implementa- the deaf (‘TDD’s’), to provide individualized ology, computer science, materials science, tion of the awards program under this sub- financial assistance information to parents, environmental science, behavioral science, section, there are authorized to be appro- students, and other individuals, including in- and social sciences at institutions proposed priated $25,000 for fiscal year 1998, $66,000 for dividuals with disabilities, and to refer stu- by applicants for such fellowships. each of the fiscal years 1999 and 2000, and dents with disabilities and their families to ‘‘(b) PERIOD OF AWARD.—A fellowship under $72,000 for each of the fiscal years 2001, 2002, the postsecondary clearinghouse that is au- this section shall be awarded for a period of 2003, and 2004.’’. thorized under section 633(c) of the Individ- three succeeding academic years, beginning H.R. 6 uals with Disabilities Education Act. with the commencement of a program of doc- OFFERED BY: MR. KENNEDY OF ‘‘SEC. 409B. COLLEGE AWARENESS INFORMATION toral study. MASSACHUSETTS PROGRAM. ‘‘(c) FELLOWSHIP PORTABILITY.—Each Fel- AMENDMENT NO. 35: Page 33, after line 10, ‘‘(a) PROGRAM AUTHORITY.—The Secretary low shall be entitled to use the fellowship in insert the following new section (and redes- is authorized to make grants to, and enter a graduate program at any accredited insti- ignate the succeeding section and conform into contracts or cooperative agreements tution of higher education in which the re- the table of contents accordingly): with, institutions of higher education and cipient may decide to enroll. SEC. 103. GRANTS AND CONTRACTS FOR DRUG other public and private institution, agen- ‘‘(d) NUMBER OF FELLOWSHIPS.—As many AND ALCOHOL ABUSE PREVENTION. cies, and organizations— fellowships as may be fully funded according (a) GRANT AND CONTRACT AUTHORITY.—Sec- ‘‘(1) to conduct an information program de- to this chapter shall be awarded each year. tion 111, as redesignated by section signed— ‘‘(e) DESIGNATION OF FELLOWS.—Each indi- 101(a)(3)(E), is amended by adding at the end ‘‘(A) to broaden the early awareness of vidual awarded a fellowship under this chap- the following new subsection: postsecondary educational opportunities by ter shall be known as a ‘Paul E. Tsongas Fel- ‘‘(e)(1) The Secretary may make grants to elementary secondary school students and low’ (hereinafter in this chapter referred to institutions of higher education or consortia their parents; and as a ‘Fellow’). of such institutions and contracts with such ‘‘(B) to encourage economically disadvan- ‘‘SEC. 411D. ELIGIBILITY AND SELECTION OF FEL- institutions and other organizations to de- taged, minority, or at-risk individuals to LOWS. velop, implement, operate, improve, and dis- seek higher education, and to seek higher ‘‘(a) ELIGIBILITY.—Only United States citi- seminate programs of prevention, and edu- education and financial assistance counsel- zens are eligible to receive awards under this cation (including treatment-referral) to re- ing at public schools and libraries; and chapter. duce and eliminate the illegal use of drugs ‘‘(2) to disseminate college awareness in- ‘‘(b) FELLOWSHIP BOARD.— and alcohol and their associated violence. formation and related data, including estab- ‘‘(1) APPOINTMENT.—The Secretary, in con- Such contracts may also be used for the sup- lishment and maintenance of an electronic sultation with the Director of the National port of a higher education center for alcohol site for such information and data. Science Foundation, shall appoint a Paul E. and drug abuse prevention which will provide ‘‘(b) CONTENTS OF MESSAGES.—Announce- Tsongas Fellowship Board (hereinafter in training, technical assistance, evaluation, ments and messages supported under this this part referred to as the ‘Board’) consist- dissemination and associated services and section— ing of 5 representatives of the academic assistance to the higher education commu- ‘‘(1) may be specially designed for students science and engineering communities who nity as defined by the Secretary and the in- of limited English proficiency, are especially qualified to serve on the stitutions of higher education. ‘‘(2) shall publicize— Board. The Secretary shall assure that indi- ‘‘(2) Grants and contracts shall be made ‘‘(A) the availability of Federal student as- viduals appointed to the Board are broadly available under paragraph (1) on a competi- sistance under this Act; knowledgeable about and have experience in tive basis. An institution of higher edu- ‘‘(B) the importance of postsecondary edu- graduate education in relevant fields. cation, a consortium of such institutions, or cation in long-term career planning; and ‘‘(2) DUTIES.—The Board shall— other organizations which desire to receive a ‘‘(C) the need and necessity to complete a ‘‘(A) establish general policies for the pro- grant or contract under paragraph (1) shall secondary education program successfully in gram established by this part and oversee its submit an application to the Secretary at order to meet the requirements for college. operation; April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2431 ‘‘(B) establish general criteria for awarding ‘‘SEC. 411F. REQUIREMENT. duce alcohol and other drug-related prob- fellowships; Each Fellow shall participate in a 3-month lems. The institution shall provide resources ‘‘(C) award fellowships; and internship related to the dissertation topic to assist the task force in promoting the ‘‘(D) prepare and submit to the Congress at of the Fellow at a national laboratory or campus policies and proposed environmental least once in every 3-year period a report on equivalent industrial laboratory as approved changes that have been identified. any modifications in the program that the by the host institution. (2) The institution shall provide maximum Board determines are appropriate. ‘‘SEC. 411G. FELLOWSHIP CONDITIONS. opportunities for students to live in an alco- ‘‘(4) TERM.—The term of office of each ‘‘(a) ACADEMIC PROGRESS REQUIRED.—No hol-free environment and to engage in stim- member of the Board shall be 3 years, except student shall receive support pursuant to an ulating, alcohol-free recreational and leisure that any member appointed to fill a vacancy award under this chapter— activities. shall serve for the remainder of the term for ‘‘(1) except during periods in which such (3) The institution shall enforce a ‘‘zero which the predecessor of the member was ap- student is maintaining satisfactory progress tolerance’’ policy on the illegal consumption pointed. No member may serve for a period in, and devoting essentially full time to, and binge drinking of alcohol by its students in excess of 6 years. study or research in the field in which such and will take steps to reduce the opportuni- ‘‘(5) INITIAL MEETING; VACANCY.—The Sec- fellowship was awarded, or ties for students, faculty, staff, and alumni retary shall call the first meeting of the ‘‘(2) if the student is engaging in gainful to legally consume alcohol on campus. Board, at which the first order of business employment other than part-time employ- (4) The institution shall vigorously enforce shall be the election of a Chairperson and a ment involved in teaching, research, or simi- its code of disciplinary sanctions for those Vice Chairperson, who shall serve until 1 lar activities determined by the institution who violate campus alcohol policies. Stu- year after the date of their appointment. to be in support of the student’s progress to- dents with alcohol or other drug-related Thereafter each officer shall be elected for a ward a degree. problems shall be referred to an on-campus term of 2 years. In case a vacancy occurs in ‘‘(b) REPORTS FROM RECIPIENTS.—The Sec- counseling program. either office, the Board shall elect an indi- retary is authorized to require reports con- (5) The institution shall adopt a policy to vidual from among the members of the Board taining such information in such form and discourage alcoholic beverage-related spon- to fill such vacancy. filed at such times as the Secretary deter- sorship of on-campus activities. It shall ‘‘(6) QUORUM; ADDITIONAL MEETINGS.—(A) A mines necessary from any person awarded a adopt policies limiting the advertisement majority of the members of the Board shall fellowship under the provisions of this chap- and promotion of alcoholic beverages on constitute a quorum. ter. The reports shall be accompanied by a campus. ‘‘(B) The Board shall meet at least once a certificate from an appropriate official at (6) Recognizing that school-centered poli- year or more frequently, as may be nec- the institution of higher education, or other cies on alcohol will be unsuccessful if local essary, to carry out its responsibilities. research center, stating that such individual businesses sell alcohol to underage or intoxi- ‘‘(7) COMPENSATION.—Members of the is fulfilling the requirements of this section. cated students, the institution shall form a Board, while serving on the business of the ‘‘(c) FAILURE TO EARN DEGREE.—A recipi- ‘‘Town/Gown’’ alliance with community Board, shall be entitled to receive compensa- ent of a fellowship under this chapter found leaders. That alliance shall encourage local tion at rates fixed by the Secretary, but not commercial establishments that promote or exceeding the rate of basic pay payable for by the Secretary to have failed in or aban- sell alcoholic beverages to curtail illegal stu- level IV of the Executive Schedule, including doned the course of study for which assist- dent access to alcohol and adopt responsible traveltime, and while so serving away from ance was provided under this chapter may be alcohol marketing and service practices. their homes or regular places of business, required, at the discretion of the Secretary, they may be allowed travel expenses, includ- to repay a pro rata amount of such fellow- H.R. 6 ing per diem in lieu of subsistence, as au- ship assistance received, plus interest and, OFFERED BY: MR. KLINK where applicable, reasonable collection fees, thorized by section 5703 of title 5, United AMENDMENT NO. 39: Page 164, after line 25, on a schedule and at a rate of interest to be States Code, for persons in Government serv- insert the following new subsection: prescribed by the Secretary by regulations ice employed intermittently. (t) NOTICE TO INSTITUTIONS OF DEFAULTS.— issued pursuant to this chapter. ‘‘(c) UNDERREPRESENTED GROUPS.—In de- (1) ADMINISTRATIVE AND FISCAL PROCE- ‘‘SEC. 411H. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIA- signing selection criteria and awarding fel- DURES.—Section 428(c)(2)(A) is amended by TIONS. lowships, the Board shall— striking ‘‘proof that reasonable attempts ‘‘(1) consider the need to prepare a larger There are authorized to be appropriated for were made’’ and inserting ‘‘proof that the in- number of women and individuals from mi- this chapter $5,000,000 for fiscal year 1999 and stitution and the State licensing board were nority groups, especially from among such such sums as may be necessary for each of contacted and other reasonable attempts groups that have been traditionally under- the 4 succeeding fiscal years. were made’’ represented in the professional and academic ‘‘SEC. 411I. APPLICATION OF GENERAL EDU- (2) REIMBURSEMENT.—Section 428(c)(2)(G) fields referred to in section 411B, but nothing CATIONAL PROVISIONS ACT. (20 U.S.C. 1078(c)(2)(G)) is amended by strik- contained in this or any other provision of Section 421 of the General Educational ing ‘‘certifies to the Secretary that diligent this chapter shall be interpreted to require Provisions Act, pertaining to the availabil- attempts have been made’’ and inserting the Secretary to grant any preference or dis- ity of funds, shall apply to this chapter. ‘‘demonstrates to the Secretary that diligent parate treatment to the members of any ‘‘SEC. 411J. DEFINITIONS. attempts, including direct contact with the underrepresented group; and For purposes of this chapter— institution and the State licensing board, ‘‘(2) take into account the need to expand ‘‘(1) The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means the Sec- have been made.’’. access by women and minority groups to ca- retary of Education. (3) NOTICE TO SECRETARY AND PAYMENT OF reers heretofore lacking adequate represen- ‘‘(2) The term ‘‘host institution’’ means an LOSS.—The third sentence of section 430(a) tation of women and minority groups. institution where a Paul E. Tsongas Fellow (20 U.S.C. 1080(a)) is amended by inserting ‘‘SEC. 411E. PAYMENTS, STIPENDS, TUITION, AND is enrolled for the purpose of pursuing doc- ‘‘the institution and the State licensing EDUCATION AWARDS. toral studies for which support is provided board were contacted and other’’ after ‘‘sub- ‘‘(a) AMOUNT OF AWARD.— under this chapter.’’. mit proof that’’. ‘‘(1) STIPENDS.—The Secretary shall pay to H.R. 6 each individual awarded a fellowship under H.R. 6 this chapter a stipend in the amount of OFFERED BY: MR. KENNEDY OF OFFERED BY: MR. KLINK MASSACHUSETTS $15,000, $16,500, and $18,000 during the first, AMENDMENT NO. 40: Page 177, after line 1, second, and third years of study, respec- AMENDMENT NO. 38: Page 260, after line 17, insert the following new subparagraph (and tively. insert the following new section (and con- redesignate the succeeding subparagraphs ‘‘(2) TUITION.—The Secretary shall pay to form the table of contents accordingly): accordingly): the appropriate institution an amount ade- SEC. 475. SENSE OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTA- (A) by striking ‘‘for the fiscal year for quate to cover the tuition, fees, and health TIVES. which the determination is made and for the insurance of each individual awarded a fel- It is the sense of the House of Representa- two succeeding fiscal years’’ and inserting lowship under this chapter. tives that, in an effort to change the culture ‘‘for the period determined under subpara- ‘‘(3) ADMINISTRATIVE AND TRAVEL ALLOW- of alcohol consumption on college campuses, graph (D)’’; ANCE.—The Secretary shall pay to each host all college and university administrators Page 177, after line 14, insert the following institution an annual $5,000 allowance for should adopt the following code of principles: new paragraph (and redesignate the succeed- the purpose of covering— (1) For an institution of higher education, ing paragraphs accordingly): ‘‘(A) administrative expenses; the president of the institution shall appoint (3) by adding at the end of paragraph (2) ‘‘(B) travel expenses associated with Fel- a task force consisting of school administra- the following new subparagraph: low participation in academic seminars or tors, faculty, students, Greek system rep- ‘‘(D) An institution that is ineligible to conferences approved by the host institution; resentatives, and others to conduct a full ex- participate pursuant to a determination and amination of student and academic life at under subparagraph (A) shall be ineligible ‘‘(C) round-trip travel expenses associated the institution. The task force will make for a period beginning with the fiscal year with Fellow participation in the internship recommendations for a broad range of policy for which the determination is made and required by section 411F of this chapter. and program changes that would serve to re- ending on the earlier of— H2432 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 ‘‘(i) the expiration of the two succeeding er education were subject to those amend- Act of 1965 is amended by inserting after sec- fiscal years; or ments. tion 401 (20 U.S.C. 1070a) the following new ‘‘(ii) the date on which the final cohort de- ‘‘(3) OFFICIAL SANCTION.—The term ‘official section: fault rates published with respect to such in- sanction’— ‘‘SEC. 401A. PELL GRANT INCENTIVES. stitution are less than the threshold percent- ‘‘(A) means expulsion, suspension, proba- ‘‘(a) PROGRAM AUTHORITY.—From the age specified in subparagraph (B) for any two tion, censure, condemnation, reprimand, or amounts appropriated pursuant to sub- of the three most recent fiscal years for any other disciplinary, coercive, or adverse section (d), the Secretary shall establish a which data are available.’’; action taken by an institution of higher edu- program to increase the Pell grant awards H.R. 6 cation or administrative unit of the institu- under section 401 during their first two aca- tion; and demic years of undergraduate education to OFFERED BY: MR. KLUG ‘‘(B) includes an oral or written warning students who graduate after May 1, 1998, in AMENDMENT NO. 41: Page 161, after line 9, made by an official of an institution of high- the top 10 percent of their high school grad- insert the following new subsection (and re- er education acting in the official capacity uating class. designate the succeeding subsections accord- of the official.’’. ‘‘(b) AMOUNT OF INCREASE.—The additional ingly): H.R. 6 amount of Pell grant that shall be awarded (j) DELAY IN COMMENCEMENT OF REPAYMENT under this section to any student who quali- OFFERED BY: MR. LIVINGSTON PERIOD.—Section 428(b)(7) is amended by in- fies under this section shall be an amount serting after subparagraph (C) the following AMENDMENT NO. 43: Page 34, after line 5, in- equal to the amount for which the student is new subparagraph: sert the following new section (and conform eligible under section 401 (determined with- ‘‘(D) There shall be excluded from the 6 the table of contents accordingly): out regard to the provisions of this section), months determined under subparagraph SEC. 104. PROTECTION OF STUDENT SPEECH AND except that if the amount appropriated pur- (A)(i) any period during which the student ASSOCIATION RIGHTS. suant to subsection (d) is less than the was called or ordered to active duty in a re- Title I is further amended by adding after amount required to award such additional serve component of the Armed Forces of the section 112 (as added by section 103) the fol- amounts to all such students, the additional United States.’’. lowing new section: amount awarded to each such student under H.R. 6 ‘‘SEC. 113. PROTECTION OF STUDENT SPEECH this section shall be ratably reduced. AND ASSOCIATION RIGHTS. OFFERED BY: MR. LIVINGSTON ‘‘(c) DETERMINATIONS OF ELIGIBILITY.— ‘‘(a) PROTECTION OF RIGHTS.—It is the sense ‘‘(1) PROCEDURES ESTABLISHED BY REGULA- AMENDMENT NO. 42: Page 34, after line 5, in- of the House of Representatives that no stu- TION.—The Secretary shall establish by regu- sert the following new section (and conform dent attending an institution of higher edu- lation procedures for the determination of the table of contents accordingly): cation on a full- or part-time basis should, eligibility of students for increased Pell SEC. 104. PROTECTION OF STUDENT SPEECH AND on the basis of protected speech and associa- grant awards under this section. Such proce- ASSOCIATION RIGHTS. tion, be excluded from participation in, be dures shall include measures to prevent any Title I is further amended by adding after denied the benefits of, or be subjected to dis- secondary school from certifying more than section 112 (as added by section 103) the fol- crimination or official sanction under any 10 percent of it’s students for eligibility lowing new section: education program, activity, or division di- under this section. ‘‘SEC. 113. PROTECTION OF STUDENT SPEECH rectly or indirectly receiving financial as- ‘‘(2) COORDINATION WITH NEED ANALYSIS.—In AND ASSOCIATION RIGHTS. sistance under this Act, whether or not such prescribing procedures under paragraph (1), ‘‘(a) PROTECTION OF RIGHTS.—No student program, activity, or division is sponsored or the Secretary shall ensure that the deter- attending an institution of higher education officially sanctioned by the institution. mination of eligibility and the amount of the on a full- or part-time basis shall, on the ‘‘(b) SANCTIONS FOR DISRUPTION PER- increase in the Pell grant award is deter- basis of protected speech and association, be MITTED.—Nothing in this section shall be mined in a timely manner consistent with excluded from participation in, be denied the construed to discourage the imposition of an the requirements of section 482 and the sub- benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination official sanction on a student that has will- mission of the financial aid form required by or official sanction under any education pro- fully participated in the disruption or at- section 483. For such purposes, the Secretary gram, activity, or division directly or indi- tempted disruption of a lecture, class, may provide that, for the first of a student’s rectly receiving financial assistance under speech, presentation, or performance made two academic years of eligibility under this this Act, whether or not such program, ac- or scheduled to be made under the auspices section, class rank may be determined prior tivity, or division is sponsored or officially of the institution of higher education. to graduation, at such time and in such man- sanctioned by the institution. ‘‘(c) DEFINITIONS.—For the purposes of this ner as the Secretary may specify in the regu- ‘‘(b) SANCTION.— section: lations prescribed under this subsection. ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—No funds shall be made ‘‘(1) PROTECTED SPEECH.—The term ‘pro- ‘‘(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— available under this Act to any institution of tected speech’ means speech that is pro- There are authorized to be appropriated to higher education that the Secretary finds, tected under the 1st and 14th amendments to award increased Pell grants under this sec- after notice and opportunity for a hearing, the United States Constitution, or would be tion $240,000,000 for fiscal year 1999 and such has violated subsection (a) of this section. so protected if the institution of higher edu- sums as may be necessary for each of the 4 ‘‘(2) INAPPLICABILITY TO STUDENT ASSIST- cation were subjected to those amendments. succeeding fiscal years.’’. ANCE.—Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any ‘‘(2) PROTECTED ASSOCIATION.—The term H.R. 6 funds that are provided under this Act for ‘protected association’ means the right to student financial assistance. join, assemble, and reside with others that is OFFERED BY: MRS. MEEK OF FLORIDA ‘‘(c) EXCEPTION.—This section shall not protected under the 1st and 14th amend- AMENDMENT NO. 45: Page 128, line 12, strike apply to an institution of higher education ments to the United States Constitution, or the close quotation marks and following pe- that is controlled by a religious or military would be protected if the institution of high- riod and after such line insert the following: organization, if the speech or association is er education were subject to those amend- ‘‘CHAPTER 6—DEMONSTRATION not consistent with the religious tenets or ments. PROJECTS ENSURING EQUAL OPPOR- military training of the institution. ‘‘(3) OFFICIAL SANCTION.—The term ‘official TUNITY FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH LEARN- ‘‘(d) SANCTIONS FOR DISRUPTION PER- sanction’— ING DISABILITIES MITTED.—Nothing in this section shall be ‘‘(A) means expulsion, suspension, proba- ‘‘SEC. 412A. PROGRAM AUTHORITY. construed to prevent the imposition of an of- tion, censure, condemnation, reprimand, or ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary may ficial sanction on a student that has will- any other disciplinary, coercive, or adverse award grants to, and enter into contracts fully participated in the disruption or at- action taken by an institution of higher edu- and cooperative agreements with, not more tempted disruption of a lecture, class, cation or administrative unit of the institu- than 5 institutions of higher education that speech, presentation, or performance made tion; and are described in section 412B for demonstra- or scheduled to be made under the auspices ‘‘(B) includes an oral or written warning tion projects to develop, test, and dissemi- of the institution of higher education. made by an official of an institution of high- nate, in accordance with section 412C, meth- ‘‘(e) DEFINITIONS.— er education acting in the official capacity ods, techniques, and procedures for ensuring ‘‘(1) PROTECTED SPEECH.—The term ‘pro- of the official.’’. equal educational opportunity for individ- tected speech’ means speech that is pro- H.R. 6 uals with learning disabilities in postsecond- tected under the 1st and 14th amendments to OFFERED BY: MR. MCGOVERN ary education. the United States Constitution, or would be ‘‘(b) AWARD BASIS.—Grants, contracts, and AMENDMENT NO. 44: Page 96, after line 7, in- so protected if the institution of higher edu- cooperative agreements shall be awarded on sert the following new subsection (and redes- cation were subjected to those amendments. a competitive basis. ignate the succeeding subsections accord- ‘‘(2) PROTECTED ASSOCIATION.—The term ‘‘(c) AWARD PERIOD.—Grants, contracts, ‘protected association’ means the right to ingly): and cooperative agreements shall be awarded join, assemble, and reside with others that is for a period of 3 years. protected under the 1st and 14th amend- ‘‘SEC. 412B. ELIGIBLE ENTITIES. ments to the United States Constitution, or (f) PELL GRANT INCENTIVES.—Subpart 1 of ‘‘Entities eligible to apply for a grant, con- would be protected if the institution of high- part A of title IV of the Higher Education tract, or cooperative agreement under this April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2433 chapter are institutions of higher education State are required to take examinations or the preceding year, of graduates on any with demonstrated prior experience in meet- other assessments of their subject matter teacher licensing and credentialing assess- ing the postsecondary educational needs of knowledge in the area or areas in which they ment falls below 70 percent shall report to individuals with learning disabilities. provide instruction, the standards estab- the State on efforts underway to improve the ‘‘SEC. 412C. REQUIRED ACTIVITIES. lished for passing any such assessments, and performance of its graduates on such assess- ‘‘A recipient of a grant, contract, or coop- the extent to which teachers or prospective ments. Each State shall gather and publicize erative agreement under this chapter shall teachers are required to receive a passing all such reports and submit them to the Sec- use the funds received under this chapter to score on such assessments in order to teach retary. Such report shall include— carry out each of the following activities: in specific subject areas or grade levels. ‘‘(1) efforts underway by the institution to ‘‘(1) Developing or identifying innovative, ‘‘(4) Information on the extent to which provide additional resources to the institu- effective, and efficient approaches, strate- each State waives teacher credentialing and tion’s teacher preparation program; gies, supports, modifications, adaptations, licensing requirements, including the pro- ‘‘(2) efforts underway by the institution or and accommodations that enable individuals portion of all teachers or prospective teach- the teacher preparation program to imple- with learning disabilities to fully participate ers in the State for whom such licensing and ment more challenging admissions standards in postsecondary education. credentialing requirements have been waived or more rigorous academic and curricular ‘‘(2) Synthesizing research and other infor- and the distribution of such individuals standards for teacher training programs; mation related to the provision of services to across high- and low-poverty schools and ‘‘(3) efforts to improve the subject area individuals with learning disabilities in post- across grade levels and subject areas. knowledge of teachers, particularly in those secondary education. ‘‘(5) The pass rate, for the preceding year, subject areas in which less than 70 percent of ‘‘(3) Conducting training sessions for per- on all teacher licensing and credentialing as- graduates achieve passing scores on State as- sonnel from other institutions of higher edu- sessments for all individuals in the State sessments; and cation to enable them to meet the special who took such assessments, disaggregated by ‘‘(4) participation in collaborative efforts needs of postsecondary students with learn- the institution of higher education from with the State or Federal Government (in- ing disabilities. which the teacher received his or her most cluding grants through this title) or with ‘‘(4) Preparing and disseminating products recent degree, gender, race, and ethnicity. nongovernmental organizations to upgrade based upon the activities described in para- ‘‘(b) COORDINATION.—The Secretary, to the the quality of the institution’s teacher prep- graphs (1) through (3). extent practicable, shall coordinate the in- aration program. ‘‘(5) Coordinating findings and products formation collected and published under this ‘‘(e) FINES.—In addition to the actions au- from the activities described in paragraphs part among States for individuals who took thorized in section 487(c), the Secretary shall (1) through (4) with other similar products State teacher licensing or credentialing as- impose a fine of not less than $25,000 on an and findings through participation in con- sessments in a State other than the State in institution of higher education for failure to ferences, groups, and professional networks which the individual received his or her most provide the information described in section involved in the dissemination of technical recent degree. 281 and this section in a timely and accurate assistance and information on postsecondary ‘‘(c) USE OF LOCAL AGENCIES.—For each manner, or for failing to cooperate with the education. State in which there are no State licensing State and the Secretary to obtain the infor- or credentialing assessments, the Secretary mation required by this section. The Sec- ‘‘SEC. 412D. PRIORITY. retary shall use any and all such funds col- ‘‘The Secretary shall ensure that, to the shall, to the extent practicable, collect data lected through such fines for the purpose of extent feasible, there is a national geo- comparable to the data described in para- supplementing grants made under this title. graphic distribution of grants, contracts, and graphs (1) through (5) of subsection (a) from cooperative agreements awarded under this local educational agencies, colleges and uni- ‘‘SEC. 283. TERMINATION OF ELIGIBILITY. ‘‘(a) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The provisions of chapter throughout the States, except that versities, or other entities that administer this section shall be effective on and after 5 the Secretary may give priority, with re- such assessments to teachers or prospective years after the date of enactment of the spect to one of the grants to be awarded, to teachers. Higher Education Amendments of 1998. a historically Black college or university ‘‘SEC. 282. DATA DISSEMINATION. ‘‘(b) LOSS OF TITLE IV ELIGIBILITY.— that satisfies the requirements of section ‘‘(a) EFFECTIVE DATE OF REQUIREMENTS.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A student who is en- 412B. The data required to be distributed under this section shall be distributed beginning rolled in an institution of higher education ‘‘SEC. 412E. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIA- as a major in a school or department of edu- TIONS. within 3 years after the date of enactment of cation, or who is otherwise enrolled in a pro- ‘‘There are authorized to be appropriated the Higher Education Amendments of 1998 gram of professional training pursuant to be- to carry out this chapter $10,000,000 for each and annually thereafter. coming an elementary or secondary school of the fiscal years 1999 through 2001.’’. ‘‘(b) PASSING RATES.—Each institution of higher education that has a course of study teacher, shall be ineligible for aid under title H.R. 6 that prepares elementary and secondary IV of this Act to cover the cost of instruc- OFFERED BY: MR. MILLER OF CALIFORNIA school teachers and receives Federal funds tion associated with enrollment in such AMENDMENT NO. 46: Page 68, line 12, redes- will report and distribute widely, including school, department, or program unless at ignate section 206 as section 207, and before through prominent publications such as least 70 percent of the graduates of such such line insert the following new section catalogs and promotional materials sent to school, department, or program who took (and conform the table of contents accord- potential applicants, high school guidance State teacher licensing and certification as- ingly): counselors, and the employers of graduates sessments, received a passing score on all SEC. 206. ACCOUNTABILITY FOR INSTITUTIONS of such institutions, their pass rate for grad- such assessments for the preceding 2 con- OF HIGHER EDUCATION THAT PRE- uates of the institution on each of the secutive years. PARE TEACHERS. State’s initial teacher certification and li- ‘‘(2) CLARIFICATION.—Notwithstanding Title II is further amended by adding at censing assessments for the most recent year paragraph (1)— the end the following new part: for which data are available at the time of ‘‘(A) a student who is enrolled in an insti- ‘‘PART F—ACCOUNTABILITY FOR INSTITU- publication of such materials. tution of higher education as a major in a TIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION THAT ‘‘(c) IDENTIFICATION OF INSTITUTIONS WITH school or department of education, or who is PREPARE TEACHERS PASSING RATES BELOW 70 PERCENT.—Each otherwise enrolled in a program of profes- ‘‘SEC. 281. DATA COLLECTION. State shall submit to the Secretary a list of sional training pursuant to becoming an ele- ‘‘(a) DATA REQUIRED.—Within one year institutions of higher education that prepare mentary or secondary school teacher, shall after the date of enactment of the Higher teachers and receive Federal funds under be eligible for aid under title IV of this Act Education Amendments of 1998, and annually this Act for which, for the preceding year, for classes offered outside such school, de- thereafter, the Secretary shall collect from less than 70 percent of graduates who took partment, or program; and each State and publish the following infor- any of the State’s initial teacher licensing ‘‘(B) the Secretary may not impose as a mation: and credentialing assessments failed to re- remedy for failure to comply with the re- ‘‘(1) A description of the teacher licensing ceive a passing score on any such assess- quirements of this section any sanction af- and credentialing assessments used by each ment. For each assessment, data shall be fecting the eligibility of any student for as- State, including any and all assessments re- disaggregated by the institution of higher sistance under Title IV of this Act unless quired in the subject matter area or areas in education from which the test taker received such student is a major in a school or depart- which a teacher provides instruction. his or her most recent degree, unless such ment of education or is otherwise enrolled in ‘‘(2) The standards and criteria established degree was granted more than 3 years prior a program of professional training pursuant by each State that teachers or prospective to the date such assessment was adminis- to becoming an elementary or secondary teachers must meet in order to receive a tered. Data shall also be disaggregated by school teacher. passing score on such assessments, including subject, grade level, gender, race, and eth- ‘‘(c) SCORING CHANGES.— information on the extent to which passing nicity where appropriate. The State shall ‘‘(1) LOWERING SCORES.—Any State which such examinations is required in order for an distribute this list widely, including to high lowers its qualifying score, with the effect of individual to be a classroom teacher. school guidance counselors. decreasing the difficulty of achieving a pass- ‘‘(3) Information on the extent to which ‘‘(d) REPORT ON IMPROVEMENT EFFORTS.— ing score on any such assessment, shall re- teachers or prospective teachers in each Each institution for which the pass rate, for port the change to the Secretary. For the H2434 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998

purposes of this section, the pass rate for ‘‘(c) USE OF LOCAL AGENCIES.—For each 281 and this section in a timely and accurate such State shall be computed based on the State in which there are no State licensing manner, or for failing to cooperate with the qualifying scores in place on the date of en- or credentialing assessments, the Secretary State and the Secretary to obtain the infor- actment of the Higher Education Amend- shall, to the extent practicable, collect data mation required by this section. The Sec- ments of 1998. comparable to the data described in para- retary shall use any and all such funds col- ‘‘(2) RAISING SCORES.—For the purposes of graphs (1) through (5) of subsection (a) from lected through such fines for the purpose of this section, any State which raises its cut local educational agencies, colleges and uni- supplementing grants made under this score in order to increase the difficulty of versities, or other entities that administer title.’’. passing any such assessment shall have the such assessments to teachers or prospective H.R. 6 option of calculating pass rates on such as- teachers. OFFERED BY: MR. MILLER OF CALIFORNIA sessments based on the original, lower quali- ‘‘SEC. 282. DATA DISSEMINATION. fying score for a period of not more than 5 ‘‘(a) EFFECTIVE DATE OF REQUIREMENTS.— AMENDMENT NO. 48: Page 68, line 12, redes- years. The data required to be distributed under ignate section 206 as section 207, and before ‘‘SEC. 284. NATIONAL TEACHER CERTIFICATION this section shall be distributed beginning such line insert the following new section PROHIBITED. within 3 years after the date of enactment of (and conform the table of contents accord- ‘‘Nothing in this part shall be construed to the Higher Education Amendments of 1998 ingly): permit, allow, encourage, or authorize any and annually thereafter. SEC. 206. ACCOUNTABILITY FOR INSTITUTIONS national system of teacher certification.’’. ‘‘(b) PASSING RATES.—Each institution of OF HIGHER EDUCATION THAT PRE- H.R. 6 higher education that has a course of study PARE TEACHERS. OFFERED BY: MR. MILLER OF CALIFORNIA that prepares elementary and secondary Title II is further amended by adding at AMENDMENT NO. 47: Page 68, line 12, redes- school teachers and receives Federal funds the end the following new part: ignate section 206 as section 207, and before will report and distribute widely, including ‘‘PART F—ACCOUNTABILITY FOR INSTITU- such line insert the following new section through prominent publications such as TIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION THAT (and conform the table of contents accord- catalogs and promotional materials sent to PREPARE TEACHERS ingly): potential applicants, high school guidance ‘‘SEC. 281. TERMINATION OF ELIGIBILITY. SEC. 206. ACCOUNTABILITY FOR INSTITUTIONS counselors, and the employers of graduates OF HIGHER EDUCATION THAT PRE- of such institutions, their pass rate for grad- ‘‘(a) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The provisions of PARE TEACHERS. uates of the institution on each of the this section shall be effective on and after 5 Title II is further amended by adding at State’s initial teacher certification and li- years after the date of enactment of the the end the following new part: censing assessments for the most recent year Higher Education Amendments of 1998. ‘‘PART F—ACCOUNTABILITY FOR INSTITU- for which data are available at the time of ‘‘(b) LOSS OF TITLE IV ELIGIBILITY.— TIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION THAT publication of such materials. ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A student who is en- PREPARE TEACHERS ‘‘(c) IDENTIFICATION OF INSTITUTIONS WITH rolled in an institution of higher education ‘‘SEC. 281. DATA COLLECTION. PASSING RATES BELOW 70 PERCENT.—Each as a major in a school or department of edu- ‘‘(a) DATA REQUIRED.—Within one year State shall submit to the Secretary a list of cation, or who is otherwise enrolled in a pro- after the date of enactment of the Higher institutions of higher education that prepare gram of professional training pursuant to be- Education Amendments of 1998, and annually teachers and receive Federal funds under coming an elementary or secondary school thereafter, the Secretary shall collect from this Act for which, for the preceding year, teacher, shall be ineligible for aid under title each State and publish the following infor- less than 70 percent of graduates who took IV of this Act to cover the cost of instruc- mation: any of the State’s initial teacher licensing tion associated with enrollment in such ‘‘(1) A description of the teacher licensing and credentialing assessments failed to re- school, department, or program unless at and credentialing assessments used by each ceive a passing score on any such assess- least 70 percent of the graduates of such State, including any and all assessments re- ment. For each assessment, data shall be school, department, or program who took quired in the subject matter area or areas in disaggregated by the institution of higher State teacher licensing and certification as- which a teacher provides instruction. education from which the test taker received sessments, received a passing score on all ‘‘(2) The standards and criteria established his or her most recent degree, unless such such assessments for the preceding 2 con- by each State that teachers or prospective degree was granted more than 3 years prior secutive years. teachers must meet in order to receive a to the date such assessment was adminis- ‘‘(2) CLARIFICATION.—Notwithstanding passing score on such assessments, including tered. Data shall also be disaggregated by paragraph (1)— information on the extent to which passing subject, grade level, gender, race, and eth- ‘‘(A) a student who is enrolled in an insti- such examinations is required in order for an nicity where appropriate. The State shall tution of higher education as a major in a individual to be a classroom teacher. distribute this list widely, including to high school or department of education, or who is ‘‘(3) Information on the extent to which school guidance counselors. otherwise enrolled in a program of profes- teachers or prospective teachers in each ‘‘(d) REPORT ON IMPROVEMENT EFFORTS.— sional training pursuant to becoming an ele- State are required to take examinations or Each institution for which the pass rate, for mentary or secondary school teacher, shall other assessments of their subject matter the preceding year, of graduates on any be eligible for aid under title IV of this Act knowledge in the area or areas in which they teacher licensing and credentialing assess- for classes offered outside such school, de- provide instruction, the standards estab- ment falls below 70 percent shall report to partment, or program; and lished for passing any such assessments, and the State on efforts underway to improve the ‘‘(B) the Secretary may not impose as a the extent to which teachers or prospective performance of its graduates on such assess- remedy for failure to comply with the re- teachers are required to receive a passing ments. Each State shall gather and publicize quirements of this section any sanction af- score on such assessments in order to teach all such reports and submit them to the Sec- fecting the eligibility of any student for as- in specific subject areas or grade levels. retary. Such report shall include— sistance under Title IV of this Act unless ‘‘(4) Information on the extent to which ‘‘(1) efforts underway by the institution to such student is a major in a school or depart- each State waives teacher credentialing and provide additional resources to the institu- ment of education or is otherwise enrolled in licensing requirements, including the pro- tion’s teacher preparation program; a program of professional training pursuant portion of all teachers or prospective teach- ‘‘(2) efforts underway by the institution or to becoming an elementary or secondary ers in the State for whom such licensing and the teacher preparation program to imple- school teacher. credentialing requirements have been waived ment more challenging admissions standards ‘‘(c) SCORING CHANGES.— and the distribution of such individuals or more rigorous academic and curricular ‘‘(1) LOWERING SCORES.—Any State which across high- and low-poverty schools and standards for teacher training programs; lowers its qualifying score, with the effect of across grade levels and subject areas. ‘‘(3) efforts to improve the subject area decreasing the difficulty of achieving a pass- ‘‘(5) The pass rate, for the preceding year, knowledge of teachers, particularly in those ing score on any such assessment, shall re- on all teacher licensing and credentialing as- subject areas in which less than 70 percent of port the change to the Secretary. For the sessments for all individuals in the State graduates achieve passing scores on State as- purposes of this section, the pass rate for who took such assessments, disaggregated by sessments; and such State shall be computed based on the the institution of higher education from ‘‘(4) participation in collaborative efforts qualifying scores in place on the date of en- which the teacher received his or her most with the State or Federal Government (in- actment of the Higher Education Amend- recent degree, gender, race, and ethnicity. cluding grants through this title) or with ments of 1998. ‘‘(b) COORDINATION.—The Secretary, to the nongovernmental organizations to upgrade ‘‘(2) RAISING SCORES.—For the purposes of extent practicable, shall coordinate the in- the quality of the institution’s teacher prep- this section, any State which raises its cut formation collected and published under this aration program. score in order to increase the difficulty of part among States for individuals who took ‘‘(e) FINES.—In addition to the actions au- passing any such assessment shall have the State teacher licensing or credentialing as- thorized in section 487(c), the Secretary shall option of calculating pass rates on such as- sessments in a State other than the State in impose a fine of not less than $25,000 on an sessments based on the original, lower quali- which the individual received his or her most institution of higher education for failure to fying score for a period of not more than 5 recent degree. provide the information described in section years.’’. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2435

H.R. 6 ‘‘(b) PASSING RATES.—Each institution of ministration’s Department of Labor has re- OFFERED BY: MR. MILLER OF CALIFORNIA higher education that has a course of study covered $23,100,000 in illegally held back that prepares elementary and secondary wages for over 45,000 garment workers, in- AMENDMENT NO. 49: Page 68, line 12, redes- school teachers and receives Federal funds cluding $2,900,000 in back wages in 1997 alone. ignate section 206 as section 207, and before will report and distribute widely, including In 1997, 63 percent of the New York City gar- such line insert the following new section through prominent publications such as ment shops investigated by the Department (and conform the table of contents accord- catalogs and promotional materials sent to of Labor were found in violation of the mini- ingly): potential applicants, high school guidance mum wage and overtime provisions of the SEC. 206. ACCOUNTABILITY FOR INSTITUTIONS counselors, and the employers of graduates Fair Labor Standards Act. And, a recent OF HIGHER EDUCATION THAT PRE- study commissioned by the Associated Press PARE TEACHERS. of such institutions, their pass rate for grad- uates of the institution on each of the found that 13,000 children work in sweat- Title II is further amended by adding at State’s initial teacher certification and li- shops in the United States. the end the following new part: censing assessments for the most recent year (3) The use of sweatshop and child labor ‘‘PART F—ACCOUNTABILITY FOR INSTITU- for which data are available at the time of abroad for goods imported to the United TIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION THAT publication of such materials. States remains a problem, particularly in the apparel and sporting goods sectors, in- PREPARE TEACHERS ‘‘(c) IDENTIFICATION OF INSTITUTIONS WITH cluding the use of subminimum wages, bond- ‘‘SEC. 281. DATA COLLECTION. PASSING RATES BELOW 70 PERCENT.—Each ed and indentured labor, and unhealthy ‘‘(a) DATA REQUIRED.—Within one year State shall submit to the Secretary a list of working conditions. The International Labor institutions of higher education that prepare after the date of enactment of the Higher Organization estimated there are 250,000,000 teachers and receive Federal funds under Education Amendments of 1998, and annually underage children working worldwide, in all thereafter, the Secretary shall collect from this Act for which, for the preceding year, sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, each State receiving funds under this Act less than 70 percent of graduates who took services and manufacturing for domestically and publish the following information: any of the State’s initial teacher licensing consumed and exported items. ‘‘(1) A description of the teacher licensing and credentialing assessments failed to re- (4) Federal law, including the Trade Act of and credentialing assessments used by each ceive a passing score on any such assess- 1930, bans the importation of products made State, including any and all assessments re- ment. For each assessment, data shall be with indentured servitude, forced or slave quired in the subject matter area or areas in disaggregated by the institution of higher labor into the United States. which a teacher provides instruction. education from which the student received (5) Codes of Conduct are voluntary steps ‘‘(2) The standards and criteria established his or her most recent degree, unless such taken by the private sector. by each State that teachers or prospective degree was granted more than 3 years prior (6) Rigorous codes of conduct are an impor- teachers must meet in order to receive a to the date such assessment was adminis- tant component of a larger set of tools to re- passing score on such assessments, including tered. duce sweatshop and child labor. information on the extent to which passing ‘‘SEC. 283. STATE FUNCTIONS. (7) The Apparel Industry Partnership, com- prised of major retail companies, human such examinations is required in order for an ‘‘(a) STATE ASSESSMENT.—In order to re- individual to be a classroom teacher. ceive funds under this Act, a State shall, no rights groups and labor unions, is seeking agreement on a code of conduct to reduce the ‘‘(3) Information on the extent to which later than one year after the date of enact- teachers or prospective teachers in each use of sweatshops and child labor. ment of the Higher Education Amendments (8) American consumers have repeatedly State are required to take examinations or of 1998, have in place a procedure to identify expressed an interest in buying goods not other assessments of their subject matter low performing programs of teacher prepara- made with exploited labor. knowledge in the area or areas in which they tion within institutions of higher education. (9) American consumers frequently have no provide instruction, the standards estab- Such levels of performance shall be deter- ability to know whether a product has been lished for passing any such assessments, and mined solely by the State and may include made with exploited labor. the extent to which teachers or prospective criteria based upon information collected (10) Informed consumer choices can be a teachers are required to receive a passing pursuant to this part. Such assessment shall powerful tool in the reduction of sweatshops score on such assessments in order to teach be described in the report under section 281. and exploited labor. in specific subject areas or grade levels. ‘‘(b) TERMINATION OF ELIGIBILITY.—Any in- (11) The market for college and university ‘‘(4) Information on the extent to which stitution of higher education that offers a licensed merchandise such as caps, t-shirts, each State waives teacher credentialing and program of teacher preparation in which the sweat pants, and other items is valued at licensing requirements, including the pro- State has withdrawn its approval or termi- over $2,000,000,000 a year, with 80 percent of portion of all teachers or prospective teach- nated its financial support due to the low the market coming from apparel products. ers in the State for whom such licensing and performance of its teacher preparation pro- (12) Several universities, including most credentialing requirements have been waived gram based upon the State assessment de- recently Duke University and Brown Univer- and the distribution of such individuals scribed in section (a)— sity, have adopted codes of conduct specifi- across high- and low-poverty schools and ‘‘(1) shall be ineligible for any funding for cally requiring companies that manufacture across grade levels and subject areas. professional development activities awarded products bearing those universities’ names ‘‘(5) The pass rate, for the preceding year, by the Department of Education; and to adhere to minimum labor standards both on all teacher licensing and credentialing as- ‘‘(2) shall not be permitted to accept or en- domestically and abroad. sessments for all individuals in the State roll any student that receives aid under title (13) Few universities and colleages, and who took such assessments, disaggregated by IV of this Act in its teacher preparation pro- none of those with the largest volume of the institution of higher education from gram. merchandise sales, have labor codes of con- which the teacher received his or her most duct regarding sweatshop and child labor ‘‘SEC. 284. NEGOTIATED RULEMAKING. covering companies that market their mer- recent degree. ‘‘If the Secretary develops any regulations ‘‘(b) COORDINATION.—The Secretary, to the chandise. implementing section 283(b)(2), the Secretary (15) The Association of Collegiate Licens- extent practicable, shall coordinate the in- shall submit such proposed regulations to a formation collected and published under this ing Administrators is expected to discuss negotiated rulemaking process which shall labor codes of conduct at its annual meeting part among States for individuals who took include representatives of States and institu- State teacher licensing or credentialing as- beginning on May 13. tions of higher education for their review (b) SENSE OF THE CONGRESS.—It is the sense sessments in a State other than the State in and comment. of the Congress that all American colleges which the individual received his or her most H.R. 6 and universities should adopt rigorous labor recent degree. OFFERED BY: MR. MILLER OF CALIFORNIA codes of conduct to assure that university ‘‘(c) USE OF LOCAL AGENCIES.—For each and college licensed merchandise is not made State in which there are no State licensing AMENDMENT NO. 50: Page 334, after line 19, by sweatshop and exploited adult or child or credentialing assessments, the Secretary insert the following new section (and redes- labor either domestically or abroad and that shall, to the extent practicable, collect data ignate the succeeding sections and conform such codes should include but not be limited comparable to the data described in para- the table of contents accordingly): to: public reporting of the code and the com- graphs (1) through (5) of subsection (a) from SEC. 806. LABOR CODES OF CONDUCT. panies adhering to it; independent monitor- local educational agencies, colleges and uni- (a) FINDINGS.—The Congress finds the fol- ing of the companies adhering to the code by versities, or other entities that administer lowing: entities not limited to major international such assessments to teachers or prospective (1) American workers have the right to a accounting firms; an explicit prohibition on teachers. fair and safe workplace and to reasonable the use of child labor; an explicit require- ‘‘SEC. 282. DATA DISSEMINATION. compensation under the law, such as under ment that companies pay workers at least ‘‘(a) EFFECTIVE DATE OF REQUIREMENTS.— the Fair Labor Standards Act, the National the governing minimum wage and applicable The data required to be distributed under Labor Relations Act, and the Occupational overtime; explicit requirement that compa- this section shall be distributed beginning Safety and Health Act. nies allow workers the right to organize within 3 years after the date of enactment of (2) Despite United States workplace laws, without retribution; and, an explicit require- the Higher Education Amendments of 1998 sweatshops and other forms of labor exploi- ment that companies maintain a safe and and annually thereafter. tation persist domestically. The Clinton Ad- healthy workplace. H2436 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998 H.R. 6 ject to the requirements of this section, use ance to eligible individuals described in sub- OFFERED BY: MR. OWENS the grant to enter into contracts with more section (c). AMENDMENT NO. 51: Page 68, after line 11, than one community-based organization. A ‘‘(B) Entering into a contract with each insert the following new section (and redes- community-based organization shall not be community-based organization selected ignate the succeeding section accordingly): eligible to enter into a contract under this under subparagraph (A) under which the in- stitution and the organization agree to carry SEC. 206. POSTSECONDARY INFORMATION TECH- section with more than one institution of NOLOGY EDUCATION RECRUITMENT higher education. out the duties respectively required of them (a) FINDINGS.—The Congress finds the fol- ‘‘(4) PERIOD OF GRANT.—The provision of under this section with respect to each site lowing: payments under a grant under this section described in subparagraph (A). (1) There are more than 200,000 to 400,000 shall not exceed 5 fiscal years and shall be ‘‘(C) With respect to each site described in vacancies in various categories of informa- subject to the annual approval of the Sec- subparagraph (A)— tion technology jobs. retary and subject to the availability of ap- ‘‘(i) design of a process for the recruitment (2) From 1996 to 2005, more than 1,300,000 propriations for each fiscal year involved. of students from site to enroll in college new computer scientists, engineers, and sys- ‘‘(b) COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS.— courses or matriculate in college programs; tems analysts will be required in the United ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraph (2), ‘‘(ii) provision of such funding for the es- States to fill vacant jobs, which equals a community-based organization described tablishment and initial operation of the site 136,800 new workers per year. in this subsection is an entity that, at the as was specified in the grant application sub- (3) Systems analysts will experience the time the entity enters into a contract with mitted by the institution to the Secretary; ‘‘(iii) approval of final site selection and largest job growth, accounting for a 103 per- an institution of higher education for a preparation; cent increase in the number of new positions project under this section, and throughout ‘‘(iv) initial orientation and training of from 1996 (506,000) to 2005 (1,025,000). the duration of that contract— personnel employed to manage and operate (4) The shortage of information technology ‘‘(A) is— the site; workers transcends industries, affecting the ‘‘(i) a governmental agency; or ‘‘(v) design and certification of the instruc- manufacturing, service, transportation, ‘‘(ii) an organization described in section tional and academic programs, and oversight health care, education, and government sec- 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 of the implementation of the programs; tors. Within each sector, vacancies exist at and exempt from tax under section 501(a) of ‘‘(vi) oversight of equipment purchases and all levels from aides and mechanics to pro- such Code; and contracts for equipment maintenance; and grammers and designers. ‘‘(B) is one of the following: ‘‘(i) A local partnership (as defined in sec- ‘‘(vii) selection of an outside contractor for (5) The information technology worker periodic evaluation of the management and tion 4 of the School-to-Work Opportunities shortage is having an adverse effect on the operation of the site. viability of businesses in the United States Act of 1994) receiving a grant under section ‘‘(2) COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS.— and on the Nation’s competitiveness. Indus- 302 of such Act. ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—A community-based or- ‘‘(ii) An entity organized and operated for try surveys report that half of industry ex- ganization implementing a project under religious purposes. ecutives cite the lack of workers skilled in this section with an institution of higher ‘‘(iii) An entity furnishing school-age child technology as the number one obstacle to education, at one or more sites, shall carry care services after school. their company’s growth. An additional 20 out the duties described in this paragraph, ‘‘(iv) A community-based college computer percent of industry executives identify the with respect to each such site, subject to the lack of information technology workers as a recruitment center. oversight and guidance of the institution. ‘‘(v) An entity furnishing adult education. major obstacle to their company’s growth. ‘‘(B) GENERAL DUTIES.—The organization— (6) A major factor affecting the short sup- ‘‘(vi) A library. ‘‘(i) shall undertake final site selection and ply of information technology workers is the ‘‘(vii) A museum. preparation; mismatch between what universities teach ‘‘(viii) Any other entity organized and op- ‘‘(ii) shall recruit and hire a site director; and what industry needs. erated for cultural, literary, or educational ‘‘(iii) shall carry out any supplementary (7) It is in the national interest to promote purposes. instructional, academic, or educational ac- special initiatives which effectively educate ‘‘(2) LIMITATION.—An entity shall not be tivities specified in the contract with the in- and train our domestic workforce to keep considered a community-based organization stitution of higher education that are not de- pace with these expanding job opportunities. described in this subsection unless, at the scribed in subparagraph (D); (8) Institutions of higher education have time the entity enters into a contract with ‘‘(iv) shall assemble an advisory committee the capacity and resources to provide a role an institution of higher education for a composed of individuals residing in the com- of oversight and technical assistance to a project under this section, it has dem- munity in which the site is located, as well wide range of local entities, including com- onstrated to the satisfaction of the Sec- as industry representatives, who desire to as- munity-based organizations, participating in retary that— sist the organization in ensuring that the a comprehensive education and training pro- ‘‘(A) it has the capacity successfully to re- goals of the organization are consistent with gram for potential technology workers. cruit eligible individuals described in sub- the goals and needs of the community popu- (9) Higher education institutions must be section (c) for participation in a project de- lation; responsive to the digital environment and scribed in subsection (a), consistent with the ‘‘(v) shall provide to the institution other expand both their outreach efforts and on- enrollment requirements in subsection evidence of volunteer support from among campus activities to train and certify indi- (d)(2)(E); individuals residing in the community in viduals to close the information technology ‘‘(B) it is providing an educational service, which the site is located and industry rep- worker gap. social service, or employment procurement resentatives; (b) AMENDMENT.—Title II is amended by service; and ‘‘(vi) shall recruit eligible individuals for adding at the end the following: ‘‘(C) in the case of an entity that independ- enrollment, subject to subparagraph (E); ‘‘PART G—INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ently manages its own finances, it has been ‘‘(vii) shall maintain waiting lists of eligi- EDUCATION RECRUITMENT in existence 2 years or more. ble individuals desiring to enroll in the ‘‘SEC. 281. PARTNERSHIPS FOR POSTSECONDARY ‘‘(c) ELIGIBLE INDIVIDUALS.—An eligible in- project’s programs; INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDU- dividual described in this subsection is an in- ‘‘(C) SITE REQUIREMENTS.—The organiza- CATION RECRUITMENT dividual who— tion shall ensure that each site— ‘‘(a) GRANTS AUTHORIZED.— ‘‘(1) has submitted a satisfactory applica- ‘‘(i) has a minimum of 20 fully functioning ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary may make tion to receive postsecondary information computers with sufficient capacity to per- grants under this section, in accordance with technology education recruitment assistance form all of the computer operations that are competitive criteria established by the Sec- through a project under this section; and the subject of the curriculum specified in retary, to institutions of higher education, ‘‘(2) has a certificate of graduation from a subparagraph (D); in order to establish, oversee the operation school providing secondary education, or the ‘‘(ii) in addition to the space for the com- of, and provide technical assistance to, recognized equivalent of such a certificate. puters described in clause (i), has— projects described in paragraph (2). ‘‘(d) DUTIES.— ‘‘(I) a classroom space with the capacity ‘‘(2) PROJECTS.—Projects under this section ‘‘(1) INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION.— for seating a minimum of 30 students; shall be projects implemented by a commu- An institution of higher education receiving ‘‘(II) a separate office for the site director; nity-based organization described in sub- a grant under this section shall use the funds ‘‘(iii) is real property subject to the control section (b), or by the institution of higher provided under the grant to carry out the of the organization or the institution, education receiving the grant, to provide following duties: through a lease or other legal instrument, postsecondary information technology edu- ‘‘(A) Final selection of community-based for a period of not less than 5 years; cation and employment procurement assist- organizations described in subsection (b) de- ‘‘(iv) is open to enrolled individuals not ance to eligible individuals described in sub- siring to provide, at one or more sites, in ac- less than 12 hours per day; and section (c). cordance with a contract with the institu- ‘‘(v) is located within walking distance of ‘‘(3) RESTRICTIONS.—An institution of high- tion of higher education and this section, public transportation. er education shall be eligible to receive only postsecondary information technology edu- ‘‘(D) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CURRICU- one grant under this section, but may, sub- cation and employment procurement assist- LUM.— April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2437

‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—The organization shall ‘‘(B) located in a low-income community submitting bids in descending order by the ensure that each site offers enrollees a cur- (as determined by the Secretary); and unit price bid, but permitting each bidding riculum that includes a broad range of ‘‘(C) organized and operated for the pur- lender to acquire such authority at the unit course work in information technology. pose of providing families with access to price bid by the next lower ranking bid, ex- ‘‘(ii) COURSES LEADING TO CERTIFICATION.— computer resources that otherwise would not cept that the Secretary may establish by Such curriculum shall include course work be available to them. regulation a different procedure for the con- leading to a certification of competence in ‘‘(3) FOOD STAMP PROGRAM.—The term ‘food duct of the auction if the Secretary deter- areas of information technology recognized stamp program’ has the meaning given such mines that such procedure will secure more by the National Skill Standards Board estab- term in section 3(h) of the Food Stamp Act receipts for the United States. The Secretary lished under the National Skill Standards of 1977. shall not permit any lender to acquire more Act of 1994. ‘‘(4) LIBRARY.—The term ‘library’ has the than one-third of the amount of the lending ‘‘(iii) SPECIFIC COURSES.—The computer meaning given such term in section 213 of authority offered at any auction conducted training offered shall include courses in the Library Services and Technology Act. under this subsection, but a lender shall not basic computer competence, on-the-job up- ‘‘(5) MUSEUM.—The term ‘museum’ has the be prohibited from acquiring more than such grade assistance, and advanced computer meaning given such term in section 272 of amount pursuant to paragraph (2)(C). competence. the Museum and Library Services Act.’’. ‘‘(ii) The Secretary is also authorized to ‘‘(E) ENROLLMENT REQUIREMENTS.—The or- H.R. 6 conduct pilot programs under this subsection ganization shall ensure that its enrollment OFFERED BY: MR. PETRI using such other market-based mechanism of eligible individuals at each site is consist- for determining the return to lenders under AMENDMENT NO. 52: Page 156, after line 3, ent with the following: insert the following new section: this part as the Secretary determines appro- ‘‘(i) Not less than 50 percent of the eligible priate. SEC. 416A. MARKET-BASED DETERMINATIONS OF individuals shall be, at the time of enroll- LENDER RETURN. ‘‘(B) BIDS GREATER THAN ZERO.—Any lender ment, individuals— Part B of title IV is further amended by in- whose bid is accepted pursuant to subpara- ‘‘(I) to whom a credit was allowed under serting immediately after section 427A the graph (A)(i) shall, if such bid is made at a section 32 of the Internal Revenue Code of following new section: unit price exceeding zero, promptly pay to 1986 for the preceding taxable year; ‘‘SEC. 427B. MARKET-BASED DETERMINATIONS OF the Secretary an amount equal to (i) the ‘‘(II) who are recipients of assistance under LENDER RETURN. unit price, multiplied by (ii) the amount of a State program funded under part A of title ‘‘(a) PILOT PROGRAM.— lending authority allocated to such lender. A IV of the Social Security Act; ‘‘(1) APPLICABILITY OF PILOT PROGRAMS.— lender making such a payment shall have no ‘‘(III) who are a member of a household Notwithstanding any other provisions of this claim to a refund or remuneration based on participating in the food stamp program; or part, no special allowance or other payment the lender making loans in an amount that ‘‘(IV) who are considered low-income pur- shall be paid under this part with respect to is less than the amount of lending authority suant to regulations promulgated by the any loan made for periods of instruction be- obtained. Secretary under this section. ginning on or after July 1, 1999, but before ‘‘(C) BIDS LESS THAN ZERO.—The Secretary ‘‘(ii) Not less than 50 percent of the eligible July 1, 2001 pursuant to lending authority shall pay to any lender whose bid is accepted individuals shall be, at the time of enroll- auctioned by the Secretary under this sub- pursuant to subparagraph (A)(i), if such bid ment, under 25 years of age. section, except as provided under the terms is made at a unit price that is less than zero, ‘‘(iii) No prerequisite relating to net worth, of the auctioned lending authority as deter- an amount equal to— income, or assets may be applied to any eli- mined by the Secretary. ‘‘(i) the amount by which the unit price is gible individual who, at the time of enroll- ‘‘(2) USE OF AUCTIONS TO APPORTION LENDING less than zero, multiplied by ment, is over 50 years of age, except that this AUTHORITY DURING PILOT PROGRAMS.— ‘‘(ii) the amount of lending authority that requirement shall not be construed to super- ‘‘(A) AUCTIONS REQUIRED.—The Secretary the lender demonstrates, in accordance with sede clause (i). shall conduct one or more pilot programs regulations prescribed by the Secretary, he ‘‘(e) IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECTS SOLELY using an auction or other market-based has exercised by making and disbursing BY INSTITUTIONS.—The Secretary may make mechanism in accordance with paragraph (3) loans under this part. a grant under this section to an institution to allocate the authority to make loans ‘‘(D) CONTRACTUAL RIGHT TO PAYMENTS.— of higher education that desires to imple- under this part among eligible lenders, or Any lender whose bid is accepted pursuant to ment a project under this section without such other rights pertaining to loans made subparagraph (A)(i), if such bid is made at a the participation of a community-based or- under this part as the Secretary determines unit price that is less than zero, shall be ganization described in subsection (b), if the appropriate. deemed to have a contractual right against institution agrees to carry out all of the du- ‘‘(B) AMOUNT OF LENDING AUTHORITY AUC- the United States, to receive the payment ties required of such an organization under TIONED.—The Secretary shall determine the required by subparagraph (C) in exchange for this section, in addition to the duties other- amount and nature of the lending authority the lender’s satisfactory performance as de- wise required of an institution of higher edu- auctioned during the pilot programs under termined by the Secretary. Such payment cation. The Secretary shall, in awarding this subsection, except that the lending au- shall be made promptly and without admin- grants under this section, give priority to in- thority auctioned under the pilot programs istrative delay after receipt of an accurate stitutions of higher education whose grant shall not exceed 15 percent of the anticipated and complete request for payment, pursuant application includes an assurance that the annual loan volume during the period cov- to procedures established by regulations pro- institution will contract with one or more ered by the pilot programs. mulgated under this subsection. community-based organizations in accord- ‘‘(C) TRANSFERABILITY OF LENDING AUTHOR- ‘‘(E) PENALTY FOR LATE PAYMENT.—If a ance with this section. payment required by subparagraphs (C) and ‘‘(f) APPLICATIONS.—To apply for a grant ITY.—An eligible lender may transfer any lending authority acquired pursuant to this (D) has not been made within 30 days after under this section for any fiscal year, an in- the Secretary has received an accurate, stitution of higher education shall submit an subsection to another eligible lender upon timely, and complete request for payment application to the Secretary in accordance such terms as may be agreed upon between thereof, the amount payable to such lender with the procedures established by the Sec- such lenders, except that the acquiring lend- shall be increased by an amount equal to the retary. The application shall specify the in- er may not extend loans pursuant to such au- daily interest accruing on the payments due stitution’s preliminary selections for the thority except after notice to the Secretary the lender. For such purpose, the daily inter- community-based organizations (if any) with in such form and manner as the Secretary est shall be the daily equivalent of the appli- which the institution proposes to contract, may require by regulation. cable rate of interest determined under sec- and shall include information with respect to ‘‘(D) EXERCISE OF LENDING AUTHORITY.—The tion 427A(a)(1). preliminary site selections. Secretary shall, in accordance with regula- EASURES TO FACILITATE EXERCISE OF ‘‘(g) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— tion, verify that a lender is not making loans ‘‘(4) M There are authorized to be appropriated to under this paragraph in excess of the LENDING AUTHORITY DURING PILOT PROGRAM.— carry out this section $100,000,000 for fiscal amounts of lending authority obtained in ac- The Secretary shall provide for the estab- year 1999 and such sums as may be necessary cordance with this paragraph. Such regula- lishment of facilities for the communication for each of the 4 succeeding fiscal years. tions shall provide that any lender who ac- of information that permits eligible borrow- ‘‘(h) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this sec- quires, directly or pursuant to subparagraph ers to be informed of the identity of, and tion: (C), lending authority that was obtained at means to contact, lenders holding ‘‘(1) ADULT EDUCATION.—The term ‘adult auction pursuant to two or more bids of dif- unexercised lending authority pursuant to education’ has the meaning given such term ferent amounts shall be deemed to exercise this subsection. in section 312 of the Adult Education Act. such authority in descending order based on ‘‘(b) AUTHORITY FOR PROGRAM-WIDE USE OF ‘‘(2) COMMUNITY-BASED COLLEGE COMPUTER the amounts of such bids. MARKET-BASED MECHANISMS.— RECRUITMENT CENTER.—The term ‘commu- ‘‘(3) CONDUCT OF AUCTION.— ‘‘(1)(A) Notwithstanding any other provi- nity-based computer center’ means a com- ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.— sion of this part, the Secretary is authorized puter center— ‘‘(i) The Secretary shall allocate the to implement a program-wide system of ‘‘(A) funded by both the Federal Govern- amount of lending authority determined using market-based mechanisms to deter- ment and at least one private sector entity; under paragraph (2) among eligible lenders mine lender return on loans made under this H2438 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE April 28, 1998

part for loans made for periods of instruction er may not extend loans pursuant to such au- ‘‘(A) INFORMATION.—The Secretary shall on or after July 1, 2001. thority except after notice to the Secretary provide for the establishment of facilities for ‘‘(B) The Secretary shall implement such in such form and manner as the Secretary the communication of information that per- program-wide system only if the Secretary may require by regulation. mits eligible borrowers to be informed of the determines that doing so would be feasible, ‘‘(D) EXERCISE OF LENDING AUTHORITY.—The identity of, and means to contact, lenders efficient, include the means to ensure that Secretary shall, by regulation, provide for holding unexercised lending authority pursu- all eligible students would have access to verification that a lender is not making ant to this subsection. loans, and be cost-effective when compared loans under this part in excess of the ‘‘(B) COORDINATION.—The Secretary shall, to the average program costs for the preced- amounts of lending authority obtained in ac- by regulation, coordinate the availability of ing three years (as adjusted for loan volume). cordance with this paragraph. Such regula- loans pursuant to section 428(j) to the extent ‘‘(2) Notwithstanding any other provision tions shall provide that any lender who ac- necessary— of this part, if the Secretary does not imple- quires, directly or pursuant to subparagraph ‘‘(i) to permit lenders to exercise the lend- ment such program-wide system, the appli- (C), lending authority that was obtained at ing authority secured pursuant to this sub- cable interest rate on loans made for periods auction pursuant to two or more bids of dif- section; and of instruction on or after July 1, 2001 shall be ferent amounts shall be deemed to exercise ‘‘(ii) to ensure that eligible borrowers ob- increased by .25 percent, and lenders’ annual such authority in descending order based on tain loans under this part. rate of return on such loans shall be reduced the amounts of such bids. ‘‘(5) AUTHORITY TO PREPARE FOR PRO- by .25 percent. ‘‘(3) CONDUCT OF AUCTION.— GRAM.—Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the ‘‘(c) COORDINATION.—The Secretary shall, ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall al- Secretary may, before July 1, 1999— by regulation, coordinate the availability of locate the amount of lending authority de- ‘‘(A) prescribe regulations to carry out this loans pursuant to section 428(j) to the extent termined under paragraph (2)(A) among eli- subsection; and necessary— gible lenders submitting bids in descending ‘‘(B) expend funds appropriated pursuant to ‘‘(1) to permit lenders to exercise the lend- order by the unit price bid, but permitting this part to carry out activities necessary to ing authority secured pursuant to this sub- each bidding lender to acquire such author- the implementation of the programs author- section; and ity at the unit price bid by the next lower ized by this subsection.’’. ‘‘(2) to ensure that eligible borrowers ob- ranking bid, except that the Secretary may (b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section tain loans under this part. establish by regulation a different procedure 428(j)(1) (20 U.S.C. 1078(j)(1)) is amended by ‘‘(d) AUTHORITY TO PREPARE FOR PRO- for the conduct of the auction if the Sec- adding at the end the following new sen- GRAMS.—Notwithstanding subsections (a) retary determines that such procedure will tence: ‘‘The availability of loans under this and (b), the Secretary may, before the dates secure more receipts for the United States. subsection shall be coordinated in accord- described in each such subsection— The Secretary shall not permit any lender to ance with regulations prescribed by the Sec- ‘‘(1) prescribe regulations to carry out each acquire more than one-third of the amount retary under section 438(g)(5).’’. of the lending authority offered at any auc- such subsection; and H.R. 6 tion conducted under this subsection, but a ‘‘(2) expend funds appropriated pursuant to OFFERED BY: MR. ROEMER this part to carry out activities necessary to lender shall not be prohibited from acquiring AMENDMENT NO. 54: Page 172, after line 22, the implementation of the programs author- more than such amount pursuant to para- insert the following new subsection (and re- ized by each such subsection.’’. graph (2)(C). designate the succeeding subsections accord- (b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section ‘‘(B) BIDS GREATER THAN ZERO.—Any lender 428(j)(1) (20 U.S.C. 1078(j)(1)) is amended by whose bid is accepted pursuant to subpara- ingly): (c) ADDITIONAL ANNUAL LOAN LIMIT FLEXI- adding at the end the following new sen- graph (A) shall, if such bid is made at a unit BILITY. tence: ‘‘The availability of loans under this price exceeding zero, promptly pay to the (1) IN GENERAL.—Section 428H(d)(2) is subsection shall be coordinated to the extent Secretary an amount equal to (i) the unit amended— necessary in accordance with regulations price, multiplied by (ii) the amount of lend- (A) by striking subparagraph (C); and prescribed by the Secretary under section ing authority allocated to such lender. A (B) by inserting after subparagraph (B) the 427B.’’. lender making such a payment shall have no claim to a refund or remuneration based on following new subparagraphs: H.R. 6 the lender making loans in an amount that ‘‘(C) notwithstanding subparagraph (A) and OFFERED BY: MR. PETRI is less than the amount of lending authority (B), in the case of such a student who is pur- AMENDMENT NO. 53: Page 192, after line 10, obtained. suing a program of study at an eligible insti- insert the following new section (and con- ‘‘(C) BIDS LESS THAN ZERO.—The Secretary tution leading to the baccalaureate degree— form the table of contents accordingly): shall pay to any lender whose bid is accepted ‘‘(i) $7,200 if such student is enrolled in a SEC. 430. MARKET-BASED DETERMINATIONS OF pursuant to subparagraph (A), if such bid is program whose length is at least 1 academic INTEREST SUBSIDIES. made at a unit price that is less than zero, year (as determined under section 481); (a) AMENDMENT.—Section 438 (20 U.S.C. an amount equal to— ‘‘(ii) $4,500 if such student is enrolled in a 1087-1) is amended by adding at the end the ‘‘(i) the amount by which the unit price is program whose length is less than 1 aca- following new subsection: less than zero, multiplied by demic year, but at least 2⁄3 of such an aca- ‘‘(g) MARKET-BASED DETERMINATIONS OF IN- ‘‘(ii) the amount of lending authority that demic year; and TEREST SUBSIDIES.— the lender demonstrates, in accordance with ‘‘(iii) $2,700 if such student is enrolled in a ‘‘(1) APPLICABILITY.—Notwithstanding the regulations prescribed by the Secretary, has program whose length is less than 2⁄3, but at preceding provisions of this section, no spe- exercised by making and disbursing loans least 1⁄3, of such an academic year; cial allowance or other payment shall be under this part. ‘‘(D) in the case of such a student who is a paid under this section with respect to any ‘‘(D) CONTRACTUAL RIGHT OF HOLDERS TO graduate or professional student enrolled at loan disbursed on or after July 1, 1999, except SPECIAL ALLOWANCE.—Any lender whose bid an eligible institution, an amount not to ex- as provided pursuant to this subsection. is accepted pursuant to subparagraph (A), if ceed the student’s estimated cost of attend- ‘‘(2) USE OF AUCTIONS TO APPORTION LENDING such bid is made at a unit price that is less ance (as determined under section 472), less AUTHORITY.— than zero, shall be deemed to have a contrac- the sum of— ‘‘(A) AUCTIONS REQUIRED.—The Secretary tual right against the United States, to re- ‘‘(i) any loan for which the student is eligi- shall conduct an auction in accordance with ceive the payment required by subparagraph ble under section 428; and paragraph (3) to allocate the authority to (C). Such payment shall be made promptly ‘‘(ii) an estimate of any financial assist- make loans under this part among eligible and without administrative delay after re- ance reasonably available to such student.’’. lenders for any academic year. The Sec- ceipt of an accurate and complete request for (2) DEPENDENT STUDENTS AMENDMENT.— retary shall estimate the amount of lending payment, pursuant to procedures established Section 428H(d) is amended— authority that will be required by eligible by regulations promulgated under this sub- (A) by redesignating paragraph (3) as para- students for such an academic year, and section. graph (4); and shall by auction allocate such amount, plus ‘‘(E) PENALTY FOR LATE PAYMENT.—If a (B) by inserting after paragraph (2) the fol- a reasonable margin for unexpected loan de- payment required by subparagraphs (C) and lowing new paragraph: mand. (D) has not been made within 30 days after ‘‘(3) ANNUAL LIMITS FOR DEPENDENT STU- ‘‘(B) LENDING AUTHORITY REQUIRED.—A the Secretary has received an accurate, DENTS.—Notwithstanding paragraph (2), in lender may not make a loan under this part timely, and complete request for payment the case of a dependent student who is en- that is disbursed on or after July 1, 1999, ex- thereof, the amount payable to such lender rolled in a program leading to the bacca- cept pursuant to an allocation of lending au- shall be increased by an amount equal to the laureate degree whose length is at least 1 thority pursuant to this paragraph. daily interest accruing on the payments due academic year (as determined under section ‘‘(C) TRANSFERABILITY OF LENDING AUTHOR- the lender. For such purpose, the daily inter- 481), the maximum annual amount of loans ITY.—An eligible lender may transfer any est shall be the daily equivalent of the appli- under this section such a student may bor- lending authority acquired pursuant to this cable rate of interest determined under sec- row in any academic year or its equivalent subsection to another eligible lender upon tion 427A(a)(1). or in any period of 7 consecutive months, such terms as may be agreed upon between ‘‘(4) MEASURES TO FACILITATE EXERCISE OF whichever is longer, shall be the amount de- such lenders, except that the acquiring lend- LENDING AUTHORITY.— termined under paragraph (1) plus $1,500.’’. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2439

(3) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section ‘‘(v) $5,800 for academic year 2003–2004, port shall include an analysis of the extent 428H(d)(1) is amended by striking ‘‘para- H.R. 6 to which the high monthly payments associ- graphs (2) and (3)’’ and inserting ‘‘paragraphs ated with such loans deter such individuals OFFERED BY: MR. SERRANO (2), (3), and (4)’’. from jobs (including public-interest and pub- (4) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments AMENDMENT NO. 57: Page 271, strike line 14 lic-service jobs) with lower salaries than the made by this section shall apply to loans and insert the following: average in relevant professions. The report made for periods of instruction beginning ‘‘(A)(i) is an eligible institution; or shall include an analysis of the desirability after July 1, 1998. ‘‘(ii) is an institution of higher education and feasibility of allowing the consolidation H.R. 6 (as such term is defined in section 101(a)(2)) of alternative student loans held by such in- that provides a 4-year baccalaureate pro- OFFERED BY: MR. SANDERS dividuals through the Federal student loan gram, is regionally accredited, and serves at consolidation program or the use of other AMENDMENT NO. 55: Page 56, after line 18, least 1,500 Hispanic students; means to provide income-contingent repay- insert the following new paragraph (and re- H.R. 6 ment plans for alternative student loans. designate the succeeding paragraphs accord- ingly): OFFERED BY: MR. SKAGGS H.R. 6 ‘‘(5) cooperation between institutions to AMENDMENT NO. 58: Page 334, after line 19, OFFERED BY: MR. SOUDER encourage cost saving initiatives through insert the following new section (and redes- joint purchase of goods and services, and ignate the succeeding sections and conform AMENDMENT NO. 59: Page 237, strike lines 4 shared use of facilities and faculty re- the table of contents accordingly): through 10 and insert the following: sources.’’ SEC. 806. STUDY OF CONSOLIDATION OPTIONS. ‘‘(2) REHABILITATION.—A student whose eli- H.R. 6 No later than 2 years after the date of en- gibility has been suspended under paragraph OFFERED BY: MR. SANDERS actment of this Act, the Secretary shall re- (1) may resume eligibility before the end of AMENDMENT NO. 56: Page 94, strike lines 12 port to Congress on the desirability and fea- the period determined under such paragraph through 16 and insert the following: sibility of possible new Federal efforts to as- if the student satisfactorily completes a drug ‘‘(i) $5,000 for academic year 1999–2000, sist individuals who have substantial alter- rehabilitation program that complies with ‘‘(ii) $5,200 for academic year 2000–2001, native student loans (other than direct stu- such criteria as the Secretary shall prescribe ‘‘(iii) $5,400 for academic year 2001–2002, dent loans and federally guaranteed student for purposes of this paragraph and that in- ‘‘(iv) $5,600 for academic year 2002–2003, and loans) to repay their student loans. The re- cludes two unannounced drug tests. E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 105 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION

Vol. 144 WASHINGTON, TUESDAY, APRIL 28, 1998 No. 49 Senate The Senate met at 9:30 a.m., and was Senate, I hereby appoint the Honorable RESERVATION OF LEADER TIME called to order by the Honorable TIM TIM HUTCHINSON, a Senator from the The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- HUTCHINSON, a Senator from the State State of Arkansas, to perform the du- pore. Under the previous order, the of Arkansas. ties of the Chair. leadership time is reserved. STROM THURMOND, f PRAYER President pro tempore The Chaplain, Dr. Lloyd John Mr. HUTCHINSON thereupon as- MORNING BUSINESS sumed the chair as Acting President Ogilvie, offered the following prayer: The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- pro tempore. Almighty God, life can be simply pore. Under the previous order, there awful or awfully simple. Today, we f will now be a period for the transaction choose the awfully simple but sublime RECOGNITION OF THE ACTING of morning business not to extend be- secret of a great day: Your work, done MAJORITY LEADER yond the hour of 10:45 a.m., with Sen- on Your power, achieves Your results ators permitted to speak therein for up on Your timing. We reject the simplis- The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- pore. The acting majority leader is rec- to 10 minutes each. tic idea that things work out, and ask Under the previous order, the Sen- You, dear Lord, to work out things. Be- ognized. f ator from Maine is recognized to speak fore us is a new day filled with more to for up to 15 minutes. do than we can accomplish on our own SCHEDULE Ms. COLLINS. I thank the Chair. strength. You have given us the power Ms. COLLINS. Mr. President, this (The remarks of Ms. COLLINS and Mr. of inspired imagination to envision a morning the Senate will be in a period FEINGOLD pertaining to the introduc- day in which what is truly important of morning business until 10:45 a.m. tion of S. 1993 are located in today’s gets done. Help us to move expedi- Following morning business, the Sen- RECORD under ‘‘Statements on Intro- tiously through today’s work, to listen ate will proceed to executive session to duced Bills and Joint Resolutions.’’) to You and each other, and to make resume consideration of the treaty on Ms. COLLINS. If there is no other guided decisions. Pull our anchors out NATO enlargement. Senator HARKIN Senator seeking recognition, I suggest of the mud of combative competition, will then be recognized to offer an the absence of a quorum. lift our sails, and remind us that it is amendment regarding U.S. costs. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- Your set of our sails, and not the gales, Under the previous order, there will pore. The clerk will call the roll. that determines where we will go. be 2 hours equally divided for debate on The assistant legislative clerk pro- Lord, we believe that the work we the amendment. At 12:45 p.m., the Sen- ceeded to call the roll. will do this day is crucial for our Na- ate will recess until 2:15 p.m., to allow Mr. DORGAN. Mr. President, I ask tion. This is the day You have given. the weekly party caucuses to meet. unanimous consent that the order for We intend to live to the fullest with When the Senate reconvenes at 2:15, the quorum call be rescinded. Your guidance, by Your power, and for there will be 10 minutes of debate The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- Your glory. In the name of the Way, equally divided for closing remarks on pore. Without objection, it is so or- the Truth, and the Life. Amen. the State Department Reauthorization dered. f Conference Report. Following that de- Mr. DORGAN. I ask unanimous con- APPOINTMENT OF ACTING bate, at 2:25 p.m., the Senate will pro- sent to speak for 10 minutes in morn- PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE ceed to the first of two stacked rollcall ing business. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The votes. The first vote will be on the The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- clerk will please read a communication adoption of the State Department Con- pore. The Senator is recognized. to the Senate from the President pro ference Report, to be immediately fol- f lowed by a vote on or in relation to the tempore (Mr. THURMOND). THE FEDERAL RESERVE The legislative clerk read the follow- Harkin amendment. Members should ing letter: expect further rollcall votes through- Mr. DORGAN. Mr. President, this U.S. SENATE, out Tuesday’s session on amendments morning the front page of the Washing- PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE, to NATO enlargement, or any other ton Post has an article that says, ‘‘In- Washington, DC, April 28, 1998. legislative or executive items cleared terest Rate Fears Drive Stocks Down.’’ To The Senate: for action. The article makes the point that the Under the provisions of rule I, sec- I thank my colleagues for their at- Dow Jones average tumbled 147 points tion 3, of the Standing Rules of the tention. yesterday. And John Berry, in the

∑ This ‘‘bullet’’ symbol identifies statements or insertions which are not spoken by a Member of the Senate on the floor.

S3665 S3666 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 Post, who writes a fair amount about can they be thinking? Too many people THE AGENDA OF THE SENATE the Fed and about economic news, says are working? We are starting to see Mr. DORGAN. Now, Mr. President, the analysts on Wall Street indicate maybe some increases in some salaries just a couple final points. there was a strong concern by inves- at the bottom of the economic scale? The agenda of the Senate—I was tors that the long-running bull market I would say to the Federal Reserve talking here about the agenda of the might be nearing a peak and that the Board, if you have a lot of time on your Federal Reserve Board, something I do Federal Reserve Board is looking at hands, take off those gray coats you not control. I guess the same is prob- the potential of increasing interest wear from those gray suits you wear to ably true with respect to the agenda of rates. work every day and start thinking the Senate, because the majority lead- It is interesting to me that it is a about bank mergers. Maybe start er controls the agenda of the Senate. front page story that the stock market thinking of what the CEOs make at the He determines what to bring to the is down 147 points. The fact is the Dow top—not workers at the bottom, and floor of the Senate for debate, and the Jones industrial average is nearly 9,000. wonder what it does to the economy. agenda for the U.S. Senate is a very It is a stock market that has increased The Fed should be talking about the important agenda. dramatically. We have had up days of biggest bank mergers in the history of In front of us in the coming weeks I 70 points, 90 points, 120 points. It is not this country. What does it mean for hope will be the following pieces of leg- surprising that we will have downturns consumers that all of the biggest banks islation, some of which are already in the market of 140 points or more of this country are getting together very, very late. The so-called highway when you have a market that is over and deciding there is so much romance bill or ISTEA bill which is very impor- 9,000 in the Dow Jones industrial aver- going on in the financial industry and tant. It should have been passed last age. they would like to marry up? year. It is now in conference. We need But what surprises me is the notion The Federal Reserve keeps a list to get that and get it done. It is impor- somehow that the Federal Reserve down there called the ‘‘too-big-to-fail’’ tant for this country, an investment of list. That is a list of the biggest banks Board somewhere behind closed doors roads and infrastructure. at a March 19 meeting indicated that, in the country that will never be al- The tobacco bill. We have just passed gee, they were concerned that the lowed to fail because the consequences a tobacco bill out of the Senate Com- economy was growing too fast and that of their failure would be too cata- merce Committee. It should be ready maybe American workers are making strophic for the economy. So they have to come to the floor of the Senate. I too much money. They are concerned the too-big-to-fail list. hope it is done sooner rather than As more and more banks merge, of that maybe too many people in this later. A supplemental disaster bill— course, that list gets bigger, and it country are employed. that bill has been passed for some means the risks of the merger will be There is no amount of good news that while, and the Senate is now in con- borne by the American taxpayer. So will not give the economists down in ference. In fact, I am a conferee. We the Fed a bellyache for a week or two. this monopoly game played by Amer- ican giants passes off its risk to the will have a conference at 2 o’clock this There is no amount of good news that afternoon. That ought to be done. does not cause them great concern. American taxpayer. So I say to the Federal Reserve There is no excuse, especially with re- ‘‘Gosh, the economy is doing well, so Board, if you have lots of time on your spect to the disaster funds, for further we better have a heartache about how hands, don’t sit around scratching your delay. That ought not sit there wait- well the economy is doing.’’ It is inter- heads and increasing interest rates, ing. This Congress has a responsibility esting to me that the Fed has been con- when the short-term Federal funds rate to get that work done and bring it to sistently wrong. I know there are peo- is already higher than is justified, the floor of the Senate. ple in this Chamber who will stand up given the rate of inflation. Start think- Another important issue that we and say, the Fed ought to be credited ing about what these bank mergers do want brought to the floor of the Senate with the good economic news in this to the American economy. Start ask- as soon as possible is the Patients Bill country. In fact, just the opposite is ing yourself why—if you keep a list of Rights, which deals with managed the case. that is called ‘‘too-big-to-fail,’’ why in care and the abuses that are occurring The Fed has been consistently wrong this economy do family farmers out in managed care in this country. about this economy. They indicated there face a risk of serious financial Those are just a handful of bills we time after time after time that if un- problems right now? And they seem to want to be brought to the Senate floor employment ever went below 6 percent be, in the eyes of the Fed, and others, soon. Some of them have already been we were going to be in huge trouble, we too small to matter? Why is it that through the Senate and have been lan- were going to see the new fires of infla- some are too big to fail and others, who guishing in conference. The highway tion stoke up. Well, unemployment are critical of this country’s success, bill, for example, the supplemental dis- went below 6 percent and has stayed somehow too small to matter? aster bill, others, need to come to the below 6 percent. We have not seen new I would just say to the Fed—when I floor so we can make some progress on waves of inflation. The Federal Reserve read this story this morning, I won- them. Board has just missed the fact that the dered again about those we hire to do I ask the majority leader and all oth- global economy has put downward monetary policy and who think about ers on both sides of the aisle in the pressure on wages in this country. economic policy. What they can be Senate that we do our work and do it But having said that, the Federal Re- thinking about when they suggest—and on time and tell the American people serve Board now has short-term inter- have now for about 3 years—that any that things like investment in infra- est rates higher than it ought to be, good economic news in this country is structure, building roads, repairing higher historically than it should be by somehow a step backwards. bridges, and the kind of things done in a full half a percent. This means the I just ask the Fed to understand this this important highway bill get done prime rate is higher than it ought to be economy is doing quite well, notwith- on time. They were supposed to have and higher than it historically would standing the Fed’s advice. And there is been done last year. It is now getting be given the rate of inflation of well no justification—none—for this Federal towards May of this year. It is in con- over 1 percent at this point. Yet, they Reserve Board to be considering in- ference. A very, very important piece are talking about maybe increasing in- creasing interest rates. of legislation. I hope it is brought to terest rates down at the Federal Re- The Federal funds rate at the mo- the floor of the Senate soon. serve Board. ment is historically higher than it One more point. The tobacco legisla- What on Earth can they be thinking? should be, given the rate of inflation. If tion is very important. Some, I know, I mean, if the job of the Federal Re- they take any action at the Fed, it want to stall on that legislation, but serve Board is to simply slow down the ought to be to decrease the Federal we reported it out of the Commerce economy, my uncle can do that. There funds rate to where it ought to be, Committee under the leadership of are five or six people in my hometown given the current rate of inflation Senator MCCAIN. That piece of legisla- who can do that. We do not have to pay which, incidentally, is almost nonexist- tion, I think, because of the short year them a lot of money to do that. What ent. that we were involved with that piece April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3667 of legislation, should be brought to the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Concerns about the extension of our floor of the Senate as soon as possible. objection, it is so ordered. military obligations—and let’s again be The later that it is brought to the floor The amendment is as follows: frank about this; NATO is a military of the Senate, the less likely it is that In section 3(2)(A), strike ‘‘and’’ at the end alliance—have been voiced by Senators Congress will get its work done on the of clause (ii). and interest groups, academics across tobacco bill. I ask the majority leader, In section 3(2)(A), strike ‘‘(iii)’’ and insert the political spectrum, and when the ‘‘(iv)’’. bring the tobacco bill to the floor of In section 3(2)(A), insert after clause (ii) voices expressing caution include Re- the U.S. Senate, and let’s get it done. the following: publicans and Democrats and progres- I yield the floor. (iii) any future United States subsidy of sives and conservatives, libertarians The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. ROB- the national expenses of Poland, Hungary, or and others, such a diverse opposition ERTS). Under the previous order, the the Czech Republic to meet its NATO com- may be a sign that we ought to really hour of 10 a.m. having arrived, the Sen- mitments, including the assistance described act very deliberately and delibera- in subparagraph (C), may not exceed 25 per- ator from Indiana, Mr. COATS, is recog- tively on this issue. So I am glad the cent of all assistance provided to that coun- nized to speak for up to 45 minutes. try by all NATO members. debate has finally begun, and as I said, Mr. COATS. Mr. President, I thank At the end of section 3(2), insert the follow- I am delighted with the course of ac- the Chair. ing new subparagraph: tion in the debate. (The remarks of Mr. COATS, Mr. (C) ADDITIONAL UNITED STATES ASSISTANCE At the outset, I hope the Senate ABRAHAM, Mr. SANTORUM, and Mr. DESCRIBED.—The assistance referred to in would not simply rubber stamp this BROWNBACK pertaining to the introduc- subparagraph (A)(iii) includes— bill that we have before us. We have a tion of S. 1994 are located in today’s (i) Foreign Military Financing under the constitutional responsibility to both Arms Export Control Act; RECORD under ‘‘Statements on Intro- advise and consent on treaties. This is (ii) transfers of excess defense articles duced Bills and Joint Resolutions.’’) under section 516 of the Foreign Assistance a responsibility that is taken seriously f Act of 1961; by every Senator and ought to because, as you know, under our Constitution a CONCLUSION OF MORNING (iii) Emergency Drawdowns; (iv) no-cost leases of United States equip- treaty overrides the Constitution. So BUSINESS ment; anytime we advise and consent on a The PRESIDING OFFICER. Morning (v) the subsidy cost of loan guarantees and treaty, we are advising and consenting business is closed. other contingent liabilities under subchapter on a document that basically overrides f VI of chapter 148 of title 10, United States much of our Constitution. So we have Code; and EXECUTIVE SESSION (vi) international military education and to be very careful about this. training under chapter 5 of part II of the There are important issues to con- Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. sider in NATO expansion— PROTOCOLS TO THE NORTH AT- Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, I will burdensharing, command and coordina- LANTIC TREATY OF 1949 ON AC- yield myself such time as I may con- tion, responses to real and perceived CESSION OF POLAND, HUNGARY, sume for opening comments and then threats, even the basic questions of AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC reserve some time for others on the mission and scope of the organization amendment. itself. They are not simple questions The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under that lend themselves to a simple, sound the privilege order, the Senate will now Mr. President, we are, as the Senate and the country now know, debating bite debate. These questions and their go into executive session to resume answers will shape for better or worse consideration of Executive Calendar the issue of whether or not the Senate will advise and consent to the Presi- our defense and foreign policy options No. 16, which the clerk will report. for decades to come. The legislative clerk read as follows: dent’s signature on a proposal to bring three more nations into the North At- There is no doubt that NATO has Treaty Document No. 105–36, Protocols to lantic Treaty Organization. been one of the greatest military alli- the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 on Acces- ance success stories in our Nation’s sion of Poland, Hungary and the Czech Re- While I was not present yesterday in public. this Chamber, I did watch some of the history. And, again, at the outset we debate that unfolded yesterday, and I have to ask the question. Here is an or- The Senate resumed consideration of think the debate is taking a good ganization founded in 1949 shortly after the treaty. course of action. The debate yesterday the end of the Second World War—the Pending: was a good debate. I hope that the de- Second World War in this century— Kyl amendment No. 2310, to establish prin- bate today will continue along those when 12 countries signed the North At- ciples of policy of the United States toward lines. In other words, what I mean by lantic treaty to establish the military the Strategic Concept of NATO. that is not just people giving a speech alliance known as NATO. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under and then walking off the floor but Now, let’s face it. The reason for the previous order, the hour of 10:45 where we can actually engage one an- NATO was the Soviet Union. The rea- having arrived, the distinguished Sen- other in asking and answering ques- son for being in that alliance, and also ator from Iowa, Mr. HARKIN, is recog- tions about the implications of the to preserve the nations of Europe to- nized to offer an amendment on which NATO treaty. gether, was to preclude any possibility there shall be 2 hours of debate equally So I hope that will be the course of of cross-border excursions by European divided. action during the Senate’s responsibil- countries. The treaty had as its goal The Senator from Iowa is recognized. ity to advise and consent here. ‘‘to unite their efforts for collective de- EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2312 Mr. President, I want to make some fense and the preservation of peace and (Purpose: To limit any United States subsidy extended remarks about the whole pic- security in Europe.’’ of the national expenses of Poland, Hun- ture of NATO expansion, but I will just Four nations have been added. Spain, gary, or the Czech Republic in meeting its talk very briefly right now about the the most recent, joined in 1982. So, NATO commitments) amendment I sent to the desk. again, it has been a success. It has kept Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, I send Basically, I think one of the most im- the peace in Europe for nearly 50 years, my amendment to the desk and ask for portant issues facing us on NATO ex- both by deterring aggression by the its immediate consideration. pansion is what it is going to cost, Warsaw Pact and by encouraging co- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The what it will cost the taxpayers of this operation between its members. clerk will report the amendment. country. So what I have sent to the I must say, due to the commitment The legislative clerk read as follows: desk is an amendment that will hope- of its members and the leadership of The Senator from Iowa [Mr. HARKIN] pro- fully clear this up a little bit and pro- the United States, NATO has largely poses an executive amendment numbered vide for an accurate accounting of all fulfilled the reason for its very birth— 2312. of the expenses incident to the expan- the demise of the Soviet Union. So we Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, I ask sion of the North Atlantic Treaty Or- have to, I think, at the outset, say, if unanimous consent that reading of the ganization. And I will have more to say something was born because of the So- amendment be dispensed with. about that a little bit later. viet Union and it has succeeded, what, S3668 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 then, are the reasons not only for con- control by a power not necessarily of total cost estimate of $1.5 billion. Well, tinuing it but for expanding it? And, Russian being. then the Clinton administration re- subsequently, are there better and I learned a lot about what countries vised their initial projections down to other ways in which we can fulfill in this region had endured. Last year I reflect the NATO estimate of $1.5 bil- other goals, such as democracy, eco- attended the dedication of the National lion. nomic progress, market-based econo- Czech and Slovak Museum in Cedar Some would argue that comparing mies, and integration of the countries Rapids, IA. these numbers is like comparing apples of Europe into one economic entity? It is interesting. I was there with and oranges—I heard that—because of So, what role will NATO play in a President Clinton and Ambassador the different assumptions and sce- new century? And what is the cost Madeleine Albright, who was then-Am- narios. But I would argue that is ex- going to be in financial terms? And bassador to the United Nations, Presi- actly the point. We do not have any what is the cost going to be in other dent Vaclav Havel of the Czech Repub- consensus or concrete ideas on what less tangible areas, like the potential lic, and President Kovac of the Repub- posture NATO will take in the future for strained relations with nonmember lic of Slovakia. and at what cost. nations? Or what will the cost be in a Again, these people of these nations I have a chart here that shows basi- dangerous rollback, perhaps, of nuclear have shown a commitment and resil- cally the varying cost estimates so we arms control and nonproliferation ience to the democratic ideals during get an idea of just how widely diver- progress made since the end of the cold the economic and political transition. gent they are. NATO, as I said, esti- war? They are working in concert with the mates $1.5 billion. The Clinton admin- By the administration’s own admis- community of nations and peacekeep- istration initially, as I said, came in sion, ‘‘Enlargement will take place in a ing operations in Bosnia, in Iraq also. I last year—a year ago—at $27 to $35 bil- European security environment in want to commend and recognize their lion. Now the administration says it is which there is no current threat of efforts. That is all well and good. But $1.5 billion. They just picked up the large-scale conventional aggression is that a reason to expand NATO? NATO estimate. CBO has given us a I am not convinced it is the most ap- and where any such threat would take range of $21 to $125 billion. The Rand propriate vehicle that we can use to years to develop.’’ This is from the ad- Corporation says it is $10 to $110 bil- get the goals of security, stability, po- ministration’s own admission. There is lion. litical reform, and economic integra- no current threat and any threat would As I said, the first Clinton adminis- tion with the West sought by these take years to develop. In response to tration estimate was $27 billion to $35 newly free countries. questions from many Senators, the ad- I am really worried we are buying billion—to $1.5 billion. So we go from ministration reiterated this point when into a mentality that has its roots in $1.5 billion to $125 billion. Where is it? How much of this will they wrote, ‘‘Current members and pro- the cold war, and not the mentality the U.S. taxpayers have to pick up? spective new members face no immi- that is looking ahead to the next cen- The GAO issued a report late last fall, nent threat of attack.’’ tury. Yes, it is true that Europe has This seems to be one of the few issues sustained decades, almost a century, of the title of which explains my concerns on NATO expansion where we can find warfare, invasions, domination and op- and the reason for this amendment. It wide consensus. There is no large-scale pression by the people of Eastern Eu- says, ‘‘NATO Enlargement Cost Impli- external threat, including Russia. They rope. This approach to foreign policy cations for the United States Remain just don’t exist. The administration’s would be appropriate if the world cli- Unclear.’’ expectation for the role of an expanded mate was similar to what it was, say, Now, much of the uncertainty is be- NATO include: before World War II. But the world has cause—a quote from the GAO report— No. 1, helping to deter future threats; changed. ‘‘It will not be until June of 1998 that No. 2, expanding our collective defense To those who say that, well, we can NATO will make decisions about capabilities to respond to both tradi- have another cross-border invasion by whether or how much to increase the tional and nontraditional security a country in Europe against another common budgets which would then be challenges; and, No. 3, helping to sup- country, even the administration ad- shared among current and new mem- port and stabilize emerging democ- mits this is not going to happen. This bers. Until this has been done, the im- racies. I agree that these are goals that would not happen for years. It would plications for the U.S. contributions to the United States should pursue. They take years for anything like this to de- NATO’s common budgets will be un- are worthwhile goals. But again I ask, velop. You are not about to see any clear.’’ is NATO the proper framework in headlines exclaiming that Russian Now, again, this is one reason why which to accomplish these goals? troops are marching toward Poland or several other Senators and I asked for Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Re- Czechoslovakia. a delay in voting on NATO expansion. public have legitimate concerns about The czars are gone. The Third Reich I felt and some others felt that we protecting their borders and their na- is gone. Germany is united as a democ- should have delayed this until this tional sovereignty. After all, they per- racy. Again, we need to reorient our- summer. We are not going to get this severed through a century of invasions selves to the realities of the 21st cen- NATO estimate until at least June of and decades of outside control by a tury where the security threats are not this year. So why should we be voting large and powerful neighbor. But, czars and Hitlers and people like that, on a blank check for the American tax- again, let me also say that I remember but are more likely to be rogue na- payer before we have the data? What is when I happened to be in Moscow tions, international terrorists, and, as the rush? Why could we not wait until shortly after the Berlin Wall came we have seen again in Europe, internal this summer until we get the NATO de- down and the Soviet Union was break- ethnic clashes. cisions on how much they want to in- ing up, I remember one of the Russian For example, the security threat of crease their common budgets? Members of the Duma telling me that, most concern to Europe now is Bosnia The same GAO report went on to dis- ‘‘You think you were the victims of the and Kosovo. There is also the so-called cuss the financing for commonly fund- Soviet Union. You think Europe was nontraditional threat—terrorism, ed items, such as the needed infrastruc- the victim of the Soviet Union,’’ he chemical, biological weapons. Again, ture to send reinforcements to new al- said. ‘‘We Russians were the biggest we need to consider, is NATO the best lies in times of crisis, communications victims of the Communist Soviet way to deal with these challenges? But systems, or interoperability with Union.’’ my primary concern now, and with this NATO’s air defense system. None has So we have to think about it in that amendment, is the cost. been agreed to yet. None of it has been context also; of Russia, and of them In February of 1997, the administra- agreed upon yet. coming out from underneath the yoke tion estimated the total cost of be- Again, from the GAO report: ‘‘Wheth- of a Soviet Communist empire. Think tween $27 to $35 billion, of which the er they will be financed within existing about Russia, also, in terms of its his- U.S. share would be $1.5 to $2 billion. budgets or by increasing the size of tory, when it has gone, also, through a In December, NATO released their NATO’s common budgets will not be century of invasions and decades of own study with the astonishingly low determined until June of 1998.’’ April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3669 That is from the GAO report. come before him whether he wishes to beyond the common budget, whether I am hopeful that the managers of do it. we are going to help Chile beyond the the bill would engage with us in dis- For example, we are going to have, common budget, whether we will spend cussing why we would go ahead with and right now the President has sent money in Korea beyond, and it has this before we have this data that up within the last 3 months a request nothing to do with the common budget NATO will come up with in June of for additional equipment for Turkey, of NATO. 1998. So that is a missing piece of the additional military equipment for So what happens here is we are tak- puzzle right there. Greece. Now, they have nothing to do ing great big apples and putting them Another piece of the puzzle we are with our common budget in NATO, in baskets of small oranges. We talk missing is how new members are to ad- zero. about mixing apples and oranges. The dress their military shortfalls. The Now, the Senator sits on the Appro- reason why the numbers, which I will countries’ force goals will not be set priations Committee. He can come to go into in great detail later, range again until this spring. In other words, the floor, and on foreign military sales from $125 billion to $1.5 billion is that we are without a plan to address the of those countries, he can say no, we we are counting the wrong things. force goals and the price tag associated don’t want to do that, and we can vote So the issue here, and we will get a with it. against it. It is irrelevant. It has noth- chance to talk about this in detail, Again, I and others are uncomfort- ing to do with whether or not Poland is what is NATO’s—and I know my friend able signing the American taxpayers’ a member of NATO or the Czech Repub- from Virginia knows this well—what is names to a potentially ballooning lic is a member of NATO. the common budget of NATO? And blank check, so that is a second part of What the Defense Department means, what are we committing ourselves to this puzzle that I believe is missing. I respectfully suggest, is the following; spend in addition to what we are now The GAO concluded that while DOD’s that with NATO, with the additional spending on the common budget of key assumptions were reasonable, their three countries in NATO, we may con- NATO because these three countries ‘‘cost estimates’’ are speculative. clude that our defenses would be fur- are going to be added—if they are ‘‘NATO enlargement could entail costs ther enhanced, bilaterally enhanced, added, if we prevail? in addition to those included in DOD’s U.S. interests enhanced if we gave So, that is the issue. With all due re- estimate, including costs for assistance more money, more for military sales to spect, my friend is mixing apples and to enhance the PFP or other bilateral Romania or to the Baltics or some- oranges here when he refers to the DOD assistance for countries not invited to where else. But it has nothing to do— saying we might in the future decide to join NATO in July 1997.’’ nothing to do, zero—with whether or spend more money. It has nothing to So, in other words, it is not just not we expand NATO. Zero, nothing. do with any obligation we are taking those countries invited to join. What The Senator from Virginia is on the on as a consequence of expanding about the cost for assistance and other floor, a strong opponent of expansion. NATO. vital assistance for all of the other He knows that the Armed Services I thank my colleague. I yield the countries not invited to join in July Committee has no obligation to send floor. 1997? foreign military sales which we sub- Mr. HARKIN. I would like to respond, Mr. BIDEN. Would the Senator yield? sidize to Greece or Turkey, yet he but I yield to the Senator from Vir- Mr. HARKIN. I would be delighted to votes for it. But it has nothing to do ginia. yield. with NATO, zero. Nothing to do with The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- Mr. BIDEN. Wouldn’t the Senator ac- NATO, zero. It is not part of NATO’s ator from Iowa controls the time and knowledge the example he just gave common budget, common budget. the time has been running on his side. has nothing to do with any commit- The only thing, I respectfully suggest Mr. HARKIN. I had 1 hour. ment that is being undertaken by the to my colleague, that we are commit- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Correct; expansion of NATO now? It is unre- ting ourselves to with the expansion of the Senator has 35 minutes remaining. lated. We may or may not through the NATO is that we will continue to par- Mr. HARKIN. I yield to the Senator program which the opponents of expan- ticipate roughly 25 percent of the cost from Virginia. sion constantly point to—the Partner- of the common budget of NATO. The Mr. WARNER. I thank my distin- ship for Peace, as what we should have things that the DOD referenced and guished colleague. stuck with—we may or may not do what my friend from Iowa is talking First, I want to say what a pleasure that. But passage of the expansion of about have zero to do with the common it is to sit and listen to a well-informed NATO for these three countries in no budget. presentation on a very important way affects the point of whether or not There is a chart here, ‘‘budget cost- amendment. Indeed, I will, in the we give assistance to Romania or we sharing formula, in percentage of total course of the day, engage in another give assistance to any other country NATO common budget.’’ I will later in detailed colloquy with my friend on questioned. Is that not correct? the day go into great detail, because I this. Mr. HARKIN. Well—— think one of the great misnomers here I point out when you mention the Mr. BIDEN. I respectfully suggest the is how the NATO is funded. I am not Armed Services Committee, authoriz- answer is yes. speaking to my friend from Iowa, who ing committee, I think the Senator Mr. HARKIN. Well, wait a second. I knows this area very well because he should reconsider. It is your commit- do not think the answer is yes. What serves on the Appropriations Commit- tee, the Foreign Relations Committee, GAO said is NATO enlargement could tee. But many of us who do not serve that authorizes the level of assistance entail costs in addition to those coun- on the Appropriations Committee or on matters like this, as opposed to the tries in the Partnership for Peace, for Armed Services Committee don’t nec- Armed Services Committee. example, others who may not be in- essarily understand the details of how Mr. BIDEN. That is correct. vited to NATO but because of the en- the NATO budget is constructed. There Mr. WARNER. A small matter, but I largement of NATO there may be other are three common budgets. I will not wanted to make—— costs incidental and associated with it. go into it now. But they are the things Mr. BIDEN. We are so accustomed to That is what they are saying. that all 16 NATO nations reach into other committees stealing our jurisdic- Does the Senator say absolutely their pockets and pay for. They are not tion that it was a slip of the tongue. there will be no other costs associated the national budgets. Mr. WARNER. It is well-taken. At to PFP countries when NATO is en- The national budget, my friend on every opportunity the Armed Services larged? the authorizing committee—both my Committee will do that. Mr. BIDEN. If the Senator will yield, friends stand here on the Armed Serv- Your question is correct, but I say to the answer is I am saying there is no ices Committee—in the national budg- my good friend that while there is no obligation we undertake. The Senator et we decide whether or not out of our fixed-in-law obligation for an increased sits on the Appropriations Committee. military budget we are going to help contribution on behalf of the United The Senator will have to make an indi- Greece beyond the common budget, States to these three potential new vidual judgment as each of the items whether we are going to help Turkey members, there is, indeed, a moral, and S3670 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 it seems to me that that moral obliga- owed to NATO because we have agreed. we spend ourselves in terms of our own tion will come into play very strongly. If we don’t do that, then NATO says military. It is talking about what sub- If for any reason their economies can- ‘‘Woe, woe, you are not engaging in sidy we provide to these countries. not support their quotient of final cost sharing.’’ And that, in turn, means Mr. BIDEN. Is that not out of our na- costs allocated among the three, I am that they can veto whether or not as a tional budget? Is that not out of our certain the United States would be a practical matter we decide it is in our national defense budget? participant in picking it up. national interest to sell Cobra heli- Mr. HARKIN. Yes, out of our tax- Mr. BIDEN. On my time, if I may re- copters to the Greeks. My time is up. payer dollars, subsidies to those coun- spond, if I can take 3 minutes—and I Mr. HARKIN. Will the Senator yield? tries. But it has nothing to do with our guess it is not just my time but the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- military expenditures for our nation’s time controlled by the majority here— ator’s time has expired. forces stationed in Europe. if I can have 3 minutes to respond. Mr. HARKIN addressed the Chair. Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, it clearly The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- does. It says that if we want to ‘‘take ator is recognized for 3 minutes. ator from Iowa. a tank off the shelf,’’ as they say, Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I say to Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, I think which comes right now out of the De- my friend, one of the things the Armed the Senator is making my point. My fense Department budget, and we want Services Committee has been very jeal- friend from Delaware is making my to give that tank to Turkey, or to ous of, rightfully so, even though for- point. We are limited to 25 percent of Greece, or to Germany, it says that eign military sales fall within the For- the common budgets. All of the cost es- tank can’t be given if in fact we have eign Relations Committee purview, timates we keep hearing about only already met our obligation of 25 per- when we argued in the Foreign Rela- deal with the common budgets. We cent under the common budget because tions Committee, some of us, against don’t talk about the national budget. it would exceed 25 percent. So he is some foreign military sales, the Armed What my amendment says is what is limiting—limiting in perpetuity—the Services Committee members and staff good for one side ought to be good for amount of money we can spend out of have often come to us and said, ‘‘Joe, the other. We are not mixing the two. our national budget. do you know what you are doing?’’ If We are applying a good, sound prin- Look, this is apples and oranges you don’t let Lockheed or Marietta ciple. If 25 percent is good for the com- again. We say with NATO, here is the Martin sell that particular item sub- mon budgets, it ought to be good for deal: We are going to pay 25 percent of sidized to the Germans or to the the national budgets. That is what my all the moneys that directly relate to Greeks or to the Spaniards or to whom- amendment says. It says to the Amer- NATO. We do not say we are only going ever, do you know what you are doing? ican people, look, you are right, we to keep 25 percent of the total amount You are just subsidizing the French be- don’t know what it is going to cost us of money we spent at 25 percent if, in cause they will sell them a Mirage; in the future. The Senator just stated addition, we decide we want to help, as they will sell this, they will sell that. that. He said that we don’t know what we have over the last 30 years, Greece. When we make these judgments on it may cost us in the future. If this had been the law in the last 20 foreign military sales, they are judg- What this amendment says is that at years, the military aid that we have ments that are not only made in terms no time will the portion of the national given to Greece and Turkey would have of what we believe to be our security budgets of these countries or any other eaten up our share of what we agreed interest, but when we fail to partici- new members of NATO be more than 25 to do in the common budget. So in pate in that, we find that we lose part percent, so that if some cost comes in Aviano, Italy, the national budget of of our infrastructure because we find at $10 billion, our share, the share of the country of Italy pays for that Air that, as a lecture I received many the American people, will be no more Force base. But if we are going to build times on the floor from Armed Services than 25 percent. The other nations of a runway to land NATO planes on, or Committee members, we lose the com- NATO will have to kick in their pro- Italy comes back and says, wait a petitive advantage to those foreign portionate share, also. minute, even though that is on an military sales merchants in France, in That is why I drafted this amend- Italian air base for which we pay for all England, wherever else. ment. People don’t understand the dif- the infrastructure, if you want to So what we are talking about is the ference between the common budgets lengthen the runway to accommodate independent judgment of whether or and the national budgets. We keep NATO planes, the other 15 members of not we may, in the future conclude, as hearing from the Clinton administra- NATO have to kick in to pay for it. If we have in the past, that in addition to tion that this is only going to cost us it costs $10 to extend the runway, we our contribution to the common mili- $400 million—as I pointed out, we al- take out $2.50 and pay the 25 percent. tary budget, in order to keep peace in ready promised as much as $1.069 bil- But if we have already given $2.50 off the Aegean, we have supplied in addi- lion in loans and subsidies to Eastern the shelf to Greece, we don’t have any tion to that common NATO budget, we and Central Europe—because they are money, we are prohibited by law from have supplied additional moneys or talking about the common budgets, not being able to do this. subsidies to Greece or to Turkey or about the national budgets of these This is hamstringing our national de- Denmark. We have done it for almost countries. The Senator from Delaware fense budget, unrelated to NATO. It is all of the 15 members. is exactly right. My amendment seeks a little like my saying that we are not What the amendment of my friend to say that no more than 25 percent of going to spend anymore money on edu- here would do is something revolution- those would be paid for by the Amer- cation than what we now spend on title ary. It would say that we will redefine ican taxpayers. I would think the Sen- VII. So if we want to pass, as I do, and what NATO’s common budget is as it ator would support that. did, the subsidy for IRAs for private relates to the United States. We now Mr. BIDEN. If the Senator will yield. schools, that would have to come out would have to include as part of the He wants written into law in the pas- of the ceiling for all title VII, which economic budget any of the following: sage of the amendment to the Washing- was a billion dollars. We would have to foreign military financing under the ton treaty a commitment that the find $300 million out of that billion dol- Arms Control Export Act, transfers of United States national budget will now lars, which means you don’t have excess defense articles, emergency and forever not exceed 25 percent of all enough money to meet the obligation drawdowns or no-cost leases of U.S. the money we decide to spend in the you have agreed to, separate and apart equipment or subsidies or loan guaran- European theater. I can’t imagine the for decisions independent of NATO con- tees, which would in effect give veto Senator from Virginia supporting that. siderations. You know, the rest of power over our interests with the other Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, with all NATO has not wanted to support 15 NATO nations. The reason we give a due respect, I don’t think the Senator Greece. We stepped in and said, OK, veto power is because if we draw down, read my amendment. notwithstanding that NATO doesn’t if we have to draw down from a 25 per- Mr. BIDEN. I have read it in detail. want to support Greece beyond the cent foreign military sales, we can’t Mr. HARKIN. It is talking about the NATO common budget, we are going to then pay our common budget that is subsidy. It is not talking about what step in and give them the following April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3671 subsidies, or the following military Mr. HARKIN. I will not argue con- 1989—we had to amend the conven- equipment off our shelf, out of our na- stitutional principles with the Senator tional forces amendment. We renegoti- tional budget, out of our pocket. from West Virginia. ated that agreement. The flank agree- Now, if we deal with any NATO na- Mr. BYRD. I hope the Senator will ment in the Senate was an amendment. tion, and we conclude that we want to take that out of his written speech. It was passed in Russia in the Duma as engage in foreign military sales with Mr. HARKIN. I will not argue con- well. What we said was that we had to them, unrelated to NATO, if we want stitutional principles with the Senator give up a number of pieces of equip- to convince the French—which we from West Virginia, I know that. But ment, thousands of pieces of equip- never could—to stop flying Mirage air- treaties under—I forget the article— ment, but because Greece and Turkey craft in their national air force and fly treaties become the law of the land. were on the southern flank of NATO F–15s, we could not do that. And so this Mr. BYRD. Yes; but they don’t over- and because we still were concerned is a profound change in national de- ride the Constitution. about instability in the region, we still fense policy that, with all due respect, Mr. HARKIN. Under the Constitu- wanted force structure there, we had to has nothing to do with NATO. If you tion, they become the law of the land. call for a cascading down. We took all want to cap all U.S. spending as it re- Mr. BYRD. They become part of the of the equipment that we were giving lates from the Euros to the Atlantic at supreme law of the land. I thank the up, thousands of pieces, and we just 25 percent, fine, do it; but understand Senator for yielding. gave them to the Greeks and the that you are making a profound foreign Mr. HARKIN. I appreciate the correc- Turks. It was in our national interest policy judgment that has nothing to do tion of the Senator from West Virginia. to do so. with whether or not Poland, the Czech Back to my point; the Senator from Had the Senator’s amendment been Republic, and Hungary are members of Delaware is right. If this amendment in place, the cost of all of those pieces NATO. had been in effect 40 years ago, we of equipment would have to have been I yield the floor. couldn’t have been in Greece. But that computed and added up, and then re- Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, I will was during the cold war. That is when duced from the 25 percent ceiling that get back to this amendment. I respect- we were facing the Soviet Union. That was allowed to be spent by the United fully suggest that the Senator from is when we were facing, if I might say States on the common budget of the Delaware, again, is making my point in to the Senator from Delaware, facing a NATO. That had nothing to do with the two ways. What the Senator from Dela- Europe that was on its knees, busted, cold war; it had to do with reality. It ware has said is that the costs of the broke, basically decapitated from had to do with the arms control agree- taxpayers of this country are going to World War II. There is no way that ment. That arms control agreement increase in the future. We don’t know they could have done it on their own. would have done one of two things. It how much, but that is what he said. It That is why I say with this whole would not be able to have been nego- is going to increase. Listen carefully— NATO argument that it just seems to tiated and signed by us because we Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, with all me we are arguing about a world that would not have been able to have that due respect, I did not say it is going to existed 50 years ago. The Senator from force structure on the southern flank, increase. It would be up to the Senate Delaware in his impassioned pleas is or we would have had to go in arrears and the Appropriations Committee. arguing for a situation that no longer to our commitment of saying 25 per- Mr. HARKIN. After a treaty is exists. Europe is powerful. Europe is cent of the common budget of NATO. signed. And keep in mind, treaties wealthy, and the nations’ GNPs are That is a contemporary example. override the Constitution of the United going up. There is no Soviet Union. That went on from 1991 to 1996. It is a States. Once those decisions are made, There is no external threat like Greece further example of how well-intended we are going to have to meet, as the was facing. Europe has been rebuilt. but dangerous this amendment is. Senator from Virginia said, our moral The cold war is over. Let’s look ahead. I thank the Senator for yielding. Mr. HARKIN. Again, I respond to the obligations. What I am saying is that I don’t be- Senator from Delaware. Again, what he Mr. BIDEN. Moral obligations— lieve, in the context of a Europe that is basically arguing for is giving a Mr. HARKIN. If the Senator will let we see now and in the foreseeable fu- blank check to the American people. I me finish, I never interrupted him. ture, that our taxpayers ought to be disagree with the Senator on the point Mr. BIDEN. The Senator is correct. I liable for the national costs anymore that he just said about conventional apologize. in excess of what they are liable right Mr. HARKIN. Again, I think the ar- structure. We are talking about three now for the common costs. That is guments, if I might respectfully say so, countries. My amendment only men- what this amendment says. Very sim- of the Senator from Delaware are argu- tions three countries. It mentions Po- ply, it says very forthrightly, ‘‘Any fu- ments that we would have heard on the land, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. ture United States subsidy of the na- Senate floor in the 1950s and the 1960s It is just those three countries that we tional expenses of Poland, Hungary, or and the 1970s. The Senator’s arguments are talking about and about their na- the Czech Republic to meet its NATO pertain to a world that no longer exists tional costs. There may be other ar- commitments, including the assistance in Europe. The Senator talks about rangements in Europe. There may be described in subparagraph (c), may not Greece, that if this amendment had other structures in which we are en- exceed 25 percent of all assistance pro- been in effect 30 years ago, 40 years gaged that are not covered by this vided to that country by all NATO ago, we could not have done in Greece amendment. members.’’ what we did. The Senator is right. But Mr. BIDEN. Will the Senator yield? When it comes to tanks, planes, or this is not 40 years ago. Mr. HARKIN. I am talking only Mr. BYRD. Will the Senator yield? anything else, of course, we can still about subsidies to the national mili- Mr. HARKIN. I yield to the Senator sell them. They can still buy from us. tary budgets, the national expenses of from West Virginia. But our subsidy to this national effort those three countries to meet their na- Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, I thought I cannot be more than 25 percent of the tional commitments. heard the distinguished Senator say total amount of subsidies by all of the Mr. BIDEN. Just those three? that treaties override the Constitution countries for that national effort—— Mr. HARKIN. That is all. of the United States. Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, will the Mr. BIDEN. This in no way limits our Mr. HARKIN. Portions. Senator yield on that point? ability to give aid or assistance to any Mr. BYRD. Did I hear him correctly? Mr. HARKIN. Yes. But I am losing a other country in NATO. So we are Mr. HARKIN. Portions. lot of time; if the Senator would help going to say that you three guys can Mr. BYRD. No, treaties don’t over- me by yielding back some time. come in, but we are going to promise ride the Constitution of the United Mr. BIDEN. Where you don’t go back that we are never going to give you as- States. Under the Constitution, trea- 50 years—for example, if the Senator’s sistance, but we will maybe give assist- ties are a part of the law of the land, amendment had been in place, we prob- ance to Greece, Turkey, Germany, the supreme law of the land. They ably could not have amended the con- France and England. don’t override the Constitution of the ventional forces in Europe. In 1991, it Mr. HARKIN. That is right. Exactly. United States. became clear—the wall came down in Why is that? Because England, France, S3672 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 and all of these countries’ forces are cost, and 75 percent is then to be allo- it for the all of the national defense modernized. They are fully integrated cated among the remainder of the na- budget? If it doesn’t make sense for the into NATO. Those are the three coun- tions. It is as simple as that in clear whole national defense budget, I re- tries that are going to have a lot of English language. spectfully suggest it makes zero sense money for interoperability, command, Mr. HARKIN. I thank the Senator. to do it in Europe for these three coun- communications, force structures. That says it very clearly and very elo- tries. That is where the money is going to go. quently, and I think brings the point Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, if I I didn’t want to say anything about the home again. I say to the manager of could clarify, the funds the Senator is other countries. I don’t think it is nec- the bill that when you talk about $1.5 talking about come out of the Depart- essary for these other countries be- billion, that is one of the common ment of State budget, not the defense cause we are not going to be involved costs. That is why we are trying to budget. in that kind of expenditure. That is reach out and find out what these other Mr. BIDEN. Let’s set the State De- why I limited it specifically to those costs associated with it are. These partment budget. three countries and why I respectfully NATO’s costs, as I have pointed out, we Mr. WARNER. It is important in this demur from the Senator’s comments have already allocated over $1 billion debate that we begin to establish a few that we could not be involved in other ourselves of taxpayer dollars for this. fundamentals with some correctness. aspects of NATO beyond the 25 percent. I also say in response to the com- The defense budget will be around $260 We absolutely could. That is why I ments of the Senator from Delaware billion to $270 billion, but it does not want to focus on those three countries about what happens in the future that, contain the funds to which my distin- only because that is where the money if there is an emergency or something guished colleague is now referring. is going to be spent for force structure happens where you have changed cir- Mr. BIDEN. If the Senator will yield, and modernization. I don’t believe we cumstances, I would respond with the let’s set the State Department budget ought to give a blank check. same enjoinder that he gave to this then, freeze that. Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Will the Sen- Senator; that is, I believe it is impor- Mr. HARKIN. I didn’t hear the Sen- ator yield? tant now to limit our taxpayers’ expo- ator from Delaware. Mr. HARKIN. Yes. sure rather than a blank check. If Mr. BIDEN. If the categories all come Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Wouldn’t we, there is an emergency in the future, if out of the State Department budget, if we accept the amendment of the Sen- something does happen, yes, the Appro- then let’s say let’s freeze the State De- ator from Iowa, then be relegating Po- priations Committee will respond. The partment budget. Nothing can go up in land, Hungary, and the Czech Republic Foreign Relations Committee and the the State Department budget, period. second class citizenship in NATO? authorizing committee will respond. Freeze it, just like we are going to Mr. HARKIN. I don’t believe so. I The Armed Services Committee in freeze it here. Why not do that? And if think all we are saying is that the their capacity as authorizing commit- an emergency comes along, we can other members of NATO have to be as tee will respond. The appropriators will change our mind. fully involved financially in upgrading respond. It is better to address it at It is not a way to do business, I re- and modernizing their force structure that point rather than giving a blank spectfully suggest. as the taxpayers of this country. I basi- check now and just sort of letting it Mr. HARKIN addressed the Chair. cally would submit that this amend- go. I think from a budgetary stand- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ment is more inclusive. It is saying to point, from the standpoint of protect- ator from Iowa has 13 minutes 30 sec- our partners in NATO that we are in ing our taxpayer dollars better, we onds. this together; don’t just stick the limit it now, and then, if there is an Mr. HARKIN. I am sure the Senator American taxpayer with the bill. emergency, fine, we can come up with will yield me some more off his time, Mr. SMITH of Oregon. One other the money and finance the emergency. because I have been so yielding to him. question. Mr. BIDEN. If the Senator will yield. I think the analogy that the Senator It seems to me, as we look at the If in fact this logic makes sense, I don’t from Delaware uses is totally wrong. numbers that the Senator is present- know why we would produce an amend- Let me provide, I think, a more correct ing, $125 billion versus $1.5 billion, and ment that says right now we spend—I one. This amendment in no way limits changing circumstances, I would re- don’t know the exact national budget. how much total defense dollars we can mind the Senate that the $125 billion My friend from Virginia may know how provide to these three countries—not was predicated on the Congressional much we spend on defense right now in at all. It simply says, whatever their Budget Office based upon an invasion the United States of America on our national budget, we will only pay 25 by Russian forces of Hungary, Poland, total defense budget. I will make up a percent. So the Senator’s analogy that and the Czech Republic, and that it number. Let’s say it is $300 billion. we are somehow going to cap defense would require the full advanced posi- Why don’t we attach an amendment spending is not right. tioning of the U.S. military. If that right now and say that we will not A better analogy, if I might say to were to occur, those numbers are prob- spend more than $300 billion on de- my friend from Delaware, is this. We do ably right. The much reduced number fense, period? Why don’t we do that? It have a defense budget in the United of $1.5 billion is a reflection, according is the same logic. Let’s tell the Amer- States. It is $260 billion. Let’s say that to the GAO, of the current political sit- ican taxpayers now we are limiting for national emergency reasons, or uation and, therefore, isn’t an accurate what they are going to spend on de- whatever threat might come up, we estimate. fense. We will do it now. We will limit have to increase it to $300 billion a But I would say this: I don’t think we it to that number, not just in Europe year. But what we are going to do is should hamstring now our ability as but all over the world. Tell them that tax the citizens of Delaware for half of the Senate and as the Congress to re- right now. If there is an emergency, we it, and then we will spread the other spond to whatever things might occur. can come back. half among the other 49 States of the But it seems to me, we would be doing This is the same man, whom I respect Union. That is the more correct anal- just that if we were to accept the Har- enormously, who argued strenuously, ogy as to what my amendment seeks to kin amendment. and he argued on the same issue of a do. Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, if I constitutional amendment to balance Now, certainly we would not say to might, if I could restate what the Sen- the budget. the citizens of Delaware, ‘‘We are going ator is trying to achieve with his Why not set a number? Defense to increase the defense budget. You amendment, is simply to say when spending cannot increase at all. We can have to pick up 50 percent of the NATO establishes the military require- pass it now, unless we come along and total.’’ No. We would spread it out, ments of three new nations, the costs by a two-thirds vote in this body agree make everybody pay a fair, propor- associated with each of the nations and to spend more money on defense. That tionate share. That is what my amend- their ability to reach that require- is what we are doing here relative to ment says. My amendment in no way ment, the U.S. States taxpayer will these three countries. That is what we limits the total amount of defense pay no more than 25 percent of that are doing for Europe. Why don’t we do money spent on these three countries. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3673 Mr. LIEBERMAN. Mr. President, I fense, want to acquire certain modern are two different categories of expense. wonder if I might yield myself time military equipment systems. One is the direct amount we are con- from the Senator from Oregon. My concern is that by squeezing for- tributing—common expenses, if you Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, I will eign military financing under the Arms will—the $400 million that the Senator yield the floor and let others use their Export Control Act—which is to say from Iowa refers to, to enlarge NATO own time. the credits that our Government gives to these countries. I do not consider Mr. LIEBERMAN. Mr. President, I to facilitate the sale of weapons sys- the credits given to facilitate the sale wonder if, having discussed with the tems by American manufacturers to of American military equipment to Senator from Oregon, I might yield foreign purchasers—we are going to these countries in that same category. myself time from his time so as not to block our defense companies from hav- These are not giveaways. These are, in deprive the Senator—— ing a chance to compete equally with a long-established program, quite simi- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- other foreign defense manufacturers to lar to what we do through the Export- ator from Iowa yields the floor? try to sell to the Czech Republic, Hun- Import Bank in other areas, or OPIC in Mr. HARKIN. I am sorry. Mr. Presi- gary, and Poland. Because the credits other areas, to facilitate American dent, I yielded the floor and reserve the will be included within the 25 percent, companies’ ability to sell their prod- remainder of my time. and the effect of that will not be to ucts abroad, creating or sustaining The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- protect American taxpayers, it will be more jobs for American workers here ator from Connecticut. to hurt American defense workers, at home. Mr. LIEBERMAN. I thank the Chair. whose products will not be able to be So, my initial concerns are con- Mr. President, the Senator from Iowa sold to these three countries. firmed. I think the effect of this has been very generous in yielding his So, I ask my friend from Iowa, is it amendment, if adopted, would be to own time. I wanted to make a brief not true, if the amendment he has sub- limit the ability of American compa- statement and then pose two questions mitted is agreed to, that we will limit nies to compete equally with foreign on what I take to be not just credits for foreign military sales to manufacturers of comparable weapons hypotheticals but real life prob- these three countries and therefore systems to sell them to these three abilities. limit the opportunity of American de- countries, and the losers in that would I followed the discussion on a par- fense manufacturers to sell to these be the workers in defense companies ticular element of the budget, whether three countries, meaning that they will all around America. So these export State Department or defense. I don’t be pushed to buy from other producers credits are not giveaways. Yes, it may think that is right on point to what is elsewhere in the world? take the budget, the possible spending, being said here. I think the amendment Mr. HARKIN. I will respond to my somewhat above the $400 million, but of the Senator from Iowa is saying that friend, if he will yield. that is a different category. The $400 American subsidy, as it were, of the na- Mr. LIEBERMAN. I do. million, if you will, is a grant. This is tional expenses of Poland, Hungary, Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, again, a little bit like giving a bit of a subsidy and the Czech Republic to meet their this amendment does not preclude in- so you can sell a multiple of many NATO commitments should not be creased subsidies as long as we only times more and create jobs for Amer- more than 25 percent of all assistance pay our fair share. That is the point I ican workers. provided to each of those countries by was making prior to the Senator’s Mr. BIDEN. Will the Senator yield all NATO members. comments. for a question? Let me lead into the questions that I But, again, is the Senator arguing Mr. LIEBERMAN. I will. want to ask the Senator from Iowa. that, again, this is going to cost a lot Mr. BIDEN. The Senator from Iowa The Senator from Iowa has said that more than the $400 million that the ad- forthrightly responded, as he always his purpose in offering this amendment ministration has suggested—that this does, that if we wanted to sell Poland, is to protect the taxpayers of America could really balloon in the years like we sell Greece or Germany or any- from incurring a liability greater than ahead? That is what I am concerned one else, a piece of American-made this 25 percent; that is, 25 percent of all about. What is this going to cost? We military equipment, as long as we did assistance provided to each of these are told it is only going to cost us $400 not subsidize more than 25 percent of three countries by all NATO members. million. But now I hear the Senator what that was, then we could sell it. But I am concerned that there are saying maybe, if a country there de- I wonder, why in God’s name would some consequences in his amendment, cides to buy some expensive military the French Government agree to come perhaps unintended, which in fact not hardware, we will want to jump in and up with money for Poland to allow only do not protect the taxpayers of subsidize our sales, so, therefore, we them to buy an American jet instead of the United States but may hurt them, don’t give it? I mean, nothing is given? a French jet? Why would they possibly and certainly may hurt their security. It is not free; the taxpayers pay for it. do that? And does this not give a veto, And I want to describe two situations And that bothers me. It doesn’t pre- a veto on the part of other NATO na- and then ask the Senator from Iowa if clude the sale of weapons; it just means tions, over American foreign military he would respond. it must be a fair share. sales? Because unless they come up The 25 percent number is one that Again, I probably agree with the Sen- with 75 percent of what any subsidy has some currency—no pun intended— ator that my amendment would pre- would be, why would they possibly do in NATO circles about the American clude the kind of giveaway programs that? share. So it is not the 25 percent that that cost our taxpayers a lot of money Is it not true—the Senator is on the I think troubles those of us who oppose in order to maybe help one of these Armed Services Committee—is it not this amendment. It is what the Senator countries modernize to the point where true that one of the core debates in from Iowa is including within the 25 they may not need it. But as long as it NATO beyond burdensharing has been percent in subsection (C) of his amend- is free to them and costs our taxpayers, who gets to sell NATO the equipment, ment, and I go particularly to this and why not give it to them? whether they fly Mirages—whether I read from the amendment. Mr. LIEBERMAN. I appreciate the NATO planes are Mirages or whether The assistance referred to in (A)(iii) above response of the Senator from Iowa, be- they are American made aircraft? includes (1) Foreign Military Financing cause I do believe the response con- Every other European country in under the Arms Export Control Act. firms my concern that one of the ef- NATO has been saying, ‘‘You Ameri- So here is the circumstance I am con- fects of passage of this amendment will cans get too much of an advantage.’’ cerned about being covered here. At be to apply what I consider to be an ar- Every time we talk about sometime in the future—next year, 2 bitrary cap—which is to say a 25 per- burdensharing, don’t they come back years, 3 years, 4 years—one of these cent cap—on all American expenditures and say, ‘‘Yes, but you don’t get it; you three countries, the Czech Republic, related to the assistance provided to get to make all that money and get all Hungary, or Poland, decides that they, these NATO countries. those jobs because you are supplying as part of their participation in NATO, Here is why I am concerned about the equipment that all the NATO their responsibility for their own de- that and why it does bother me. There uses’’? S3674 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 So why in the Lord’s name would we ner—Partner for Peace, as we say—in edge of military conflict again, and as give a veto power over the ability of that specific program. And I am struck we hope it will not happen, in fact American manufacturers and American by what these three new members can there is a decision to launch a military employees to keep their jobs to the add to NATO’s military capacity. action, and in this we ask and receive French and the Germans and the Brits? First off, and most explicitly, they the support of our allies in Hungary, Mr. LIEBERMAN. The Senator raises will add 200,000 troops. And not just the Poland and the Czech Republic. a very good question. For me, at least, troops, but I think what we will find, I know I am speeding up the schedule there is no good answer to that. That is because these new members will have a little bit because they will not in why I say I believe that this may be an the enthusiasm of new membership, that timeframe have acceded to NATO unintended consequence of the amend- perhaps even a greater willingness to membership. So let us take it forward ment that the Senator from Iowa has be involved in sharing the burden that a year or two or three. They want to put forward. There is very spirited would otherwise fall exclusively on the help us in an international conflict. competition among the member coun- United States of America in responding And the one in the gulf is most likely. tries of NATO in arms sales and arms to threats to the security of NATO and To facilitate their aid to us, we have to purchases by NATO. its member states, including our own invoke exactly the sections of law that For instance, right now there is a security. the Senator from Iowa includes in his great issue about the Joint Stars Pro- Let me give a specific example. Hun- amendment under the 25-percent cap— gram, a remarkable air surveillance of gary has been of great help to us al- transfers of excess defense articles ground activity system in which we ready in Bosnia, giving us a base from under section 516 of the Foreign Assist- had an original requirement of 19 which we can launch or source so much ance Act of 1961, emergency drawdowns planes; assuming that NATO would buy of our activity in Bosnia. But let me of our equipment to give to them no 6, we would pay for 13. Our military come to a much more specific and re- cost leases of U.S. equipment. All of says these are extraordinarily valu- cent point. A short while ago, we were this is not to throw it away but be- able. They are going to be critical in on the edge of military action against cause they can share our burden. They future warfare. We have already used Iraq again, because the Iraqis wouldn’t can send troops to be with ours. But them in Bosnia before we thought we allow us, or the United Nations inspec- they may need some assistance, mate- would have to. Our allies in NATO de- tors, access to their facilities, accord- riel assistance that we would normally cided last fall that they didn’t want to ing to the post-gulf-war promises that draw down from. buy the six from us, they wanted to try they had made. And that conflict, for So perhaps this has been a longer to make them themselves. So there is now—I am afraid not forever, but for way than necessary to say that my very spirited competition that goes on now—has been avoided. But the record concern is, these additional sections of among the NATO members for NATO will show that during the period of this law would prevent the United acquisitions, let alone to other coun- time leading up to the possibility of States from, in a crisis such as the one tries. military action against Iraq, these I have described, or God forbid a larger I do want to say one word addition- three countries—Poland, Hungary, and one, where the soldiers, the military ally on this point. The credits that are the Czech Republic—made forces of these three countries were given for foreign military financing unswervingly clear that they were pre- ready to share the burden of the United under the Arms Export Control Act are pared to stand by us. States in defense, in fact the 25-percent not literally spending; they are more in Let me be very blunt about this, cap would say, you cannot do it, you the form of a guarantee. I don’t have undiplomatically blunt. They were cannot help them help us. the exact information before me, be- much more supportive of military ac- That is not only in the most limited cause I didn’t realize we were going to tion against Iraq, much more willing to and technical sense such a result in the get into this point this morning. I commit forces and materiel, much interest of the taxpayers of the United don’t believe that the taxpayers have more convinced of the common threat States, it certainly is not in the inter- actually spent very much money on that an uninspected Iraq posed to est of the security of the United States these credits. They are a form of a them, as well as to us, than some of our or in the interests of the well-being of guarantee to facilitate these sales. longest term and foremost allies in the military of the United States, Anyway, bottom line, I leave this NATO. There is no secret here. The without assistance from countries like part of the debate with a confirmed French were particularly reluctant this, to have to shoulder more of the concern, which deepens my opposition about military activity against Iraq. burden. to the amendment, that one of the un- So what I want to pose now is an- So I ask my friend from Iowa, is it intended consequences—or con- other fact situation. Let us say in the not true that these sections of this sequences of this amendment, if it next half year—we all hope this does amendment would limit the ability of passes, would be to hamstring, to tie not happen, but we can feel it building the United States to draw down, to up, to put a cap on the ability of Amer- in Iraq again. Mr. Butler, of UNSCOM, transfer articles, to enter into no-cost ican companies and workers to com- of the U.N. group charged with inspect- leases of U.S. equipment to these three pete with foreign companies and work- ing in Iraq to guarantee that weapons countries in a time of crisis, in which ers to sell these three systems that of mass destruction have been elimi- we would very much want them to be they may want to acquire in the fu- nated, has said in the last week or two helping us with our assistance? ture. that, yes, the inspectors gained access Mr. HARKIN. If the Senator will Mr. President, I would like to go on to Saddam Hussein’s palaces, but as far yield. and pose a second question to my as I interpret his statements, the Iraqis Mr. LIEBERMAN. I will. friend from Iowa. Let me describe a dif- cleared out the palaces, let the inspec- Mr. HARKIN. Is the Senator then ferent kind of fact circumstance. tors in, the inspectors naturally found saying that the cost of this is going to One of the reasons I am so strongly nothing—there was a lot of time that escalate greatly in the future, that it is supporting the enlargement of NATO passed—the inspectors went out, and not $400 million, it is going to be some- to these three countries is that it will now the Iraqis say, ‘‘That’s it. Lift the thing much above that because we are help us—it will share our burden, to be sanctions.’’ going to subsidize a lot of sales? Is that as specific as I can. NATO, as we con- Mr. Butler, steadfast, honorable, what the Senator is saying? tinue our historic mission of providing independent, says, ‘‘Hey, we don’t have Mr. LIEBERMAN. I thank the Sen- for the collective defense of the mem- affirmative proof as required under the ator. What I am saying is that from the ber states, will face threats, as it has post-gulf war agreements that the best estimates I have seen, the Amer- both within their territories and out- Iraqis are not developing chemical and ican contribution to the common costs side. We have seen it in Bosnia. I sus- biological weapons.’’ of NATO will be limited to the $400 mil- pect, as others do, that we will be So let us go forward a few months, lion. But there will be other cases in threatened increasingly from the south and the conflict grows, the disagree- our self-interest, such as the ones I of NATO, not from the east, because ment grows, the Iraqis refuse to allow have mentioned, where there is an Russia is now our ally and our part- U.N. inspectors in, and we are on the international crisis and we will want to April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3675 draw down, to give no-cost leases to ion, have a moral obligation to ratify I think the answer I gave to that Hungary, Poland and the Czech Repub- that victory in the freedom won by mother can also be given to my friend lic to help us so we incur less damage countries like Poland, Hungary and the from Iowa. The Senator is concerned and less direct costs ourselves that I Czech Republic, countries that suffered about the bill going up. I am concerned am afraid this amendment would limit. during the cold war and the long years about that, too, but I think the surest I consider that a very separate cat- of Soviet Communist domination, to way that the bill not go up is to expand egory than in the contribution we welcome them into this military alli- NATO. I think if we did not expand make to the common costs of NATO ance which is based on the principle of NATO, and the worst kinds of scenarios enlargement. freedom, also on collective defense. you could construct actually occurred, Mr. HARKIN. If the Senator would I know that there are some who have we would be spending far more than yield further. said that what drives this debate, what $1.5 billion—whether Poland, Hungary Mr. LIEBERMAN. I will. drives the move for NATO enlargement and the Czech Republic were in NATO Mr. HARKIN. The Senator talks is the yearning by American military or not because I don’t think this time about prices. Again, with all due re- contractors for more sales in Central we would stand idly by. I certainly spect, when a crisis happens, Congress or Eastern Europe. I must say, I am on hope we would not. responds. Again, just from a budgeting the Armed Services Committee and I So the surest way, I think, we can as- standpoint, from being perhaps a little have not had a single comment—I have sure the American taxpayer that Sen- tightfisted with taxpayer dollars, and contact on a regular basis with rep- ator HARKIN is rightly concerned that not giving sort of a blank check and resentatives of defense companies, and we won’t spend $125 billion to expand saying, ‘‘Fill it in,’’ I think by having I have not had a single one of them say NATO, is to define the terms of the fu- a cap on these costs, a national cost a single word to me about NATO en- ture, not just react to them, make that I propose equivalent to what we largement. them, expand NATO, make this com- do in our common costs, that it pre- But that having been said, and look- mitment, and I believe it means we cludes a kind of runaway giveaway. ing realistically, the potential sales will not be spending the kind of ex- It is like, OK, Hungary wants to up- here are quite modest as a proportion cesses that I also fear with the Senator grade their capabilities in a certain of overall military sales throughout from Iowa. area, so we say, ‘‘Oh, wonderful. You the world, particularly within the Mr. HARKIN. How much time re- need not the $1.98 version, you need the United States with the Pentagon as the mains? $100 version.’’ But Congress says, ‘‘We purchaser. But if these three countries The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- can’t afford the $100 version.’’ We say, want and need to purchase new mili- ator has 11 minutes. Mr. SMITH of Oregon. I yield the ‘‘Not to worry. We’ll give it to you. tary equipment, why would we want to floor. That will be one of our grants. We will limit the ability of American compa- nies to sell American made products to Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, I will re- subsidize it, and you will get ours.’’ spond with a couple of things. Again, I must respectfully say to my them? So, no, the debate overall is not about American workers; it is about First of all, I have to ask again the friend from Connecticut, this is a question: Can these three members, whole new vineyard, this debate about the principle of freedom and collective defense, and the promotion of peace these three nations, can they afford jobs. I thought this was about democ- membership in NATO or can they not? racy and markets and peacekeeping. and stability on the European Con- tinent, which is what NATO has done Can they afford to bear the burden or Now we are talking about jobs. I find can they not? We have been told they this debate now is veering off course a so greatly for almost 50 years and will do more broadly in the years ahead if can. One of the requirements for mem- little bit. bership is they can pay the tab. These To answer the question as forth- we enlarge it. Way down on the list of effects is the three nations have stated over and over rightly as I can, yes, I am saying that they could afford it. if one of these three countries want the possibility that there might be a few sales of American-made equipment to Now I am hearing, wait a minute, no, $1.98 version, we could give up a 25-per- maybe they can’t, because now we will cent subsidy for that. We would not these countries. I fear that the unin- tended consequence of this amendment have to give them a lot of subsidies to come in with a $100 version and say would be to limit those sales and, in buy weapons systems. Well, if that is taxpayers are going to pay for the that sense, to give an unusual and sur- the case, then do they have the eco- whole thing. Yes, that is exactly what prising competitive advantage to mili- nomic strength to join NATO? It seems I mean. tary contractors abroad, particularly like we cannot have it both ways. If Mr. LIEBERMAN. I thank the Sen- in Europe, perhaps even in Russia or they have the economic strength, why ator from Iowa. I will say a brief word China, as well. do they need all the subsidies? If they or two more and then yield to the Sen- I thank my friend from Iowa for what don’t, are they really capable of joining ator from Oregon. I hope has been an illuminating dialog NATO? What I fear from the amendment is and for the directness and eloquence of Secondly, yes, I am concerned about that the effect of the amendment will his own participation. these types of giveaway programs and be to limit our ability to sell cost-ef- I thank my friend from Oregon for loans and grants. I say to my friend fective items to these three govern- yielding me this time. I yield the floor. from Connecticut, we have—I have ments, not just the ones that the Sen- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. SES- been on the Defense Appropriations ator may consider to be bloated in ex- SIONS). The Senator from Oregon. Committee for several years now, and I pense. And more to the point of the Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, have been in some aviation things second example that I have asked him I was once asked by a mother in a town going back almost 20 years, both in the about, I think it will have the unin- meeting I had in Oregon why her son or House and the Senate. I say to my tended consequence of shackling us in daughter should put his or her life at friend from Connecticut, we have al- our attempt to benefit from the will- risk for a Hungarian or Pole or Czech ways been faced with other countries ingness of these three countries to as- through the expansion of NATO. I subsidizing, in many cases more than sist us in a time of international crisis. think it sometimes helps to think in we ever subsidized our arms manufac- I want to make a final point about human terms like that. My answer to turers. the comment that the Senator made in her was that the surest way not to put So how do we beat them? We beat passing that this is about, the NATO her son’s or daughter’s life at risk was, them because we make the best prod- enlargement debate is about principle, in fact, to expand NATO. ucts. We have the best quality. No one not about jobs in America. I respect- It is a very troubled area in world can match our aircraft. No one can fully, loosely paraphrase there. history. In a tough neighborhood, good match our weapons systems. No one In my opinion, as I tried to indicate fences make for better neighbors. I can match not only the quality but the yesterday, this debate really is about a have fought to expand NATO because I kind of support infrastructure that we principle, about the principle of free- think to leave the vacuum, to leave can provide for those weapons systems. dom that was secured and won in the muddled ‘‘international speak’’ out So other countries might have to sub- cold war and that we now, in my opin- there at the border was a mistake. sidize theirs a little bit more, but only S3676 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 because they cannot match us in those Approving this resolution, however, top Republican aide joked that the areas. So we have been quite capable of in no way restricts the congressional arms makers were so eager for NATO competing and winning in the world prerogative to make this decision on expansion, we will probably be giving market our share of defense items in an annual basis. In other words, why landlocked Hungary a new navy.’’ the past. I do not think that will draw an arbitrary line now? We are Those are just musings and comments change in the future. going to do this on a regular basis any- by various and sundry people. So in the last decade we have written way as circumstances change. Again, this gets back to the question off or forgiven over $10 billion in de- If in the future years we determine of whether or not we are going to ask fault of loans on military-related items that Poland, Hungary, and the Czech the taxpayers of this country to pro- on this. I think, again, we have to be Republic do not warrant or do not need vide subsidies over, above, and beyond very careful about this. We are told it the U.S. assistance, we will not author- what they kind of have been told in will only cost us $400 million, but now ize and appropriate it. I trust that fu- terms of NATO expansion as to what what I hear is no, that is only for the ture Congresses will be able to make the costs would be. Yes, if these coun- common costs. This could go up and up this decision based on the cir- tries are going to upgrade their weap- and up and up, subsidy after subsidy cumstances in their time and will not ons system, sure. Do I want our defense after subsidy. need artificial percentages to dictate contractors to be in there to provide Then we hear that is only if there is how our assistance should be appro- them the necessary resources they a crisis. Fine. If there is a crisis we will priated. need for defense? Absolutely. But do I address it then. But even the adminis- I also confess concern about the sig- want them there when the taxpayers tration has said any threat to Europe nal that would be sent if the Senate say—as I pointed out to my friend from to these nations is not imminent and adopted the Harkin amendment. Does Connecticut, which we have seen so would take years to develop. So we are approval of this amendment mean that often in the past, for one of those coun- not facing something that might hap- the United States would only need tries may say that we need a certain pen in the next few months or even in NATO 25 percent of the time no matter system and it cost $1.98. Since there is the next couple of years or so, even ac- what our security interests may be? no limit on the subsidies, one of our cording to the administration’s own Does it mean that the United States is contractors could come in and say: You admission. interested in only 25 percent of NATO’s don’t need the $1.98 one, you need the Therefore, I submit once more, Mr. activities, exercises, and planning $100 version. Hungry, Poland, or the President, that to keep the costs down, processes? Does it mean that the Czech Republic may say: We can’t af- to be honest with the taxpayers of this United States would participate in just ford that. The contractor may say: Not country, what my amendment says is 25 percent of NATO operations despite to worry. You see, under the situation what is good for the common costs— any potential threat posed to the alli- we have now, the U.S. taxpayers will that is, we limit our involvement to 25 ance? I think these questions dem- provide the subsidy for it and you can percent—that we should limit the 25 onstrate why arbitrary ceilings simply go ahead and have it. percent, for subsidies for all of those do not belong. Once again, our taxpayers are stuck national costs, also. That is all this Mr. President, I suggest that we with it. I think that is the normal amendment does. My friend from Or- allow the Congress to make funding de- course. If there is a crisis, as has been egon, my amendment does not stop cisions based on our foreign policy in- stated many times, well, this would NATO expansion. It simply says no terests and that we reject any effort to hamstring us in terms of a crisis. longer will our taxpayers simply pick tie our assistance to countries in Cen- Again, I point out that no one is saying up the tab. there is any imminent threat of any I yield the floor and reserve the re- tral and Eastern Europe to that pro- vided by our NATO allies. I, therefore, crisis at all. The administration says mainder of my time. that for years ahead Russia is no Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, urge my colleagues to oppose the Har- threat. So if, in fact, a crisis comes up with all respect for my friend from kin amendment, which I do today. in the future—in the distant future— Iowa, I believe the Harkin amendment I yield the floor, Mr. President. we have time to react, we have time on attempts to strangle NATO’s expansion Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, how both the authorizing committee and on because it cannot prevent NATO expan- much time do I have remaining? the appropriating committee to make sion. This amendment places unreason- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Seven changes, to make sure these countries able restrictions on expenditures by minutes. Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, I want have the adequate and necessary de- limiting our assistance to new NATO members to 25 percent of all assistance to briefly touch on an issue the Sen- fense capabilities to defend themselves. provided to these countries by current ator from Connecticut mentioned, and But to just give a blank check now, I NATO members. that is lobbying by defense contrac- think, is wrong. I think it will cost the I urge my colleagues to read care- tors. taxpayers of this country untold bil- fully the resolution of ratification that At the outset, I want to say that I lions of dollars, unless we put the same we have before us. Condition two re- have not been contacted by any either. cap on our subsidies for national ex- quires the President to certify that the I don’t know that my staff has; at least penses that we have on the common United States is under no obligation to they haven’t told me that. I respond by costs. subsidize the national expenses nec- reading from an article that appeared We have agreed with our fellow mem- essary for Poland, Hungary, or the in the New York Times on March 30, ber nations in NATO that on the com- Czech Republic, to meet those coun- which I obviously got off the Internet, mon costs we would provide about 25 tries’ NATO commitments. in which the writer of the article went percent. I see no reason why that same Let me be clear on this point. In on to say that ‘‘The chief vehicle of logic cannot prevail and be used to cap signing the Protocols of Accession with support for NATO expansion is a group our exposure on the national costs. In these three countries, the United called ‘The U.S. Committee to Expand fact, I have gotten an idea this morn- States has not signed up to foot the NATO’.’’ The president of that inno- ing that I may offer another amend- bill for their membership in NATO, and cent-sounding group is Bruce Jackson, ment to this bill, and that is to get Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Repub- director of strategic planning for Lock- other member countries of NATO to lic understand that it is ultimately heed, a vice president for Lockheed for also agree that their subsidies, their their responsibility to make the nec- strategic planning. proportion of the national costs, would essary improvements to their military Mr. President, again, a lot of these not exceed what their proportion is structures. people have been championing NATO under the common costs. Now, we can- Now, my friend from Iowa knows membership for these countries. He not force them to do that, but it seems that in the past, the U.S. Congress has quoted me as saying that ‘‘This may to me that should be one of the nego- authorized and appropriated funds for amount to ‘a Marshall Plan’ for defense tiating principles that we would use countries in Central and Eastern Eu- contractors who are chomping at the with other countries when they want rope to assist in their efforts to meet bit to sell weapons and make profits.’’ to expand and enlarge NATO. In fact, it the criteria for NATO membership. Well, I am a Democrat, and it says, ‘‘A kind of comes as a surprise to me that April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3677 we did not do that in the beginning. If want to affirm that opportunity by I yield the floor. we really want honest accounting, and membership in NATO; Mr. GORTON addressed the Chair. we want the European countries that Many business and labor organiza- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- are quite wealthy now to bear their tions, including the AFL-CIO, support ator from Washington. fair share of the costs, it seems to me the enlargement of NATO. So this is a Mr. GORTON. Mr. President, 10 days that we should have insisted in the be- very broad-based organizational effort, ago in a column appearing in the Wash- ginning that the same proportionality much beyond one group; ington Post, Charles Krauthammer that pertains to the common costs A remarkable number of high-level wrote: should pertain to the national costs. officials have signed a statement of By ruling Central Europe out of bounds to To me, this is a gaping hole, and the support of NATO enlargement; former Russia, NATO expansion takes one of this first place to close it is here with this Vice Presidents Quayle and Mondale; century’s fatal temptations off the table. It bill, by saying that the United States former Secretaries of State Baker, is the easiest U.S. foreign policy call of the decade. will provide no more than its 25-per- Christopher, Eagleburger, Haig, Rod- cent share of those national costs. gers, Shultz, Kissinger, and Vance. I Why is it the easiest foreign policy Mr. President, I yield the floor and believe that is every living former Sec- call of the decade? Because the North reserve my time. retary of State; Atlantic Treaty Organization for 50 Mr. LIEBERMAN addressed the Former National Security Advisers years has preserved the peace of Eu- Chair. Allen, Brzezinski, Lake, McFarland, rope and the peace of the United The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- and Powell; States. As a result of the North Atlan- ator from Connecticut. Former Secretaries of Defense Car- tic Treaty Organization, the Soviet Mr. LIEBERMAN. I wonder if the lucci, Cheney, Clifford, Perry, and Union literally ceased to exist. All of Senator from Washington will yield up Rumsfeld. this was accomplished by a military al- to 5 minutes. It is a remarkable, broad coalition, liance that never was required to fight Mr. GORTON. Certainly. much beyond one person whose affili- or to sacrifice its young men and The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ation may be the defense industry and women in a military conflict within ator is recognized for 5 minutes. an organization that I presume is much the bounds of that organization. Mr. LIEBERMAN. Mr. President, I larger than that. Why did the North Atlantic Treaty want to respond briefly to two points. The second and final point that I Organization come into existence in One is on the question of the involve- want to make is I want to draw on the first place? Because the first half of ment of the American defense industry something that the Senator from Or- this century showed that both world in this debate. The Senator from Iowa egon said, and it helps me to make a wars began in Central Europe because cited a news article indicating that a point about what I believe to be one of of the weakness, the instability, the group called the U.S. Committee to Ex- the unintended, certainly undesirable, unsettled nature of the former empires pand NATO, headed by a gentleman in- consequences if we should adopt the and the then national states in that volved in the defense industry—hon- Harkin amendment, which I hope we part of Europe, occupied almost wholly estly, I don’t know the facts about that will not. The Senator from Oregon has by the Soviet Union at the end of committee at all, but I have seen some occasionally held town meetings in Or- World War II. The West could only be advertisements they have placed. But egon. He has asked about NATO en- defended by a military organization of what I want to do is suggest—and I largement. Do we want to send your which the United States was a part. know the Senator from Iowa didn’t sons? How will you respond to the ques- Behind the magnificent defensive line, mean to say this in quoting the arti- tion of why would you send your sons the parapets, built by the North Atlan- cle—that the support for NATO en- to defend Budapest or Warsaw or tic Treaty Organization, Western Eu- largement is quite broad. It is enor- Prague? rope became free, democratic, and mous. It goes well beyond this one or- One of the effects of enlarging NATO prosperous. ganization headed by this one man. is in effect quite the opposite, which is During that 50 years, we and the There are a host of military and veter- to bring the military forces, 200,000 Western Europeans invested not an in- ans’ organizations that I think support strong, into the common effort to de- considerable amount of money in com- this because they have learned the les- fend NATO and its member states from municating those ideas of freedom to sons. They feel enlarging NATO is one security threats to it and them. That the people of Central and Eastern Eu- of the rewards, if you will, for their involves a scenario that I suggested rope through the Voice of America and service over the long years of the cold earlier that may occur in the Middle other such organizations. It is clear war. It was one of the goals they as- East around Iraq and other trouble now that nothing was desired by the pired to—to free the captive nations spots around the world. What I am con- people of the Czech Republic, Poland, and let them become part of the com- fident of is there will be an enthusiasm and Hungary more than to join the free munity of freedom-loving nations. and a steadfastness to participate and prosperous countries of Western AMVETS supports NATO enlargement, among these three new members that Europe. Partly because of our efforts as do the American Legion Associa- we don’t always find, frankly, among through NATO, partly because of our tion, U.S. Army Jewish War Veterans, the other members who have been with economic success, and partly from Marine Corps League, National Guard us from the beginning. their growing dedication to freedom, Association, Reserve Officers Associa- The question could almost be turned. they freed themselves—they freed tion, Veterans of Foreign Wars Asso- That is, expanding NATO holds the themselves—from the Soviet Union. ciation, and, in addition, a host of civic prospect that Hungarian soldiers, The Soviet Union disappeared and be- policy and political organizations, in- Czech soldiers, and Polish soldiers will came Russia, a country still unstable, cluding, interestingly, the Council of be sent to trouble spots in the world a country with candidates for Presi- State Governments, the U.S. Con- and not require American soldiers to be dent in the year 2000 who would desire ference of Mayors, a host of State leg- sent, certainly not in the same num- nothing more than the restoration of islative bodies, including my own State bers. I believe that one of the con- the old Soviet Union. senate in Connecticut that spoke on sequences of this amendment putting So the rationale of the expansion of behalf of enlargement; an arbitrary 25 percent cap on Amer- the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- A true rainbow coalition of ethnic or- ican involvement here will be to make tion is to say, no; these countries freed ganizations, American ethnic organiza- it impossible for us to draw down sup- by their own efforts and our own ef- tions, many of whom have members plies and equipment to offer assistance forts will stay freer. They will be to us who have family ties to the people who to those soldiers of these three coun- as Germany and France and Normandy have suffered for almost five decades, tries when they share our burden and have been for the last half century. four decades anyway, under Soviet place less of a burden on our military What history teaches us is that a polit- Communist domination, are now and on those who wear the American ical vacuum filled with weakness and thrilled that their family and friends uniform. irresolution is a temptation to an ag- can enjoy the blessings of liberty and I thank the Chair. gressor. Countries a part of the North S3678 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 Atlantic Treaty Organization were not the three countries before us at the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- such a temptation, even at the height present time without further condi- ator from Arizona. of the power of the Soviet Union. tions, and in the good faith that their Mr. MCCAIN. I thank my friend from Accession to NATO is as close to a accession will strengthen peace, Delaware. His statement is a very im- guarantee as we can possibly come of strengthen their democracy, and portant contribution to this debate on the fact that our sons and daughters strengthen our own security. NATO, and I appreciate the fact that will not die in Warsaw or in Prague or Mr. MCCAIN addressed the Chair. not only is he giving the Senate infor- in Budapest any more than they were The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- mation but the great job the Senator is required to do so in Oslo or in Paris in ator from Arizona. doing on this issue here for these many the course of the last half century. Mr. MCCAIN. Mr. President, I ask days. I am very appreciative. Mr. President, this is the easiest for- unanimous consent that I be allowed to Mr. BIDEN. I thank the Senator. eign policy call of the decade. The address the Senate as if in morning Mr. MCCAIN. There is no one more North Atlantic Treaty Organization business past the agreed upon time of qualified, in my view, in the Senate will lend strength to us, a contribution 12:45. than the Senator from Delaware, on to our own defense, but most impor- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without this issue especially, but other foreign tantly the security of countries that objection, it is so ordered. policy issues. have not been secure that want to join Mr. MCCAIN. Mr. President, for the f moment I suggest the absence of a us in prosperity and in safety as they THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY’S quorum. have in freedom. CAMPAIGN OF DIVERSION The amendment of the Senator from The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Iowa is simply another attempt to clerk will call the roll. Mr. MCCAIN. Mr. President, much make these members second-class The assistant legislative clerk pro- has been said and written about the to- members. We have already stated that ceeded to call the roll. bacco bill approved by the Senate Com- we made no commitment at all, a zero Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I ask merce Committee 19 to 1, three weeks commitment, to subsidize the national unanimous consent that the order for ago. expenses for these countries. How the quorum call be rescinded. The Senate will soon have an oppor- much, if any, we subsidize them in the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without tunity to debate, offer amendments future is a decision that can and should objection, it is so ordered. and vote on tobacco legislation. I know be made in the future and not in the Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I realize the Senate can and must work coopera- course of this debate. we only have a minute or two before tively and without partisanship, as we Even more mischievous, in my view, the unanimous consent order kicks in have on the Commerce Committee, to Mr. President, are amendments to say which ends discussion at 12:45, but let improve the measure, and assure that that there will be no further expansion, me say for the record that one of the it serves the public health interests of that we will leave a vacuum unless cer- aspects of the amendment that we are our nation—most particularly our chil- tain preconditions are made. For more considering and will be voting on when dren. than 50 years the United States of we come back from our caucus lunch- The Commerce Committee measure America refused to recognize the an- eons, the Harkin amendment, deals is a bipartisan bill that was developed nexation of the Baltic republics by the with requiring excess military materiel in consultation with the attorneys gen- Soviet Union. When their cause was transferred to any NATO country—in eral, the administration and the public deemed to be a hopeless cause by al- this case, the three new members—to health representatives including Dr. most everyone, they, too, have freed be counted against our common budg- Koop, Dr. Kessler, and Matt Myers of themselves. They, too, want at some et. the National Center for Tobacco Free- future date to be a part of NATO. They, I did not have these numbers before, Kids. It’s a comprehensive bill aimed at too, create a vacuum at the present but I want to put them in the RECORD dramatically reducing youth smoking. time in the power structure of Central now. The Senator from Iowa has con- Every living Surgeon General has and of Eastern Europe. tended that we provide aid only to the To pass an amendment that is likely less well off countries in NATO, and he signed a letter to Congress urging us to to be proposed by another of my col- implied they are the only ones we have pass comprehensive legislation this leagues that singles them out as being given this excess military equipment year to address what is our nation’s countries we will not want to defend or to. Most people don’t know what we number one public health problem. The tobacco industry is now em- be a part of without special cir- are talking about here, so let me make barked on a campaign of diversion to cumstances, in my view, is simply an it clear. Here are the facts. change the subject from health and engraved invitation to some future In fiscal year 1996, we provided excess children. They are trying to take at- Russian Government to say: We’re defense articles to the following coun- tention away from the facts, and use coming back in; we don’t care about tries: Denmark, Germany, Greece, Por- specious ‘‘buzz word’’ attacks to kill a your desire for freedom. You’re a part tugal, and Turkey, for a total value of bill they know might actually stop of us whether you like it or not. And, $55 million. In fiscal year 1997, these kids from smoking and reduce their look, the Americans have in effect in excess articles went to the United ability to lock teens in as lifetime the Senate said that’s OK. Kingdom, Norway, Spain, and Turkey; That is the essence of instability and value: $113 million. And my friend from smokers. So, Mr. President, this is about of uncertainty, not only for the nations Iowa, if his amendment passes, would money—the tobacco industry’s immediately involved but for all of us. say we can continue to spend tax- money—and the lengths they’ll go to Certainty created through 50 years payers’ money for what we believe is in make more, including lieing to Con- by the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- our national interest to give excess gress, manipulating nicotine to hook tion is the best guarantor of peace. I items to other NATO countries, not customers and marketing to kids. am convinced we should reject all lim- part of our NATO requirement but our Mr. President, I would like to quote iting amendments, admit these three individual judgment, but we could not recent newspaper items responding to nations, and judge in the future what do the same for Poland, the Czech Re- the industry’s attacks and regarding additional nations should be admitted public, or Hungary. I think that would new evidence of the prevalence of to NATO—nations, in my opinion, con- a serious mistake. If he wishes to do smoking among minority children as sisting of all of those that become real that and ‘‘save the taxpayers’ money,’’ reported in the Washington Post. First, democracies, real free market coun- why not have his amendment say no from USA Today: tries, with a real desire not only to be excess military arms could go to any Some, ever eager for some raw meat, were a part of the North Atlantic Treaty Or- NATO country? Why single out for this sucked right in by the rhetoric. But before ganization but to contribute their own second-class treatment the three new you believe it, pause a moment for one little strength to it. countries? bit of truth: Everything the industry is rail- We should reject the Harkin amend- I yield the floor. ing against today it agreed to in some form ment. We should grant the accession of Mr. MCCAIN addressed the Chair. just 10 months ago. Here’s the rundown: April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3679 Big tax boost. Half a trillion dollars. rise, a trend that the American Cancer stop youth from taking up the habit— That’s how much those greedy lawmakers Society calls a ‘‘pediatric epidemic.’’ the industry doesn’t want a bill that want to take from smokers. And a dispropor- Ninety percent of lifetime smokers will truly diminish the number of their tionate amount would come from poor people take up the habit before the age of 18— because they smoke more. ‘‘replacement’’ users. But wait a minute. Where were these brave when it is illegal to buy tobacco prod- The money raised by a settlement champions of the downtrodden last June? ucts in every state in the union. We would be used to reimburse taxpayers Ooops. They were signing a settlement deal know from documents discovered in for the $50 billion yearly tax that big with a group of state attorneys general to state suits against the tobacco indus- tobacco places on American taxpayers dig $400 billion from smokers’ pockets. The try that they have long understood the in the form of tobacco health care—in- AGs and congress sought high prices to dis- adverse health impacts and cluding a substantial drain on Medi- courage smoking, particularly in the teen addictiveness of their products, yet ac- years when most smokers start. The poor? care and Medicaid. Flip the tax idea around. Imagine what the tively marketed to children, including The funds would also finance: Youth reaction would be to a plan that lowered studying 5–7 year olds. anti-smoking initiatives; vital health their costs in order to lure them into a dead- The cost of this problem is enormous! research to find new cures and treat- ly habit. Mr. President, 435 thousand Ameri- ment for smoking related disease in- Big government. Standing athwart the on- cans die from smoking related illness cluding, cancer, stroke and heart dis- ward march of big government, tobacco ex- every year—the single greatest cause ease. It would assist farmers who will ecutives now warn that ‘‘Washington wants of preventable disease and death in be affected by reductions in tobacco to create 17 new bureaucracies.’’ Memories of America by far. Every year, taxpayers Clintoncare dance in their heads. consumption—hard working middle Just don’t pay any attention to the fact must foot the bill for $50 billion in class Americans who for years have that 10 months ago these same executives health care costs to treat smoking re- been encouraged to grow tobacco by were whipping big government on. The June lated disease. According to the Depart- federal policies. settlement gave the Food and Drug Adminis- ment of the Treasury, smoking related The bulk of the revenue raised—up to tration a 30% boost in its budget, the feds injury, damage and economic cost ex- $195 billion—will be dispensed to the new powers to ban indoor smoking, and on ceed over $130 billion annually. To re- states to settle their cases against the and on. coup some of these costs to taxpayers, Ad restrictions. Why those do-gooders in tobacco companies and could be used 41 states have sued the industry. for tax cuts at the State level. Washington even want to strip the industry Mr. President, the severity and ur- of its First Amendment rights by sharply re- It’s more than slightly ironic that stricting advertising. No human images, no gency of the problem is beyond ques- last summer the industry agreed to a color ads, and so on. Yet somehow all this tion. Now is the time for action. As I substantial price increase in their set- was perfectly fine with the industry last said, every living surgeon general of tlement with the attorneys general. June. the United States has signed a letter They further tax their own credibility Tobacco farmers. Congress’ plan would put urging Congress to pass comprehensive hundreds, if not thousands, of tobacco farm- by suggesting that an additional 10 tobacco control legislation. cents more per year by the year 2003 is ers out of work. The Senate bill does set The bill passed by the Commerce the difference between enlightened aside some $28 billion in a trust fund to help Committee is comprehensive and mir- public policy and tax and spend govern- growers and their communities dislocated by rors the framework of the tobacco set- the cut in smoking rates. Guess how much ment. tlement reached between the industry the industry secured for these beloved farm- DIVERSION TWO—THE EFFORT TO STOP YOUTH ers when cutting its June deal? Zip. Zero. and the attorney general. The bill: Restricts tobacco advertis- SMOKING IS ABOUT BIG GOVERNMENT Nada. The tobacco companys ads say that What changed between June and today is ing and marketing aimed at kids; sets this: Congress started to give the appearance aggressive but achievable youth smok- the bill approved by the Commerce of closing loopholes the industry had artfully ing reduction targets, and holds the in- Committee contains seventeen new built into the June deal—a tactic it has ex- dustry responsible for failing to boards and panels, and is government ploited in the past. Penalties for failing to achieve the reductions; increases the run amok. reduce teen smoking, for instance, were too price-per-pack of cigarettes by $1.10 Of the dozen boards, most of which small to matter. over five years to reduce youth con- were contemplated in the industry’s Some observers have suggested that the in- agreement, eight of them are part-time dustry quit negotiations now only to im- sumption. Experts agree such a hike is prove chances for a weak deal later. That re- a critical part of the overall effort to or advisory and entail little or no cost; mains to be seen, but one thing is certain. curb youth from smoking. two are temporary, including one cre- All Big Tobacco has done for two weeks is It provides the Food and Drug Ad- ated to reimburse small business peo- blow smoke. ministration with authority to oversee ple for the termination of cigarette As reported in the Washington Post: nicotine and tobacco product ingredi- vending machines. And, one is to en- The latest annual report by the surgeon ents and marketing. It requires the in- sure that increased research dollars are general, David Satcher, showed what other dustry to pay up to $516 billion over 25 not wasted. studies have highlighted: that smoking con- years to compensate states for tobacco Furthermore, the majority of these tinues to increase in allure to young people related costs to Medicaid and public initiatives were contemplated in the even as fewer adults smoke. Over the past six health programs; to fund youth smok- June 20th agreement signed by the in- years, it said, youth smoking has risen by dustry. nearly a third, and some 40 percent of white ing reduction and health research ini- DIVERSION THREE—THE INDUSTRY WILL GO high school students smoke. Smoking by tiatives; and to assist tobacco farmers. high school-age blacks, who still smoke less The bill is about our kids, it’s about BANKRUPT than white counterparts, rose by nearly 80 accountability and it’s about solving a The Commerce Committee bill imple- percent from 1991 to 1997. The smoking rate national problem. The industry wants ments the President’s request for $1.10 among Hispanic students rose by 34 percent, to change the subject with the tried increase in the price per pack of ciga- the study found. and true tactics of diversion. rettes over five years. Here are the facts. I understand they now intend to The Deputy Secretary of the Treas- First the statistics on youth smoking spend $100 million for print and broad- ury, Lawrence Summers, testified be- are clear and alarming: 3000 kids a day cast media to maintain the status quo. fore the Commerce Committee that start smoking every day; 1000 of them Perhaps if the industry had spent some this increase would not bankrupt or will die early from smoking related of their resources on legitimate anti- render the industry financially disease; and one out of every three ado- youth smoking activities, we wouldn’t unviable. lescents uses tobacco by age 18. Mr. have the problem we do today. The President has stated that it is President, we’re not talking about kids The industry diversion play book not the administration’s intention to who sneak a cigarette out of their consists of four themes. drive the industry out of business, but mother’s purse. According to a Surgeon DIVERSION ONE—SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF to get them to stop marketing and sell- General’s report: Seventy-one percent YOUTH SMOKING IS REALLY ABOUT TAX AND ing to kids. of youth smokers, use tobacco daily. SPEND GOVERNMENT If the industry truly believes the The Centers for Disease Control re- Experts agree that a price increase is President’s request creates a bank- ports that youth smoking is on the an essential component of the effort to ruptcy situation, it’s incumbent upon S3680 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 them to make their case to the Depart- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without (ix) NUCLEAR POSTURE.—Nuclear weapons ment of the Treasury, not simply walk objection, it is so ordered. will continue to make an essential contribu- away from the table, and threaten to The Executive amendment, as modi- tion to deterring aggression, especially ag- go back to business as usual. fied, is as follows: gression by potential adversaries armed with nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons. A DIVERSION FOUR—PRICE INCREASES WILL In paragraph (1) of section 3, after ‘‘(1) THE credible NATO nuclear deterrent posture re- CREATE A BLACK MARKET STRATEGIC CONCEPT OF NATO.—’’ insert the quires the stationing of United States nu- Again, the administration has as- following: clear forces in Europe, which provides an es- sured that the President’s request will (A) POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES TOWARD sential political and military link between THE STRATEGIC CONCEPT OF NATO.—The Sen- not stimulate a substantial black mar- Europe and North America, and the wide- ate understands that the policy of the United spread participation of NATO members in ket. States is that the core concepts contained in It’s important to understand that nuclear roles. In addition, the NATO deter- the 1991 Strategic Concept of NATO (as de- rent posture will continue to ensure uncer- today there is a black market today in fined in (1)(F)), which adapted NATO’s strat- tainty in the mind of any potential aggressor cigarettes, as there is in a variety of egy of the post-Cold War environment, re- about the nature of the response by NATO consumer goods. main valid today, and that the upcoming re- members to military aggression. If the industry has credible evidence vision of that document will reflect the fol- (x) BURDENSHARING.—The responsibility that price hikes will create a substan- lowing principles: and financial burden of defending the democ- (i) FIRST AND FOREMOST A MILITARY ALLI- tial black market that poses a threat racies of Europe will be more equitably ANCE.—NATO is first and foremost a military shared in a manner in which specific obliga- to public safety or health they should alliance. NATO’s success in securing peace is produce that evidence. tions and force goals are met by NATO mem- predicated on its military strength and stra- bers. I don’t believe, however, that most tegic unity. Americans would agree we should re- (ii) PRINCIPAL FOUNDATION FOR DEFENSE OF Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, I ask unani- frain from doing what’s necessary to SECURITY INTERESTS OF NATO MEMBERS.— mous consent that at 4:30 p.m. today, stop youth smoking based on unsub- NATO serves as the principal foundation for the Senate resume consideration of the stantiated conjecture. collectively defending the security interests Kyl amendment No. 2310, as modified, One answer to the omnipresent black of its members against external threats. and there be 30 minutes equally divided (iii) PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF UNITED market issue is to better enforce our for debate on the amendment. Further, STATES VITAL NATIONAL SECURITY INTER- I ask unanimous consent that follow- laws against smuggling and sale of con- ESTS.—Strong United States leadership of traband. NATO promotes and protects United States ing the expiration or yielding back of Let me conclude by saying Congress vital national security interests. time, the Senate proceed to vote on or and the administration must focus on (iv) UNITED STATES LEADERSHIP ROLE.—The in relation to the Kyl amendment, and enacting a fair, effective and respon- United States maintains its leadership role further that no amendments be in sible piece of legislation that will stop of NATO through the stationing of United order to the Kyl amendment prior to States combat forces in Europe, providing youth from smoking. The American the vote. military commanders for key NATO com- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without people demand it. mands, and through the presence of United They do not want a political football, objection, it is so ordered. States nuclear forces on the territory of Eu- Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, I further or partisan politics. rope. ask that following the vote on adoption Certainly, improvements in the Com- (v) COMMON THREATS.—NATO members will merce Committee bill can be made, and face common threats to their security in the of the State Department conference re- I look forward to continuing to work post-Cold War environment, including— port, at 2:25 p.m., there be 2 minutes with all Senators to achieve that end. (I) the potential for the re-emergence of a equally divided for closing remarks on hegemonic power confronting Europe; the Harkin amendment prior to the Now is the time for all sides to lower (II) rogue states and non-state actors pos- the rhetoric, make their case and let vote on or in relation to the Harkin sessing nuclear, biological, or chemical amendment. the legislative process work. weapons and the means to deliver these The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Mr. President, I appreciate the indul- weapons by ballistic or cruise missiles, or gence of the Presiding Officer, and I other unconventional delivery means; objection, it is so ordered. yield the floor. (III) threats of a wider nature, including f the disruption of the flow of vital resources, f and other possible transnational threats; and LEGISLATIVE SESSION RECESS (IV) conflict in the North Atlantic area The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under stemming from ethnic and religious enmity, the previous order, the Senate will pro- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under the revival of historic disputes or the actions ceed to legislative session. the previous order, the hour of 1 of undemocratic leaders. f o’clock having been reached, the Sen- (iv) CORE MISSION OF NATO.—Defense plan- ate is in recess until 2:15. ning will affirm a commitment by NATO FOREIGN AFFAIRS REFORM AND Thereupon, at 12:59 p.m., the Senate members to a credible capability for collec- RESTRUCTURING ACT—CONFER- recessed until 2:15 p.m.; whereupon, the tive self-defense, which remains the core ENCE REPORT Senate reassembled when called to mission of NATO. All NATO members will contribute to this core mission. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under order by the Presiding Officer (Mr. (vii) CAPACITY TO RESPOND TO COMMON the previous order, there will now be 10 COATS). THREATS.—NATO’s continued success re- minutes of debate equally divided for Mr. ENZI addressed the Chair. quires a credible military capability to deter closing remarks prior to the vote on The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- and respond to common threats. Building on the adoption of the conference report ator from Wyoming. its core capabilities for collective self-de- accompanying H.R. 1757, which the f fense of its members, NATO will ensure that its military force structure, defense plan- clerk will now report. EXECUTIVE SESSION ning, command structures, and force goals The legislative clerk read as follows: promote NATO’s capacity to project power The committee on conference on the dis- when the security of a NATO member is agreeing votes of the two Houses on the PROTOCOLS TO THE NORTH AT- threatened, and provide a basis for ad hoc amendment of the Senate to the bill (H.R. LANTIC TREATY OF 1949 ON AC- coalitions of willing partners among NATO 1757), have agreed to recommend and do rec- CESSION OF POLAND, HUNGARY, members. This will require that NATO mem- ommend to their respective Houses this re- AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC bers possess national military capabilities to port, signed by a majority of the conferees. rapidly deploy forces over long distances, The Senate continued with the con- The Senate continued with the con- sustain operations for extended periods of sideration of the conference report. sideration of the treaty. time, and operate jointly with the United The PRESIDING OFFICER. Who EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2310, AS MODIFIED States in high intensity conflicts. yields time? Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, I ask unani- (viii) INTEGRATED MILITARY STRUCTURE.— The Integrated Military Structure of NATO Mr. HELMS addressed the Chair. mous consent that it be in order at this underpins NATO’s effectiveness as a military The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- time to modify the Kyl amendment alliance by embedding NATO members in a ator from North Carolina. with the modification that is at the process of cooperative defense planning and Mr. HELMS. I yield myself 21⁄2 min- desk. ensuring unity of command. utes. It is what, 5 minutes each? April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3681 The PRESIDING OFFICER. Five As indicated, it would be inappropri- that I have worked on with the ranking minutes on each side. ate, if the Democrats took back the member and chairman for a long period Mr. HELMS. I yield myself half of my House next time out—I have no idea of time. time. whether that will happen, but if they I know the chairman worked dili- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The dis- did—for them to attach to one of the gently to try to break this bill free of tinguished Senator is recognized. bills an education provision that no the Mexico City language and to try to Mr. HELMS. Notify me when it is one on the Republican side liked and have the capacity to move forward on over. said, ‘‘Take it or leave it.’’ I think it is the floor. I applaud him for his good- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The a mistake. faith efforts to do that. Chair will advise the Senator. The underlying legislation is criti- Let me say to my colleagues that Mr. HELMS. I thank the Chair. cally important to American foreign this is a tragedy of enormous propor- Mr. President, rumors, they are policy. It would pay off our arrearages tions. It is dangerous. It is damaging to aflying to the effect that the President to the United Nations and bring addi- the interests of the United States to of the United States has instructed the tional reform to that body and reorga- tie the U.N. arrearages and larger pol- Democrats of the Senate to vote nize our foreign policy agency, and it icy questions to one issue, to one point against this conference report and, if begins to provide the funds, in essence, of view, by a very narrow percentage of my intelligence sources are correct, it to restore our diplomatic presence Members of the U.S. Congress who will get about three Democratic votes worldwide. I believe the President will want to tie it in this way to the United this afternoon. That compares with the sign it promptly, provided we send him Nations. It is a form of a kind of politi- vote of 90–5 for this very same bill, one without Mexico City attached. cal blackmail. largely, that was passed by the Senate. Again, the only thing that the chair- The reality is that the United States If such game playing is going to hap- man and I disagree on, he believes, and of America is going to lose significant pen, and if this conference report is de- he believed, and I believe he believes it, prestige, significant leverage, and our feated because of that sort of thing, that what the House sent is at least a interests are going to be set back in then the President is going to have a compromise on Mexico City. I view it the international arena. We are going difficult time about a lot of things. as not a compromise at all on Mexico to be hurt with respect to issues like Bosnia. If anybody mistakes it, all you Let me say it again. The pending City. conference report is the result of more So I urge my colleagues to reject this have to do is look at the way in which than a year’s hard work by Senator conference report so we can return to the coalition fell apart over Iraq and the issue of holding Saddam Hussein BIDEN and Secretary Albright and JUDD conference and produce a bill that the accountable for weapons of mass de- GREGG, ROD GRAMS, and many others President can sign. to abolish two antiquated temporary I reserve the balance of the time. struction. Talk to anybody at the United Na- Federal registries created in the 1950s The PRESIDING OFFICER. Who tions and you can learn very quickly and bringing reform to the United Na- yields time? about the growing anger of nations tions. Now, if this conference report is Mr. BIDEN. How much time remains? who watched the United States, which defeated this afternoon, so be it. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- has become a scofflaw within the I reserve the remainder of my time. ator has 2 minutes 30 seconds. United Nations, unwilling to live up to The PRESIDING OFFICER. Who Mr. BIDEN. I see the Senator from the rules that we helped to write, un- yields time? Texas is standing. After he speaks, I willing to fulfill our obligations under Mr. BIDEN addressed the Chair. am delighted to yield my 2 minutes in the United Nations, all because one The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- closing to my friend from Massachu- point of view in the U.S. Congress can’t ator from Delaware. setts. Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, the chair- have its way. Mr. GRAMM. I want to ask the dis- I think those who think about this man and I have worked very, very hard tinguished chairman of the committee should think hard about what interest over the last 9 months to produce this a question, if I might, if he will yield is being served here—the interests of bill. I will not reiterate all that each of for that purpose. abortion versus the interests of world us said last week at the end of the day. Mr. HELMS. I yield for that purpose. leadership of the United States in the We have no real disagreement in terms Mr. GRAMM. Obviously, a great deal United Nations. That is what is at of the substance of the bill. We have a of compromise has occurred on our side stake here. disagreement on not even whether or of the aisle with regard to arrearages I think the President ought to veto not we should attach a provision relat- at the United Nations. That is now, ob- this and we ought to hold those ac- ing to family planning and abortion in viously, a focal point of this bill. I have countable who are unwilling to assert the bill. We don’t even disagree on to assume that the President would the interests of the United States, the that. The chairman had nothing to do have to understand that if this bill is world’s leader, all nations of the world with that being in. He is a strong sup- defeated today, his chances of getting today looking to us for that leadership, porter of the family planning limita- any arrearage funding for the United and here we are, handicapping our- tion that is in this bill, so-called Mex- Nations in this Congress would be di- selves over a totally separate issue. ico City, although he did not ask for it minished substantially and probably Mr. CHAFEE. Mr. President, I would to be put in this bill, but it is on the would not happen. like to express my opposition to the bill. We are faced with the reality, it is I ask the chairman his views on that. measure we are about to vote on, on the bill. Mr. HELMS. If I have anything to do H.R. 1757, the State Department Au- The question is, What do we do from with it, there will be no action on ar- thorization conference report. Despite here? I urge my colleagues, notwith- rearages or anything else that the the fact that this bill contains many standing the agreement the Senator President is interested in. provisions which I support, such as a and I have in every other aspect of the Now, he has waved that veto flag wide-ranging reform package that bill, to vote against this conference re- time and time again. Let him wave it would ensure U.S. payment of dues to port. I do so because, at the insistence this time, but he must bear in mind the United Nations, the entire measure of the House, the Mexico City provi- that this is it, this is the end of it, one is overshadowed by an egregious and sion, which is not related to the under- way or the other. misguided abortion provision included lying legislation, is in the bill, and I thank the Senator. at the insistence of those who oppose stopping the conference report, I Mr. GRAMM. I thank the chairman. abortion rights. hope—and I may be tactically wrong Mr. BIDEN. I yield to my colleague This provision would prohibit foreign here; this is my objective—I hope we from Massachusetts. organizations from receiving U.S. fam- send a signal to the House that we will Mr. KERRY. Mr. President, I will ily planning funds if that organization, not yield to what I characterize—not join, I hope with the vast majority of with its own funds, provides legal abor- the chairman, ‘‘me’’—characterize, as colleagues on this side of the aisle, to tion services or advocates on abortion legislative blackmail on this or other vote against this bill even though the issues in its own country. Such provid- controversial issues. bill is an important bill and it is one ers, for example, would lose their U.S. S3682 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 funds if they discussed at a conference This language is anything but a com- Mexico City restrictions on U.S. inter- that more than 20 percent of all mater- promise as proponents of the new glob- national population programs that nal deaths throughout Latin America al gag rule claim in defending the con- have been included in the legislation and the Caribbean are due to illegal ference report. It was not adopted nor pending before us today—Section 1816 abortion. debated on the Senate floor. Every sin- of the bill. These restrictions not only In my view, this provision is a thin- gle Democratic conferee to this legisla- prohibit foreign non-governmental or- ly-veiled attempt to further erode our tion refused to sign the conference re- ganizations that accept U.S. funding commitment to international family port. Labeling this language a com- from using their own funds to perform planning programs. I must say, Mr. promise is misleading and untrue. abortions, but also bar them from lob- President, I am always perplexed by Passage of the conference report will bying their own governments, with those who oppose family planning and unfairly disqualify many family plan- their own money, on abortion related also oppose abortion. Study after study ning organizations from receiving U.S. public policy issues. has shown that lack of family planning international family planning funds if Without doubt, Section 1816 is going leads to more unintended pregnancies they use their own funds in their own to result in all of the other sections in which leads to more abortions. Con- countries to point out the adverse pub- the bill, over 160 of them—not becom- sider two countries: Russia has very lic health consequences of medically ing law. little contraception available, and unsafe abortion. The elimination of That means that nearly two years of abortion is the primary method of these non-governmental organizations work on this bill will have been for birth control. The average Russian from the program, considered to be one naught. That is unfortunate in my woman has at least four abortions in of the best and most cost-effective view, because many of the other provi- her lifetime! Alternatively, Hungary channels for U.S. foreign aid dollars, sions are meritorious and should be- has made family planning services will have a devastating impact on this come law. more widely available and the abortion critical foreign aid program. Mr. President, how did we get to rate has dropped dramatically. The language in the bill will condi- where we find ourselves with respect to The impact these family planning tion an organization’s eligibility for this legislation? Mr. President, let’s be programs have on the health and well- U.S. family planning assistance unless clear about who is responsible. It was being of women and children around it agrees to surrender its rights to free not the President who created the cur- the world cannot be denied. But there speech and participation in the politi- rent dynamic—he and officials in his is another issue here that should not be cal process in its own country using its administration have worked in good overlooked—the important role popu- own funds. Proponents of the con- faith for months with House and Sen- lation programs play in sustaining the troversial language will describe it as a ate conferees on the legislation before global environment. ban on abortion lobbying, such as a re- us today. The earth now supports 5.7 billion striction would be unconstitutional if It certainly wasn’t the Senate con- human beings. In thirty years it is esti- applied to American citizens and would ferees who working together had come mated the world’s population will be undermine one of the primary objec- up with an acceptable package of com- 8.3 billion. We are growing by 86 mil- tives of our foreign policy—the pro- promises on the various difference be- lion people per year. It is expected that motion of democracy around the world. tween the House and Senate passed 90 percent of this increase will be in The Senate should reject this con- bills —a package that we all more or the developing world. India has to feed ference report and the restrictive fam- less agreed to and would have sup- an additional 16 million people per ily planning language added behind ported. A package that did not include year. And so many of these people are closed doors. Mexico City language. children—forty percent of the popu- Enactment of the conference report The responsibility for putting U.S. lation of the average less-developed na- will result in the reduction of family leadership at the U.N. in jeopardy and tion is under the age of 15. planning funding by $44 million. The delaying foreign affairs reorganization Mr. President, the United States funding cut would likely cause a subse- rests solely with the House Republican plays a critical role in providing family quent increase in the number of abor- leadership. planning services abroad. I feel strong- tions as couples lose or are denied ac- The Republican leadership knew full ly that we should continue our leader- cess to contraceptive services. Any well that this entire bill was being put ship role in this area. It is both hu- Senator who supports family planning at risk with the inclusion of Section mane and environmentally sound. This as a means to reduce the incidence of 1816 in this bill—a provision which, in- conference report contains provisions abortion should oppose this bill. cidentally, would never become law if that would gut our commitment to Family planning saves lives, particu- it were to be applied to domestic non- international family planning, and I larly in the developing world where a governmental organizations because it urge my colleagues to oppose this woman dies in pregnancy or childbirth is so fundamentally a violation of the measure. every minute of every day and where first amendment constitutional protec- Mrs. MURRAY. Mr. President, here more than 12 million children each tions of free speech. we go again. As we have done so many year do not live to see their fifth birth- I know our Democratic colleagues in times in recent years, we are sacrific- day. the House warned them of what was ing serious and legitimate national in- I urge the Senate to reject the Con- likely to happen. terests to the partisan and divisive ference Report on the Foreign Affairs I know Senator BIDEN did as well. abortion debate. Due to the global gag Reform and Restructuring Act. Certainly the President has made no rule imposed on international family Mr. DODD. Mr. President, I rise to secret of his fundamental opposition to planning, I will vote against the con- speak in opposition to the conference the so called Mexico City language and ference report on H.R. 1757, the Foreign report on H.R. 1757—The Foreign Af- most especially the ‘‘global gag rule’’ Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act. fairs Reform and Restructuring Act of aspect of it. I commend the President for his 1998. Despite these warnings, the House strong veto message to the Congress on As is the case with many of my col- leadership instructed House Republican this legislation. Passage of this con- leagues who have already spoken on conferees to include this provision in ference report will not change current this matter, I believe that it is fun- the final version of the bill. Not a sin- law. A vote in favor of the conference damentally wrong to be holding the gle Democratic conferee from either report will not ultimately result in the payment of U.N. arrears and the struc- the House or Senate supported the payment of the U.S. debt to the United tural reform of U.S. foreign affairs or- final conference report that we have Nations or the reorganization of the ganization hostage to a single issue re- before us today. I was one of those con- State Department. Passage may score lated to international family plan- ferees who refused to sign onto this political points but it will delay this ning—an issue by the way which was legislation. important legislation and diminish never even discussed during Senate I certainly agree with those who are U.S. standing in the international com- consideration of this legislation. I am strongly opposed to the codification of munity. speaking of course of the so called the Mexico City language into law. I April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3683 think it is reprehensible to attempt to founded, freedom of speech and expres- send. But the greatest danger of these restrict the free speech of foreign non- sion. The Mexico City language would extreme and extraneous provisions is governmental organizations and their bar any agency that receives inter- that they will not improve the lives of members. national family-planning assistance women and children anywhere, nor will I happen to believe that these organi- from the U.S. from using their own they prevent abortions anywhere. In zations do very important work—work funds to pay for abortions, or to lobby fact, they will have the opposite effect. that is making a real difference to the for abortions. They will make it more difficult for health and over all quality of life for Let me repeat: This bill does not tell women to plan their own families. hundreds of millions of women and agencies it cannot use U.S. funds for U.S. support of international family children living in developing countries these services. That is already prohib- planning programs have immeasurably throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin ited under existing law. This bill tells improved the lives of women in devel- America. agencies in other nations that they oping countries. By helping women But my objections with respect to may not use their own funds to pay for, limit the size of their families, we have this matter go beyond the substance of or lobby for, abortions, without losing enabled women to make the edu- the provision to that of the tactics all U.S. family-planning assistance. cational and economic gains that are that are being used here and for an un- This goes far beyond what the current essential if they, and their children, willingness to take into account U.S. law prescribes. are to live longer and healthier lives. national and foreign policy interests This body has rejected this kind of The number of women of childbearing that may be at stake. Proponents of restriction in the past because we age is increasing by 24 million every this measure have made no effort to agreed it is inappropriate to place such year. Now is not the time for this na- balance these overarching interests limitations on how organizations in tion to cut back on our commitment to against the narrower ones of wanting other nations may use their own programs that enable women to plan to score partisan political points by money. Mr. President, it is still inap- their families—programs that actually promoting a very controversial agenda propriate for us to do so. But it is im- reduce the incidence of abortion. that clearly does not have the support portant to note that the Mexico City And make no mistake, Mr. President, of the majority of the American peo- language is not simply the language that would be one of the consequences ple. this body has previously rejected. In 2 if we pass this conference report. There Mr. President, it is my hope that the important ways, it is even more ex- would, inevitably, be an increase in the number of abortions. That is not some- Senate will vote to reject the pending treme. conference report and thereby send a First, this Mexico City provision will thing I want to see, and I know that signal that, at least in the Senate, we cut funds for international family- every member of this body agrees with aren’t in the practice of ‘‘legislative planning services. The conference re- me on this point. Finally, Mr. President, it is impor- hostage taking’’—that is not the way port mandates that family planning tant to note the context in which we the Senate conducts its business. In agencies in other nations may not re- are considering this conference report, doing so, we will also be sending a sig- ceive one dollar in U.S. family-plan- and the implications it has for another nal to the American people that we are ning assistance unless and until they important piece of legislation the Sen- here to do their business, the business certify that they will not perform abor- that we were elected to look out for, ate has already passed—the supple- tions with their own funds. It is true and not to play games of ‘‘partisan one mental funding for the U.S. contribu- that the President may waive this re- upmanship.’’ I would urge my col- tion to the International Monetary striction. But if he does so, U.S. aid for leagues to join me in sending such a Fund. international family-planning pro- message by voting no on this measure. Last month, the Senate approved Mr. DASCHLE. Mr. President, this grams for that year would be limited to these funds overwhelmingly. The vote conference report contains many im- $356 million—$44 million less than we was 84–16. The size of that margin indi- portant provisions that deserve the are now spending. cates the importance Senators attach Second, this new version of the Mex- support of the Senate. to an adequately-funded IMF. Unfortu- It authorizes Congress, at long last, ico City language includes a provision nately, a small but vocal minority of to pay our overdue debt to the United that not only prohibits funding for any members in the other body have ex- Nations. It clears the way for com- organization that lobbies to change pressed reluctance to vote on the IMF prehensive UN reform. The bill also in- abortions laws in other nations, as the funding unless we give into their de- cludes a much-needed, major restruc- former version did. It goes far beyond mands on the Mexico City issue. turing of our nation’s foreign affairs that prohibition to forbid recipients of They are, in effect, holding hostage agencies. U.S. funds from making any public an important bill with significant na- In the years since the Cold War statements about abortion. They are tional security implications, a bill that ended, the maps of the world have been forbidden, Mr. President, even from ex- has broad, bipartisan support in the redrawn. The reorganization plan in pressing concerns about the dangers of Senate, in order to force their way on this bill would enable us to redraw our illegal abortions. a completely unrelated issue. The IMF foreign affairs structure to match the And the President has no authority appropriation is an insurance policy for new, post-Cold War reality. It is the to waive this provision. The Secretary the world economy and for countless product of careful and detailed negotia- of State has rightly labeled this re- American exporting businesses and tions, and enjoys broad, bipartisan sup- striction a ‘‘gag rule.’’ In no way would farmers whose livelihoods depend on port. this provision improve the lives of strong markets in Asia, Latin America, Despite these important provisions, I women and children around the world, and other regions of the world. It is in- regret that I will vote against this con- nor would it reduce the incidence of appropriate and dangerous to link pas- ference report, and I urge my col- abortion. Instead, this gag rule would sage of IMF with the Mexico City re- leagues to do likewise. The reason I op- violate one of our country’s most hal- strictions. The longer we delay passage pose this report is because, in addition lowed principles, the principle of free- of the IMF funds, the more we expose to its positive provisions, it also con- dom of speech. our businesses, workers, and farmers to tains an extreme and extraneous provi- What kind of message would we be the risks and uncertainties of world fi- sion the Senate has considered and re- sending to the rest of the world if vio- nancial markets. jected many times in the past. This late our founding principles? That For all of these reasons, Mr. Presi- provision—the so-called ‘‘Mexico City those principles are not inalienable dent, the Mexico City provision does language’’—would do serious damage to after all? That they may have worked not belong in either the State Depart- international family planning efforts— 200 years ago, but they are not applica- ment authorization bill, or the IMF including efforts that have nothing to ble in a modern world? supplemental. If the other body wishes do with promoting abortion and that, Surely, at a time when struggling to implement the Mexico City restric- in fact, help to prevent abortions. new democracies all over the world are tions, it should debate those restric- It would do serious damage to one of looking for guidance and inspiration, tions in the context in which they be- the ideals on which our own nation was these are not messages we want to long—in a comprehensive foreign aid S3684 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 authorization bill. They should not and children are healthier; more partment officials who are interested hold hostage every high-priority piece women are using contraception; fewer in using the resources associated with of foreign policy legislation moving women are having abortions. Let me USIA programs to boost the public af- through the Congress. share just a few examples of the posi- fairs functions of the State Depart- It is imperative that the Senate de- tive role family planning has played in ment. I would like to go on record in feat this conference report to dem- Latin America. In 1960 in Chile, less opposition to any shifting of resources onstrate that we will not support such than 3 percent of married women were or even worse merging of these two efforts at linkage either in this in- practicing family planning, and the very distinct functions of public affairs stance or in the future. I urge my col- abortion rate was 77 abortions per 1,000 and public diplomacy. leagues to vote against the conference married women of reproductive age. By To give some background on this agreement. 1990, 56 percent of married women were issue, since 1948 when U.S. government Mrs. BOXER. Mr. President, I rise using family planning, and the abor- information programs were first au- today to emphasize the value of our na- tion rate had dropped to 45 per 1,000. thorized under section 501 of the Smith/ tion’s international family planning Data from Bogota, Columbia showed Mundt Act, it has been understood that program. I share the outrage expressed that contraceptive use doubled between public diplomacy programs were di- by my colleagues that the United 1976 and 1990, accompanied by a 40 per- rected to foreign audiences. As Under States Congress would even consider cent decrease in the abortion rate dur- Secretary of State Philip Habib said in the un-democratic and un-American ing the same period. In Mexico City, 1986: provisions contained in the Foreign Af- use of contraception increased by There is a distinction between public diplo- fairs Reform Act. What Congress about 24 percent between 1987 and 1992, macy and public affairs. The word diplomacy should really be focusing on as we de- and the abortion rate fell 39 percent. means ‘‘outside’’ and has nothing to do with bate the role of international family Similar successes can be found in ex- what you are trying to do with the American planning is the impact of these scarce amples from former Soviet Bloc na- people, which is altogether different. Gain- federal funds on the lives of women and ing the support of the American people for tions. In Almaty, Kazakhstan, the U.S. foreign policy initiatives is entirely dif- families throughout the world. United States population program has ferent from attempting to pursue the inter- Currently at least one woman dies provided funding to train doctors and ests of the United States in the foreign every minute from causes related to nurses and to increase contraceptive arena. pregnancy and childbirth. In develop- supplies for 28 clinics. Between 1993 and Over the years, Congress and the ing countries, maternal mortality is 1994, the number of people receiving courts have upheld and strengthened the leading cause of death for women contraceptives from the clinics in- the distinction between public diplo- in reproductive age. The World Bank creased by 59 percent, and the number macy, which is directed abroad, and estimates that improved access to fam- of abortions fell by 41 percent. In Rus- public affairs, which is directed toward ily planning would reduce maternal sia, contraceptive use has increased a U.S. audience. As USIA and its func- death by 20 percent. In the United from 19 to 24 percent after an affiliate tions are folded into the State Depart- States, there are 12 maternal deaths of the International Planned Parent- ment—and I do not necessarily oppose for every 100,000 live births; in parts of hood Federation opened in 1991. The this and other cost savings moves—we Sub-Saharan Africa, this ratio is more abortion rate dropped from 109 per 1,000 must continue to uphold the distinc- than 1,500 maternal deaths for every pregnancies in 1990 to 76 in 1994. The tion between these two functions. I 100,000 live births. That’s over 100 times total number of abortions fell from 3.6 support the need to provide a clear ar- greater than in the United States. million in 1990 to 2.8 million in 1994. In ticulation of U.S. foreign policy to By being able to plan their preg- Hungary, abortion rates dropped dra- Americans, especially as the world and nancies, mothers are able to ensure matically from the late 1960’s to the U.S. international interests have be- they bear their children at their mid-1980’s, largely due to the signifi- come increasingly complex. However, healthiest times and that pregnancies cant increase in contraceptive use. the State Department should not an- do not occur too close together. This The numbers are incredible, but what ticipate a windfall in resources for its reduces the risks to the lives of both is truly important and who we can’t public affairs function. the mother and her children. Data from forget are the women and their fami- Public diplomacy, the presentation developing countries shows that babies lies represented in these numbers. One and advocacy of information about the born less than 2 years after their next such woman is 30 year old Maria Elena United States, not just the advocacy of oldest sibling are twice as likely to die Absalon Ramirez in Mexico. Her hus- a particular foreign policy position, in the first year as those born after an band earns just $80 per month to sup- has been best presented independently interval of at least 2 years. Further port Maria and their four children. and objectively without consideration analysis suggests that, on average, in- They cannot afford contraceptives and of how that message would play at fant mortality would be reduced by 25 rely on USAID-funded family planning. home. Educating the rest of the world percent if all births were spaced at These are Maria’s words: ‘‘What I fear about American society should not be least 2 years apart. most is becoming pregnant again.’’ hindered by the equally important but Reduced maternal and infant mortal- I urge my colleagues to recognize the distinct function of explaining U.S. for- ity are just two of the benefits of fam- valuable impact of family planning on eign policy to the American people. ily planning programs. Family plan- the lives of millions of families Edward R. Murrow said it best al- ning education also helps prevent the throughout the world, and to oppose most 40 years ago: spread of sexually transmitted dis- restrictions on the use of international What we endeavor to reflect . . . is not eases, including AIDS. Family plan- family planning funds. only our policy, but our ideals. We not only ning can also reduce the number of Mr. KOHL. Mr. President, I want to seek to show people who we are and how we abortions. A U.S. study found that for comment on one aspect of the con- live: we must also engage others in the deli- every $1 increase in public funds for ference report before us today, the pro- cate, difficult art of human persuasion, to family planning, there is a decrease of visions relating to the consolidation of explain why we do what we do. 1 abortion per 1,000 women. According USIA into the State Department. Al- Mr. President, as we consider legisla- to the Rockefeller Foundation, in just though the President has already sig- tion to consolidate USIA into the State 1 year, cuts and severe restrictions of naled his intention to veto this bill Department, whether it be in this ses- federal funding for family planning should it pass, I would like to highlight sion or in future sessions of Congress, I programs will result in an additional 4 a concern I share with others which urge my colleagues to keep this impor- million unplanned pregnancies, and 1.6 was addressed to some degree in the tant distinction in mind. million of those pregnancies will end in conference report: the need to protect Ms. SNOWE. Mr. President, I rise in abortion. These are only conservative the integrity of U.S. public diplomacy. opposition to the conference report to estimates. There have been some indications H.R. 1757, the Foreign Affairs Reform U.S. family planning funds are hav- that when the State Department incor- and Restructuring Act. ing a profound, positive impact on fam- porates the functions of USIA into its My opposition is tinged with a meas- ilies throughout the world. Mothers organization, there are some State De- ure of regret, for this bill contains April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3685 many provisions that I have worked Foreign nongovernmental organiza- cal process of one’s country. Under the on, first as Ranking member on the tions would still be barred from receiv- restrictions imposed by this bill, a for- House International Operations Sub- ing family planning assistance if they, eign nongovernmental organization committee for ten years and for two with their own funds, perform legal would be required to remain silent on years as Chair of the Senate Foreign abortions. While the President can this issue. This restriction on public Relations Subcommittee on Inter- waive the ban on the performance of debate is unhealthy for the democratic national Operations. This bill consoli- abortions, he is prohibited from using process and is something Americans dates our foreign policy apparatus by waiver authority granted him under would not tolerate if attempts were merging the Arms Control and Disar- section 614 of the Foreign Assistance made to impose it here at home. mament Agency and the United States Act of 1961 to permit these groups to Finally, I am troubled by the fact Information Agency into the State De- lobby on abortion matters. that these restrictions would place the partment—which will make our foreign As Secretary of State Albright noted, weight of the United States govern- policy machinery run more efficiently. this lobby ban ‘‘is basically a gag rule ment behind efforts to tell NGOs what With regard to arrearages owed to that would punish organizations for en- they can and can not do with their the United Nations, I supported the gaging in the democratic process in own, let me repeat that, their own, provisions of this bill—which are simi- foreign countries and for engaging in funds. These groups should not have to lar to provisions in my own UN Reform legal activities that would be protected check in with the United States when- bill—which linked payment of funds by the First Amendment if carried out ever they wish to issue a public state- owed by the United States to the in the United States.’’ ment, sponsor a conference, or distrib- United Nations implementing certain Let me take just a moment to illus- ute materials with their own money. benchmark reforms including a reduc- trate what the practical effect this lob- Mr. President, international family tion in the dues charged to the United bying ban would have on international planning should not be held hostage to States for the United Nations regular family planning efforts. these restrictions. The benefits of pop- budget as well as our share of peace- If a foreign nongovernmental organi- ulation control are substantial. Funds keeping assessments. zation, or NGO, were to produce a invested in family planning yield sav- I have worked on six State Depart- paper that noted that a certain per- ings in maternal and child health care ment authorization bills during my centage of all maternal deaths in a cer- costs. Lower population growth rates time in the Congress and know how dif- tain part of the world are due to illegal make it easier for developing nations ficult a process it is to assemble a con- abortion, it would lose their US family to institute the types of free market sensus on the reorganization of the planning funds. The reason? This paper reforms that offer them their best hope State Department. I was extremely would be calling attention to ‘‘defects’’ for long-term sustainable development. pleased that this bill built upon the in abortion laws. Lower population growth places fewer foundation the Foreign Relations Com- If the president of an NGO were to strains on these nations political insti- mittee laid in the last Congress when I give a radio interview and make a tutions which means there is less of a was Chair of the International Oper- ‘‘public statement’’ giving an opinion risk to international stability and ations Subcommittee, I worked with about his or her nation’s own abortion peace. Senator HELMS on these most impor- law, that NGO would lose its US family Lower population growth also places tant foreign policy issues. The work planning funds. The reason? A question less of a strain on the environment. Re- done by Senators HELMS and BIDEN on about abortion law was answered on duced environmental trauma, improved these matters is to be commended. the airwaves. standards of living, and reduced immi- However, this bill also contains a These restrictions greatly concern gration pressures benefit every single provision that would reinstate the me and they should concern anyone in- living person on the planet. Mexico City Policy in a way that im- terested not only in the free exchange This conference report endangers all poses unacceptable restrictions in of ideas but the welfare of developing of these potential benefits. For this international family planning efforts. nations. reason I will oppose its adoption and I And for that reason I cannot support it. Ever since the 1974 United Nations urge my colleagues to do likewise. Mr. President, this issue is often re- Population Conference in Bucharest, The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time ferred to as the ‘‘Mexico City policy’’ Romania the United States has been allocated to the Senator from Delaware issue because it was at the 1984 United the traditional leader in international has expired. Nations Population Conference in Mex- family planning assistance. Many of The Senator from North Carolina. ico City that the Reagan Administra- the world’s developing nations at that Mr. HELMS. All the President has to tion adopted for our international fam- time perceived family planning to be a do is pull back that flag of veto. All the ily planning programs a precursor of western effort to reduce the power and Democrats have to do is to vote for what became known as the ‘‘gag rule’’ influence of Third World nations. By this bill, and then we can proceed to for our own domestic family planning the time of the Mexico City Conference work in harmony, as we have pre- programs. Under the Mexico City pol- ten years later, most developing na- viously, leading to a 90–5 endorsement icy, the Reagan Administration with- tions had come to understand the im- on this bill on the first go-round. held international family planning portance of widely-available, voluntary I yield the remainder of my time to funds from all groups that had even the family planning to their own nation’s the distinguished assistant majority slightest involvement in legal abor- development potential. leader. tion-related services using their own I believe that the absence of family The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- private funds. planning assistance may well lead to ator from Oklahoma. Before I address what I believe to be more, not fewer, abortions being per- Mr. NICKLES. I compliment my col- the most troubling aspects of the cur- formed. If organizations such as the league from North Carolina for his rent version of the ‘‘Mexico City pol- International Planned Parenthood Fed- work on the State Department reorga- icy,’’ let me first emphasize that no eration would be denied United States nization bill. He has worked on it for United States taxpayer funds are being funds, we would be unable to support years. He has done good work. It will used to pay for abortions overseas. some of the most effective and capable save taxpayers a lot of money and Since 1973 an amendment, authored by family planning programs in the devel- make the State Department more ac- the Chairman of the Foreign Relations oping world. These programs are vital countable and do a better job. Committee, prohibits the use of United in preventing unplanned pregnancies, We have heard colleagues on the States funds for abortion services. in reducing infant mortality and in other side say, I will not support it be- That needs to be made clear in discuss- promoting maternal and child health. cause of the so-called abortion provi- ing United States funding for inter- I am also troubled by the message sion. The only thing in this bill that national family planning efforts. that this ‘‘gag rule’’ sends to nations deals with abortion is that it basically However, the current version of the all around the world about American says we don’t want to have U.S. money so-called ‘‘Mexico City policy’’ con- values that I cherish—freedom of used to lobby other countries to change tained in this bill is most troubling. speech and participation in the politi- their laws. What in the world makes S3686 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 people think that we are so right on take other money and use it to pay for EXECUTIVE SESSION abortion, this administration’s philoso- abortions or lobby other countries.’’ phy is so right on abortion, we should Money is fungible, so the net result be lobbying other countries to change PROTOCOLS TO THE NORTH AT- is, what we are trying to say is, wait, their position? Some countries are pro- LANTIC TREATY OF 1949 ON AC- life. They have it in their constitution; if you are going to take U.S. taxpayer CESSION OF POLAND, HUNGARY, they have it in their legislature. Why dollars, don’t use money and shuffle AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC should U.S. tax money be used to lobby money around in accounts and lobby- The Senate continued with the con- those countries to change their laws? ing other countries to change their sideration of the treaty. That is a serious mistake—a serious laws. They are representing our Gov- EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2312 mistake. ernment in many cases. If they are get- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under I heard somebody say we haven’t ting U.S. taxpayer money and they are the previous agreement, there will be 2 changed Mexico City policy. There is lobbying and using that money to set minutes equally divided on the Harkin no restriction in here. These Inter- up family planning, and they are also amendment No. 2312. national Planned Parenthoods can use lobbying, a lot of other countries are We will not proceed until the Senate their money for abortions overseas. going to think that is the U.S. Govern- is in order. That is not even in this. The only re- ment or would think that is taxpayer Who yields time? If no one yields striction is, anybody that received non- dollars. That is a mistake. time, time runs equally on each side. governmental entity can’t use money Mr. BIDEN addressed the Chair. to lobby other countries to change This is a reasonable compromise. I The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- their laws and influence other coun- urge my colleagues to pass it. ator from Delaware. tries on abortion. I don’t think we The PRESIDING OFFICER. All time Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I rise in should do that. We certainly shouldn’t has expired. opposition to the Harkin amendment. have U.S. tax moneys doing that. Everyone should understand one thing. Mr. KERRY. I ask unanimous con- I think this is a decent compromise. This has nothing to do with the expan- I urge my colleagues on both sides of sent for 30 seconds. sion of NATO. Under the resolution we the aisle to pass this. Mr. HELMS. I object. are passing, we say we are not going to Mr. BIDEN. I ask for the yeas and The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ob- do anything beyond what we now do to nays. jection is heard. contribute to the common budget of The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a NATO, which, on average, is 25 percent. sufficient second? There is a sufficient The yeas and nays have been ordered. There are three common budgets. My second. The clerk will call the roll. friend from Iowa comes along and says: The yeas and nays were ordered. Look, we are not going to allow you to The legislative clerk called the roll. Mr. BIDEN. Does the Senator from do what you were allowed to do now for Delaware have any time left? The result was announced—yeas 51, Greece, Turkey, Germany. For exam- The PRESIDING OFFICER. No. nays 49, as follows: ple, when we passed the CFE agree- Mr. BIDEN. I ask unanimous consent [Rollcall Vote No. 105 Leg.] ment, we agreed we would get rid of a for 60 seconds. lot of materiel. That materiel was The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without YEAS—51 worth the sum total of about $185 mil- objection, it is so ordered. Abraham Faircloth Lugar lion. We gave it to Turkey, Portugal, Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I know Allard Ford Mack Germany, et cetera. my friend from Oklahoma didn’t intend Ashcroft Frist McCain Bennett Gorton McConnell Under this amendment, we would not to mislead, but there is already a law, Bond Gramm Murkowski be able to do that kind of thing for any the HELMS amendment, which says no Breaux Grams Nickles of the new countries if they come in. In U.S. money can be used for that pur- Brownback Grassley Roberts addition to that, we would be limited pose —no U.S. money. Burns Gregg Santorum Campbell Hagel Sessions to be engaged in any foreign military What the Mexico City language in Coats Hatch Shelby sales to these countries. Nothing to do this bill says is that these nonprofit or- Cochran Helms Smith (NH) with common budgets. ganizations cannot use their own Coverdell Hutchinson Smith (OR) Craig Hutchison Stevens I urge you to vote no. money, the money they raise, in Mex- D’Amato Inhofe Thomas The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ico, in Argentina, in Italy, in France, DeWine Kempthorne Thompson ator’s time has expired. The Senator in China, they can’t use that money to Domenici Kyl Thurmond from Iowa has 1 minute. lobby their government. No U.S. tax- Enzi Lott Warner Mr. HARKIN. As former U.S. Ambas- payers’ dollars are allowed under NAYS—49 sador to Russia, Jack Matlock warned: present law to be used to lobby for Akaka Feinstein Mikulski We’re going to have a dilemma that we ei- abortion, period, bang. That is already Baucus Glenn Moseley-Braun ther encourage them—new NATO members— law. That is the HELMS amendment. Biden Graham Moynihan to divert resources they don’t have or we end What we are talking about is using Bingaman Harkin Murray up fooling the American people about what their money raised from sources other Boxer Hollings Reed it’s going to cost them. Bryan Inouye Reid than a contribution from the U.S. tax- Bumpers Jeffords Robb That is what this amendment is payer. Byrd Johnson Rockefeller about, not fooling the American peo- The PRESIDING OFFICER. All time Chafee Kennedy Roth ple. Cleland Kerrey Sarbanes has expired. Collins Kerry Snowe My amendment does two things. It Mr. NICKLES. Mr. President, I ask Conrad Kohl Specter requires a full accounting of all U.S. unanimous consent for 60 seconds. Daschle Landrieu Torricelli contributions, all for NATO expansion The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Dodd Lautenberg Wellstone by including the U.S. contributions to Dorgan Leahy Wyden objection, it is so ordered. Durbin Levin the national governments when cal- Mr. NICKLES. Mr. President, money Feingold Lieberman culating the U.S. share of enlargement is fungible. We had the law of the land costs. under President Reagan and President The conference report was agreed to. Right now, we are limited to 25 per- Bush for 10 years, 12 years, a certain Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, I move to cent for the common costs. That does number of those years. No money reconsider the vote by which the con- not take into account the national should be used by these organizations ference report was agreed to. costs. What I am saying with this if they take U.S. money to fund abor- amendment is, sure, we will provide Mr. CRAIG. I move to lay that mo- tions or to lobby governments. Wheth- our fair share, but why should we do er it be government money or their tion on the table. more than 25 percent. money, we said, ‘‘No; if you are going The motion to lay on the table was And please do not fall for the argu- to get U.S. money, you can’t go in and agreed to. ment that we could not have done this April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3687 for Greece and others in the past. The RECESS We pledged that we would make Po- cold war is over. Europe is rich. These There being no objection, the Senate, land free. And now Poland is free, but countries have money. We should not at 3:21 p.m., recessed until 3:23 p.m.; we have to make sure that Poland, just stick U.S. taxpayers with the total whereupon, the Senate reassembled Hungary, and the Czech Republic are bill. when called to order by the Presiding not only free but that they are secure. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Officer (Mr. KEMPTHORNE). That is why my support is for the ex- question is on agreeing to the amend- f pansion of NATO. My support for ment. NATO is not based on ethnic American Mr. HARKIN. I ask for the yeas and PROTOCOLS TO THE NORTH AT- politics nor is it even based on the nays. LANTIC TREATY OF 1949 ON AC- past, but it is based on the future. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a CESSION OF POLAND, HUNGARY, What will the new world order look sufficient second? There is a sufficient AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC like? second. The Senate continued with consider- I support NATO enlargement because The yeas and nays were ordered. ation of the treaty. it will make America and Europe more The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Ms. MIKULSKI. Mr. President, I rise stable and secure. NATO enlargement question is on agreeing to the amend- to speak in favor of the expansion of means a future in which the newly ment. The yeas and nays have been or- NATO. And how appropriate that our independent countries will take their dered. The clerk will call the roll. friends, colleagues, and allies from the rightful place as a member of Western The assistant legislative clerk called United Kingdom have joined us on the Europe. NATO played an important the roll. Senate floor just as they have joined us part in securing this freedom. It has The result was announced—yeas 24, in battle and just as they have joined been the most successful alliance in nays 76, as follows: us in keeping the peace, and we wel- history. It is an alliance that helped us [Rollcall Vote No. 106 Ex.] come them with affection, admiration, win the cold war. It deterred war be- YEAS—24 and gratitude. tween the superpowers and helped pre- Mr. President, I am pleased that the Ashcroft Graham Moseley-Braun vent confrontation between member Baucus Harkin Moynihan Senate has returned to consideration of states. Bond Hutchinson Murray the ratification of NATO enlargement. But if NATO is to survive, it must Bumpers Jeffords Smith (NH) I hope we will now have an uninter- Byrd Johnson Torricelli adapt to the needs of a post-cold-war Conrad Kempthorne Warner rupted debate. NATO enlargement de- world, or it will become irrelevant. Dorgan Kohl Wellstone serves the dignity of serious consider- NATO has evolved since it was cre- Feingold Leahy Wyden ation of this matter and to take such ated in 1949. We have enlarged NATO NAYS—76 time as the Senate deems necessary. on three different occasions. Each new Mr. President, I support NATO en- Abraham Faircloth Lugar member strengthened NATO and in- largement because it will make Europe Akaka Feinstein Mack creased security in Europe. No expan- Allard Ford McCain more stable and America more secure. sion of NATO is easy. No expansion of Bennett Frist McConnell It means that the new democracies of NATO is done without thought. No ex- Biden Glenn Mikulski Central and Eastern Europe will share Bingaman Gorton Murkowski pansion of NATO is ever without con- the burden of European security. It Boxer Gramm Nickles troversy. We can only reflect what the Breaux Grams Reed means that future generations might bitter debate must have been when we Brownback Grassley Reid not have to fight and die in a European Bryan Gregg Robb voted to include Germany because of theater. Burns Hagel Roberts their provocative role in World War I Campbell Hatch Rockefeller If NATO doesn’t enlarge, the Iron Chafee Helms Roth Curtain remains permanent and the and World War II. Cleland Hollings Santorum unnatural division of Europe will live Today, we are facing difficult and dif- Coats Hutchison Sarbanes ferent threats to security. We have Cochran Inhofe Sessions on longer than the Communist empire Collins Inouye Shelby did in the Soviet Union. NATO will re- civil wars, as in Bosnia; we have hot Coverdell Kennedy Smith (OR) main, as President Havel has said, an spots caused by ethnic and regional Craig Kerrey Snowe alumni club for cold war victors. It will tensions, as in Kosovo; we have inter- D’Amato Kerry Specter national crimes, drugs, and terrorism; Daschle Kyl Stevens have little relevance to the realities of DeWine Landrieu Thomas the 21st century. and we have the spread of weapons of Dodd Lautenberg Thompson Mr. President, as a Polish American, mass destruction. NATO must change Domenici Levin Thurmond in order to meet these new threats. Eu- Durbin Lieberman I know that the Polish people did not Enzi Lott choose to live behind the Iron Curtain. rope’s new democracies will help us meet those challenges. The executive amendment (No. 2312) They were forced there by the Yalta The countries of Central and Eastern was rejected. agreement and by Potsdam and be- Europe want to help us address these Mr. CAMPBELL. I move to recon- cause they and the Baltic States and new threats. How many times has the sider the vote, and I move to lay it on the other captive nations were sold out Senate discussed burdensharing in Eu- the table. by the West. Many Members of the U.S. Senate rope—and we want others to share the The motion to lay on the table was have stood long for the freeing of the burden, not only in the financial cost, agreed to. captive nations. Many of our col- but of the risk to be borne in defending f leagues have been strong supporters of democracy. How often have we in the Solidarity. I, as both a Congresswoman United States complained that Euro- VISIT TO THE SENATE BY DEPUTY and then as a U.S. Senator, supported pean countries were not willing to pay PRIME MINISTER OF GREAT the Solidarity movement. I was a their fair share for their own defense? BRITAIN, MR. JOHN PRESCOTT strong supporter of the Solidarity Now, we have countries that are ask- Mr. CAMPBELL. Mr. President, I ask movement. I was with President Ron- ing to share the burden. They are ask- unanimous consent the Senate stand in ald Reagan in a wonderful evening he ing to pledge their troops and equip- recess for 2 minutes for the purpose of held at the White House where he ment for a common defense. They are welcoming Deputy Prime Minister of hosted the Polish Ambassador to the asking to share the burden of peace- Great Britain, Mr. John Prescott, to United States who had defected when keeping. In fact, they are doing it right the floor. Poland had imposed martial law on its now in Bosnia, where thousands of In addition, I ask unanimous consent own people, there sitting with Presi- troops from Poland, Hungary, and the the privilege of the floor be granted to dent Reagan and the Ambassador from Czech Republic are helping to secure Sir Christopher Mayer, the British Am- Poland who chose to defect rather than the peace. Hungary has made itself bassador to the United States. uphold where the Polish Army had available, so it is our base camp to go The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without been forced to go against its own peo- into Bosnia. They have even commit- objection, it is so ordered. ple. ted to joining us and ending Iraq’s S3688 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 chemical and biological weapon pro- anti-Russian than NATO. He went on and democratic Europe for the new grams, which is more than can be said to say that by refusing to enlarge millennium. We are laying the ground- of some of our allies. NATO, we would give the hardliners in work for a new era of peace and stabil- These countries are not asking for a Russia a great victory. The antidemo- ity. handout, nor are they asking for our cratic forces in Russia would feel vindi- Mr. President, a new century is com- protection without their own ability to cated and proud. We would be handing ing, a new millennium is about to be maintain their own defense. They are them a victory that they could build born, and I do not want the repugnant asking to be full partners in the new on. and despicable wars that characterized Europe. By transforming their coun- What would be the long-range costs the 20th century to be carried into and tries into free-market democracies, to America of failing to prepare NATO repeated in the 21st century. That is countries that have a democracy, a for the 21st century? The cost would be why I believe in the expansion of NATO free-market economy, with civilian instability in Europe and the increased with these three countries. I look for- control of the military, transparent chance of being pulled into yet another ward to a full and ample debate with military budgets, wow, these new de- European war. And the cost of preven- my colleagues, Mr. President. This is a mocracies are ready to join NATO. tive security is always less than the moment that I think is a long time These new democracies will contrib- cost of war. waiting. We appreciate the leadership ute to America’s security by making I would like to discuss the benefits of of President Ronald Reagan, who NATO stronger. They are adding troops enlargement, which I believe outweigh brought the end of the cold war, and and equipment. They will provide addi- the costs. The strategic benefits of en- Mr. George Bush, who was willing to tional strategic depth to NATO. They largement are most important. NATO defend and fight against the weapons of will also provide the will to fight for enlargement will create a zone of peace mass destruction. And now, under democratic values. Their history and and stability that does include Eastern President Bill Clinton, we look forward geography make them passionate de- Europe. It will extend NATO’s stabiliz- to expanding NATO and to keeping fenders of peace and democracy. They ing influence to more of Europe and re- that momentum going. know what it means to be occupied and duce the chances of aggression or con- I yield the floor. oppressed by tyrants, occupied and op- flict in Eastern Europe. Enlargement Mrs. HUTCHISON addressed the pressed against their own will. They will bring peace and security to East- Chair. will put our common values into ac- ern Europe, just as it did for the West. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- tion. They will join with us in defend- There are also economic benefits. Eu- ator from Texas is recognized. ing our national security and our val- rope is America’s largest trading part- Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I ues, whether it means peacekeeping in ner, with $250 billion in two-way trade was going to make my floor statement, Europe or preventing the spread of each year. Our new NATO partners will but Senator SMITH and I have an weapons of mass destruction anywhere increase trading opportunities. They amendment and we have been encour- in the world. are building vibrant free-market aged to go ahead and put our amend- Opponents of NATO enlargement economies. Poland’s economy is grow- ment forward. I will yield to Senator have valid concerns, and I think we ing at 6 percent, which is more rapidly SMITH for his introduction of the need to discuss them. First of all, oppo- than many of the others. NATO brings Smith-Hutchison amendment that nents of enlargement point to cost. stability, and stability brings prosper- deals with MIA. I yield the floor to They say that NATO enlargement has a ity. We are creating a prosperity zone him. cost, and they are right. The new across Europe. Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. Mr. NATO members must modernize their Mr. President, in the best tradition President, I ask unanimous consent military and make them compatible of the Senate, I could expand, but I that the pending Kyl amendment be with NATO systems. The new NATO know my colleague from Texas is wait- temporarily set aside for the purpose of members have committed to pay this ing to speak as well. We are both in- offering an amendment. price. volved in the supplemental. What I The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without There will also be a cost to the want to say is that the treaty ratifica- objection, it is so ordered. United States. Our funding of NATO’s tion is one of the Senate’s most fun- EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2314 common budget will increase. NATO damental duties. We are extending our (Purpose: To express a condition requiring estimates that the total common budg- Nation’s commitment to collective de- full cooperation from Poland, Hungary, et will increase $1.5 billion over 10 fense. I certainly don’t take this re- and the Czech Republic with the United years. The American share of that will sponsibility lightly. In the very best States efforts to obtain the fullest possible be $400 million, or $40 million a year. tradition of the Senate, we are address- accounting of captured and missing United But what is the cost of not enlarging ing NATO enlargement as a national States personnel from past military con- flicts of Cold War incidents) NATO? I believe it will be far higher. security issue, not a political issue. What will be the cost to European se- NATO enlargement is bipartisan, and it Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. Mr. curity, the cost to the new democracies should be. It must be fully supported President, I send an amendment to the of Eastern Europe, the long-term cost by members of both parties and the desk and ask for its immediate consid- to America? And, most important, will leadership of the Senate. eration. the benefits of NATO enlargement out- We have worked closely with the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The weigh the costs? President and Secretary Albright. The clerk will report. As a member of the Senate NATO Ob- Senate has been fully consulted at The assistant legislative clerk read server Group, working on a bipartisan every step of the process, as has been as follows: basis, I met recently with the Foreign required by our Constitution. Senator The Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. SMITH], for himself and Mrs. HUTCHISON, pro- Ministers of Poland, Hungary, and the LOTT and Senator DASCHLE, our Repub- poses an executive amendment numbered Czech Republic. I asked them those lican and Democratic leaders, ap- 2314. very questions. pointed a NATO observer group, Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. Mr. The Polish Foreign Minister, chaired by Senator ROTH, which has en- President, I ask unanimous consent Bronislaw Geremek, is a hero of the gaged in all aspects of discussing NATO that reading of the amendment be dis- Solidarity movement. He said that Po- enlargement, as well as the appropriate pensed with. land would feel abandoned once again committees. So now we have had dis- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without by the West. He said that Poland will cussion at the committee level. Now it objection, it is so ordered. still pay to modernize their military. is time to debate this on the Senate The amendment is as follows: In fact, he said that the failure to in- floor. clude these three nations in NATO will I am proud to support NATO enlarge- At the appropriate place in section 3 of the resolution, insert the following: cause them to spend more on their ment. By ratifying this resolution, we ( ) REQUIREMENT OF FULL COOPERATION military budget. They also said they are marking the end of the cold war WITH UNITED STATES EFFORTS TO OBTAIN THE would form their own military alli- and the beginning of a new century. We FULLEST POSSIBLE ACCOUNTING OF CAPTURED ance, which would be decidedly more are building an undivided, peaceful, AND MISSING UNITED STATES PERSONNEL FROM April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3689

PAST MILITARY CONFLICTS OR COLD WAR INCI- tries, they must grant access to their ar- NATIONAL ALLIANCE OF FAMILIES, DENTS.—Prior to the deposit of the United chives and provide relevant information on Bellevue, WA, March 16, 1998. States instrument of ratification, the Presi- American POW/MIA’s from the Vietnam Re: NATO—A Resolution for Our POWs. dent shall certify to Congress that each of War. Vietnam Veterans of America strongly Hon. JESSE A. HELMS, the governments of Poland, Hungary, and urges the United States Senate, in their cur- Chairman, Foreign Relations Committee, Wash- the Czech Republic are fully cooperating rent debate, to focus on the unsatisfactory ington, DC with United States efforts to obtain the full- follow up actions by these countries, and to DEAR SENATOR HELMS: Within days, the est possible accounting of captured and miss- delay the expansion of NATO to include the Senate will vote to extend NATO member- ing United States personnel from past mili- Soviet Bloc countries until they have ful- ship to Poland, Hungry and the Czech Repub- tary conflicts or Cold War incidents, to in- filled their previous commitments. lic. The membership of the National Alliance clude the following: of Families asks that during debate on this Vietnam Veterans of America is the nation’s (A) facilitating full access to relevant ar- subject, a resolution is introduced requiring only congressionally chartered veterans service chival material; and the United States to formally request that organization dedicated solely to the needs of (B) identifying individuals who may pos- these nations release all archival informa- Vietnam-era veterans and their families. VVA’s sess knowledge relative to captured and tion the above Countries hold on American missing United States personnel, and encour- founding principle is ‘‘Never again will one gen- Prisoners of War from the Korean War, The aging such individuals to speak with United eration of veterans abandon another.’’ Cold War and the War in Southeast Asia. States Government officials. During the Hearings before the House Sub- Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. Mr. NATIONAL VIETNAM & GULF committee on Military Personnel, evidence President, I will be very brief in my re- WAR VETERANS COALITION, was presented clearly showing Czech involve- Washington, DC, April 28, 1998. ment with American and United Nation marks regarding this amendment. Hon. BOB SMITH, POWs during the Korean War. Evidence pre- First of all, I want to compliment and U.S. Senate, Washington, DC. sented by the former Czech General, Jan commend the Senator from Texas, Sen- Re NATO Expansion. Sejna, indicated POWs from the Vietnam ator HUTCHISON, for her cooperation War were transported to Czechoslovakia. DEAR SENATOR SMITH: The National Viet- We do not wish to punish the present and support as we worked together to nam & Gulf War Veterans Coalition is a fed- democratic nations of the former Eastern craft this amendment. eration of approx. 90 veterans membership Bloc. However, we do not want to let a gold- This is a very, very important and issue organizations dedicated to the ad- en opportunity slip through our fingers. amendment, which I will get into in a vancement of ten goals for the benefit of vet- Each former Eastern block nation seeking erans of these two wars. One of those goals is moment, regarding the cooperation of NATO membership must be asked a series of for full POW MIA accountability. these new NATO nations—if they were specific questions relating to that Country’s to become NATO nations—that would The primary argument in favor of NATO knowledge of American POWs. This mandate require their full cooperation with the expansion into Eastern Europe has been said for questioning can only be achieved by a United States in order to obtain the to be a means of encouraging enforcing West- formal Senate Resolution. fullest possible accounting of any mili- ern, democratic norms on these former Com- Each former Eastern Bloc country should tary personnel missing from any of the munist countries. Under the circumstances, be asked to: 1. Search their records for the location of wars, from World War II, Korea, Viet- we do not find it at all unreasonable to also require the emptying of the closets contain- any Americans or former American citizens nam, to the cold war. ing defunct Communist secrets concerning living in their country. Making said sur- This amendment is supported by a the disappearance of many of our service- vivors available to U.S. investigators; number of veterans organizations— men, apparently alive and in captivity at 2. Open their archives, making all docu- Vietnam Veterans of America, Na- some point, from hot and cold wars fought ments relating to American POWs or sur- tional Vietnam and Gulf War Veterans during half a century. vivors. This should include all records of in- terrogations and medical experimentation; Coalition, MIA Families, Korean/Cold We therefore endorse your rider, requiring and War Family Association, National the President to certify full co-operation by 3. All records and documentation of the the NATO membership applicants on the League of POW/MIA families. Country’s involvement with American POWs POW–MIA issue that continues to haunt us. Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- on foreign soil. Sincerely, sent that a brief statement in support These requests should be made with the J. THOMAS BURCH, JR., of this amendment by each of those or- understanding that no nation will be con- Chairman. ganizations be printed in the RECORD at demned or punished for involvement with this time. American POWs or survivors. There being no objection, the mate- NATIONAL LEAGUE OF FAMILIES OF Any nation coming forward with ‘‘live’’ rial was ordered to be printed in the AMERICAN PRISONERS AND MISSING American POWs (survivors) or information IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, relating to POWs (or survivors) will be com- RECORD, as follows: Washington, DC, April 28, 1998. mended for their spirit of cooperation in this VIETNAM VETERANS OF AMERICA, Hon. BOB SMITH, ‘‘new age’’ of democracy. Washington, DC, April 13, 1998. U.S. Senate, Washington, DC. The Countries that once formed the Soviet Eastern Bloc, holds a wealth of information HOLD FORMER SOVIET BLOC NATIONS AC- DEAR SENATOR SMITH: The lack of full and COUNTABLE FOR PLEDGES MADE ON POW/ open cooperation by the governments of on American POWs. A resolution by the MIAS Vietnam and Russia to help account as fully United States Senate, formally requesting During the current Senate debate on the as possible for Americans still missing from this information assuring no reprisals or expansion of NATO, Vietnam Veterans of the Vietnam War has prompted our support condemnation should encourage the coopera- America strongly urges the United States for your efforts to seek such cooperation tion of these new Democracies. Senator, please do not let this golden op- Senate to hold the former Soviet Bloc coun- from the governments of Poland, Hungary portunity to gain information about our ties of Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Re- and the Czech Republic. public accountable for their pledges of co- POWs slip through our fingers. We recognize that the initiatives of the operation on POW/MIA archival research Sincerely, made to the U.S./Russia Joint Commission in U.S.-Russian Commission on POW/MIA offer DOLORES APODACA ALFOND, July 1997. promise to POW/MIA families who have long National Chairperson. The Joint Commission on the POW/MIA awaited answers. Although less promising issue was established by President Bush and than through the leadership serving in KOREAN/COLD WAR FAMILY President Yeltsin in 1992. One of its goals Hanoi, Moscow and Pyongyang, there is in- ASSOCIATION OF THE MISSING, was to research the military, intelligence, creasing evidence that the countries who Coppell, TX, April 27, 1998. security, and communist party archives for were a part of the former USSR have rel- Re expansion of NATO. evant knowledge about Americans still miss- relevant information on the disposition of Senator ROBERT SMITH. ing and unaccounted for from our nation’s American POWs from the Vietnam War. The DEAR SENATOR SMITH: The proposed expan- Eastern Bloc countries actively supported past military conflicts. sion of NATO to include the Czech Republic, and were allies of the communist govern- For this reason, the League expresses our Poland, and Hungary presents a unique op- ment of North Vietnam during this conflict. gratitude to you and your colleagues who portunity to gain information about the fate The former Soviet Bloc countries had a recognize the need to seek full cooperation of the more than 10,000 American men who significant presence in Asia and were aware from the governments of Poland, Hungary remain missing from the Korean, Vietnam, of communist POW policy. Membership in and the Czech Republic. and Cold Wars. Although the governments NATO guarantees an American military Respectfully, involved might express the best of intentions presence. Before considering expansion of ANN MILLS GRIFFITHS, at this stage of the admission process, expe- NATO to include these Soviet Bloc coun- Executive Director. rience tells us that promises made to gain S3690 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 advantage are often broken when the incen- factory answer that we wanted, but want to repeat that. They were privy tive no longer exists. The window of oppor- that is not true. It is disturbing be- to a lot of information about our POWs tunity to ensure significant cooperation is cause of the reasons that I gave. At in Vietnam, our POWs in Korea, and open to us during the admission process, and some point in the future, by having will be lost if not seized at this time. indeed some of the missing cold war As you know, the United States has consid- these countries part of NATO, we are losses. This information has not yet erable intelligence and other information going to ask Americans to face possible been shared with us. that delineates a Soviet program during the combat situations to defend these It is very important that we delve Korean, Vietnam and Cold Wars to exploit countries. So the least they could do is into this and find out whether any American POWs. The governments of the to provide us answers that they may American POWs were transferred, ei- former East Bloc countries most certainly have now of things that occurred dur- ther stopping there permanently or had information about this covert program, ing Communist control. It has been and some intelligence suggests they partici- transferred through any of the capitals pated in the effort to some extent. said by some NATO advocates that we of these countries. I want to emphasize The United States would be remiss if we have an opportunity to ensure the cold again, this is not meant to be a hostile did not set forth a clear expectation of full war never resurfaces. Yet we still can’t statement. We met with those govern- and good faith cooperation on the POW/MIA seem to get the cooperation we need ments, and they were very cordial and issue in the proposed NATO Treaties, as a from this region to address vital ques- very cooperative but somewhat stand- condition of membership. The nexus between tions about our missing Americans, es- offish by basically passing the buck by a military alliance and the POW/MIA Full pecially from the cold war but also pos- Accounting is both clear and appropriate. As saying, Well, you know those were the an integral part of their membership in sibly from Korea and Vietnam. If their Communist days, and I am not sure we NATO, the three countries under consider- pledges were genuine, as I believe they can dig that out. ation at this time, and all former East Bloc were, then, frankly, I question why Again, if we are asking Americans to countries that might be considered in the fu- leaders of these countries can’t con- shed their blood in the future to defend ture, should come forward with whatever in- vince the old cold war bureaucracies to free nations, then asking them to dig formation they might have about missing allow us access to the archives and into their archives a little bit is not American servicemen. allow us access to individuals who asking too much. Cooperation on this important issue should could provide us answers. go without saying for these countries. If we I want to emphasize again and appeal fail to require a demonstrable level of mean- We have had some cooperation. I am to leaders of the Czech Republic, Po- ingful cooperation, these countries will be very grateful for that cooperation. We land, and Hungary to follow through on justified in presuming that the United States met with some very influential people commitments that were made during Government really does not want to know in the governments of those three our visits and help us to search for what happened to our missing servicemen. countries when I traveled there last American missing service personnel Surely, the Senate does not want to send summer. Since last summer there have from the cold war, from Korea, and such an unacceptable message to these coun- been follow-up communications by our from Vietnam and urge my colleagues tries, to the families of our missing men, nor commission support staff at the De- to the American People. on behalf of the veterans organizations We thank you for your ongoing support for partment of Defense and also by my that I have mentioned, on behalf of all our efforts to account for American POW/ own office with each of these nations veterans throughout America and the MIAs. urging them to follow through. But families, most especially the families Sincerely, most important is the fact that, based of those who are missing, to please join DONNA D. KNOX. on current leads available, our com- with me in continuing to push for more Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. Mr. mission really still believes that there progress on this humanitarian issue. President, I also thank Congressman is relevant information, very relevant We can do that and, I think, make a SAM JOHNSON, who, as many of my col- information, which likely exists in very strong statement here on the floor leagues know, was a POW, along with Eastern Europe, especially in the mili- by voting for this amendment. Senator MCCAIN, and others, during the tary intelligence security Communist At this point I yield the floor for the Vietnam war. Congressman JOHNSON Party archives of these three nations purpose of allowing my colleague, Sen- and I have traveled to Prague, Warsaw, in question. ator HUTCHISON, who has been a stal- and to Moscow together in search of Again, this is a very complex situa- wart on this issue to speak. I am very answers, along with former Ambas- tion that has developed. The Com- grateful to her for her support. sador Malcolm Toon, as part of the munist Party controlled these ar- I yield the floor. U.S.-Russia commission to seek an- chives, controlled all of the govern- Mrs. HUTCHISON addressed the swers on our missing. ment activities, controlled the activi- Chair. There is a great window of oppor- ties of intelligence and military and se- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- tunity here in the old eastern bloc curity. Now we have a different govern- ator from Texas is recognized. countries as well as Russia to get some ment, a friendly government. But the Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I answers as to what may have happened access to those archives has not yet thank Senator SMITH for leading the ef- to these Americans. I think as we went been provided to us. If they are friendly fort on this amendment. out and searched the countryside and and we are going to bring them into I want to tell you a story about how met in the capitals of these countries, NATO and defend them, then they owe this came to be an amendment to this we received some cooperation. I want us that information, pure and simple. bill. to make that very clear. But, Mr. They owe us that information. They Pat Dunton is my constituent. She is President, there is much more to be owe us every opportunity to get and the president of the Korean-Cold War done. There are clearly answers in find that information wherever it may Family Association of the Missing. Pat these archives. I think it is very impor- be. I regret to say we really have not Dunton’s father served in the Korean tant that, if we are going to say that had that kind of cooperation, even conflict. She has been trying to get in- our military—our men and women in though we have had some very inter- formation about her father for all of uniform—is going to be asked at some esting meetings. these years since the Korean war. She point, if NATO expansion occurs, to Let me just conclude on this point. still gets choked up talking about not shed their blood, possibly, or defend We should remember and not forget knowing where he is or what happened these countries, I think it behooves that these eastern bloc countries, when to him. She came to my office one day these countries to provide us the full- they were eastern bloc countries, were and we started talking about how hard est possible accounting of any service allies of the North Koreans, were allies it is not to know. We started thinking. personnel who may have crossed their of the North Vietnamese, and the Sovi- Well, you know, maybe we could do borders during the time the Com- ets, of course, during the cold war. something with the new members who munists held, basically, and controlled They had a significant presence in both have been invited into NATO because these countries. North Korea and in Vietnam. They during the cold war, which is when I wish that I could say that all fol- were privy to information about Com- some of the MIA incidents took place, low-up action to our trip had occurred munist policies toward our own Amer- maybe the governments of these coun- properly and that we had every satis- ican POWs. That is very important. I tries who were allies with the Soviet April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3691 Union, some of whom were in Korea, I have also been contacted by family able to find Captain Dunham’s re- might be helpful in going to these fam- members of the missing as well as by mains, missing since the 1950s, and re- ilies and providing the information military personnel working in the area turned just 2 or 3 years ago. that they might have knowledge of. I of POW-MIA recovery, and both groups So I think this is a good example of just believe that this is something that have insisted that it would be helpful what cooperation can really produce. should be done. I also believe that all to make an official statement on be- Sometimes what might seem like a three of the countries being considered half of Congress in the form of this small, insignificant fact turns into a for NATO membership would like to amendment that this is an issue of na- huge issue and a great relief to the help in this effort. tional importance. family of a missing serviceman or I went to Senator SMITH, who has I think the amendment is necessary woman. So this is very important, and been the leading advocate in the Sen- and important. It sends a message to I want to emphasize again that what ate for not forgetting our POWs and the long-suffering families often for- this amendment does is very simple, MIAs. I said, Let’s do something in the gotten that are still seeking informa- Mr. President. NATO agreement that would require tion about the fate of their loved ones. Let me just mention three things. It any information to be opened to the We must take every opportunity to would require that prior to the deposit families of POWs from any conflict. demonstrate that we understand their of the U.S. instrument of ratification, But most especially, of course, Korea is grief and their desire to find answers the President shall certify to Congress where we think these countries really and that it is reasonable to expect any that each of the Governments—Poland, might have some information that new allies to also respect our legiti- Hungary, and the Czech Republic—is could be relevant. mate desire to learn all we can about fully cooperating with the U.S. in order I am pleased that Senator SMITH de- those who are missing in the service of to obtain the fullest possible account- cided to take the lead and work with our country. The armed forces and the ing of any military personnel from the me on this because I think it can make intelligence services of these same cold war, from Vietnam, or any mili- a difference. It calls for the full co- countries that seek to join NATO tary conflicts; that they facilitate full operation of the Governments of Po- access to all relevant archival mate- land, Hungary, and the Czech Republic today were once on the other side of the bitter struggle of the cold war. So rial; and that they would identify any in obtaining that accounting, and spe- individuals who may possess knowledge cifically calls for facilitating access to they would have information, and we hope that they would agree readily to relative to the capture of missing per- relevant archival material and for sonnel. That is it. That is all the these Governments to identify any in- help us in giving some comfort and per- haps providing answers, that final an- amendment does. dividuals that may possess knowledge I thank my colleagues, especially swer, to some member of a family who relative to captured and missing U.S. Senator HAGEL, who has been waiting. has been waiting maybe not patiently personnel. I yield the floor. Mr. President, Poland, Hungary, and but certainly with hope in their hearts The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- the Czech Republic have all thrown off that someday they would know what ator from Delaware is recognized. the chains of Communist domination. happened to their father or their son Mr. BIDEN. I will be very brief. But not so long ago and throughout the who has served in our military and per- Speaking for myself and my side and I cold war their military forces and their haps gave his or her life in service to think Senator SMITH of Oregon, who intelligence services were closely our country. I think we owe them this will say the same thing, we are pre- aligned with the very governments who amount of caring, this amount of as- pared to accept the amendment. hold the keys to a great deal of infor- surance that we will go the extra mile Let me just make a few very brief mation which may help achieve the to make sure they have that closure if comments. I think that the applicants full accounting we seek. For example, it can possibly be given to them. for NATO accession have provided co- from the end of the Korean war in 1953, So I thank Senator SMITH. I hope the operation, as was indicated in the U.S. representatives of the Czech and Polish Senate will adopt this amendment efforts to locate American POWs and military were stationed inside North when we have the vote. MIAs in the cold war. Korea as part of the Neutral Nations Mr. President, I ask for the yeas and In July of 1987, the U.S.-Russian Supervisory Commission at Panmun- nays. Joint Commission on POW/MIAs vis- jom. Their military personnel had di- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a ited Poland; the Department of Defense rect contact with the North Korean sufficient second? Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Of- military and had at times a great deal There appears to be a sufficient sec- fice visited in December of 1997. Result- of high-level access throughout North ond. ing from these visits, senior Polish of- Korea. They met with their North Ko- Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire ad- ficials pledged to search their archives rean counterparts and may well have dressed the Chair. thoroughly and open all relevant infor- highly relevant information on the fate The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- mation to the United States. U.S. offi- of Americans who were missing during ator from New Hampshire. cials met with the Polish National Se- the Korean war. Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. I say curity Bureau, the Ministry of Defense, We also know that their intelligence to my colleagues, just 1 or 2 minutes. I the Ministry of Intelligence Services, services and their military often wish to expound a little bit on what the Office of Central Security, Central shared information with the intel- the Senator from Texas, Mrs. Archives. All, in the minds at the Pen- ligence services and military forces of HUTCHISON, just said in terms of the tagon, are fully cooperating. I can say the Soviet Union and that there are impact on families. the same relative to the Czech Repub- those who may have direct knowledge In the 1950s, there was a Captain lic and with regard to Hungary. of events involving Americans who Dunham who was shot down over So- So although I, quite frankly, do not were missing during the Vietnam war viet territory—then Soviet territory— think it is necessary, I have no objec- as well as the numerous Americans and as a result of the U.S.-Russian tion to the amendment. And let me say who disappeared during military oper- commission, of which Senator JOHN to my friend from New Hampshire, all ations in other areas during the cold KERRY and I are members, we ran an ad you have to be is the brother, sister, war. in the Red Star newspaper in Russia mother, father, son, daughter, nephew, As new NATO allies, it is certainly that went all over; it was read heavily or niece of an MIA to understand ev- reasonable to expect that they would by former military people, veterans of erything the Senator says. open their archives and provide access the Soviet Union. And an individual My mother lost her closest brother in to our officials. I have already received read the article about this Captain World War II, shot down in New Guin- assurances from representatives of the Dunham who was missing. It turned ea. They never found his body. To this Polish Government that this access out that this individual had been at the day, my mother—and that was 1944— would be readily granted, and I am cer- crash site and provided us the ring of wakes up after dreaming that he has tain that the Czechs and the Hungar- Captain Dunham, his personal ring, been found. To this day, he is a con- ians would also be eager to work with which came back to his family, and as stant—‘‘constant’’ would be an exag- us. a result of following that up, we were geration—he is a regular source of S3692 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 painful memories for my mother. The the floor in all the debates we had start to finish, each of the eight full idea that there is no closure, the idea about POWs and MIAs. I compliment hearings we had in the Foreign Rela- that there has never been the ability to my colleagues in their diligence to con- tions Committee on this issue. I also say his name was Ambrose J. tinue to pursue accounting for POWs was appointed by the Senate Majority Finnegan, God love him—his nickname and MIAs, and I didn’t want them to Leader to serve on the NATO Observer was Bozy to everybody in my mom’s think that, because I slightly disagree Group Task Force. I attended almost family. My mother, when I was a kid, with their assertion of what these all of the 17 meetings that our distin- literally would wake up at night three countries have done—I agree guished colleagues from Delaware, Sen- screaming from a nightmare. She with my friend from Oregon. I think ator BIDEN and Senator ROTH, held. would scare the hell out of us, dream- they are clearly interested in helping. That does not give me a particularly ing that her brother was in the most If there are any countries that are unique perspective on this issue, but it extreme circumstance. fully aware, as my friend from Oregon gives me some grounding on under- I do not mean in any way to suggest said, it is the Hungarians and the standing the complications of NATO this is not important by saying we will Czechs and the Poles, who have had expansion. accept it and that I do not think it is people dragged off to those gulags, As I have listened to the debate the necessary, because it is being done, be- never to be heard from again. last 2 days, and in previous weeks when cause it is true, the pain lasts. My These democratically elected offi- this Chamber debated this issue, and mother just turned 80 years old. It is cials, now—I would be dumbfounded if during committee hearings, I have like yesterday for my mother. they did not fully cooperate. But I un- come to the conclusion that, yes, a So I appreciate what my friend from derstand the motivation. That is my number of the questions and points Texas and my colleague from New point, to my two colleagues. I am raised by my colleagues are not only Hampshire are doing. Again, I do not happy, from our side, to accept the relevant but are important and they think it is necessary, because I antici- amendment, as well as my friend has should be fully aired and fully debated. pate they will fully cooperate. But I indicated he is willing to accept it. It is based on those observations that I see no problem in accepting the amend- Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire ad- have made, as I have listened to this ment. dressed the Chair. debate, that I wish to offer some of the Mr. SMITH of Oregon addressed the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- following points. Aside from the obvious defense pur- Chair. ator from New Hampshire. pose of the expansion of NATO, there The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. I ap- are other issues involved. The obvious ator from Oregon. preciate my colleague’s willingness to defense purpose of expanding NATO is Mr. SMITH of Oregon. I would like to accept it. It seems to be the consensus to help assure stability and security in associate myself with the words of the of those of us who are sponsoring it, we Europe, all of Europe. There has been Senator from Delaware and just tell seek a recorded vote on it because of some debate on the floor about this my colleagues, the advocates of this the significance of the issue. issue, this fourth expansion—and, by amendment, I support it. I believe the With that in mind, I will ask for a re- the way, a not unprecedented expan- Poles, Hungarians, and Czechs would corded vote at the appropriate time. sion. We have expanded NATO three support it, too. These are nations that The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- other times, to include West Germany, know something about prisoners of war ator from Delaware. Greece, Turkey, and the third expan- and missing in action, gulags, and all Mr. BIDEN. Obviously that is the sion was Spain and Portugal. So this the horrors that go with totalitarian- Senator’s right. I do not challenge it. I would be not an unprecedented action ism, and I fully expect that they would just am reminded, I remember one we take, that we include three new want us to accede to this. time when I first got here—and I know countries. But I find interesting that I appreciate the Senators offering he has been here a long time. I went up there has been some reference made to this amendment. I think it helps. And to Russell Long, the Chairman of the ‘‘we would split Europe.’’ I say just the part of the reason to expand NATO is Finance Committee, and indicated to opposite, just the opposite. We would, to heal these countries. Part of the him I wanted help on an amendment to in fact, do much to unify Europe. Why healing comes from addressing issues a Finance Committee bill. Senator would that be? That would be because like this. We will find they will do this Long, the senior Senator and Chairman stability, security, economic develop- with us and without any resistance to of the Finance Committee, said, ment, development of democracy and it. ‘‘Fine.’’ He accepted it. market economies, would extend across I thank the Senators who are offering Then I thought later it would be good the continent of Europe and no longer this amendment. to have a recorded vote. I stood up and would there be the Iron Curtain that The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. said, ‘‘I have decided I want a recorded fell at the end of World War II. NATO ENZI). The Senator from New Hamp- vote.’’ He said, ‘‘In that case, I am expansion would help assure that. shire. against it.’’ We had the recorded vote I also find the argument interesting Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. If I and he beat me. So I learned, from my from the perspective of—I thought, could just respond to the Senator from perspective anyway, that when some- when the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, that Delaware for a moment, I listened to one accepts an amendment, I am al- meant something. It was beyond sym- his story about the personal episode in ways happy to do it. bolism. It was a witness to history that his family. I might say, we have found But I understand the Senator’s moti- authoritarian, totalitarian government in the last 4 or 5 years, aircraft—I am vation. I will not change my position, does not work, under any name—Na- almost certain that we located an air- but maybe he would reconsider wheth- zism, communism, it doesn’t work. craft in New Guinea and other areas er we need the vote. But that is his Here we are, almost 10 years after the where aircraft had been lost during judgment. I yield the floor. fall of communism, with the Berlin World War II. I think it says a lot Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. I had Wall, talking about, ‘‘Well, I don’t about our own Nation that we would great confidence that you would not do know, should we do this? We might of- still send teams out there in those jun- that. fend our Russian friends.’’ Certainly gles, searching for people who were The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- any important decision must factor in lost. Maybe at some point, maybe—I ator from Nebraska. every dynamic in the debate and every know it was your relative, I did not Mr. HAGEL. Mr. President, I rise this dynamic of our national security inter- hear, what relative? afternoon to support the ratification of est—relationships, future relation- Mr. BIDEN. My uncle. My mother NATO expansion. I have had the good ships, and in this case it certainly does was one of five children. It was her fortune, over almost the last year and factor in our relationship with Russia. brother and her soul mate. It is amaz- a half that I have been in the U.S. Sen- But, my goodness, why did we fight, for ing how, like I said, she is 80 years old, ate, to serve on the Committee on For- 40 years, a cold war? And we won it. God love her, and it is still there. eign Relations. That has given me a Only 10 years later, to some extent, to The only reason I bothered to men- unique opportunity to examine the be held hostage to what the Russians tion it—I never mentioned it before on NATO expansion protocol. I attended, want? April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3693 You see, I don’t see an awful lot of I also have found some of my col- It is in the best interest of this coun- sense in that. Yes, it is important to leagues, particularly on my side of the try and the world for us to lead as best understand the Russians. Yes, it is im- aisle, comment about, ‘‘Well, but this we can to prepare for those new chal- portant to engage the Russians. But President, this administration, wants lenges and to prepare for that new dif- not allow Russia, or any other nation to take NATO expansion beyond the fusion of power, as it will surely come, to dominate the final analysis and de- boundaries of what the mission is of as it is coming today. cisions of our Nation’s security inter- NATO.’’ I remind my colleagues on this Yes; yes, Europe is only one part of ests, nor all of the collective security side of the aisle, my Republican col- that. But look at the numbers—a rath- interests of Europe. leagues, who might have some concern er significant part. Any measurement There is another consequence of this about this present administration, 10 you take of the importance of Europe, that has not yet been fully developed Republican and Democratic adminis- any measurement you take—people, and that is we would be helping provide trations have presided over America’s gross domestic product, exports—and role models for Central and Eastern involvement in NATO, 10 administra- do we really believe Europe still and Europe by these three new nations, Po- tions, Republican and Democratic. will still be untouched into the next land, Hungary, and the Czech Republic, This debate should not get confused century with no war, no conflict? coming into NATO, complying with— with the underbrush of detail or who is Who would have predicted Bosnia? not as a handout, not as a gesture, but in the White House today. This debate Who would have foreseen that in 1990 complying with all of the requirements is about the future and how we are pre- and 1991? Kosovo. These are deadly, established 50 years ago to belong to paring for the future as we go into the real examples of how fast things can NATO. We just didn’t invent these. next century—not about Bill Clinton, come unraveled even in—even in—Eu- They didn’t just ‘‘happen.’’ They are Madeleine Albright, Bill Cohen. They rope. the same requirements for Poland, are players on the scene for a very brief Another question that is asked, and Czechoslovakia, and Hungary as we had time, just like 10 administrations have appropriately so, is our force strength. for the previous three expansions of been on the scene, essentially for a It is a very good question. Over the last NATO. brief time. 10 years, we have been asking our mili- Other nations of Central and Eastern Missions and organizations change, tary to do more with less—more de- Europe can look to these three nations believe it or not. Missions and organi- ployments, longer deployments. We zations change. Times change. Dynam- as role models, for help, and not just in now have a force structure, in real dol- ics change, challenges change, cir- the national security dynamic. Let’s lar terms—in real budget terms—that cumstances and situations change. is down as low as any time since 1940. face it, I have heard, also, a lot of talk To my colleagues who say, ‘‘Well, Less than 3 percent of our gross domes- about the European Union—why not prove to me that NATO is going to be tic product goes for our national de- allow these nations to be brought into important. Prove to me every dollar fense. That is below dangerously low. the European Union first? Mr. Presi- that’s going in. Prove to me we need And if we in fact are going to ask our dent, you cannot separate economics NATO,’’ well, as brilliant as many of military to take on new responsibil- here. You can’t separate economic sta- my colleagues are, no one can give ities, like NATO expansion, which I bility from military stability. They are them that answer, you see, because no support, and NATO and the Persian integrally entwined. one can predict the future. But that is Gulf, and a hundred other nations There is no question the world is a what NATO expansion is about. That is global community underpinned by a why we established NATO 50 years ago, where we have troops, then we are global economy. Of course—of course— because the future was uncertain and going to have to pay attention to our these nations will benefit economi- was unstable. If we did not have NATO military. And we have not been doing cally. And that will invent and give op- today, we would have to invent NATO. that. portunities to other countries, and To those of my colleagues who say, Another debate for another time more opportunities as well. Now, this ‘‘Well, why rush? We’re rushing into surely, Mr. President, but one that is is not just—not just—a national de- this. What’s so important about doing appropriately talked about in this de- fense issue and a security issue for the this now? This year? Next year?’’ I say, bate and asked because if we are going United States. This is an investment I suppose you could have asked that to ask our military to do more, we are for the United States. question after World War II—there was going to have to pay attention to the This is an investment because it is relative peace in Europe after World budget and to rebuilding our military. connected. And if we invest, yes, some War II—‘‘What’s the rush?’’ And for We are soon becoming a hollow mili- money—my goodness, isn’t that some- every one of the previous three expan- tary, and that is in any measurement thing? We would actually have to pay sions into NATO, you could have said, you wish to take. In the President’s some money, not wild exaggerations ‘‘Why West Germany now? Let’s wait own budget for fiscal year 1999, he cuts that we have heard on the floor of the until about 1980,’’ or for any of the another 25,000 uniformed men and Senate, but some real dollars to invest, other nations. But, my goodness, women from the services. We cannot to expand the security and stability doesn’t it make a little more sense to have it both ways. But, as I say, part of umbrella of NATO eastward. develop strong, bold, dynamic, futuris- the debate should be part of that de- It is an investment for us for a couple tic policy now—now—when we can bate, but that debate should come at a of reasons. One, it will help assure this think clearly, when we can understand different time. country will not be sending its children the dynamics of the issues rather than, I conclude my remarks, Mr. Presi- and its grandchildren to fight another well, let us wait for some country to be dent, by saying that we have a unique World War or a war in Europe. Democ- invaded and then we will show them opportunity, as the most dominant na- racies do not attack other democracies. what we are going to do? Come on, it tion on Earth, at a most unique time in Democracies do not go to war. So it is does not work that way. It does not history—not a time seen probably since an investment in national security and work that way. Rome during the Roman Empire—when peace for us. Let us not squander the time we now one nation has so thoroughly domi- It is also an economic investment. As have to plan as best we can for a surely nated this globe. these nations that had been under the uncertain future. There is a bigger question for this yoke of Communist dictatorship for al- Another dynamic that gets lost in country and a bigger challenge that most 50 years are now in a position to this debate, Mr. President, is another will require a bigger debate than develop democracy and flourish eco- certainty—the diffusion of power in the NATO. But it is part of the debate. And nomically as they develop their demo- world. The face of this globe will not that is, yes, a great nation is required cratic governments and their freedoms, look the same in 25 years. It will not to do great things, to take on great they are as well developing market look the same because the geopolitical, burdens, and to give great leadership. economies. economic and military power struc- It is an awesome responsibility the What does that mean to us? That tures of the globe of this 5.2 billion- United States has. And our challenge, means markets, that means some sta- people world are changing. Like life our debate is, do we wish in fact to go bility, that means connection. changes, everything changes. into the next century as that dominant S3694 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 great nation and carry that great bur- 1939, of course, came the Molotov-Rib- then, a very different country. By the den of leadership? This is part of that bentrop Pact between the Soviet Union way, only extreme isolationists, I sub- debate. and Nazi Germany which—difficult mit, would repeat a ‘‘I won’t die for We have an opportunity, unique in though it may be to understand Danzig’’ slogan in 1998. history, to help build strong democ- today—astonished the world then. Second, the alliance must have mili- racies, help to build structures that Little more than a week later, on tary muscle to back up a paper agree- will give more people more freedom September 1, 1939, Hitler’s forces ment. NATO clearly has the military than the history has ever known, more launched a surprise attack on Poland. structure in force to make collective market economies, better standards of Here we come to two critical points. defense credible. living, better health, less conflict, less First, Great Britain and France had The third lesson, is NATO, through war. That is why NATO expansion is cobbled together an alliance with Po- its Partnership for Peace Program, is important. It is not the only issue, land earlier that year after Germany actively cooperating with non-NATO maybe not the most important issue, had annexed the rest of Czecho- countries, including Russia, to lessen but surely it fits into the grander de- slovakia. tensions and make future conflicts bate that we will have. But that last-minute alliance, of highly unlikely. New alliances are being formed, new course, can in no way be compared to So for all these reasons, Mr. Presi- alliances will continue to be formed in today’s powerful integrated military dent, Poland, Hungary, and the Czech the next century. We want to be part of command of NATO. France and Britain Republic, passionately want to become that. As we rely on more nations and had no capability to project forces members of NATO. All three countries more relationships and more alliances, eastward to defend the Poles. Further- have successfully completed a demand- in the end that will mean less burden more, Poland was then ruled by au- ing set of reforms in order to qualify. for us, less burden for us because we thoritarian colonels, while Britain and History need not repeat itself, Mr. are helping develop strong democratic France were democracies. Therefore, President. But history is always in- nations with resources, with economies appeasers could and did proclaim that structive. That is why I mention the that can defend themselves. That is in they would not ‘‘die for Danzig.’’ connection between Poland and France our interest. In the end, it is in the Hitler saw all this and correctly an- in 1939 and 1940. I hope this explanation world’s interest. ticipated that France and Britain is helpful to my colleagues. I hope we That, more than any other reason, is would not actively oppose his attack keep it in mind. why I strongly support NATO expan- I yield the floor. on Poland. And they didn’t. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The sion. I ask that my colleagues in this Secondly, Hitler’s generals needed Chair recognizes the Senator from Vir- body who are still undecided, for legiti- the attack on Poland to perfect their ginia. mate reasons, listen to this debate new tactic which was dubbed the closely, because in the end this debate Mr. WARNER. I wonder if I might en- ‘‘Blitzkrieg’’ or ‘‘lightning war.’’ The gage our distinguished colleague, who is about our future and what is in our panzer attack on the Polish cavalry, as best interest. just presented his views, in a bit of a was pointed out yesterday, an incred- colloquy. I yield the floor. ible undertaking where Poles on horses The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- First, I ask my colleague, did he were taking on armored divisions of ator from New Jersey. make the statement that NATO is for Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, it is true the German Army, which the Senator the defense of all of Europe, or some the Delaware which touches New Jer- from Virginia recalled earlier in the broad, sweeping statement to that ef- sey is owned by Delaware, but I am debate, was a metaphor for the effec- fect? from Delaware. I would be proud to be tiveness of the German’s new kind of Mr. HAGEL. No, I didn’t say it is for from New Jersey, but I am prouder to rapid, mobile warfare. all of Europe. I said we would have a be from Delaware. I said yesterday that France and Europe, as we expand NATO eastward, Mr. President, I understand we are Britain, after formally declaring war that gives Europe an opportunity from going to go to the Kyl amendment very on Germany September 3, 1939, did east to west, all of Europe, to be demo- shortly and I cosponsor and agree with nothing. In fact, Mr. President, for cratic, opportunity to develop market the Kyl amendment. I think the man- more than 8 months nothing happened economies, the potential to be a free ager supports the Kyl amendment, too. on the Franco-German frontier. Com- continent, and that NATO could help But while we wait for Senator KYL to mentators labeled this the ‘‘phony do that. make his opening statement in support war,’’ a term which students of history Mr. WARNER. I thank my colleague. of his amendment, I would like to reit- will call and readily recall. I am just going back to read the char- erate a point I made yesterday with Meanwhile, after carving up Poland ter, article V, and this is the heart and Senator SMITH, in the few minutes with Stalin, the Germans were freed to soul of NATO. while we are waiting for Senator KYL redeploy offensive combat units for use It says that parties agree that an to come to the floor. in the West. On May 10, 1940, Hitler in- armed attack against one or more of Yesterday there was a good deal of vaded France and the Low Countries them in Europe or North America shall talk here about whether or not this ex- using the Blitzkrieg tactics perfected be considered an attack against them pansion of NATO was good, bad or in- against the Poles, now against France. all, and consequently they agree that if different. The distinguished Senator Going through Belgium and Holland, such an armed attack occurs, each of from New York, Senator MOYNIHAN, the the Germans simply bypassed the them, in exercise of the right of indi- distinguished Senator from Virginia, vaunted Maginot Line, and soon they vidual or collective self-defense, recog- Senator WARNER and others, were tak- were in Paris. nized by article V of the Charter of the ing issue with the expansion of NATO. So I repeat, Hitler’s road to France United Nations, will assist the party or I referenced why I thought the Poles went through Poland. We should ask parties so attacked by taking forth- thought this was in their interest be- ourselves what lessons can be learned with, individually and in concert with cause the comments were basically from this sad tale and acknowledge Po- other parties, such action as it deems made that the Poles—Senator SMITH of land is east of Germany. How did it get necessary, including use of armed force New Hampshire said we support the to France? Had they not gone into Po- to restore and maintain the security of Poles anyway. land first they would not, in all prob- the North Atlantic area. I made the point that that kind of ability, have been nearly as successful Now, it was very clear when this was promise had been made to Poland be- as they were in 1940. The road to written that we envisioned the Soviet fore. In 1939, France was considered to France was through Poland. Union as the threat. That was the pur- have Europe’s strongest army. It had First, the lesson we should learn pose of it. And now with the demise of built the massive defensive fortifica- from this sad tale is the alliance only the Soviet Union and the threats now tion called the Maginot Line which was means something if it has a deeper pur- being fractured into many places and widely thought to be impregnable. pose. Today, Poland, Hungary and the of many types, we are trying to deter- Hitler’s generals warned against an Czech Republic are democracies with mine what is the future mission of attack on France. In late August of Western values—not as Poland was NATO. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3695 One of my great regrets is that we tegic concept of NATO. The new docu- continent that they occupy. That has are proceeding with this matter of in- ment is going to be agreed upon in a been the traditional mission. Now, you cluding three new states at a time little bit less than a year—next April. are recognizing these are threats, and I when NATO itself has not determined Senate advice and consent to the agree they are becoming more and exactly what is to be the mission sub- NATO enlargement issue here presents more threats—religious and ethnic sequent to the 1991 statement to that a unique opportunity for the Senate of strife. But do you intend, by this docu- effect. the United States to speak on this ment, to say that that should be writ- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The issue, an opportunity we would not ten in as a mission of NATO, to stand Chair reminds the Senator of the pre- otherwise have. We, therefore, can help ready to intervene in these types of vious order. to lay out the strategic vision of NATO conflicts? Or are you just recognizing Mr. WARNER. For the benefit of the from the standpoint of the United them as potential threats and subse- Senate, the Chair should state the States and thus influence the outcome quently, depending on the magnitude order. of these negotiations. of the threat, the NATO commanders, EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2310, AS MODIFIED In my view, the current resolution and the NAC, North Atlantic Council, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under focuses too much on what NATO should can determine if in fact it threatens the previous order, there is to be 30 not be and should not do. The resolu- the collective security of a nation or minutes of debate on amendment No. tion does not attempt to lay out a com- the nations? 2310 offered by Senator KYL of Arizona prehensive set of principles to guide de- Mr. KYL. That is an excellent ques- to begin at 4:30 p.m. velopment of the strategic concept. tion, Mr. President, and it is, of course, Mr. WARNER. I ask unanimous con- And so this proposed amendment will the latter—something that I think the sent to proceed for about a minute and establish the Senate’s vision of the fu- Senator from Virginia and I support. I a half. ture of NATO and, I hope, help to lay point to the specific language to con- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without the foundation for American positions firm my point. In paragraph 5, ‘‘com- objection, it is so ordered. on the strategic concept. mon threats,’’ it says: ‘‘NATO members Mr. WARNER. I direct my comment Here is the background that will lead will face common threats to their secu- to the distinguished Senator who is up to the answer to the Senator’s ques- rity in the post-cold war environment, proposing the amendment, Senator tion. I hope it is the only expression of including. . .’’ Then we list threats. We KYL, which will now be the subject of concern about the amendment because hope they will never arise. That is the further debate. In particular, on page 1 I would certainly like to have his sup- context in which this particular provi- entitled ‘‘common threats,’’ it says, port for what I think is an amendment sion is listed. ‘‘NATO members will face common that will be overwhelmingly supported If I could just close my comment threats to security in the post-cold war by both proponents and opponents of here, Mr. President, because the Sen- environment, including . . .’’—and on expansion. Our principal objective ator from Delaware wishes to com- page 5 it says—I guess that was 4. It here, I say to the Senator from Vir- ment. This amendment merely condi- says, ‘‘. .. conflict in the North Atlan- ginia, is to ensure that NATO remains tions Senate advice and consent to its tic area stemming from ethnic and re- an arm of U.S. power and influence. understanding of U.S. policy as it re- ligious enmity, the revival of historic NATO, not the WEU or the OSCE, must lates to the revising strategic concept disputes, or the actions of undemo- remain the principal foundation for the of NATO. It acknowledges the prin- cratic leaders.’’ security interests of its members. This ciples that have animated our partici- I find that far afield from the NATO means NATO must be prepared mili- pation in NATO from the very begin- charter itself. Indeed, it is somewhat tarily to defend against a range of com- ning and also identifies the threats far afield from the 1991 restatement of mon threats to our vital interests. We that we may face. It states that the the mission of NATO. Speaking for my- have tried to identify what they all Senate understands that the core con- self, I have grave concerns about NATO are. cepts contained in the 1991 document incorporating in any future document Now, some of us may not like what remain valid today. the fact that it stands ready to stamp some of them are and may not like the I say to my friend from Virginia, in out ethnic and religious enmities and fact that we will have to respond to essence, that the 1991 strategic concept the revival of historic disputes. That is them. For example, a radical Islamic provides a foundation on which to build the very thing we are involved in now terrorism threat in the North Atlantic the revised statement of NATO strat- in Bosnia. I just don’t have time to get region may require that we defend egy and sets forth the 10 principles into it, but I would like to have a against that. That didn’t used to be a which the Senator understands will be clearer explanation from the proponent big problem for NATO. What I have in the new document. of this amendment as to what he in- done is insert the words ‘‘in the Atlan- I urge my colleagues who support and tended by the inclusion of this para- tic area’’—words that were not in the oppose the expansion of NATO to sup- graph in this amendment. Basically, I underlying resolution of ratification port this amendment and to put the wanted to support the amendment, but that came out of the committee. So Senate on record as defining the NATO I cannot support a document that says what I have tried to do is both to, yes, of the future. I reserve the remainder NATO is going to take it upon itself to acknowledge a threat that we all ac- of my time. put out civil wars and religious enmi- knowledge that could arise, but to Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, collec- ties and ethnic disputes. I am con- limit the nature of our response to that tively, with the Senator from Texas— cerned about the future of American in the Atlantic area by the specific lan- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. SES- servicepersons and that the men and guage of the section that the Senator SIONS). The Senator from Delaware women who will proudly wear the uni- from Virginia and the Senator from controls the time. Who yields time? form of the United States and be an in- Texas are concerned about. Mr. BIDEN. How much time do I con- tegral part of NATO would be subject, This amendment underscores that trol? under NATO commanders, to go into collective defense will remain the core The PRESIDING OFFICER. Fifteen these areas and meet such conflicts. alliance mission. But it acknowledges minutes. Mr. KYL. Mr. President, I will be de- that new threats have emerged in the Mr. BIDEN. I yield 2 minutes to the lighted to answer the question of my post-cold war era that will require Senator from Virginia. distinguished colleague from Virginia. NATO to adapt its military forces and Mr. WARNER. The Senator from I will begin, first of all, by setting defense planning mechanism. Texas and I wish to discuss the capac- forth the essential concept or idea un- Mr. WARNER. May I have one word ity to respond to common threats. derlying this amendment. of clarification? NATO’s continued success requires a The future course of the NATO alli- Mr. KYL. I am happy to try to an- credible military capability to deter ance, its core purposes and its strategic swer the question. and respond to common threats. And orientation in this post-cold war era, Mr. WARNER. The mix of NATO is when you look at the definition of com- will be decided by allied negotiations the collective security of member na- mon threats, it includes historic dis- upcoming on the so-called revised stra- tions and the collective security of the putes, religious enmities, ethnic and S3696 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 the like. I fear that, although the Sen- On page 4, under ‘‘Security Chal- Now, my friend from New York, who ator in his statement seemed to clarify lenges and Risks,’’ paragraph 10, the is opposing the expansion, is probably that this is not to be a mission, some- present strategic doctrine of NATO the single most qualified man in the how the language, I believe, is some- reads as follows: Congress, having written about and what tangled. I yield to my colleague Risks to allied security are less likely to predicting the kind of chaos that would from Texas. result from calibrated aggression against the come from the male fist of communism The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- territories of the allies, but rather from ad- being lifted off of the sectarian rival- ator from Texas. verse consequences of instability that may ries that have been subsumed under Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I arise from serious economic, social, or politi- that heavy hand in the Communist have just been looking at the amend- cal difficulties, including ethnic rivalries and territorial disputes . .. rule—he predicted in a book he pub- ment with the Senator from Virginia. I lished several years ago, that I rec- —border disputes, and ethnic rival- like every other part of the amend- ommend to everyone, that there would ries. Excuse me. Let me be clear that I ment. I like every other part of the be crisis in Europe. It would not be So- don’t want to misquote. Go back to the amendment. But it seems that the viet armies invading. quote: words define what a common threat is, So my friends who keep saying: and included in the common threat are . . . political difficulties, including ethnic rivalries, and territorial disputes. Look, we ought to reflect reality, ethnic divisions or uprising, and then NATO should reflect the real world, as it says that one of the missions of Parenthetically inserted by me was border disputes, and what is going on Senator SMITH from New Hampshire NATO is to respond to common kept saying yesterday, NATO did just threats. I just wondered if there could in Bosnia now. Back to the quote: that in their strategic doctrine of 1991. be a clarification, or perhaps a clarify- They said the risk—paraphrasing—is ing amendment that would assure that . . . which are faced by many countries in Central and Eastern Europe . .. not from Soviet divisions; it is from is not going to be a responsibility of Not members of NATO. ethnic rivalries, economic, social, and NATO to come into a situation in political instability. That is where our which there is a border dispute or an .. . the tensions which may result, as long as they remain limited, should not directly risks lie and we must respond to those ethnic dispute. In fact, that is one of threaten the security and territorial integ- risks. the amendments I would offer later, rity of members of the alliance. They could So nothing new is being stated by my which is to avoid having the United however lead to a crisis inimical to European friend from Arizona. He is not breaking States get into an ethnic dispute. stability and even to armed conflicts which new ground. He is reiterating a basic If the Senator from Arizona can clar- would involve outside powers, or spill over principle of the strategic doctrine that ify it, I think the Senator from Vir- into NATO countries having a direct effect on the security of the alliance. exists now. And if we vote down these ginia and I would like to support the three countries, it will still exist. To Nothing to do with the expansion of amendment. But if it needs some work the extent you have a fight, an argu- NATO—zero, zero to do with expansion. to assure its intent, then perhaps we ment with that section of his amend- Presently, NATO interprets article V could work on that as well. ment, which I cosponsor, you do not to represent—is interpreted and laid Mr. BIDEN addressed the Chair. have a fight about expansion. You have The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- out tactically in the alliance’s strate- a fight about why don’t you introduce ator from Delaware. gic concept as interpreted by the 16 an amendment that says the strategic Mr. BIDEN. On my time, let my take NATO nations. It authorizes and al- doctrine of NATO should not be what a crack at that, if I may. I am a co- lows, and they in advance acknowledge my friend states it should be and, in sponsor, although I cannot take credit that NATO will deem, under article V, fact, is. for the drafting. It is totally a product instability as a consequence of ethnic of my friend from Arizona, and it is an rivalries, or boundary and territorial So, again, we tend to—— admirable job. The Senator from Or- integrity. They will interpret that. Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, if the egon and I were just talking about They may interpret that to be a threat Senator will yield, I think we could what a good amendment this is. I am to the security of any of the member settle this with two sentences. Do I un- glad to cosponsor it. But let me maybe nations; ergo, you are then allowed derstand from the sponsors—and you help. under NATO strategic doctrine, if all being a cosponsor of the amendment I have in my hand the alliance’s NATO countries agree, as they do in —that nothing in the amendment ex- Strategic Concept of 1991, the last one this doctrine, to use force. pands beyond what is stated in the 1991 that occurred. It is the present operat- What is happening in this debate, un- doctrine, paragraph 10, which the Sen- ing doctrine for NATO. My friend from intentionally, as I said to my friend ator from Delaware just read? If it is to Virginia pointed out that the North from Virginia yesterday, and what we be interpreted as saying that remains Atlantic Assembly committee gets to- are really debating in the biggest de- as the goal, then I am comfortable with gether and they decide whether this bate that has occurred is what the the amendment. But as drawn, largely should be updated periodically, what it greatest differences have been over due to the defining language, I have a should say, and what article V of the NATO strategy as it now exists. problem with it in its present form. Washington treaty means. Article V of That is really what people are argu- I agree with the Senator from Dela- the Washington treaty, the NATO trea- ing about. They are really arguing not ware, if that is to be the mission in the ty, was read earlier by my friend from about what these three additional future, a consistent one with paragraph Virginia. countries will do to impact on strat- 10. It starts off, the parties agree that an egy. They are basically arguing, as Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, if I may armed attack against one or more of they should, as they should, whether or respond, since I am not the author but them in Europe or North America shall not this outfit we put together almost only the cosponsor, I do not want to be considered an attack against them 40-some years ago still is relevant take the liberty of suggesting what the all, consequently, and it goes on from today, whether we should still have it. Senator from Arizona meant, but that there. Let me read from the strategic But the strategic doctrine today put in is my understanding. It is my under- concept, the alliance’s strategic con- place in 1991 says, and I will repeat, standing that the words as drafted now cept, which is the operating strategy of ‘‘Risks to allied securities are less like- in paragraph 5—and I apologize. I am NATO, as we speak, the one that was, ly to result from calculated aggression searching for the language—say each of in effect, redone in 1991 to respond to against the territory of the allies but, the threats are self-evidently covered the changed circumstances, meaning rather, from adverse consequences of by present NATO doctrine: ‘‘Re-emer- no longer the Soviet Union, the Berlin instability that may arise from serious gence of hegemonic power confronting Wall is down, and all these nations. We economic, social and political difficul- Europe,’’ i.e., Russia. That is part of are talking about independent repub- ties including ethnic rivalries, terri- our existing doctrine today. ‘‘Rogue lics and nations themselves. OK. That torial disputes which are faced by states and non-state actors possessing is the concept in which the strategic many countries in Central and Eastern nuclear, biological, or chemical weap- document came about. Europe.’’ ons and the means to deliver these April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3697 weapons by ballistic or cruise mis- tion failed to prevent the French and resent any expansion of the 1991 doc- siles,’’ et cetera. That, as I read para- others from opening a Pandora’s box. trine? graph 10, is contemplated within the Negotiations on the strategic concept Mr. KYL. Mr. President, I say to my ‘‘serious economic, social and political for the purpose of amending it will colleague from New York that I am in difficulties.’’ It says, ‘‘including ethnic commence this summer, and I expect total agreement with the Senator from rivalries and territorial disputes’’ but that a document will be agreed upon by Delaware. That is the case, that this not limited to those two items. early next year. Senator KYL’s amend- was not intended to be an enlargement No. 3, ‘‘Threats of a wider nature, in- ment establishes a vision for NATO’s of existing NATO policy. cluding the disruption of the flow of future. It does so by emphasizing those Mr. MOYNIHAN. I thank my friend vital resources’’ obviously would affect aspects of the current NATO policy from Arizona. the economic security and the stability which the United States finds most im- Mr. KYL. I thank the Senator. of the NATO nations. No. 4, ‘‘Conflict portant. For instance, the Kyl amend- Mr. President, I make that statement in the North Atlantic stemming from ment makes clear that NATO, not the in order to assure my colleagues who ethnic and religious enmity.’’ That is European Union, not the OSCE or any are concerned about enlarged missions covered. So as I said—— other United Nations-type organiza- that it is not our intention to try to Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, the tion, must remain the principal foun- expand the mission of NATO. But what Senator is a little swift in saying that dation for collective security in Eu- we are concerned about is helping the is covered. Look, in paragraph 10, in re- rope. administration of the United States de- ferring to such disputes as ethnic and It also takes note of the broad range fine very clearly to our European allies religious enmity, they say this re- of threats that will face the United our strategic vision of NATO as a de- sponse: ‘‘These tensions which may re- States and our NATO allies in the post- fense alliance. Unfortunately, some Eu- sult as long as they remain limited cold war world and calls upon NATO ropeans have a different point of view. should not directly threaten the secu- members to ensure that their forces They would limit NATO solely to the rity and territorial integrity of mem- can be rapidly deployed and sustained mission of collective defense against an bers of the alliance,’’ and therefore during combat operations. armed attack, elevate the WEU to the NATO stays out. Taken together with paragraph B of principal military organization for re- Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, to re- the current condition 1 of the resolu- sponding to all other threats to NATO spond, that is exactly what this amend- tion, which calls upon NATO military security, and cuts the United States ment says. The amendment says, as my planners to put territorial defense out of decisionmaking on issues affect- friend from Arizona has drafted it, it is above all other priorities, this amend- ing our vital interests. Some under- a decision self-evident. In this amend- ment makes clear that the United mine our ability to shape NATO as a ment, it is a decision for the NAC to States expects every NATO member to viable 21st century military alliance, make whether or not it is an armed pursue the capability of operating with and that is why I offered this amend- conflict that will spill over. There have the United States in any contingency ment, to help make clear an unambig- been a number of ethnic conflicts in under any circumstance. uous U.S. policy on the future direc- Central and Eastern Europe which we Finally, it reaffirms the key tenets of tion of the alliance using the fun- had concluded not to get involved in current NATO nuclear policy. I find damental principles which have existed because the NAC concluded they were this paragraph of the Kyl amendment since 1949 when these concepts were not directly threatened, they did not particularly important. first enunciated and which in the For- directly threaten the security of those In conclusion, Senator KYL has iden- eign Relations Committee report at countries. They did conclude that the tified the 10 most important aspects of that time said that, of course, each ethnic rivalries and the war in Bosnia NATO’s current strategic concept party would have to decide in the light did—did—threaten their security. They which must be preserved. His amend- of circumstances surrounding the case made that judgment internally within ment sets forth the Senate’s expecta- and the nature and extent of the assist- the NAC, within that governing body of tions that any future revisions to the ance whether, in fact, an armed attack NATO. strategic concept must reflect these had occurred and article 5 thus brought So I reserve the remainder of my principles. I welcome his contribution into play—armed attack relating to time. I have 2 minutes, I am told. to the resolution of ratification. It pro- different kinds of situations that might Mr. SMITH of Oregon addressed the vides a much-needed vision for the fu- not be a direct invasion but might, Chair. ture course of the NATO alliance. The from other kinds of causes neverthe- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- administration can expect that I for less, pose a security risk to the states ator from Arizona has 7 minutes. one will hold it to the policies estab- within NATO. Who yields time? lished under the Kyl amendment dur- So I really believe we have not ex- Mr. KYL. Mr. President, I ask unani- ing the course of future negotiations of panded the current policy, but I hope mous the following Senators be listed the strategic concept. we have clarified for our friends in Eu- as cosponsors to my amendment— Again, my thanks to Senator KYL. I rope the limits of the U.S. policy, the HELMS, ROTH, BIDEN, and SMITH of Or- think his amendment is forward look- vision, the strategic vision that we egon. ing. It is visionary. Unlike so many have. I appreciate the questions raised The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without amendments offered here today which by the Senators from New York and objection, it is so ordered. The Senator are sort of in the category of ‘‘thou Virginia to help us clarify that point. from Oregon. shalt not,’’ this is in the category of Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, we Mr. SMITH of Oregon. I thank the ‘‘thou shalt do.’’ So I thank Senator thank the Senator and with that assur- Chair. I thank Senator KYL. The Sen- KYL for that and his leadership. I am ance I will give you my support. But ator just took away some of the busi- proud to be a cosponsor with him. the amendment is to restrict in some ness I wanted to do. I yield the floor. way the expressions in the resolution I am very pleased to be added as an Mr. MOYNIHAN. Will the Senator that is before the Senate. original cosponsor of this amendment. yield for a question? Mr. KYL. That is correct. Mr. President, I think the Clinton ad- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- Mr. WARNER. Would the Senator ministration made a serious error in ator from Arizona. state that for the record? allowing the other NATO countries to Mr. KYL. I would be delighted to Mr. KYL. Yes. Mr. President, that is reopen the strategic concept issue. The yield for a question from the Senator correct. We explicitly, for example, in- current document agreed to in 1991 from New York. sert ‘‘in the North Atlantic area″ which needs no alteration. The approach Mr. MOYNIHAN. Would it be correct is not in the underlying resolution of taken under President Bush’s strategic to say that the statement, ‘‘Conflict in ratification. concept has served NATO well for the the North Atlantic area stemming Mr. MOYNIHAN. Will the Senator past 7 years and would have served from ethnic and religious enmity, the yield for a brief question? equally well for the next 7. That said, revival of historic disputes or actions Mr. KYL. I am happy to yield. I what is done is done. The administra- of undemocratic leaders’’ does not rep- think I am out of time. S3698 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 Mr. MOYNIHAN. Would the Senator Hutchinson Levin Rockefeller would last almost a half century and Hutchison Lieberman Roth agree that in 1949 the issue facing Inhofe Lott Santorum result in the sacrifice of lives, tradi- Western Europe and the United States Inouye Lugar Sessions tions, and religious liberty throughout was not ethnic and religious conflict, it Jeffords Mack Shelby Eastern Europe. The people of Eastern was international communism in the Johnson McCain Smith (OR) Europe barely had time to recover from Kempthorne McConnell Snowe form of the Soviet Union, which had Kennedy Mikulski Specter the devastation of a world war when declared ethnic and religious conflict Kerrey Moynihan Stevens they were faced with Soviet tanks. to be a premodern phenomenon, long Kerry Murkowski Thomas Foreign subjugation was, of course, Kohl Murray Thompson since sent into the dustbin of history? Kyl Nickles Thurmond nothing new for the people of Eastern Mr. KYL. The Senator is correct that Landrieu Reed Torricelli and Central Europe. the concern at the time was the great Lautenberg Reid Warner For centuries, Mr. President, this conflict between the West and com- Leahy Robb Wyden part of the world had been a battle- munism from the Soviet Union. I sug- NAYS—9 ground where people and territory gest the Senator probably knows better Ashcroft Byrd Sarbanes seemed little more than spoils in a than any of the rest of us about the Bingaman Graham Smith (NH) seemingly endless series of bloody longstanding disputes, some ethnic and Bumpers Roberts Wellstone fights. Bit by bit, the Soviet Union re- religious in origin, which were, per- NOT VOTING—1 drew Europe’s map until it swallowed haps, always under the surface. But at Moseley-Braun up the entire eastern and central re- that time, of course, the Senator is ab- The executive amendment (No. 2310), gion. Under the reign of the Com- solutely correct. as modified, was agreed to. munist Party, people lived in fear that Mr. MOYNIHAN. I thank my col- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- they would be accused of being disloyal league. ator from Wisconsin is recognized. to the party. Religion was outlawed, The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time Mr. FEINGOLD. Mr. President, I rise and the myriad beautiful places of wor- of the Senator has expired. today to express my support for Senate ship in the Soviet Union were left va- Mr. BIDEN addressed the Chair. ratification of the Protocols to the cant; many were destroyed. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- North Atlantic Treaty on accession of In spite of the treatment they were ator from Delaware. Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Repub- forced to endure at the hands of the So- Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I am not lic. I have been privileged to partici- viet regime, the people of Eastern Eu- one for shilling for books, but for those pate in the historic debate on the en- rope never lost their will to be free, as of you who are interested in this sub- largement of the North Atlantic Trea- demonstrated by events such as the ject and the religious and ethnic con- ty Organization as a member of the Prague Spring and the Solidarity flicts that have erupted after the Committee on Foreign Relations. Since movement. By the mid-1980s, the So- mailed fist of communism has been last October, the committee has held 8 viet Union was beginning to crumble lifted in Central and Eastern Europe, I hearings on this issue and heard testi- and the people of Eastern Europe strongly recommend—and I mean this mony from 37 witnesses with a variety yearned to satisfy their hunger for de- sincerely—Senator MOYNIHAN’s book of opinions on NATO enlargement. mocracy and freedom. Beginning in entitled ‘‘Pandaemonium.’’ It is worth, I will take this opportunity to thank 1989, the people of Poland, Hungary, as they say, the read, and is incredibly the chairman of the committee, the and Czechoslovakia peacefully ousted instructive. I mean it sincerely. It is Senator from North Carolina, and the their Communist governments and re- incredibly insightful, and those of you committee’s ranking member, Senator placed them with democracy. It was, in who have an interest should take a BIDEN, for the balanced manner in the words of Vaclav Havel, a ‘‘velvet look at it. which these hearings were conducted revolution.’’ I yield the floor and yield the time, and for their support for expeditious Because of modern technology, the and I am ready to vote. consideration of this important mat- world community has had a front-row Mr. KYL. Mr. President, I ask for the ter. seat for the transformation of Eastern As we all know, Mr. President, NATO yeas and nays. Europe. We literally watched the Ber- has been the most important factor in The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a lin Wall fall and marveled at cranes maintaining peace in Europe since the sufficient second? dismantling statues of Lenin and lay- devastation of World War II. As we pre- ing low the hammer and sickle. There is a sufficient second. pare to mark the alliance’s 50th anni- Today, nearly a half a century after The yeas and nays were ordered. versary next year, it is appropriate to World War II, the Iron Curtain is gone The PRESIDING OFFICER. The look back on its successes and look for- and the Soviet regime is no more. The question is on agreeing to the amend- ward to see what role NATO will play changing face of Europe is marked by ment. The yeas and nays have been or- in the next 50 years. The world will be newly-independent countries eagerly dered. The clerk will call the roll. a much different place in 1999 than it embracing democracy for the first time The bill clerk called the roll. was in 1949 when this alliance was in more than two generations. But the Mr. FORD. I announce that the Sen- formed as a buffer against Soviet ag- people of these former Soviet satellite OSELEY- ator from Illinois (Ms. M gression and as a means of protection countries still live in the shadow of the BRAUN) is necessarily absent. for nations whose people had just history of Soviet domination. These The PRESIDNG OFFICER. Are there emerged from one of the costliest wars, nations and their people seek to rejoin any other Senators in the Chamber in both human and financial terms, in the West, and seek a means to ensure who desire to vote? our history. that they will never again fall victim The result was announced—yeas 90, But to fully understand and appre- to a Soviet-style regime. nays 9, as follows: ciate what the security of NATO rep- The lingering memory of Soviet [Rollcall Vote No. 107 Leg.] resents to the people of Eastern Eu- domination was evident at the Winter YEAS—90 rope, we must first remember what 1998 Olympic Games, where a player on Abraham Coats Feingold they have endured in the years since the Czech Republic’s hockey team wore Akaka Cochran Feinstein we celebrated V-E Day. At the same the number 68 to mark the February 25, Allard Collins Ford 1968, invasion of his country by the So- Baucus Conrad Frist time the people of Western Europe Bennett Coverdell Glenn were working to found an alliance that viet Union. When the Czech Republic’s Biden Craig Gorton would ensure security and were fight- hockey team beat the Russian team for Bond D’Amato Gramm ing to rebuild their countries and the the gold medal, many Czechs felt that Boxer Daschle Grams Breaux DeWine Grassley economies after the fall of the Third the victory represented more than ath- Brownback Dodd Gregg Reich, a new threat was emerging on letic excellence. It also symbolized Bryan Domenici Hagel the other side of the continent. their country’s freedom from the So- Burns Dorgan Harkin The Soviet Union, which had been viet domination of the past. Campbell Durbin Hatch Chafee Enzi Helms our ally against Hitler, was about to Now, there is a new, democratic Rus- Cleland Faircloth Hollings become our foe in a cold war that sia, and the nations of Eastern Europe, April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3699 which have become our friends and America’s national interest to pursue will result in a hollow strategic com- trading partners, are caught, both lit- this first round, as it has. However, I mitment.’’ At the same time, I will erally and figuratively, between this do have some concerns, that I know are look carefully at any of the amend- new Russia and the West. This is a crit- shared by many other Members of Con- ments before us that seek to control ical time for the newly-independent gress, about the commitment—finan- the costs to the U.S. taxpayer of this states of Eastern Europe to establish cial and otherwise—the United States enlargement. themselves as countries in their own will undertake as it pursues enlarge- Because of the necessity of all NATO right, finally free of the yoke of Soviet ment of the alliance. members to meet their commitments domination. On that point, Mr. President, I would to the common defense, I asked Sec- It is only natural that these Eastern like to speak for a moment on one of retary of State Madeleine Albright, at European countries would seek to join my concerns about this debate: the dis- a February 24, 1998, Foreign Relations NATO, an alliance which shines as a parity among the various estimates on Committee hearing, if Poland, Hun- beacon of democracy and security on the financial commitment the United gary, and the Czech Republic would be the European continent. The proposed States would be undertaking if NATO prepared to take on these commit- enlargement of this alliance represents enlargement were to proceed. There ments. She told me that ‘‘We are con- a crossroads in American foreign pol- have been at least three major studies fident that Poland, Hungary and the icy, and, indeed, in the fragile balance conducted on this subject, each of of power in Europe. Some opposed to Czech Republic will take on the finan- which has taken a different approach cial commitment involved in NATO enlarging this alliance have said that with respect to the basis for their esti- it would create a new series of dividing membership. Indeed, to prepare for this mates. While I understand that it is commitment, all three have increased lines in Europe, between NATO, Rus- impossible to account for all of the dif- sia, and those countries which are their defense budgets to fund necessary ferent variables that will be included defense reforms, and to bring them in caught in the middle—neither members in this endeavor, each study assumes a of NATO nor under the sphere of Rus- line with the standard outlays of NATO different set of costs, and thus reaches sian influence. Others have argued that Allies. . . . Moreover, the cost of de- very different cost projections for the all countries meeting the criteria for fense would undoubtedly be higher if U.S. share of this undertaking—any- membership in NATO should be al- these countries did not join NATO.’’ where from $2 billion to $7 billion. lowed to join. Opponents fear that this In addition, I have been assured by I am pleased that I was able to get both Secretary Albright and Secretary would lead to a different dividing line clarification on this issue through the —one between Russia and the rest of of Defense William Cohen that the hearings we held in the Foreign Rela- Europe. United States share of NATO enlarge- tions Committee, and I am pleased that Many of my constituents, and indeed ment costs will not exceed $7 billion many people around the world, have a the members of the Committee devoted over ten years. They have insisted that special interest in the debate over so much time to this important aspect the wide range of cost estimates can be NATO enlargement due to their ethnic of NATO enlargement. The Committee attributed to the use of varying data heritage or their memories of the iron based its evaluation of the estimated and the fact that the original esti- fist of Soviet rule in Eastern Europe. I cost of NATO enlargement on the fol- mates assumed the admission of four share their commitment to a Europe lowing four assumptions that can be new countries into the alliance. I re- which will never again fall victim to found in the Department of Defense spect the views of the Department of such oppression. and NATO studies: Defense and the General Accounting The proposed enlargement embodied First, because there is no immediate Office in explaining the differential, in the protocols currently before this threat to NATO, the alliance will con- and will continue to monitor revised body leads to many questions: How tinue to operate in the current strate- cost estimates as they become avail- many countries? How many rounds of gic environment for the foreseeable fu- able. enlargement? What about Russia? ture. Second, NATO will not station sub- The many cost estimates involved in What about those that may be left out? this first round of NATO enlargement It is my view that the newly-inde- stantial forces on the territories of Po- land, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. also lead me to wonder if we will have pendent countries in Europe should not a clearer picture of the cost of future be forever caught between Russia and Third—and this is a key point for me—NATO’s standard burdensharing rounds, or if we will be faced with the the West. It is also my strong view that same financial uncertainties that loom the United States must proceed care- rules will apply to the costs of enlarge- ment. before us today. This is an issue the fully so that we do not damage our re- Senate will be looking at closely as the lationship with a democratic Russia. Fourth, the modernization of the United States military is considered to Alliance develops its policies regarding Unfortunately, parts of the debate over future enlargement. This is also the NATO enlargement have taken on an be a strictly American project that will not be funded through the NATO com- subject of at least one amendment to ‘‘us versus them’’ quality. We must not the resolution of ratification currently forget that the Russian Federation is mon budget, and, thus, NATO enlarge- before this body. not the Soviet Union, and that we ment will not require the United should encourage democracy wherever States to undertake any new force I also have concerns about the im- it takes root. Instead of the ‘‘us versus modernization initiatives beyond those pact of new U.S. commitments to them’’ of the Cold War era, this debate already planned. NATO on America’s general military should be about the new landscape of Mr. President, I believe that these readiness, especially at a time when so Europe. We must not make Russia feel four assumptions are at the heart of many of our forces are deployed around as if it is being ganged up on by the the debate over the cost of NATO en- the world in Bosnia, the Persian Gulf, West. We must encourage democracy largement. While, in my view, the en- Korea, and other posts. I asked the there as we do elsewhere on the globe, largement of the alliance is in the best Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and we must encourage the newly-inde- interest of the United States, I remain General Hugh Shelton, about this con- pendent states to take control of their committed to ensuring that the federal cern when he testified before the Com- own futures. government achieves—and maintains— mittee on Foreign Relations. He said, That is why the Administration a balanced federal budget. The Com- ‘‘I see nothing in the NATO enlarge- helped to successfully negotiate the mittee’s careful analysis of the costs ment concept that will detract from NATO-Russia Founding Act. And that involved in NATO enlargement ad- our overall readiness. To the contrary, is why the language in the resolution dressed many of my concerns in this the additional troops, military equip- of ratification currently before this regard. I agree with the language in- ment and capabilities that the three body encourages the continuation of a cluded in the Committee Report which new countries bring to the Alliance can constructive relationship between states that the Committee ‘‘stresses only reduce the demands on current NATO and Russia. the importance of all current and fu- members.’’ I support the fundamental goals of ture allies to meet their commitments I am encouraged by his answer, and I NATO enlargement, and believe it is in to the common defense. Anything less am also encouraged by the willingness S3700 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 of Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Re- The second thing as I read article V, NATO expansion the biggest threat to public to participate in NATO’s Part- which is the security guarantee, is that Russia since the end of World War II. nership for Peace. All three countries I see this as a very expensive security All of these things have been talked were original members of this program, guarantee, and it is open ended. It stip- about on this floor. One thing that has and all have provided troops and equip- ulates that, ‘‘An armed attack against not been talked about is what I would ment for NATO missions. In my view, one or more of them in Europe or consider to be the greatest exposure we the willingness of these three countries North America shall be considered as would be inheriting by making this ex- to participate in NATO efforts will an attack against them all.’’ It doesn’t tension. only strengthen the alliance. say that we would come to the aid of I can remember being here on the As I stated earlier, I share the Ad- someone who is attacked if we have Senate floor back in November of 1995. ministration’s basic views on the mer- any national security interests. It We missed passing a resolution of dis- its of enlarging this alliance. The peo- doesn’t say that if it should impair our approval to keep sending our troops ple of Eastern Europe must never again Nation, we are going to be in a position over to Bosnia. We had no national se- be subjected to the conditions they to defend them. It is not like many of curity interest on a very expensive were forced to endure under Soviet the situations where we have become thing that now has caused the decima- rule. They see NATO membership as a involved in helping countries such as tion of our entire defense system. We means to ensure their future safety. Nicaragua and others because we know did that as a response to the strongest My concern is about the extent of the it is cheaper actually to help them argument; that is, we must continue commitment the United States will be than it is to have to fight these battles our commitment and our allegiance to making, and the uncertainty regarding ourselves. This just says, ‘‘as an attack NATO. So NATO is the reason that we the price tag that American taxpayers against them all.’’ That means that if are over in Bosnia today. Even though will be asked to pay in this time of fis- there is an attack, we have to come to the administration said this would be cal restraint and personal sacrifice. their aid. We always take a much something that would cost approxi- But voting in favor of NATO enlarge- greater share of the burden than our mately $1.2 billion, it has cost directly ment should not be considered a blank partners do. $9 billion, and indirectly far more than check for military or other spending in The third thing is that I have no that. the region. Should the Senate ratify doubt in my mind that if we do this, Mr. President, it wasn’t long ago that the protocols we are considering today, this is just the beginning and that we we were talking about making some I and my colleagues in both the House will be extending it to more and more strikes on Iraq. We know there are and the Senate will continue to mon- countries. problems there. We know they have not itor the new U.S. commitments to I would like to remind you, Mr. kept their commitment to the United NATO—financial and otherwise— President, of a quote from Secretary Nations. They have not allowed our in- through the regular congressional Albright that the door is open, she spection teams to see what they had budget and appropriations process. said, to other countries with demo- agreed they should be able to see, and Mr. President, I urge my colleagues cratic governments and free markets. it looks like those storm clouds may be to support this resolution of ratifica- ‘‘The administration is fighting an ef- there. If that happens, I don’t know of tion. fort by WARNER and others to place a one person who has a background in I yield the floor. military strategy in the Pentagon or Mr. INHOFE addressed the Chair. moratorium on admission of additional The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- countries until it is known how well one person in the administration who ator from Oklahoma. the first recruits are assimilated.’’ can tell you that you can go in there Mr. INHOFE. Mr. President, I have After the first three recruits were in- and do surgical strikes from the air been watching with a great deal of in- vited last year, Albright said, ‘‘We and not end up having to send in terest the debate that is taking place. must pledge that the first new mem- ground troops. Where are we if we It has been a very healthy debate. Cer- bers will not be the last, and that no should have to do that? tainly the Senator from Wisconsin European democracy will be excluded In the case of Iraq, we are talking raised some very good points. As I lis- because of where it sits on the map.’’ about a theater that includes Bosnia. tened to his comments, I can only say So with the increased costs as we We are talking about the 21st COCOM that I agree with almost everything he make these extensions, we are looking located in Germany that was supposed said except for his conclusion. I look at at Romania, Slovenia, Latvia, Estonia, to be offering the logistical support for the cost of this, and we do not know Lithuania, Albania, Bulgaria, Macedo- any ground movement in any place what to anticipate should we extend nia, and Slovakia, and many others. I within the theater. That would include NATO to these countries. I am deeply don’t see where there is an end it to. Iraq. concerned about the costs that would However, I remind my colleagues that Right now, you go over to the 21st be incurred. The range has been incred- this is not a partisan subject. COCOM in Germany, and you will find ible. You talk about something be- I was honored to serve on the Senate out that we don’t have the capability tween $400 million and $120 billion. Armed Services Committee with the of supporting any other ground oper- That range is not one that gives me Democrat who is probably more knowl- ations in addition to Bosnia because much comfort. edgeable than any Democrat has been— they are at over 100 percent capacity I would like to remind my colleagues certainly in my recollection—on that right now trying to support Bosnia. that the same group of people that are committee, Sam Nunn. Sam Nunn was They don’t have the spare parts for giving us their assurances now—that quoted as saying, ‘‘Russian cooperation their equipment. They don’t have the is, the Secretary of Defense, the Sec- in avoiding proliferation of weapons of equipment. They are using M–115 retary of State, and the White House mass destruction is our most impor- trucks that have 1 million miles on —that it is not going to cost over a cer- tant national security objective, and them. It is something that we can’t af- tain amount of money, are the same this NATO expansion makes them ford. It is something that we can’t af- ones that told us in November of 1995 more suspicious and less cooperative.’’ ford in terms of using up our military that it would not cost more than $1.2 He further said, ‘‘The administration’s assets and our capability. Yet we are billion for our participation in Bosnia. answer to this and other serious ques- not able to support any ground oper- We knew better. But, nonetheless, that tions are what I consider to be plati- ation anywhere else in the theater so is what they said. They said that is a tudes.’’ long as we are offering that support to guarantee. Yet here we are now. Our I agree with Senator Nunn that this Bosnia. And the reason we are there is direct costs in Bosnia have exceeded $9 is opening the door to something that this allegiance that we apparently have billion. I suggest that is less than half is very expensive, and also it could im- to NATO. of the total direct and indirect costs. pair what progress we have made with It seems to me, Mr. President, that So I don’t have a very high comfort Russia. in addition to all the other arguments level when it comes to being able to Just to quote the Duma, on January we have heard, from the cost of the op- rely on what it might cost us to extend 23 they passed a resolution—this is in eration to our relationship with Russia NATO to these three countries. Russia, the Russian Duma—calling and all the rest of them, that there is April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3701 another very serious problem we are that the wrongs of Yalta will be cor- Taszar in Hungary at a former Soviet facing, and that is how many more rected, the candidate countries will air base. Didn’t anyone in NATO or the Bosnians are out there that we are now be free to fully develop as demo- United States notice the condition of going to be obligated to support as a cratic and market-driven societies. We the infrastructure during any of the ex- result of increasing our commitment to are guaranteed that no new dividing ercises, and particularly in the three NATO. lines between the West and the East candidate countries? Mr. President, I would like to say will result from this or any kind of fu- Finally, another reason the cost has that if you were in a position where ture enlargement, that the door is open been reduced is that NATO has shifted most Americans think we are in right to all, and that further rounds of en- some of what some thought to be now, and that is where we are the su- largement are a certainty. The admin- shared costs to the three candidate perpower, that we are able to defend istration also predicts that although countries. America on two regional fronts, then I the Russians are upset, and they are, I am concerned, regardless of the would say maybe we should consider with the enlargement of NATO they public statements by these countries, doing this. But right now we have a will simply ‘‘get over it’’ and come to that they will not be able to fund hollow force. We are in a situation very understand we have their best interests NATO enlargement or, if they do, they similar to what we were facing in the in mind with enlargement and Russia will divert needed resources away from 1970s. will also be more secure. more important domestic issues and Mr. President, I think we can no Now, we get all this for the amazing into military spending. If they are un- longer afford the luxury of any more value of about $1.5 billion over the next able to meet their fiscal obligations for activities such as the Bosnian oper- 10 years. We are reassured that al- enlargement, will the costs be deferred ation. I think we would be best served though the cost estimates have varied or will NATO simply pick them up? not to extend NATO to these three from $125 billion to $1.5 billion over the I might point out in terms of paying countries. next 10 years, NATO’s sharp-penciled the contribution to NATO there are Mr. ROBERTS addressed the Chair. budgeteers certainly have it right. three accounts. The NATO Security In- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Much to our relief, the burdensharing vestment Program, formerly called the BROWNBACK). The Senator from Kansas. problems between our NATO allies that NATO Infrastructure Program, comes Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. President, I rise have plagued the alliance in the past from the annual military construction today to join my colleagues to discuss will not be a problem now or in the fu- appropriation. We do not have the the issue of national security and the ture of an enlarged NATO, so the argu- money in that account to pay for this. vital security interests to the United ment goes. The administration is con- The NATO civil budget money comes States and Europe, and obviously I am fident the United States will not have from the annual State Department ap- talking about the proposed expansion to pick up any unexpected costs, al- propriation ‘‘Contributions to Inter- of NATO. To borrow a very well-known though the allies have said they will national Organizations,’’ and that phrase, now we are engaged in a great refuse to pay one additional mark or money is tight. The NATO military debate, or at least a very good discus- franc for enlargement. budget comes from the Department of sion, to determine and to test whether Now, I have spent considerable time Army annual appropriation, and that that alliance or any alliance so con- looking into each of these controver- budget, too, is under very severe pres- ceived and so successful in the past can sial areas surrounding the enlargement sure. meet the challenges of today. of NATO, and one of the most amazing Let’s take up one other subject, if I We are in the amendment process, things about this debate is that in each might, Mr. President. What about the but I do want to offer some general concern for enlargement, the basis of correction of the wrongs of Yalta? The comments and some concerns. the arguments, both pro and con, are candidate countries are proud, develop- But for NATO and the collective se- fundamentally the same but the con- ing democracies and countries wanting curity of Europe and the United States, clusions are the opposite. very badly to become a part of the the time has come. I must say that Let me take a few minutes to lay out West. They have already made some from the time of news accounts on old the pros and cons of NATO enlarge- great strides. We all understand they newsreels, or what we in my age can ment, if I might. First is the issue of suffered terribly during the many years recall as the Movietone News or to cost and also burdensharing. Unfortu- of Soviet domination. I applaud their CNN today, it has been quite a show for nately, only time will truly show what efforts. I am confident they would be NATO. But it is time to turn off the the costs for NATO enlargement will wonderful allies, capable at some point movie projector, sweep up the popcorn, be. With such a wide variance in the es- of carrying out their NATO responsibil- and turn out the lights. The old NATO timates, there clearly is not a single ities. I have been to Prague. I have show is over. Just as in that great 1971 set of assumptions to gauge the true been to Budapest. I have listened to the movie, ‘‘The Last Picture Show,’’ when costs of enlargement. I do not know history. I have felt the pride of their the camera pans back from the now- how we could. I can tell you the final accomplishments. A freedom-loving closed movie theater and pictures a de- costs will not be $1.5 billion over a 10- person cannot experience the strength serted small, dusty town in Texas and year period, but I cannot tell you what of their conviction without reaching tumbleweeds blowing down the street, the costs will be, and I do not think out to help them attain their stated we are not sure what the future holds anybody else can. goals of Western integration. But un- but we know it will be different from The opponents of enlargement say derstanding and empathizing with the past. the $1.5 billion number is laughable, their feelings and their desires are not We now face the uncertainty of and the opponents breathe a sigh of re- reasons for the Senate to ratify a NATO either enlarged or with the same lief that the agreed-to number is so low change in NATO membership. 16 members. We don’t know what it that no one could suggest we cannot af- The only reason to enlarge NATO is will be in the future, but we are certain ford the costs of enlargement. We are if it is in our vital national interest to it will be different than in the past told the reasons for $1.5 billion being simply do so. Proponents of enlarge- and, quite frankly, peace and stability the correct cost include the fact only ment do not see it that way. For exam- in Europe and throughout the world three countries are being invited as op- ple, General Shalikashvili in a recent hang in the balance. posed to four or five, and the military Los Angeles Times article said, ‘‘Mean- The debate on the addition of three infrastructure in the candidate coun- while, there are urgencies to expanding new members will soon be over and the tries is in much better shape than NATO. It is nearly 10 years since the time for the vote will rapidly approach, originally thought. fall of the Berlin Wall, and the coun- perhaps as of this week. I am a little surprised at the infra- tries of Eastern Europe—including my The administration assures us that structure point. NATO has been in- native land, Poland—have waited long to fundamentally alter the most suc- volved in Partnership for Peace exer- enough for a place at the table where cessful alliance in our history is a good cises and military-to-military contacts they have yearned to be for so long.’’ thing. They tell us that we will be with those countries for more than a That is a common theme for the en- more secure with an expanded alliance, few years. We have a huge facility at largement proponents, including the S3702 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 Secretary of State. They have the right the candidate countries supported hav- still true today with no threat to the to join NATO, and that is good enough ing NATO exercises on their soil or survival of Europe? Would all NATO to alter the alliance. Others argue that even allowing flights over their coun- members automatically strike back if enlarging NATO will show the contin- try, and those percentages range from another member was attacked tomor- ued interest and commitment of the 26 percent to 41 percent, representing, row? United States in a stable and secure again, little support for the cost of Article V can be read either way, and Europe. As a matter of fact, I think the simply joining the alliance. in fact the proponents and opponents distinguished Presiding Officer has Would these countries support spend- argue both ways. There is a consider- made that very cogent argument. ing a bigger share of their country’s able amount of disagreement on this It is still not clear why NATO must budget on military and social needs? topic. I believe that if a member of enlarge to demonstrate, however, in The numbers in support for this ques- NATO had a vital national interest at this Senator’s opinion, U.S. resolve or tion are very low, and it is a crucial risk in the country under attack, they commitment to Europe. There is no question. In the Czech Republic, 8 per- would respond with military force. If question in my mind a secure and sta- cent; in Hungary, 9 percent; and 23 per- there was no threat to their vital inter- ble Europe is in our vital interest, but cent in Poland support spending a big- ests, I doubt they would automatically I fail to see the connection between an ger share on defense. Unfortunately, respond with the same kind of military enlarged NATO and that end goal. there will be these costs associated force. They would respond with out- It is interesting to note that Austria, with their membership in NATO. I rage. They might threaten military a Central European country, is not know the agriculture problems they force if the belligerents did not stop. seeking NATO membership. There is no are having in those countries. A great But I am not sure if they would re- cry of a security vacuum in Austria or deal of those expenses will have to be spond militarily. I am confident, how- a concern for the right to join the committed to the transformation from ever, that the candidate countries primer alliance, which is NATO. In a collective farm system to a system think NATO would respond to an at- tack on them, just as they would have fact, Austria took a good look at NATO more in keeping with the rest of Eu- during the cold war—that is, with all of and decided it was more important to rope. seek its long-term security within the My only point in presenting these their military strength. The construction of article V is such European Union and the Partnership statistics is to show there are concerns that both interpretations are possible. for Peace and the Organization for Se- in the candidate countries about the Some argue—and I believe they have a curity for Cooperation in Europe, commitment to NATO. I am afraid the point—that this ambiguity is good and OSCE. This would have been the best survey says NATO may no longer be a may be just the right amount of deter- approach, in this Senator’s view, for se- ‘‘one for all, all for one,’’ but rather it rence in the minds of would-be belliger- curity and acceptance into the West for may become an ‘‘all for me, but not for ents. This is a serious issue, since it is the current candidate nations rather you’’ alliance. at the very heart of the commitment than immediate NATO membership. Let me say, in April of this past year and success of NATO during the cold Unfortunately, that is not now an op- the Roper Starch World Wide poll war. We need to fully understand what tion. We have come too far. The admin- asked Americans the level of support article V means in today’s environ- istration has planted the flag of U.S. for using armed forces in certain situa- ment. We just had an amendment on commitment and integrity—no small tions. I hope—and I do not believe that the floor of the Senate to try to spell matter. the American public has become so iso- that out. Let me share with you the results of lationist that they would never risk The confusion over article V is only a survey published in June of 1996 in an any American life in defense of free- one mission concern. There is a more issue of The Economist. I am sure some dom. But there is a clearly understand- fundamental concern: What is the mis- will challenge these results, but I think able concern about risking American sion of NATO in the post-cold-war? The it is worth reviewing these questions lives in what some call a political war distinguished ranking member of the asked of citizens of the three candidate of gradualism where there is no clear Foreign Relations Committee, Senator countries. and discernible vital national interest. BIDEN, and the distinguished Senator Would these countries support send- Listen to this. If the U.S. were at- from Oregon who was just the Presid- ing troops to defend another country? tacked, 84 percent of those polled sup- ing Officer, the distinguished Senator Only 26 percent of the people of Hun- ported using force. This is in the Roper from Virginia, the Senator from Ari- gary, 43 percent of those polled in the Starch World Wide poll. I would like to zona, had a lengthy debate over this Czech Republic, and 55 percent in Po- know where the other 16 percent are. and considered the Kyl amendment. land support sending troops to defend If our forces stationed overseas were Let me share part of former Secretary another country. Now, considering this attacked, 50 percent supported armed of Defense Perry’s testimony before the is the best that the support will ever intervention. To safeguard peacekeep- Armed Services Committee. be, since the excitement of joining ing within the framework of the United The original mission of NATO—deterring NATO will soon wear off, I suggest this Nations, the support dropped to 35 per- an attack from the Soviet Union—is obvi- is not a very good commentary on the cent, which explains a great deal in re- ously no longer relevant. The original geo- weak support to carry out a core re- gards to what happened in the gulf. Fi- graphical area of NATO’s responsibility is no nally, to stop invasion of one country longer sufficient. The original military quirement of NATO. And that core re- structure of NATO is no longer appropriate. quirement is the common defense and by another, the support fell sharply to And the way in which NATO relates to Rus- the commitment to send troops to de- 15 percent. That is why it took George sia must be entirely different from the way fend an ally. Bush and Jim Baker and Dick Cheney it related to the Soviet Union. Let me ask another question: Would and others a whole year to rally sup- One would think, with that array of these countries support having NATO port among our allies in regards to the differences, and before the alliance was troops based on their soil? In The gulf war. changed forever, that some agreed-to Economist, they reported that only 30 One issue we should all be concerned long-range strategy would have been percent of the Czechs and 35 percent of about is the collective security com- developed. Unfortunately, this is not the Hungarians support the notion of mitment that NATO makes in the post- the case. Listening to the discussion on allowing NATO troops to be stationed cold-war environment, and that com- the Senate floor by my colleagues, I be- on their soil. Although 56 percent of mitment is contained in article V of lieve there are many possibilities for the people of Poland, obviously, sup- the NATO charter. During the cold future missions of NATO. Some say the ported the idea, it is still an idea that war, obviously, everybody understood Kyl amendment opened the door to does not have broad support in any of that if the Soviet Union and the War- more possible missions, and the Sen- the three of the candidate countries. saw Pact countries attacked Western ator from Arizona firmly says that he The next question: Would these coun- Europe, the very survival of the free wants to go back to the original 1991 tries support regular NATO exercises world was at stake and every NATO strategic concept. in their country, or regular flights over member would strike back with all of Can anyone in the Senate say with their country? Less than half of any of their military capability. But is that certainty what NATO’s mission is? Can April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3703 anyone articulate what mission, what the world’s global economy, what cor- forms, I submit, Mr. President, is in role, against what threat we are rush- ner of this universe could not hold in- our vital national interest and, from a ing toward enlargement of NATO, to terest for NATO members? Are we con- timing perspective, it is more impor- fundamentally alter this great alli- sidering NATO as a global alliance? If tant than the addition of these three ance? we are, are we to consider global mem- candidate countries. Let me say that simply to bring bership for NATO? Is this alliance to These are the key issues surrounding NATO expansion into focus, the Presi- become the military arm of the United the debate on NATO enlargement: cost, dent, it seems to me, should become Nations? We should be seriously con- mission and strategy, and United engaged. In Warsaw, St. Petersburg, cerned that we are changing NATO be- States-Russia relations. Unfortunately, and in Bucharest, the President did ad- fore we are certain of its future mis- there are still many unanswered ques- dress general European security con- sion requirements. tions remaining on these vital areas. I cerns. But to my way of thinking, de- Now, the last but most frequently de- trust the Senate, with the various spite all of the hard work by the Sec- bated point associated with NATO en- amendments we will be considering and retary of State and others, he has not largement is the impact on United the very good debate that we have had, made a personal case to the Congress States-Russian relations. Here both will answer these concerns. The show is or the American people. sides of the argument can list exactly over, and we must address this enlarge- As a matter of fact, in remarks dur- the same points but come up with op- ment of NATO on the floor now with ing the European trip, the President posite results. It is a paradox of enor- the facts we have before us. said, in a post-Soviet era—I am para- mous irony. I ask unanimous consent to have phrasing here—military matters are no Unfortunately, this is the one area printed in the RECORD, in closing, Mr. longer primary, that terrorism, illegal that will have the most profound effect President, an article by John Lewis drugs, national extremism, regional on our country in the coming decades. Gaddis, who is a professor of history at conflicts due to ethnic, racial, and reli- We must be certain of what we are Yale University. The information was gious hatreds do matter. I can assure doing. provided to me by the granddaughter of you, using an expanded NATO to ad- The proponents argue that Russia un- Dwight David Eisenhower. Susan Ei- dress these concerns raises some very derstands that NATO is no threat to senhower has played a very important important questions. them. Opponents point out that some role in this debate. What means would be used? War- 350 Members of the Duma, some of There being no objection, the article planes, ground forces, and naval power which we have met with in the Senate was ordered to be printed in the are of little use in fighting ethnic ha- Armed Services Committee, have RECORD, as follows: tred and racism. If NATO membership formed an anti-NATO group. Let me in- [From the New York Times on the Web, Apr. reduces the threats of ethnic rivalries, form the President there is not one— 27, 1998] somebody should tell that to the one—Member of the Duma that is pro- THE SENATE SHOULD HALT NATO EXPANSION Protestants and Catholics in Northern NATO publicly. The proponents say the (By John Lewis Gaddis) Ireland, the Basques in Spain, and the Russians will get over it—in time. Op- NEW HAVEN—The decision to expand NATO Kurds in Turkey. ponents state enlargement will sour to include Poland, Hungary and the Czech Do we really want to change the our relations with the moderate Rus- Republic has produced some strange political most successful security alliance in sians. The proponents vigorously point alignments. There aren’t many causes that history to a European United Nations? out that in dealing with the Russians, Bill Clinton and Jesse Helms can both sup- With 16 NATO members and 28 other we can’t be seen as simply giving in to port, or that Phyllis Schlafly and the editors the ‘‘hard-liners.’’ Opponents say if we of The Nation can join in opposing. nations inaugurating the Euro-Atlan- Even stranger, to a historian, is the con- tic Partnership Council, it seems to me enlarge NATO, we will play into the sensus that seems to be shaping up within the protocol, rituals, and welcoming hands of the ‘‘hard-liners.’’ our community. Historians normally don’t speeches will leave no time for any se- Let me say, I think I know at least in agree on much, whether it is about the ori- rious discussion. Exactly what force re- part what some of the blood pressure gins of the Peloponnesian War or the end of quirements are necessary to prevent a and the motives are in regard to ex- the cold war. And yet I’ve had difficulty find- power vacuum? What is the strategy to panding NATO and Russia. And I quote ing any colleagues who think NATO expan- ensure stability and security in Eu- an article from the Washington Post sion is a good idea. Indeed, I can recall no from Charles Krauthammer, who I other moment when there was less support rope? in our profession for a government policy. NATO’s leadership understands there think is an outstanding columnist A striking gap has opened, therefore, be- is some confusion in this regard and, as most of the time due to the fact that tween those who make grand strategy and I have indicated, has directed a review he agrees with my prejudice. Obvi- those who reflect on it. On this issue, at of its 1991 Strategic Concept to see if it ously, I think he is a very learned col- least, official and accumulated wisdom are is in line with the changed world and umnist, but on this he tells the truth. pointing in very different directions. threats—and we had a good debate on He says here that: This has happened, I think, because the the Senate floor just earlier on this .. .NATO expansion nothing more than ex- Clinton Administration has failed to answer tending the borders of peace; building new a few simple questions: very matter. Why exclude the Russians? One of the few bridges; strengthening an alliance directed Now the Secretary of State wants to propositions on which historians tend to against no one in particular, certainly ‘‘not ‘‘spread NATO’s security from the Mid- agree is that peace settlements work best arrayed against Russia. . . . dle East through Central Africa,’’ but when they include rather than exclude several of the current alliance mem- Then he tells the truth. former adversaries. Within three years after bers remain unconvinced of the utility This is all nice and good. It is, however, the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the victors of these so-called out-of-area oper- rubbish. In order not to offend the bear, the had brought France back within the concert ations for NATO. Again, let’s quote administration must understandably pretend of Europe. Within six years of their surren- that NATO expansion has nothing to do with der in 1945, Germany and Japan were firmly from Dr. Perry’s written statement to Russia. Those not constrained by diplomatic within American-designed security alliances. the Senate Armed Services Committee. niceties, however, can say the obvious: Both settlements survived for decades. The The geographical area of NATO interests NATO, an alliance founded in that immortal post-World War I settlement, however, ex- should be anywhere in the world where ag- formulation ‘‘to keep America in, Germany cluded Germany. The lessons of history on gression can threaten the security of NATO down, and Russia out,’’ is expanding in the this point seem obvious. members. . . . service of its historic and continuing mis- Who, then, will we include? The Adminis- Let me repeat that: sion. . . . tration has made it clear that expansion will not stop with Poland, Hungary and the Czech The geographical area of NATO interests And that is to contain Russia. We are Republic. It has mentioned the Baltics and should be anywhere in the world where ag- poking the Russian bear. Romania as possible future members. The gression can threaten the security of NATO So it goes with a host of NATO en- State Department’s Web site claims support members—certainly including all of Europe, largement topics dealing with Russia- for NATO expansion from groups like the and certainly including the Persian Gulf. and-United States relations. Keeping Belorussian Congress Committee of America, That is a quote. Just think of that, or encouraging Russia moving toward a the Ukrainian National Association and the even with the current membership and complete system of democratic re- Armenian Assembly of America. S3704 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 The State Department assures us, though, and going back on it would be a disas- concerned about them,’’ they will say. that the Russians view this process with ter far greater than the problems ‘‘Let them worry about their own fu- equanimity and that we can expect relations NATO expansion itself will bring. ture, we have our own concerns here.’’ with Moscow to proceed normally while we Then he goes on to say this: But, we have heard that response many sort out just who the new members of NATO will be. Perhaps it will next try to tell us This sounds a little like the refusal of the times in our past, and the Americans, that pigs can fly. Titanic’s captain to cut his ship’s speed by and large, have rejected it. We un- What will expansion cost? The Administra- when told there were icebergs ahead. Con- derstand we are part of the world com- tion’s estimate for including Poland, Hun- sistency is a fine idea most of the time, but munity. In fact, we are viewed by most gary and the Cezch Republic comes to only there are moments when it’s just plain irre- nations of the world as a major leader, sponsible. $1.5 billion over the next 10 years, of which an example, in many instances, of de- the United States would pay $400 million. That is the other view. mocracy and a country which most na- That sounds like a bargain, but the estimate Only future historians will be able to say tions choose to emulate. assumes no change in the current security whether this is such a moment. environment. Has it occurred to the Admin- I found it interesting, when the wall istration that the act of expanding NATO, Professor Gaddis goes on to say: came down in Berlin and the Eastern especially if former Soviet states are in- . . .But the mood of current historians and Central European countries started cluded, could itself alter the current security should not give the Administration—or those emerging as democracies, how many of environment? It doesn’t take a rocket sci- senators who plan to vote this week for the new leaders made a point of coming NATO expansion—very much comfort. entist—or even a historian—to figure out not to London, not to Paris, but to that actions have consequences. I thank you, Mr. President, and I What’s the objective? Alliances are means Washington, DC, in the hopes that they thank the indulgence of my colleague might address a joint meeting of Con- to ends, not ends in themselves. NATO from Illinois. I apologize to him for served brilliantly as a means of containing gress. To them, it was a validation that the Soviet Union, but the Administration going on a little bit longer than I told the new Czech Republic and the new has specified no comparably clear goal that him, and I yield the floor. Poland was going to embark on a would justify expanding the alliance now Mr. DURBIN addressed the Chair. democratic experiment, and coming that the cold war is over. It speaks vaguely The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- here to this building in Washington, of the need for democratization and sta- ator from the great State of Illinois. DC, was really shown to be a break bilization, but if these objectives inform its Mr. DURBIN. Thank you, Mr. Presi- from the past; that they would sepa- policy, shouldn’t they apply throughout dent. I thank my colleague from Kan- rate themselves from the past and Eastern Europe and in Russia as well? sas for his remarks. It is always a great their connection with the Eastern pow- I heard a very different explanation from education to listen to his statements influential government and academic figures ers, with communism, with the old So- on the floor. Though we may not agree when I visited one of the proposed new mem- viet Union, and dedicate themselves to on any particulars, I certainly do re- ber countries last month. NATO expansion, democracy. spect him very much and have enjoyed they boasted, will demonstrate once and for Now we have the natural evolution of all that the Russians never have been and our service together both in the House their emergence as democracies and never will be part of European civilization. and the Senate. Yet Secretary of State Madeleine Albright I stand this morning not to give a our natural evolution as a leader in to- has told the Senate Foreign Relations Com- long speech, even by Senate standards, day’s world. We are debating on the mittee that she wants to erase ‘‘the line that but I would like to say I hope all Mem- floor of the Senate the question of en- once so cruelly and arbitrarily divided Eu- bers of the Senate will put this debate larging the NATO alliance to include rope.’’ It is not at all clear how this policy newcomers, to include nations which will produce that result. into its historical context. This may be one of the most important foreign pol- just a few years ago were perceived as Isn’t it too late now to change course? potential enemies and now we see as al- Some argue that eve if the decision to ex- icy debates of the decade. It is to deter- pand NATO wasn’t the most thoughtful, his- mine the future of the U.S. relation- lies. What a refreshing change in this torically aware way to make policy, the de- ship with a new Europe, a Europe after world that a nation like Poland, which cision has been made and going back on it the cold war. we identify with certainty in my home would be a disaster far greater than the Since 1949, the United States under- State of Illinois and the city of Chicago problems NATO expansion itself will bring. very closely, that a nation like Poland This sounds a little like the refusal of the stood, particularly through the NATO alliance, our relationship with Europe. now has a chance to join us as close al- Titanic’s captain to cut his ship’s speed lies. when told there were icebergs ahead. Con- We defined that relationship in specific sistency is a fine idea most of the time, but terms and committed not only the I listened carefully as some of my there are moments when it’s just plain irre- United States on paper but, in fact, at colleagues talked about the attitudes sponsible. one point stationed some 300,000 Ameri- in these nations about the possibility Only future historians will be able to say cans in Europe, in an effort to make of NATO membership. Make no mis- whether this is such a moment. But the certain that that sector of the world take, if you visit these countries, that mood of current historians should not give is all they talk about—the possibility the Administration—or those senators who will continue to be safe from any type of aggression or invasion. that at some point in time, they will be plan to vote this week for NATO expansion— part of the NATO alliance. very much comfort. When I think back on my own life This is an exciting prospect for them, Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. President, I sim- and all of the concerns of the cold war, not so much because they anticipate ply close in quoting the last two para- it focused primarily on the possibility some military invasion or the need for graphs: that the Soviet Union might expand through some manner through its War- military defense, but rather because Isn’t it too late now to change course? they see this alliance with the United Some argue that even if the decision to ex- saw Pact nations into the a NATO alli- pand NATO wasn’t the most thoughtful, his- ance and force us to respond. It was a States and with other NATO allies as torically aware way to make policy, that the concern that cost us lives, it cost us an assurance that they are committed decision has been made and going back on it money, and it really was the focus of to many things, to democracy, to a free would be a disaster far greater than the our foreign policy for many, many dec- market and, most importantly, to the problems NATO expansion itself will bring. ades. principles of NATO. That is a good argument. As a matter With the tearing down of the Berlin It is interesting, this alliance, in our of fact, I think that may be a persua- Wall, the end of the Soviet Union, as world’s history, is a unique one because sive argument. I have listed a lot of we knew it, and the emergence of coun- for 50 years this was not an aggressive concerns that I have. I think the adjec- tries in Eastern and Central Europe, alliance, this was a defensive alliance. tives and adverbs that I have used and formerly part of the Soviet orbit, we We basically said we respect others’ the language I have used would indi- now are in a position to redefine the boundaries as we expect them to re- cate, if somebody is watching, ‘‘Well, U.S. position in the world. There are spect ours and we are not setting out Senator ROBERTS, he is going to vote some people who naturally tend toward to invade and claim territory but mere- no.’’ I am undecided. the American tradition of isolationism. ly to protect our own. It was a defen- Again, what the professor has indi- We are pretty far away from these sive alliance. It has been throughout cated that ‘‘the decision has been made countries. ‘‘Perhaps we shouldn’t be history. And that is its future as well. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3705 As other countries come in—Poland, Let me speak for a moment before I real concern of Russia. If you took a Hungary, the Czech Republic—they ac- close about the Baltic States. I always look at a map of the world and saw the cept the premise. The premise is, you confess my prejudice when I come to huge expanse of Russia today, and then are on board as an alliance to protect this issue. My mother was born in took a look at these three tiny nations, our borders and to try our best to Lithuania. So when I speak of the Bal- Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, it is al- maintain stability in this new and de- tic States, it is with some particular most laughable that the Russians veloping world. I think that is the bot- personal feeling. I have visited Lithua- would look to them as any threat to tom line here. It is no longer a fight nia on four our five different occasions their future or to their security. They against ideology or even the aggression and have also visited Latvia and Esto- are small nations with very small ar- of some superpower but rather the sta- nia. mies and virtually no sophisticated bility of the region. I did not believe in my lifetime that military forces. What they are asking Is that stability important to the I would see the changes that have for is a chance to flourish, and I think United States? I think it is critical to taken place in those three tiny coun- they should have that chance. the United States. In just a few months tries. When I first visited Lithuania So I close by saying that I hope my we are going to see the creation of the back in 1978 or 1979, it was under Soviet colleagues in the Senate who have fol- Eurodollar, or the Eurocurrency, which domination, and it was a rather sad pe- lowed this debate will understand its is going to be perhaps one of the more riod in the history of that country. The historic importance and understand dominant currencies in the world. We United States said for decades that we that those of us who are privileged to will see the European nations by and never recognized the Soviet takeover serve in the Senate and have a chance large coming together as an economic of the Baltic States. We always be- to vote on this question of NATO en- unit as a major competitor to the lieved them to be independent nations largement may be casting a vote on United States, and at the same time we that were unfortunately invaded and foreign policy that is going to be will see opportunities in Europe for taken over by the Soviets. viewed for generations to come as a American firms. When I went to visit them in 1979, I milestone—the end of the cold war, the If we are going to engender this rela- saw the efforts of the Soviet Union to new vision of the world, the new defini- tionship, this free market economy and impose upon the people in Lithuania, tion of an alliance involving the United this new democracy, it is entirely con- Latvia and Estonia the Russian cul- States and freedom-loving democracies sistent for us to build an alliance with ture. They expatriated so many of the in Europe that led to stability and to these countries through NATO. local people and sent them off to Sibe- growth. That is my vision of the world. I hear some of my colleagues arguing ria and places in the far reaches of Rus- That is my vision of NATO enlarge- against the expansion of NATO, and as sia; and then they sent their own popu- ment. I listened carefully, they are actually lations, the Russian cultural popu- I hope that a majority of my col- arguing against the existence of NATO. lation, those speaking the Russian lan- leagues will join me in supporting I hope they are not. To pause on reflec- guage, into the Baltic States in an ef- President Clinton and supporting vir- tion, it has been one of the most suc- fort to try to homogenize them into tually all of these nations that are ask- cessful military alliances in our Na- some entity that was more Russian ing for NATO to be enlarged to reflect tion’s history, perhaps in the history of than it was Baltic. this new vision. the world. And it is important for us to But it did not work. The people Mr. President, I yield back the re- maintain NATO and to expand it. maintained—zealously maintained— mainder of my time. I watched carefully the amendment their own culture, and they kept their I suggest the absence of a quorum. offered by the Senator from Arizona, own religion, their own language, and The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Mr. KYL, just an hour or two ago. I their own literature and their own clerk will call the roll. read it carefully, and I thought, does dreams. I did not imagine in my life- The legislative clerk proceeded to this amendment, which seeks to spell time that I would ever see these Baltic call the roll. out the parameters of the expansion of States once again free, and yet I lived Ms. SNOWE. Mr. President, I ask NATO, in any way preclude the possi- to see that happen. unanimous consent that the order for bility that one day Russia would join In fact, at one point I was sent as a the quorum call be rescinded. NATO? Well, it does not, because it member of a delegation by then-Speak- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. AL- speaks in terms of principles and goals er of the House Tom Foley to witness LARD). Without objection, it is so or- and values. the first democratic election in Lithua- dered. I think when we talk about the nerv- nia. The Soviets refused to give me a Ms. SNOWE. I rise to express my in- ousness in Russia about the expansion visa. I sat in Berlin day after weary tention to vote for the admission of the of NATO, we should put it in historical day waiting for a chance to get in. And Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland to context. The Russians have gone finally I was only able to be there the the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- through a major transformation in a day of the election, that evening for tion. very short period of time. Once consid- the celebration. But I was there for an In taking up this decision, the Senate ered a superpower and a major leader important moment, and I am glad I takes up one of its basic constitutional in the world, they are now struggling saw it. mandates. A nation’s most sacred obli- to redefine themselves in the 21st cen- Today these three nations are trying gation is to protect its citizens and its tury. their best to become mature econo- territory from hostile forces. The I know this causes angst and pain mies, to watch their democracies flour- NATO alliance has been the corner- among many Russian leaders who can ish. And they have ample evidence of stone of our efforts to do so on behalf recall, I am sure with fondness, days of real progress. The fact that they would of free citizens for nearly 50 years. It empire. But the fact is, it is a new entertain the possibility of being part has emerged as the most successful en- world and a new opportunity, and they of NATO should not be a source of con- terprise of common defense in human have a chance for a new relationship. A cern to us but one of great hope and history. Any changes in the member- new and expanded NATO is no threat to great optimism, because as countries ship of the Alliance that we con- Russia. A new and expanded NATO is like Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, template must undergo careful consid- an invitation to Russia to join us in and so many others that were either eration. the same principles and values. I think part of the Warsaw Pact or even Soviet I have done so and am confident that that should be our view, our vision of republics become part of NATO, they this enlargement is in our national se- the new world. really show this transformation and curity interests and will ensure that When I hear about this Russian con- this progression into a democratic NATO continues to do in the 21st cen- cern and nervousness, I really hope form and a new democratic vision in tury what it has done in the latter half they will take the time to consider the Europe. of the 20th for the United States, and history of this alliance, which has been One of the resolutions being offered the people of Europe—guarantee their a peaceful alliance, a defensive alli- by one of my colleagues wants to single security, freedom and democratic ance. out the Baltic States as if they are the forms of government. S3706 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 Mr. President, last year, I was asked The Marshall Plan, named for the then fresh responsibility for their political by the Senate Majority Leader and the Secretary of State George Marshall, pluralism as members of a voluntary Senate Democratic Leader to join a bi- was first articulated in 1947 and ap- alliance. partisan group of 28 Senators to study proved by the Congress in 1948. Just as I know that some of my colleagues in the issues associated with NATO en- today some believe that membership in this chamber, whose opinions I respect, largement. I was honored to join in the European Union is enough to en- assert that it is more important for Po- such a task. The NATO alliance has sure the security of Poland, Hungary land, Hungary and the Czech Republic been for nearly 50 years the greatest and the Czech Republic, it was hoped in to achieve membership in the European force for maintaining peace and secu- the 1940s that economic aid alone Union and to enjoy the economic bene- rity in the world. When it was funded, would suffice in strengthening Europe fits that it offers as a prelude to join- the United States had just emerged to resist the designs of the Soviet ing NATO. This proposal brings the from fighting the most destructive war Union. However, that was not to be the echoes of history to the Senate if we in history on the European continent case. Both the Communist coup in recall that some advocates of the Mar- and was just beginning to lead the Czechoslovakia, and the 1948 Berlin shall Plan thought economic health fight against imperial Soviet com- blockade, convinced the United States was sufficient for the protection of munism—a Cold War against a totali- that more than economic aid was need- freedom and democracy. Unfortu- tarian foe who was committed to im- ed to protect freedom and democracy nately, it was not true then, and it is not true today. posing another form of tyranny first in in the Western world. The European Union is not a sub- Europe and then around the world. As a result, on April 4, 1949, the stitute for the NATO alliance. If that The nations of Czechoslovakia, Hun- United States and eleven nations of were the case, then the nations of gary, and Poland, therefore, faced the Western Europe signed the North At- Western Europe would not need the bitter prospect of exchanging one form lantic Treaty in Washington. NATO of tyranny for another. I knew that if benefits of NATO membership to en- was born, and for the first time in his- sure their security. They realize that NATO was to continue to protect free- tory, a military alliance was created dom and democracy in Europe, it need- the two entities each serve their pur- for the sole purpose of defending free- pose and reinforce rather than sub- ed to face the changing circumstances dom and democracy. And without fir- posed by the collapse of the Soviet stitute for each other. The European ing one shot in 40 years, it gave ready Union, the Warsaw Pact and com- Union is an economic entity that will firepower to the policy of containing munist ideology. The Alliance had to shepherd the prosperity of Europe well Communism until that system col- change in form to preserve the prin- into the next century. I have little lapsed under its own contradictions. ciples that it had safeguarded in mod- doubt that Poland, Hungary and the Our commitment to security in the Czech Republic will eventually become ern times. North Atlantic Treaty is spelled out in Today, the United States and the members. However, membership will Article V. The words ‘‘an armed attack other 15 members of the Alliance hope only be part of the way they help fulfill against one or more of them in Europe to move the frontiers of NATO east- their desire—for the first time in over or North America shall be considered ward at a time when there is not a visi- fifty years—to determine for them- an attack against them all’’ signify the ble threat to the security of any of its selves how they will ensure their secu- members. When the Alliance expanded commitment of this country to forego rity. between the 1950s and the 1980s to add isolationism and to play a critical role NATO was and is more than a defen- Greece, Turkey, West Germany and in helping to guarantee freedom and se- sive military alliance. It reflects the Spain, the grim shadow of Soviet power curity in Europe. civic values underpinning trans-Atlan- Today of course, there is no imme- menaced Europe and the West. tic security through the cultivation of I believe that the parallels with the diate threat to the security of Western peaceful ties among governments that decision to expand NATO in the 1990s Europe. The United States and the rest on the consent of the governed. It are in some ways similar to those other 15 members of NATO face an in- is a tangible symbol of the resolve of which existed at the end of World War cipient Russian democracy. Com- democratic nations, united in a com- II. At that time, the strategic security munism as a system and a power has mon purpose, to promote freedom and situation on the continent of Europe receded from the tormented heart of democracy. While the threat in the was also in flux. The threat from Nazi Europe. The mighty Red Army of the Cold War was from a large conven- Germany had collapsed, but no protec- 1940s is now a force that is in military tional army led by the Soviet Union tive machinery had yet been set up to decline. Today, we live in a different that could sweep across Germany, prevent the emergence of a new tyr- world—but not one without dangers or today the threat is far more subtle but anny. As the great statesman Winston threats. Today, we face our own set of just as real. Today we all face threats Churchill noted, ‘‘From Stettin in the challenges—and we must create our from terrorism, weapons of mass de- Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an own set of solutions. struction in the hands of rogue states iron curtain has descended upon the The end of the Cold War has not and nationalistic passions liberated continent [of Europe].’’ meant that freedom has suddenly be- from Cold War restraints. The Gulf War Unlike the era beginning at the end come free-of-charge. While the Soviet showed that the United States and the of World War I, when we retreated from Union has disintegrated and the threat European members of NATO face victory to a fateful isolationism, the of invasion from a much weaker Russia threats far from their borders. Poland, United States realized that our own se- has receded, this development by no Hungary and the Czech Republic must curity depended upon the building and means signals that NATO’s mission has deal with these same threats, and they maintenance of a free and democratic evaporated. To the contrary, just as can overcome them as members of the Europe. NATO protected and guaranteed the NATO alliance. President Harry Truman, with the freedom of the United States and West- Already, we have seen a preview of able leadership of Senator Arthur Van- ern Europe during the latter half of the some of the potential security benefits denberg, began the shaping of what be- twentieth century, it can, and must, of having these nations—all of which came known as the ‘‘containment’’ pol- continue to do so for all of Europe as are now strong democracies that have icy. The United States and its friends we prepare to enter the new millen- worked to strengthen civilian control in Europe would resist the westward nium. of the military—as NATO members: march of communism. Harry Truman For forty years, NATO could protect All three have contributed to the and his generation were determined to only the Western half of Europe—the success of the SFOR mission in Bosnia. block the Soviet Union from leveraging other half was trapped behind the Iron Hungary’s base at Taszar has been host the political fate of a continent that Curtain of communism. With the col- to over 95,000 U.S. military personnel had drawn millions of Americans into lapse of the Soviet Union, three of rotating in and out of IFOR and SFOR war by ensuring that its expansion not those nations—the Czech Republic, duty. And if there had been a need to go any further. Hungary and Poland are now poised to fight Iraq, our new NATO members At first it was thought that economic enjoy the freedoms that the totali- would have been ready to assist. Po- assistance to Europe was sufficient. tarians so long withheld and to take land has chemical weapons experts April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3707 ready to support us if necessary. The Senators, is the cost of this expansion. to all of its members. NATO’s role has Czech Republic would also supply It is a legitimate concern. The General evolved from deterring an invasion of chemical weapons experts. Hungary’s Accounting Office produced a report the West by the Soviet Union to pre- Foreign Minister would have urged his just last month concluding that the venting armed conflict on the con- nation’s parliament to open its air- Defense Department’s assessment of tinent of Europe, and admission of Po- space and airports to U.S. aircraft if the NATO cost of expansion was rea- land, Hungary and the Czech Republic military action had been needed. sonable if the current environment of a will augment this shift in mission. The spur to all of these actions was diminished military threat to the con- Others will argue that NATO expan- prospective membership in NATO, and tinent will continue for years into the sion will cause problems in relations the assumption of a fair share of re- future. New members, in turn, will sus- with Russia; that expansion undercuts sponsibilities as full fledged members tain their own internal budgets for efforts to build democracy in Russia; of the Western community. This enthu- critical defense modernization. It is that we are still treating Russia as a siasm should make us realize how im- also up to them to meet their formal Cold War adversary, instead of a nation portant NATO is and how established treaty commitments to the commonly- building a democracy and a free-mar- members often take the Alliance and funded budgets of the Alliance. ket economy or that expansion will its benefits for granted. The governments of Poland, Hun- anger Russia at a time when we need to It would be unjust to deny the Poles, gary, and the Czech Republic have work together on issues such as Iraq Hungarians and Czechs a role in safe- agreed to specific 10-year obligations and the danger of weapons prolifera- guarding the freedom of the European- on payments for the integration of tion. Mr. President, I do not agree with American community—a freedom, inci- military systems and command struc- these arguments. dentally, we rhetorically upheld for tures with existing Alliance members. I Even if NATO had never promised to these nations over the past four dec- commend our prospective new partners expand, the United States and Russia ades. It would be morally wrong to cre- and the Defense Department for devel- would continue to have international ate an artificial dividing line in Europe oping this blueprint for enlargement. policy differences. There is also no evi- just a decade after another such line They must also expect that NATO as dence that the prospect of NATO ex- was erased. well as Congress will hold them ac- pansion has hurt efforts to ratify arms Mr. President, what would happen if countable for it. control treaties or to address concerns the Senate were to reject NATO expan- Mr. President, Secretary Albright over the need to control nuclear weap- sion? I believe that we would signal the summed it up well last year when she ons of all varieties. willingness of the West to confuse the said: ‘‘Let us not deceive ourselves. I also do not believe that enlarge- tranquility of today with the potential The United States is a European ment will harm efforts to build a se- turmoil of tomorrow for which history power.’’ We fought two world wars be- cure and strong democracy across the warns us to prepare. If we reject expan- cause much of Western Europe was 11 time zones of Russia. The stability sion now, we would also reject the en- threatened, invaded and occupied. The an enlarged NATO will bring to East- during link, shown by our experience in Cold War was fought because some of ern Europe will provide a more secure NATO, between democratic institu- these nations were again threatened environment in which democracy’s tions and the defense of peace. roots can grow stronger. NATO is fur- The incentive of NATO membership and others forced to endure Communist thermore not building a military force has furthermore stabilized democratic tyranny. which can threaten Russia, as dem- forces in all three candidate nations. The enlargement of NATO will mean onstrated by its intention not to sta- Poland instituted civilian control of that more of Europe is part of an alli- tion either nuclear weapons or substan- the military and formed a joint battal- ance designed to protect freedom and tial forces in the territories of the new ion with the Danes and Germans. Hun- democracy. That makes conflict and gary and Romania, the latter a possible the defense of our security interests members. Finally, the United States and NATO future member of NATO, signed a trea- much greater. have worked hard to address Russian ty respecting the rights of the Hungar- NATO will be stronger with the addi- concerns over expansion through the ian minority in Romania. If NATO tion of more territory and more armed Founding Act and the creation of the membership did not provide the frame- forces—200,000 in fact—a valuable addi- NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Coun- work for these actions, the Poles, tion if we account for the reductions in cil. The Permanent Joint Council al- Czechs and Hungarians could still be Western military forces since the end lows NATO and Russia to talk directly struggling with the social and military of the Cold War. Peace through legacies of authoritarianism. strength may be a slogan to the cynics, about ways to promote and enhance Mr. President, if we were to reject but to me, it summarizes the invalu- Europe’s security. It offers a means to the logical first step of NATO member- able lesson that we learned on the post- discuss matters of concern to either or ship for these three states, then the war ashes of a Europe leveled by ag- both parties. If Russia chooses to work progress made by these nations might gression. with the Permanent Joint Council in a be reversed. All three nations could One of the Senate’s most illustrious cooperative manner, then this Council and would be entitled to feel that members, Senator Arthur Vandenberg, can help take NATO-Russia relations NATO and the West do not care about said at the time of NATO’s founding in to a level of cooperation that benefits them. We in the Senate would be send- 1949 that ‘‘[NATO] is not built to stop all of Europe. The Permanent Joint ing a message that while the United a war after it starts . . . It is built to Council, however, will never substitute States and Western Europe are entitled stop wars before they start.’’ for or supersede any NATO policy mak- to the benefits of freedom and the con- The admission of these three appli- ing organs. Russia does not have a veto fidence that a military alliance will cants will strengthen NATO’s ability over NATO actions and must never be sustain them that NATO is an exclu- to prevent war. I cannot imagine that allowed to obtain one. sive club which will not admit those the United States and the other mem- It is not possible for NATO to remain willing to make it even better. All bers of NATO would do nothing if the static and at the same time effective in three nations might then form another territorial integrity of Poland, Hun- the post-Cold War environment of Eu- military bloc. gary and the Czech Republic were rope. NATO is, and must remain a mili- Such an organization might turn in- threatened—even if they were not a tary alliance that will guarantee the ward or Eastward to make security ar- part of NATO. But by having them be- security of its members. However, it rangements without the participation come members, we would bring into does face a different set of challenges of the West. But I would rather see Po- the democratic family a region that as the 21st century approaches. Be- land, Hungary and the Czech Republic has hosted the century’s bloodiest con- cause the threat to NATO’s territorial work within the NATO alliance to ad- flicts. integrity today is significantly dimin- dress the concerns of the Baltic states Furthermore, by formally extending ished, the Alliance has the opportunity and other regional parties. NATO’s territorial jurisdiction further to vanquish the dangers posed by un- Another aspect of this issue which east, the Alliance will be even better bridled nationalism and great power has concerned me and I know, many placed to prevent any security threat policies and to replace them with free- S3708 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 market democracies that can grow and tion The U.S. Departments of Health congressional hearing consists of oral prosper. and Human Services, Transportation, presentation by the students before Mr. President, when Secretary of Agriculture, and Education, as well as panels of adult judges. State Madeleine Albright testified be- the Dietary Guidelines for Americans The We the People . . . program is fore the Foreign Relations Committee, all define a drink as 12 ounces of beer, run by the Center for Civic Education. she quoted an individual who appre- 5 ounces of wine, and 1.5 ounces of dis- The program has provided teaching ciates what freedom means and that is tilled spirits. And the federal govern- materials to upper elementary, middle, not to be taken for granted. Czech ment is not alone is recognizing alco- and high schools for more than 75,000 President Vaclav Havel stated that hol equivalence. Many leading organi- teachers and 24 million students across ‘‘Even the costliest preventive security zations involved in this debate do as the nation. Members of Congress and is cheaper than the cheapest war.’’ well. staff also contribute by discussing cur- By admitting the Czech Republic, Yet as recently as 1996, one survey rent constitutional issues with pro- Hungary and Poland, NATO will be found that only 39% of Americans un- gram participants. taking a giant step toward insuring derstand that a 12 ounce can of beer, a This special program is designed to that the freedoms won by Eastern and 5 ounce glass of wine, and a mixed help students understand and appre- Central Europe at the end of this cen- drink with 1.5 ounces of distilled spirits ciate the values and principles that tury will survive and prosper in the contain the same amount of alcohol. unite us as Americans. The program next. By expanding NATO, the West We owe it to Americans to do a better also promotes the notion of citizen- will ensure that the freedoms it pre- job of disseminating this information ship—that the rights and benefits are served through the darkest days of and providing basic facts on this topic. tempered by the responsibilities of par- World War II and the Communist In recognition of Alcohol Awareness ticipation in effective government. threat of the 20th century will survive Month, it is the very least we can do. I wish these young people the best of and prosper through the millennium. f luck testing their constitutional In conclusion, NATO enlargement knowledge in the upcoming national WE THE PEOPLE—THE CITIZEN will enhance our national security and finals of the We the People . . . pro- AND THE CONSTITUTION the stability of Europe. As my former gram. I also congratulate them on Senate colleague and current Defense Mr. FORD. Mr. President, on May 2– reaching this level of competition. Secretary Bill Cohen stated, ‘‘a stable 4, while their friends are celebrating f Europe is necessary to anchor Ameri- the 124th running of the Kentucky THE VERY BAD DEBT BOXSCORE ca’s worldwide presence.’’ Derby, some students from my home The addition of Poland, Hungary, and state will be answering questions about Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, at the the Czech Republic to NATO will mean the Constitution, here in Washington, close of business yesterday, Monday, a stronger NATO, and our approval of in a mock Congressional hearing. April 27, 1998, the federal debt stood at this enlargement will show that the These students will be competing in $5,507,607,026,200.10 (Five trillion, five United States is ready to do so in the the national finals of the We the Peo- hundred seven billion, six hundred 21st Century what it did for the latter ple . . . The Citizen and the Constitu- seven million, twenty-six thousand, half of this one: be a force, with other tion program. I am proud to announce two hundred dollars and ten cents). democracies, for the protection of free- that the class from Louisville Male Five years ago, April 27, 1993, the fed- dom today and for the generations to High School will represent Kentucky. eral debt stood at $4,234,899,000,000 come. These young people have worked long (Four trillion, two hundred thirty-four f and hard to reach the national finals, billion, eight hundred ninety-nine mil- winning local competitions to get here. lion). MORNING BUSINESS I would like to recognize these stu- Ten years ago, April 27, 1988, the fed- Ms. SNOWE. Mr. President, I ask dents for their achievements. The eral debt stood at $2,500,616,000,000 (Two unanimous consent that there now be a members of this class representing trillion, five hundred billion, six hun- period for the transaction of morning Kentucky are Angela Adams, Perry dred sixteen million). business, with Senators permitted to Bacon, Katherine Breeding, Will Carle, Fifteen years ago, April 27, 1983, the speak for up to 5 minutes each. Eric Coatley, Courtney Coffee, Brian federal debt stood at $1,247,506,000,000 The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Davis, Mary Fleming, Matt Gilbert, (One trillion, two hundred forty-seven objection, it is so ordered. Amanda Holloway, Holly Jessie, Heath billion, five hundred six million). f Lambert, Gwen Malone, Kristy Martin, Twenty-five years ago, April 27, 1973, Brian Palmer, Lauren Reynolds, Shane the federal debt stood at $456,773,000,000 ALCOHOL AWARENESS MONTH Skoner, LaVonda Willis, Bryan Wilson, (Four hundred fifty-six billion, seven Mr. FORD. Mr. President, as April Darreisha Wilson, Beth Wilson, Janelle hundred seventy-three million) which draws to a close this week I want to re- Winfree, Treva Winlock, and Jodie Zel- reflects a debt increase of more than $5 mind my colleagues of Alcohol Aware- ler. trillion—$5,050,834,026,200.10 (Five tril- ness Month. I think the tireless efforts I would also like to recognize their lion, fifty billion, eight hundred thirty- of many types of groups have raised teacher, Mrs. Sandy Hoover, who clear- four million, twenty-six thousand, two our awareness about alcohol consump- ly deserves a lot of the credit for the hundred dollars and ten cents) during tion. This includes efforts made by fed- class’ success. The district coordinator, the past 25 years. eral and state governments, citizen ac- Dianne Meredith, and the state coordi- f tion groups, and the beverage alcohol nators, Deborah Williamson and Jen- industry itself. More than ever, Ameri- nifer Van Hoose, also contributed their THE MURDER OF BISHOP JUAN cans deplore the devastation of drunk time and effort to help the class reach JOSE GERARDI driving. More than ever, Americans un- the national finals. Mr. LEAHY. Mr. President, in one of derstand the consequences of failing to The We the People . . . The Citizen the most outrageous, cold-blooded deal responsibly with alcoholic bev- and the Constitution program is the killings I can recall in a region where erages. most extensive educational program in such despicable acts have been com- Americans also need to understand the country developed specifically to monplace, Guatemalan Bishop Juan that alcohol is alcohol. A standard educate young people about the Con- Jose Gerardi was murdered this past serving of beer, wine, and distilled spir- stitution and the Bill of Rights. The Sunday when his assailant crushed his its contain the same amount of alco- three-day national competition simu- skull with a cement block. hol. Some fear that teaching alcohol lates a congressional hearing. Students The way he died is horrifying enough. equivalence would be paramount to are given the opportunity to dem- But what senators should also be aware promoting alcohol consumption. But I onstrate their knowledge while they of is that Bishop Gerardi had just com- think it can actually have the opposite evaluate, take, and defend positions on pleted an extraordinarily courageous effect, promoting a rational approach relevant historical and contemporary investigation of the thousands of atroc- to this topic and encouraging modera- constitutional issues. The simulated ities committed against Guatemala April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3709 citizens during thirty years of civil Ms. Goetz, one of its reading clerks, an- standard deduction, for joint returns shall be war. He undertook his inquiry after it nounced that pursuant to the provi- twice the amounts applicable to unmarried became clear that the Guatemalan sions of 22 U.S.C. 276h, the Speaker ap- individuals; to the Committee on Finance. Clarification Commission would not points the following Members of the f seek to identify those responsible for House to the Mexico-United States STATEMENTS ON INTRODUCED even the worst atrocities. Bishop Interparliamentary Group: Mr. KOLBE, BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS Gerardi’s investigation, not surpris- Chairman and Mr. GILMAN, Vice Chair- By Ms. COLLINS (for herself, Mr. ingly, attributed the overwhelming man. CHAFEE, Mr. LEAHY, Mr. JEF- majority of human rights violations to The message also announced that FORDS, Mr. FEINGOLD, Mr. DUR- the military and the death squads and pursuant to the provision of 22 U.S.C. BIN, Mr. HARKIN, Ms. SNOWE, paramilitary groups allied with them. 276h, the Speaker appoints the follow- Mr. REED, Mr. SANTORUM, Mr. Mr. President, the United States ing Member of the House to the Can- TORRICELLI, Mr. LEVIN, Mr, bears more than a little responsibility ada-United States Interparliamentary for the slaughter in Guatemala that DASCHLE, and Mr. SPECTER): Group: Mr. HOUGHTON, Chairman. S. 1993. A bill to amend title XVIII of devastated that country in the years f the Social Security Act to adjust the after the CIA-backed coup of 1954. Our formula used to determine costs limits INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND government trained the Guatemalan for home health agencies under medi- JOINT RESOLUTIONS armed forces, remained silent when care program, and for other purposes; they tortured and killed thousands of The following bills and joint resolu- to the Committee on Finance. innocent people, withheld information tions were introduced, read the first THE MEDICARE HOME HEALTH EQUITY ACT OF about the atrocities, and justified our and second time by unanimous con- 1998 complicity as the necessary response to sent, and referred as indicated: Ms. COLLINS. Mr. President, Ameri- a guerrilla insurgency. In fact, during By Ms. COLLINS (for herself, Mr. ca’s home health agencies provide in- this period of political violence which CHAFEE, Mr. LEAHY, Mr. JEFFORDS, valuable services that have enabled a is apparently not yet over, the prin- Mr. FEINGOLD, Mr. DURBIN, Mr. HAR- growing number of our most frail and cipal victims were Guatemala’s Mayan KIN, Ms. SNOWE, Mr. REED, Mr. vulnerable senior citizens to avoid hos- population of rural peasants who have SANTORUM, Mr. TORRICELLI, Mr. pitals and nursing homes and stay just been the target of discrimination and LEVIN, Mr. DASCHLE, and Mr. SPEC- where they want to be—in their own injustice for generations. TER): S. 1993. A bill to amend title XVIII of the homes. Today, home health is the fast- According to a statement by the est growing component of Medicare Guatemalan Embassy, the Guatemalan Social Security Act to adjust the formula used to determine costs limits for home spending, and the program grew at an Government ‘‘condemns and repudi- health agencies under medicare program, astounding average annual rate of ates’’ this crime and has opened an in- and for other purposes; to the Committee on more than 25 percent from 1990 to 1997. vestigation. Let us hope that this in- Finance. As a consequence, the number of Medi- vestigation can withstand the inevi- By Mr. COATS (for himself, Mr. ABRA- care home health beneficiaries has table pressure from the forces who HAM, Mr. BROWNBACK, Mr. COVER- more than doubled, and Medicare home would intimidate anyone who seeks DELL, and Mr. SANTORUM): health spending has soared from $2.7 S. 1994. A bill to assist States in providing real justice in Guatemala. The Arzu billion in 1989 to $17.1 billion in 1996. Government deserves considerable individuals a credit against State income taxes or a comparable benefit for contribu- This rapid growth in home health credit for bringing the peace negotia- tions to charitable organizations working to spending understandably prompted tions to a successful conclusion. But prevent or reduce poverty and to protect and Congress and the Health Care Financ- few weeks pass that I do not receive a encourage donations to charitable organiza- ing Administration, as part of the Bal- report of a political crime in Guate- tions; to the Committee on Finance. anced Budget Act of 1997, to initiate mala, most of which go unsolved. Jus- By Mr. ABRAHAM (for himself, Mr. changes that were intended to make tice remains elusive for those who need BROWNBACK, Mr. COATS, Mr. COVER- the program more cost-effective and ef- it most. DELL, Mr. HUTCHINSON, and Mr. ficient and protect it from fraud and How the Guatemalan government SANTORUM): S. 1995. A bill to amend the Internal Reve- abuse. However, in trying to get a han- handles this investigation will either nue Code of 1986 to allow the designation of dle on costs, we in Congress and the ad- embolden or deter those who seek to renewal communities, and for other pur- ministration have unintentionally cre- undermine the peace accords, and, as poses; to the Committee on Finance. ated problems that may restrict some the Ranking Member of the Foreign By Mr. SANTORUM (for himself, Mr. elderly citizens’ access to vitally need- Operations Subcommittee I can say ABRAHAM, Mr. BROWNBACK, Mr. ed home health care. that as far as I am concerned it will COATS, Mr. COVERDELL, and Mr. Critics have long pointed out that also be important in determining our HUTCHINSON): Medicare’s cost-based payment method future assistance relationship with S. 1996. A bill to provide flexibility to cer- for home health care has inherent in- tain local educational agencies that develop centives for home care agencies to pro- Guatemala. voluntary public and private parental choice f programs under title VI of the Elementary vide more services, which has driven up costs. Therefore, the Balanced Budget MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT and Secondary Education Act of 1965; to the Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Act called for the implementation of a Messages from the President of the By Ms. MIKULSKI (for herself and Mr. prospective payment system for home United States were communicated to FAIRCLOTH): care by October 1, 1999. Until then, the Senate by Mr. Williams, one of his S. 1997. A bill to protect the right of a home health agencies will be paid ac- secretaries. member of a health maintenance organiza- cording to what is known as an Interim tion to receive continuing care at a facility EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED Payment System. selected by that member; to the Committee Under the new IPS, home health As in executive session the Presiding on Labor and Human Resources. agencies will be paid the lesser of: their Office laid before the Senate message By Mr. HATCH (for himself, Mr. BEN- from the President of the United NETT, and Mr. BINGAMAN): actual costs; a per-visit cost limit; or a States submitting one treaty and sun- S. 1998. A bill to authorize an interpretive new blended agency-specific per bene- dry nominations which were referred to center and related visitor facilities within ficiary annual limit based 75 percent on Committee on Foreign Relations. the Four Corners Monument Tribal Park, an agency’s own costs per beneficiary (The nominations received today are and for other purposes; to the Committee on and 25 percent on the average cost per printed at the end of the Senate pro- Indian Affairs. beneficiary for agencies in the same re- By Mrs. HUTCHISON (for herself, Mr. ceedings.) gion. These costs are to be calculated FAIRCLOTH, Mr. ASHCROFT, and Mr. from cost reports for reporting periods f MACK): ending in 1994. MESSAGES FROM THE HOUSE S. 1999. A bill to amend the Internal Reve- nue Code of 1986 to eliminate the marriage I spent some time going over the for- At 3:40 p.m., a message from the penalty by providing that the income tax mula because it is important to under- House of Representatives, delivered by rate bracket amounts, and the amount of the stand what the importance of that very S3710 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 complicated formula is for many of our for the new cost limits, the bill we are ‘‘(II) The labor-related portion of the up- home health agencies. introducing today sets a new per bene- dated national and regional costs described At a recent hearing of the Senate ficiary cost limit based on a blend of in subclause (I)(aa) shall be adjusted by the Special Committee on Aging, on which national and regional average costs per area wage index applicable under section 1886(d)(3)(E) for the area in which the agency I serve, we heard testimony from a patient. This new formula will be based is located (as determined without regard to number of witnesses who expressed 75 percent on the national average cost any reclassification of the area under section concern that the new Interim Payment per patient and 25 percent on the re- 1886(d)(8)(B) or a decision of the Medicare Ge- System inadvertently penalizes cost-ef- gional average cost per patient. More- ographic Classification Review Board or the ficient home health agencies by basing over, by eliminating the agency-spe- Secretary under section 1886(d)(10) for cost 75 percent of the agencies’ per patient cific data from the formula, the Medi- reporting periods beginning after October 1, payment limits on their FY 1994 aver- care Home Health Equity Act will 1995).’’. age cost per patient. This system effec- move us more quickly to the national (c) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.— (1) Section 1861(v)(1)(L)(vi) of the Social tively rewards agencies that provided and regional rates which will be the Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395x(v)(1)(L)(vi)) (as the most visits and spent the most cornerstones of the future prospective added by section 4602 of the Balanced Budget Medicare dollars in 1994, while it penal- payment system, and it will do so in a Act of 1997) is amended to read as follows: izes low-cost, more efficient providers. way that is budget neutral. This is a ‘‘(vi) In any case in which the Secretary Let me repeat that point, Mr. Presi- matter of common sense and fairness. determines that beneficiaries use services dent. The agencies, usually the non- It is also a matter of ensuring that furnished by more than 1 home health agen- profits, that have provided services at there is a fair system for reimbursing cy for purposes of circumventing the per ben- these vitally needed home health agen- eficiary annual limitation in clause (v), the the lowest cost, are penalized by the per beneficiary limitations shall be prorated new payment system. cies that are providing services that among the agencies.’’. Home health agencies in the North- are so important to so many of our sen- (2) Section 1861(v)(1)(L)(vii)(I) of the Social east are among those that have been ior citizens. I urge all of my colleagues Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395x(v)(1)(L)(vii)(I)) particularly hard-hit by the formula to join as cosponsors of the Medicare (as added by section 4602 of the Balanced change. As the Wall Street Journal re- Home Health Equity Act, and I ask Budget Act of 1997) is amended by striking cently observed, unanimous consent that the text of the ‘‘clause (v)(I)’’ and inserting ‘‘clause If New England had been just a little bill as well as a section by section sum- (v)(I)(aa)’’. (d) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments greedier, its home-health industry would be mary be printed in the RECORD. a lot better off now . . . Ironically, . . . [the made by this section shall apply as if in- The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- cluded in the enactment of the Balanced region] is getting clobbered by the system pore. Without objection, the items because of its tradition of non-profit commu- Budget Act of 1997. were ordered printed in the RECORD, as nity service and efficiency. SEC. 3. CBO ESTIMATE OF HOME HEALTH PAY- follows: MENT SAVINGS. Moreover, there is no logic to the S. 1993 (a) ESTIMATE.—Not later than 60 days after variance in payment levels. As the Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Rep- the date of enactment of this Act, and annu- same article goes on to point out, the resentatives of the United States of America in ally thereafter until the prospective pay- average patient cap in Tennessee is ex- Congress assembled, ment system for home health agencies estab- pected to be $2,200 higher than Con- SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. lished by section 1895 of the Social Security necticut’s, and the cap for Mississippi This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Medicare Act (42 U.S.C. 1395fff) is in effect, the Direc- is expected to be $2,000 more than Home Health Equity Act of 1998’’. tor of the Congressional Budget Office (re- ferred to in this section as the ‘‘Director’’) Maine’s, without any evidence that pa- SEC. 2. REVISION OF HOME HEALTH INTERIM PAYMENT FORMULA. shall estimate the amount of savings to the tients in the Southern states are sicker medicare program under title XVIII of such or that nurses and other home health (a) RESTORATION OF COST LIMITS.—Section 1861(v)(1)(L)(i)(IV) of the Social Security Act Act (42 U.S.C. 1395 et seq.) resulting from the personnel in this region cost more. Mr. (42 U.S.C. 1395x(v)(1)(L)(i)(IV)) (as added by interim payment system for home health President, I ask unanimous consent section 4602 of the Balanced Budget Act of services established by the amendments to that the entire text of this article be 1997) is amended— section 1861 of such Act (42 U.S.C. 1395x) printed in the RECORD. (1) by striking ‘‘105 percent’’ and inserting made by section 4602 of the Balanced Budget The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- ‘‘112 percent’’; and Act of 1997. pore. Without objection, it is so or- (2) by striking ‘‘median’’ and inserting (b) CERTIFICATION.—If the Director deter- dered. ‘‘mean’’. mines that the amount estimated under sub- Ms. COLLINS. Mr. President, this (b) CHANGE IN ADDITIONS TO COST LIMITS.— section (a) exceeds the amount of savings to the medicare program that the Director esti- system also gives a competitive advan- Section 1861(v)(1)(L)(v) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395x(v)(1)(L)(v)) (as added by mated immediately prior to the enactment tage to high-cost agencies over their section 4602 of the Balanced Budget Act of of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 by reason lower cost neighbors, since agencies in 1997) is amended to read as follows: of such interim payment system, then the a particular region may have dramati- ‘‘(v)(I) For services furnished by home Director shall certify such excess to the Sec- cally different reimbursement levels health agencies for cost reporting periods be- retary of Health and Human Services (re- regardless of any differences among ginning on or after October 1, 1997, the Sec- ferred to in this subsection as the ‘‘Sec- their patient populations. And finally, retary shall provide for an interim system of retary’’). (c) ADJUSTMENT.— this system may force low-cost agen- limits. Payment shall not exceed the costs determined under the preceding provisions of (1) IN GENERAL.—If the Director certifies an cies to stop accepting patients with this subparagraph or, if lower, the product amount to the Secretary pursuant to sub- more serious health care needs. of— section (b), the Secretary shall prescribe That is exactly the opposite of what ‘‘(aa) an agency-specific per beneficiary an- rules under which appropriate adjustments we should want. I simply do not think nual limitation calculated based 75 percent are made to the amount of payments to that this is what Congress intended. To on the reasonable costs (including nonrou- home health agencies otherwise made under rectify this problem, today I am tine medical supplies) of the standardized subparagraph (L) of section 1861(v)(1) of the pleased to introduce legislation along national average cost per patient in calendar Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395x(v)(1)(L)) year 1994, or best estimate thereof, (as pub- (as amended by section 4602 of the Balanced with Senators CHAFEE, JEFFORDS, lished in the Health Care Financing Review Budget Act of 1997) in the case of outliers— LEAHY, FEINGOLD, SNOWE, DURBIN, HAR- Medicare and Medicaid 1997 Statistical Sup- (A) where events beyond the home health KIN, REED and SANTORUM. The Medicare plement) and based 25 percent on the reason- agency’s control or extraordinary cir- Home Health Equity Act will level the able costs (including nonroutine medical cumstances, including the case mix of such playing field and make certain that supplies) of the standardized regional aver- agency, create reasonable costs for a pay- home health agencies that have been age cost per patient for the agency’s census ment year which exceed the applicable pay- prudent in their use of Medicare re- division in calendar year 1995 (as so pub- ment limits; or sources are not unfairly penalized. The lished), such national and regional costs up- (B) in any case not described in subpara- legislation will also ensure that home dated by the home health market basket graph (A) where the Secretary deems such an index and adjusted pursuant to clause (II); adjustment appropriate. health agencies in the same region are and (2) AMOUNT.—The total amount of adjust- reimbursed similarly for treating simi- ‘‘(bb) the agency’s unduplicated census ments made under paragraph (2) for a year lar patients. count of patients (entitled to benefits under may not exceed the amount certified to the Instead of allowing the experience of this title) for the cost reporting period sub- Secretary pursuant to subsection (b) for such high-cost agencies to serve as the basis ject to the limitation. year. To the extent that such adjustments in April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3711

a year would otherwise exceed the amount the high number of visits provided to pa- THE NEW FORMULA certified to the Secretary pursuant to sub- tients, not by the cost per visit. In fact, the The new system rolls back payments to section (b) for such year, the Secretary shall cost per visit has remained relatively stable 1993–94 levels minus 2%, regardless of wheth- reduce the payments to home health agen- in recent years, and CBO confirms that con- er an agency’s budget was low or grossly in- cies in a pro rata manner so that the adjust- trolling use, not price, is the key to Medi- flated during those years. Under the system, ments do not exceed such amount. care home health cost containment. It is ap- home-health agencies’ Medicare payments propriate to use the savings achieved by re- will be affected not only by their own budget MEDICARE HOME HEALTH EQUITY ACT— warding rather than penalizing cost-efficient history, but also by their location. If a com- SECTION-BY-SECTION SUMMARY agencies to re-establish the cost limits that pany is in a penny-pinching region, its pay- CURRENT LAW enabled many of those agencies to provide ments will be lower than if it comes from an The cost-based payment method that has more efficient care over the entire episode of area of big spenders. The agencies that come historically been used for Medicare home care. The average cost per visit tends to be out best under this formula are those that health services has inherent incentives for higher for lower-overall cost, non-profit spent money willy-nilly five years ago and home care agencies to provide a higher vol- HHAs which tend to provide care in fewer were surrounded by companies that did the ume of services. Therefore, the Balanced visits. By keeping visits to the number that same thing. The biggest winners will be Budget Act of 1997 (BBA) called for the im- are medically necessary, costs per visit may states in the South. plementation of a prospective payment sys- increase slightly, but overall costs per pa- Meanwhile, frugal agencies in regions with tem (PPS) for home care by October 1, 1999. tient decrease. moderate costs—especially New England, the In the interim (FYs 1998 and 1999), home Modifies Application of Proration of Per Midwest and the Mountain states—are reel- health agencies will be paid according to an Beneficiary Limits Provision ing. Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine Interim Payment System (IPS) established The BBA contained a provision which re- will be among the hardest-hit states in the by the BBA. quires proration of the per beneficiary an- nation. Massachusetts, Connecticut and The IPS reimburses home health agencies nual limit where the patient is served by Rhode Island fare only marginally better. using the lowest of three cost limits: 1) an more than one home health agency. The Advocates for the elderly and the region’s agency’s actual costs; 2) a per visit cost limit Medicare Home Health Equity Act modifies home-health agencies say such a system applied to each skilled nursing, physical this provision to clarify that proration only gives a competitive advantage to the worst therapy, or other type of home health visit applies where it can be demonstrated that a players in the industry. ‘‘This is not in the provided; or 3) an agency-specific aggregate home health agency is attempting to cir- best interest of taxpayers,’’ says Susan per patient cost limit that is based 75 per- cumvent the limits by shifting care between Young, executive director of the Home Care cent on an agency’s average cost per patient agencies. Association of New Hampshire. Adds Margaret Gilmour, president and in 1994 and 25 percent on a regional average Establishes an Outlier Provision cost per patient in 1994. chief executive officer of Home Health & The Interim Payment System penalizes The bill instructs the Secretary of HHS to Hospice Care, a home-care agency in Nashua, cost-efficient home health agencies by bas- prescribe rules under which adjustments can N.H.: ‘‘This is going to be a tidal wave of dis- ing 75 percent of the agencies’ per patient be made in payments to home health agen- aster for elder care.’’ payment limits on their FY 1994 average cost cies that are ‘‘outliers’’ where events beyond Layoffs are already under way in New per patient. Giving such a heavy weight to their control or extraordinary cir- Hampshire, Ms. Young says, where the indus- the agency-specific costs per beneficiary ef- cumstances, including their case mix, create try is among the leanest in the nation. fectively rewards agencies that provided the ‘‘reasonable costs’’ that exceed what other- The congressional delegation from Massa- most visits and spent the most Medicare dol- wise would be their payment limits. This is chusetts hopes to derail the new system be- lars in 1994, while it penalizes low-cost, more included so that there is some provision for fore it can do massive damage. ‘‘This defies efficient providers. As a result, high-cost and higher payments for home health agencies common sense.’’ says Rep. James P. McGov- inefficient agencies will continue to receive that treat the sickest Medicare home care ern, a Democrat from Worcester. ‘‘This is a a disproportionate share of Medicare home patients and does so in a way that is budget big, fat mistake.’’ neutral. health dollars. TAKING CARE OF THE HOMEBOUND THE MEDICARE HOME HEALTH EQUITY ACT [From the Wall Street Journal] In late November, Rep. McGovern and 11 other members of the state’s congressional Formula change for setting per beneficiary cost REGION’S HOME-CARE FIRMS FACE BEING limits delegation sent a letter of concern to HCFA. PUNISHED FOR THEIR EFFICIENCY The group hopes to meet with top agency of- The Medicare Home Health Equity Act will (By Carol Gentry) level the playing field and make certain that ficials in Washington soon. Home-health agencies send nurses, aides, those home health agencies that have been If New England had been just a little and physical and speech therapists to the prudent in their use of Medicare resources greedier, its home-health industry would be homes of patients who are so physically or are not unfairly penalized. Moreover, it will a lot better off now. In a rush to cut Medicare spending, Con- mentally disabled that they cannot easily go ensure that home health agencies in the gress has set up a home-health payment sys- or be taken to a medical clinic. same region are reimbursed similarly for tem that punishes low-cost agencies and While most private insurers and health- treating similar patients. Instead of allowing states, while it rewards big spenders and re- maintenance organizations cover home the experience of high cost agencies to serve gions where audits have found widespread health care, the main money pipeline is as the basis for the cost limits, the bill sets fraud and abuse. Ironically, New England is Medicare. All homebound elderly and dis- a new per beneficiary cost limit based on a getting clobbered by the system because of abled beneficiaries of the program are eligi- blend of national and regional average costs its tradition of non-profit community serv- ble for free unlimited visits, as long as the per patient. This new formula would be based ice and efficiency. visits are part of a treatment plan that is au- 75 percent on the national average cost per And patients are feeling the effects. In the thorized by a physician and is updated every patient in calendar year 1994 ($3,987) and 25 past two weeks, about 30 complaints have two months. percent on the regional average cost per pa- come into the Boston office of the federal There are several types of home-health tient in calendar year 1995. agency that must implement the change, the agencies, including the community-based Restoration of the per-visit cost limit to 112 Health Care Financing Administration. The nonprofits, such as the Visiting Nurses Asso- percent of the national mean agency says the complaints are coming from ciations of America; the newer for-profit The per visit cost limits essentially place a patients who need frequent, long-term nurs- companies; and hospital-affiliated agencies. cap on the amount of costs that can be reim- ing visits, but say they are being turned Medicare’s costs have been higher for pa- bursed by Medicare for each home health away or cut off. tients who go through one of the hospital or care visit provided. The BBA reduced these ‘‘I fear we’re now looking at home health for-profit companies. cost limits from 112 percent of the mean to agencies dumping (expensive) patients,’’ says Hospital-affiliated agencies tend to have 105 percent of the median. This was done to Margaret Leoni-Lugo, chief of the HCFA higher per-visit costs than independent ones provide additional savings. However, most of quality-improvement branch for New Eng- because they can legally transfer some of the the BBA savings (at least 80 percent) came land. Such discrimination violates state and hospital’s overhead to the home-health from the per-beneficiary cost limits. Accord- federal regulations. books and have Medicare pay for it. For-prof- ing to Price-Waterhouse, changing the for- Ms. Leoni-Lugo says she sympathizes with it agencies tend to generate higher Medicare mula from an agency-specific to a national/ the difficult situation confronting New Eng- payments by billing for a greater number of regional average cost per patient blend land agencies, but cannot condone patient visits per patient. achieves an additional $5.5 billion in savings. dumping. Today she is expected to hold a Patients recuperating from surgery or a The Medicare Home Health Equity Act of telephone conference with health-depart- short-term illness may need only a few vis- 1998 uses these savings to restore the per- ment officials in the six New England states, its, but home-health agencies are a lifeline visit cost limit to 112 percent of the national warning them to watch for evidence that for patients with long-term conditions—mul- mean. agencies are cutting care too much. tiple sclerosis. Alzheimer’s disease, heart Most analysts agree that the growth in ‘‘We want to keep the beneficiaries safe,’’ failure, severe diabetes—who are trying to Medicare home health expenditures is due to says Ms. Leoni-Lugo. stay out of nursing homes. S3712 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 The new system sets an annual limit on Some of that increase accompanied the ‘‘It’s crazy, isn’t it?’’ Ms. Hull says with a the amount that Medicare will spend on any rise of managed-care companies that try to laugh. given patient. While that cap is different for keep patients out of the hospital to save YANKEE THRIFT every agency, it averages out to 75 visits a money and, if they must go, keep the visits Home health agencies in the New England year in Massachusetts. Patient advocates as brief as possible. However, much of the in- states have delivered care for less money say this gives agencies an incentive to take flation in home care was a predictable re- than the national average, both in Medicare only those clients who are going to get bet- sponse to a payment system that offered no payments per visit and per patient. (Data ter or die in a short time. incentive to be frugal. shown here are from 1995.) To make matters worse, agencies must re- PROBE FINDS WASTE, FRAUD duce expenses without knowing just how Massive fraud, waste and ineptitude in No. of Pct. Pct. deep the cuts will be. The details of the pay- Medicare billings were reported last summer pa- Avg. above Avg. above ments formula won’t be determined until pay- or pay- or by the Office of the Inspector General of the tients ment below ment below April 1, but will be retroactive to Oct. 1. (in U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv- thou- per na- per pa- na- SEEKING FORMULA CHANGE ices following a two-year investigation visit tional tient tional sands) avg. avg. In the letter to HCFA, the Massachusetts called Operation Restore Trust. The study delegation asked administrators to alter the covered five states that account for 40% of Connecticut ...... 57 $60 ¥30 $4,770 6.6 Medicare payments: California, New York, Massachusetts ...... 119 50 ¥19.0 4,730 ¥5.7 new formula to ‘‘lessen the blow’’ to low- Rhode Island ...... 19 64 3.0 4,037 ¥9.7 cost, efficient home-health agencies. The let- Florida, Texas and Illinois. Maine ...... 22 53 ¥15.0 3,717 ¥16.9 ter says it is unfair to tag payments to a 1994 The report said one-fourth of home-health New Hampshire ...... 17 50 ¥19.0 3.057 ¥31.7 average per-patient cost of $4,328 in Massa- agencies in those states received nearly half Vermont ...... 12 45 ¥28.0 3,030 ¥32.3 the Medicare dollars spent on home-health New England ...... 246 53 ¥15.0 4,400 ¥1.6 chusetts, when Tennessee was getting $6,508 U.S...... 3,430 62 ...... 4,473 ...... and Louisiana $6,700. care. According to the report, the ‘‘problem’’ agencies tended to be for-profit, closely held Sources: Health Care Financing Administration and The Wall Street Jour- Rep. McGovern says he hopes to repeal the nal payment-system provision when Congress corporations with owners that were involved convenes later this month, but he knows in a tangle of interlocking, self-referring BIG SPENDERS that may not be easy. Many of the leaders of businesses. Texas was cited as the biggest While Medicare costs for home health serv- Congress are from the South, where payment home-health spender of the states studied. ices have gone up nationwide, Sunbelt states rates are projected to be double those in (An HCFA audit conducted in Massachusetts led the spending spree. The new payment much of New England. and Connecticut last year found a few over- system rewards states where payments were Massachusetts has a lot at stake. In 1995, payments, but no cases of fraud.) far above average, as shown below (Data are the last year for which Medicare has com- It just so happened that the revelations of for 1995.) plete data, the program spent more than $1 Operation Restore Trust occurred at the billion in New England to provide home same time that Congress was looking for Pct. ways to cut Medicare spending. No. of Avg. pay- above health to 246,000 beneficiaries. Of that visits per ment per Congress wanted to change the home- national money, Massachusetts absorbed more than patient patient avg. health payment system so that it would re- half for 119,000 homebound patients. More ward efficiency, by switching to a flat rate Louisiana ...... 144 $7,867 75.9 than 14% of the state’s Medicare bene- by diagnosis. This ‘‘prospective payment sys- Oklahoma ...... 127 7,358 64.5 ficiaries were served by home care, while the tem’’ would be similar to the one that Medi- Texas ...... 117 7,217 61.3 rate was about 10% nationwide. Tennessee ...... 121 6,886 53.9 care uses to pay hospitals. Utah ...... 106 6,283 40.5 Under the new payment system, members But HCFA said it needed more time to de- Mississippi ...... 128 6,205 38.7 of the Massachusetts delegation say, their velop the complex formula to set prospective THE SOUTH ...... 95 5,488 22.7 state stands to lose $95 million and at least payment in motion. So Congress created an U.S...... 72 4,473 ...... 1.5 million patient visits in the first year. interim system that will run until Oct. 1, Sources: Health Care Financing Administration and The Wall Street Jour- Why will the system affect Massachusetts 1999. It freezes spending at the rates there nal so much? The state’s home-health agencies were in place in 1993–94—before Operation Mr. FEINGOLD. Mr. President, I rise deliver care at a more moderate cost per Restore Trust began. visit than most other states, federal data today to join my colleagues, Senators VARYING PAYMENTS show, but also perform more visits per pa- COLLINS, CHAFEE, JEFFORDS, LEAHY, tient, on average. Pat Kelleher. executive di- Now payments vary illogically. The aver- REID and others in introducing the rector of the Home Health Care Association age patient cap in Tennessee is expected to Home Health Medical Equity Act of be $2,200 higher than that in Connecticut, of Massachusetts, says one reason is that the 1998. I especially want to compliment state has deliberately pushed home care to and the cap for Mississippi $2,000 more than Maine, without any evidence that patients in the Senator from Maine, who has taken save state tax money. Federally paid Medi- the lead on this issue. It is a matter of care home-health visits keep patients out of the Southern states are sicker or that nurses nursing homes, which draw most of their cost more there. enormous concern in her State and also But those who think the Southern states revenue from the state Medicaid program. in mine. I think it is worth taking a are pleased at getting a patient cap double ROUGH TIME AHEAD FOR VERMONT moment just to acknowledge how use- that of New England are mistaken. Officials ful the Senate Aging Committee is, to If the other New England states affected, at the Texas Association for Home Care say Vermont, the only state that legally requires they need bigger payment rates because they be able to highlight an issue like this. home-health companies to be non-profit, es- have a high rate of poor elderly who have I wonder whether this issue would have pecially faces troubled times. After consist- never had proper health care, and the state gotten the attention it deserves had it ently providing home care at the lowest cost Medicaid program hasn’t taken care of them not been for that forum, where we were per patient in the nation. Vermont’s 13 agen- because it’s stingy. able to have an excellent hearing and cies stand to lose more than $2 million this ‘‘Congress has cut into the bone,’’ says hear from Senators all over the coun- year and estimate they will have to reduce Sara Speights, director of government and try whose States are very negatively service by 10%. public relations for the Texas group. The Vermont Assembly of Home Health Inequities exist even within the same re- affected by the rules that were put into Agencies estimates the average per person gion. Ms. Gilmour of the Nashua, N.H., place. I congratulate the Senator from payments in the state this year will be $2,600 home-care agency says a competitor in Maine for taking the initiative out of a year, less than half what they payout is ex- northern Massachusetts could end up with a that hearing to introduce legislation. pected to be in, say, Alabama. payment cap twice as high as her own as a This legislation is a crucial step in ‘‘The system was supposed to limit the result of her staff’s efforts to keep costs ensuring that the Medicare Home high rollers’’ says the association’s director, down. Because patients are free to choose ei- Health Care program’s Interim Pay- Peter Cobb but instead ‘‘Congress rewarded ther agency, she worries they will gravitate ment System does not penalize regions excess.’’ to the one that has a bigger budget. The rule changes stem from the passage Joan Hull, chief executive of the nearby of the country that have been provid- last August of the Balanced Budget Act, competitor, the Home Health Visiting ing home health services efficiently. which cuts $115 billion from Medicare by Nurses Association of Haverhill, Mass., says Mr. President, I have been working 2002. The home-care portion of the act slices her agency is a product of a merger between to promote the availability of home $16.2 billion from the budget. agencies that had different payment rates, so care and other long-term care options Home care seemed a logical place to look she doesn’t know whether the Medicare cap for my entire public life because I be- for cuts, since it’s the fastest-growing seg- will be $3,400 or $4,600 per patient. Unfortu- lieve strongly in the importance of en- ment of the health industry. Between 1990 nately for her agency, services it has deliv- abling people to stay in their own and 1995, while the number of Medicare bene- ered since the beginning of its fiscal year in ficiaries rose 10%, the number of home- October will be on the new payment rate, but homes. For seniors who are homebound health visits grew 255% and spending went up the agency won’t know what the rate is until and have skilled nursing needs, having 316%. April. access to home health services through April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3713 the Medicare program is the difference cies in areas where costs have been Mr. President, I thank the Chair and between staying in their own home and kept lower will be disproportionately yield the floor. being moved into a nursing facility. and unfairly affected. Ms. COLLINS. Mr. President, I thank Home care offers feelings of security, Mr. President, according to the the Senator from Wisconsin for his co- dignity and hope. Where there is a Health Care Financing Administration, sponsorship of this important legisla- choice, we should do our best to allow just in Wisconsin alone, there are cur- tion and for his leadership in this issue. patients to choose home health care. rently 181 home health care agencies Mr. CHAFEE. Mr. President, I am Mr. President, I recognize that there that participate in Medicare. Of these, pleased to sponsor the Medicare Home are situations when one’s ability to two-thirds of them are operated as non- Health Equity Act of 1998 with my dis- conduct the activities of daily living profit entities. These nonprofit home tinguished colleague from Maine. I are so limited, and the medical needs health care providers are often county want to applaud Senator COLLINS’ ef- are so great, that the patient would be health departments and visiting nurse forts to correct a provision in the Bal- better served, in some cases, in a organizations; these are not entities anced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997 which skilled nursing facility. I also want to out to make a fast buck on the backs has had the effect of penalizing those recognize that my State of Wisconsin of homebound seniors. According to ad- home health agencies that have taken has a very, very good network of caring ministrators of Valley Visiting Nurse the lead in becoming more cost-effi- and high-quality nursing homes. With- Association in Neenah, WI, the aver- cient over the last several years. out a doubt, there is a need for these age, per patient Medicare home care The Medicare Home Health Equity services. But, Mr. President, as I travel cost in Wisconsin is $2,586, compared to Act of 1998 will help avert the poten- throughout Wisconsin’s 72 counties $5,000 in other parts of the country. Let tially devastating effect of the Interim every year, what seniors tell me again me repeat that, the statistics, because Payment System (IPS), established by and again is that, to the extent pos- it is really quite striking. The average, the Balanced Budget Act, on many sible, and as long as it is medically ap- per patient Medicare home care cost in home health agencies in Rhode Island, propriate for them to do so, they would Wisconsin is only $2,586, compared to and throughout the country. like to remain in their own homes. I often over $5,000 or more in other The IPS for Medicare home health think seniors need and deserve that places in the country. These nonprofit services that was established by the choice. providers in Wisconsin are already as BBA bases its reimbursement in large Mr. President, seniors clearly prefer lean as they can be. I am fairly con- part on agency-specific costs during to remain in their own homes rather vinced they don’t have any ‘‘fat’’ to cut fiscal year 1994. Consequently, home than be moved to a nursing home. from their programs. The Visiting health agencies that had already been Their medical needs can often be met Nurse Association Home Health of implementing cost-efficient practices through home health services. Despite Wausau showed me some figures dem- at that time, like many agencies in these facts, the implementation of the onstrating that, over the past 5 years, Rhode Island were doing, are now find- Medicare Home Health Interim Pay- their services have averaged 30 percent ing their reimbursements greatly re- ment System as passed in last year’s below limits imposed by the Health duced. budget could create serious access Care Financing Administration, with Home health agencies in my home 36 percent fewer visits per beneficiary problems for seniors in States like Wis- state have told me that this decreased than the national average. reimbursement, in addition to being consin and Maine when they seek the Mr. President, the effect of the deep unfair, might lead to reductions in home health benefit. The cuts to the reductions imposed by the Interim critical health services that currently Medicare Home Health program im- Payment System will be, quite simply, enable elderly patients to maintain posed by the Interim Payment System a devastating blow to these types of their dignity and quality of life. These are so severe that home health agen- agencies, and, in turn, will seriously agencies also have pointed out that cies will have no choice but to reduce impact the availability of home health this interim payment system may well dramatically the amount of services care services to many people in Wis- result in a loss of jobs in the home provided. Some home care agencies consin. This devastating blow is dealt health industry. may get out of the home care business not because Wisconsin has been provid- I am greatly troubled by the thought altogether. But, Mr. President, the real ing too many services too expensively. that the IPS now in effect may well impact of the Interim Payment System It is just to the contrary. States like put into financial jeopardy those will not be simply to reduce payments Wisconsin and others are being penal- Rhode Island home health agencies to home care providers and force some ized more precisely because they have that have been working diligently to out of business, what it will really do always operated efficiently. Moreover, heed our appeal to deliver cost-effi- and what really concerns me is it will on a national level, with a reduced per- cient services. The impact of this pay- drastically reduce the options that patient limit, home health agencies ment system on one of Rhode Island’s homebound seniors now have today have a disincentive to take more seri- most vulnerable populations, the in- with respect to whether they will re- ously ill patients onto their rolls. firm elderly, is unpredictable and po- main in their home in the community Mr. President, the legislation my col- tentially devastating. or whether they will be forced into a leagues and I introduce today will The Medicare Home Health Equity nursing home situation that is not nec- change the Interim Payment System Act of 1998 bases Medicare reimburse- essarily the best place for them. to bring about greater payment equity ment for home health services pri- As of right now, Mr. President, the for Medicare home health providers in marily on national costs during the Interim Payment System for Medicare different parts of the country. The bill, baseline year rather than agency-spe- home health care is a system that pays as the Senator from Maine outlined, cific costs. Consequently, the most effi- agencies the lowest of the following would create a new formula for the per- cient home health agencies will not be three measures: (1) actual costs; (2) a patient limit that reflects a higher per- placed at financial disadvantage. This per visit limit of 105% of the national centage of national data rather than is a matter of economic necessity—we median; or (3) a per beneficiary annual relying solely on regional and local will never be able to maintain the fi- limit, derived from a blend of 75% an data. The change in payment calcula- nancial security of the Medicare pro- agency’s costs and 25% regional costs. tion would enable high-efficiency, low- gram unless we encourage everyone in- Now, these measures are pretty tech- cost home health agencies to continue volved in the system to help make it nical and I will not go into any more of providing services efficiently and cost- work. the specifics about them. But suffice it effectively. But, Mr. President, the This bill is budget-neutral and will to say that the net effect of the In- most important impact of the Medicare not increase overall Medicare expendi- terim Payment System will be to pe- Home Health Equity Act will be to tures. The legislation is a big step for- nalize severely agencies who have been make sure that seniors who are home- ward in our goal of a cost-efficient and operating efficiently all these years. bound and have skilled nursing needs reliable health care system for our Since the Interim Payment System will retain for as long as possible the older citizens. will pay the agency the lowest of the right to decide to stay in their own Mr. President, I encourage my col- three measures that I mentioned, agen- homes. leagues to join me in supporting the S3714 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 Medicare Home Health Equity Act of payment caps on a blend of national ments. It penalizes more conservative 1998. and regional averages. In this way, we cost-effective approaches to health Mr. JEFFORDS. Mr. President, Ver- can move toward a more uniform level care, and that hurts rural areas like mont’s home health agencies are a of reimbursement and allow home Iowa. We went a long way towards fix- model of efficiency for the nation. For health care agencies in the same locale ing that bias in Balanced Budget Act the past seven consecutive years, the to operate under the same constraints. by equalizing Medicare’s reimburse- average Medicare expenditure for home Furthermore, this legislation can be ment payments for managed care serv- health care in Vermont has been the implemented quickly. This is impor- ices. lowest in the nation. This efficiency tant, because the regulations defining But unbeknownst to me and, I be- was achieved by exclusive reliance on the interim payment system were not lieve, most of my colleagues, while we 13 nonprofit agencies which provide published until January of this year— provided rural equity in one area, we care without sacrificing quality, and nearly four months after the payment took it away in another. It is just com- which adhere strictly to Medicare re- system was in force. mon sense that we should reward those quirements and guidelines. Today, I am The situation is serious. We must who provide quality care in a cost-ef- cosponsoring The Medicare Home provide relief to home health agencies fective, efficient manner. We did this Health Equity Act of 1998, with my and peace of mind to the clients who when we changed the Medicare man- good friend Senator COLLINS, in order are under their care. Last August, I aged care rates. It doesn’t seem right to preserve this high-quality, low-cost voted in support of the Balanced Budg- that in the same Act, we created an in- home health system from possible in- et Act of 1997. I was proud of the terim payment system for home health solvency. changes we made to preserve Medicare services that rewards the high cost, At this moment, Vermont is facing benefits for the present and for future wasteful agencies and leaves those that an unprecedented crisis in its home generations. Today, I urge my col- have successfully kept their costs low health care system. This is not a crisis leagues to enact The Medicare Home struggling to survive. of their own making, and the home Health Equity Act of 1998 and correct The system’s reliance on a provider’s health agencies had little, if any, ad- the unintended consequences of the historical costs in determining their vance warning that disaster was immi- BBA’s interim payment system reim- reimbursement amounts has produced nent. The crisis that befalls Vermont’s bursement limits on low-cost home an uneven playing field. Many of the home health care agencies, and many health agencies. newer agencies, who got started during others throughout the country, arose Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, I am a period of high growth, now have a from the decision made by Congress, as pleased to join today with my distin- competitive advantage. They will now a part of the Balanced Budget Act of guished colleague, Senator SUSAN COL- be reimbursed at a higher rate than 1997 (BBA), to adopt a Medicare pro- LINS, in the introduction of the ‘‘Medi- their lower cost competitors. spective payment system for home care Home Health Equity Act of 1998.’’ Senator COLLINS’ bill does the right health care. This bill tries to fix what we believe to thing—it rewards those agencies who There is compelling rationale and be an unintended injustice in the Bal- have done the most to save Medicare general agreement for moving Medi- anced Budget Act of 1997. money. These include many visiting care to a prospective payment system As many of you know, home health nurse associations, non-profit free (PPS) in the home health care sector. agencies have historically been reim- standing agencies and most non-profit Under a national, prospective payment bursed on the basis of costs. The hospital based programs. system, low-cost agencies will fare Health Care Financing Administration The Home Health Equity Act will re- well, as they have already learned how paid each agency to cover the cost of vise the current system of reimburse- to manage their resources wisely. How- providing care. This arrangement has ment based on 75 percent of agency ever, the interim system created by the been widely criticized because of offers cost blended with 25 percent of na- BBA for the transition to a PPS is fun- no incentive for agencies to control tional costs. The legislation would cre- damentally flawed and rewards high- their costs. ate a 75 percent national rate blended cost agencies. Under the Interim Pay- In order to correct this, we in Con- with 25 percent regional rate to level ment System, reimbursement limits gress agreed that Medicare should payments to providers in a given geo- for home health care are heavily move to a prospective payment system graphic area. In addition, this bill con- weighted toward an agency’s historical to control costs and ensure quality and tinues the cost savings that the in- costs. This means that until a prospec- access to care. The Balanced Budget terim payment system was intended to tive payment system can be designed Act establishes this system for home achieve. Price Waterhouse has ana- and implemented, the lowest cost agen- health, effective as of October 1, 1999. lyzed the bill and found it to be budget cies will face the most significant caps In the mean time, an interim payment neutral. on their Medicare payments. system has been put in place. These If we don’t fix the interim payment Where a prospective payment system changes were needed in order to rein in system, I am afraid we risk a reduction aims to level the playing field for agen- the incredible growth—some due to in- in access to and quality of health care cies that care for similarly situated pa- appropriate payments—in the industry for Iowa seniors. Iowa home health tients, the interim system preserves in the last seven years. In 1990, Medi- care agencies have historically pro- and reinforces significant disparities care spent $3.7 billion on home health vided efficient, quality service and across agencies. Although high-cost care. In 1996, $16.7 billion was spent. In they ought to be rewarded, not pun- agencies will face reductions in pay- addition, the average number of visits ished for this. Most importantly, rural ments under the interim system, these per beneficiary soared from 26 in 1990 patients and their families deserve con- will be the agencies in the best position to 76 in 1996. tinued access to the best possible care. to make those cuts. Low-cost agencies I believe the change to the prospec- Mr. DASCHLE. Mr. President, today with budgets that are already lean tive payment system had to be done. I join my colleagues in introducing the have no place to turn. It would be a na- However, the interim payment system Medicare Home Health Equity Act of tional tragedy if those low-cost agen- will reward high-cost, inefficient home 1998. cies cannot survive the transition to a health provides at the expense of those The Balanced Budget Act (BBA) in- prospective system. home health agencies that have his- cluded numerous changes to Medicare I commend the efforts of my good torically kept their costs low. I don’t that were necessary to extend the sol- friend Senator COLLINS for bringing believe this was the intent of Congress, vency of the trust fund and increase this bill forward. it was a difficult task and that is why I am cosponsoring Sen- the program’s integrity. It was ex- to craft a remedy that allows commit- ator COLLINS’ bill to correct this injus- tremely important legislation that I ted and responsible home health agen- tice. strongly supported, but there was no cies to survive and also maintain budg- As co-chair of the Senate Rural way to know the impact of every provi- et neutrality. The Medicare Home Health Caucus, I’ve been working for a sion it included. Health Equity Act of 1998 would alter long time to change the big city, urban One provision of the BBA in particu- the interim payment formula by basing bias in Medicare’s reimbursement pay- lar, the interim payment system for April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3715 home health care, locks in place in- Mr. SANTORUM, and Mr. after a promising start in life, fell on equities between regions of the coun- LIEBERMAN): hard times. He was a graphic artist try, efficient and inefficient providers, S. 1995. A bill to amend the Internal working in the television industry, and and new and older agencies. I am con- Revenue Code of 1986 to allow the des- he began using drugs and became ad- cerned about the impact of that provi- ignation of renewal communities, and dicted to crack cocaine. Soon he was sion on my state of South Dakota. for other purposes; to the Committee homeless and desperate. In South Dakota, the interim pay- on Finance. Benjamin writes: ment system has raised significant I found myself homeless in Pittsburgh. It concern. The interim payment system By Mr. SANTORUM (for himself, seemed as though the world had turned its bases each agency’s per patient cost Mr. ABRAHAM, Mr. BROWNBACK, back on me. . . . When there was nowhere limit largely on its per beneficiary cost Mr. COATS, Mr. COVERDELL, and else to run, the Light of Life Ministry in in 1994. My concern is that South Da- Mr. HUTCHINSON): Pittsburgh opened their doors of uncondi- S. 1996. A bill to provide flexibility to tional love. . . . Instantly I was comforted kota’s cost per beneficiary and number certain local educational agencies that with three hot meals a day, clean linens, of visits per patient were well below develop voluntary public and private drug and alcohol therapy. . . . They fed me the national average in 1994. Many of parental choice programs under title when I was hungry. They clothed me when I the home health agencies in the state VI of the Elementary and Secondary had nothing else to wear. [Most impor- have expanded the geographic area tantly,] they cared for me when I didn’t care Education Act of 1965; to the Commit- for myself. they serve since 1994 and have added tee on Labor and Human Resources. services that formerly were not avail- Benjamin Primis’s story is one of RENEWAL ALLIANCE LEGISLATION able in the more rural parts of the thousands, maybe tens of thousands, of Mr. COATS. Mr. President, I am here stories of hope and restoration and state. Some of these agencies are the today to announce, along with several healing that bring us together here on sole providers in our most rural coun- Members—in fact, a coalition of 30 Re- this floor, the Senate floor, this morn- ties. publican Members from both the House ing. Ben Primis was failed by both the I have heard from Hand County Home and the Senate called the Renewal Alli- dogmas and initiatives of Republicans Health Agency which primarily serves ance, which has been in business now and Democrats, conservatives and lib- women, age 85 and older, with little for a considerable amount of time— erals. A booming economy did not pre- family nearby and with difficult health more than a year—will be jointly intro- vent his fall into poverty. And the Gov- conditions. Since 1994, the Hand Coun- ducing new initiatives to help restore ty Home Health Agency has kept its hard-pressed urban neighborhoods of ernment safety net proved to be an il- costs down, but has added new services our country to reach out to families lusion. Instead, Ben was rescued by one such as physical therapy and has ex- and communities and neighbors that of the thousands of neighborhood- panded the geographic area to serve are dealing with some of the most dif- based, privately run, often faith-based areas that no other provider covers. ficult and intractable social problems religious charities that operate in poor The agency has told me that they have that affect our society. neighborhoods across our country. to consider discontinuing the new serv- This package, called REAL Life—re- Let me give another example, Mr. ices they cover or decreasing the geo- newal, empowerment, achievement, President. For years, officials in the graphic area they serve. Neither of and learning for life—contains what we District of Columbia and Members of these options seems acceptable to me. believe are essential elements to help Congress have wrestled with the prob- The interim payment system also bring improvements and restore hope lem of violence in this city that has creates problems between new and to impoverished communities and to plagued this city. A lot of programs older agencies. In the same geographic bring self-sufficiency to low-income in- have been tried, and the police depart- area, where there is a new provider and dividuals and families. REAL Life ment has been strengthened and reor- an old agency, the new provider’s limit seeks to address the critical deficits ganized and redeployed on several oc- will be based on the national median facing neighborhoods and commu- casions to almost no effect. It seemed reimbursement. This results in signifi- nities, families, those communities and that none of the often very expensive cant discrepancies in reimbursement neighborhoods who lie behind the initiatives had any fruition. and ultimately the services that agen- gleaming skyscrapers, the neighbor- Last year, a group of African Amer- cies can afford to deliver within the hoods where some of the most difficult ican men called the Alliance of Con- same area and market. problems in our society—homelessness, cerned Men began brokering peace Ultimately the impact of this pay- drug abuse, teen pregnancy, poverty, treaties among the gangs that inhabit, ment system falls on beneficiaries, and and violence—are found in some of the and frequently dominate, some of the this must be foremost in our minds. most complex and intractable forms in city’s public housing complexes. Senator COLLINS’ bill would go a long the neighborhoods, however, where Benning Terrace in southeast Washing- way to addressing the access, quality, groups of individuals and private com- ton, known to the D.C. police depart- and equity issues that have been raised munity organizations and leaders are ment as perhaps the most dangerous by the interim payment system in already at work defeating the poverty area of the city, has not had a single South Dakota. I am pleased to join her and dysfunction that have defied our murder since the Alliance’s peace trea- in beginning the dialogue on this issue well-intentioned and lavishly funded ty went into effect early last year. This that I hope will lead to construction Federal efforts. movement is now spreading across the changes for home health care patients Before I begin to make specific com- city. in South Dakota and across the nation. ments about the legislation that we These are community healers who will be introducing, let me take a mo- are saving lives where all other Gov- By Mr. COATS (for himself, Mr. ment to read from a letter given to me ernment efforts have failed. I have met ABRAHAM, Mr. BROWNBACK, Mr. by Light of Life Ministries, a rescue with these individuals. I have listened COVERDELL, and Mr. mission operating in Pittsburgh, PA. I to their stories and some of the most SANTORUM): think this letter communicates in a remarkable stories of transformation S. 1994. A bill to assist States in pro- very compelling and clear way both the of individual lives and reconciliation viding individuals a credit against problems that we face today in our that anyone could ever encounter. State income taxes or a comparable low-income areas and particularly in The Light of Life Mission in Pitts- benefit for contributions to charitable our cities—although these are no re- burgh, the Alliance of Concerned Men organizations working to prevent or re- specters of income or persons, but it in Washington, DC, Gospel Rescue Mis- duce poverty and to protect and en- seems that the problems are particu- sion of Washington, these are the kinds courage donations to charitable organi- larly acute in some of our urban of organizations that the Renewal Alli- zations; to the Committee on Finance. areas—but also addresses some of the ance REAL Life initiative wants to solutions that even today are within place at the center of our Nation’s wel- By Mr. ABRAHAM (for himself, our grasp. fare and social policies. Mr. BROWNBACK, Mr. COATS, Mr. This letter is from a fellow named REAL Life is not a handout, it is an COVERDELL, Mr. HUTCHINSON, Benjamin Primis, a young man who, opportunity agenda for America’s poor, S3716 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 and it is concentrated on those who have either incorporated or are in the funds. It is voluntary efforts by the live on America’s meanest streets. It process of incorporating charity tax community of medical personnel in our does acknowledge a role for Govern- credits as a way to provide incentives city. Whether it is a maternity home, a ment programs, but it makes that role for contributions to these organiza- home for girls, a spouse abuse shelter, one of a junior partner—not a CEO, not tions. any of a number of programs, they are a director, but a junior partner, a jun- As I said, we also contain provisions duplicated and replicated in virtually ior partner with those organizations which will strengthen charities every city in America. Yet, they are that, without Government help, with- through enhanced liability protections struggling, struggling because, as I out Government rules and regulations, and also to prevent IRS actions against said, after 30 years of Federal initia- are reaching out and actually bringing these organizations to allow them to tives, their efforts have been almost hope and bringing restoration to some better do their mission. Others here overwhelmed by the well-intended, of the most desperate situations that this morning will speak in greater de- well-meaning, extraordinarily expen- our country encounters. This whole tail about the economic empowerment sive, and incredibly low-result efforts array of community-based organiza- and educational opportunities sessions of the Federal Government. It is this tions, faith-based organizations, social of our proposal. problem that we are trying to address. institutions, help restore individual The bottom line is this: After 30 This doesn’t have to be a partisan lives and rebuilds neighborhoods. years of experiments with top-down issue. This is something Republicans Finally, REAL Life is a vision that Federal poverty strategies and an enor- and Democrats can come together on. I starts with a belief that real and last- mous expenditure of money, the re- believe liberals, who have been well- ing social reform begins among the turns are in. The Great Society ap- motivated and well-intended, have seen families, the churches, the schools, the proach, the Government-knows-all ap- the dismal results of their efforts and businesses, that are the heart and the proach, the Government-can solve-all- are looking for an alternative. And soul of local communities. your-problems approach, has failed. It those conservatives who say, ‘‘Let this We have three central components in has been a failure that has been wide- sort itself out; after all, it is an issue of REAL Life. We have a community re- spread across this country. Many of the personal responsibility and there is newal component, which I will talk a initiatives were well motivated, but nothing Government should be in- little bit more in a moment, which in- the results are in. It is time now for us volved in,’’ I think are ignoring the corporates a State-based voluntary to look at a new approach, a new ap- fact that some of these institutions charity tax credit, charity donations proach that makes local leadership, that are so essential to helping in this protection, liability reform. We have community-based institutions, and process need support and need to be re- an economic empowerment component, neighborhood center reform efforts the built. which incorporates a number of em- heart of our welfare strategy. This is not a new, massive Federal powerment initiatives that have been I trust that my colleagues will join program, this is simply some startup discussed and talked about over the us in this effort to bring real life to initiatives to point the way and, hope- years. These will be discussed by other those in greatest need in our society. I fully, to encourage the support and de- members of the Renewal Alliance. We could spend the day discussing and velopment of these non-Government in- have educational opportunity for low- talking about initiatives that have stitutions. income families. This real-life initia- taken place in communities across this My colleague from Michigan is on the tive by the Renewal Alliance has nar- country where individuals, inspired by floor, Senator ABRAHAM, who has been rowed its scope to three essential com- nothing more than a dream or a vision, instrumental in helping to develop the ponents as a means of demonstrating often severely and desperately under- REAL Life initiative. I am pleased to the effectiveness of these initiatives. funded, have opened their arms and yield time to him to explain another Before I yield to other members of opened their hearts and opened their component of this particular package. the Renewal Alliance—and I note that doors to provide real support and real The PRESIDING OFFICER. The dis- Senator ABRAHAM, a key member of help for real people in need. They have tinguished Senator from Michigan is our Alliance, is here and ready to done so in a remarkable way. recognized. speak—let me briefly discuss the com- The Center for the Homeless in South Mr. ABRAHAM. Mr. President, I munity renewal portion of the package Bend, IN, has combined the efforts of would like to begin by thanking Sen- we are introducing today. 300 churches spanning the spectrum of ator COATS for the leadership he has The REAL Life Community Renewal denominations and religions. They provided. Even before there was such a Act begins with the belief that social have utilized the services of the Uni- thing as the Renewal Alliance, Senator capital, the invisible elements of trust, versity of Notre Dame, the hospital COATS was, in a variety of contexts, cooperation, and mutual support that community of St. Joseph County, and bringing forth the arguments in the undergird communities life, have been help from volunteers from all walks of case that he has begun to present here severely damaged by 30 years of mis- life, and put together a model homeless today. I think the existence of his ef- guided Government programs. The tra- shelter which has a six-part, 2-year forts and the various projects he has ditional networks of community action strategy of taking homeless individuals worked on was really the basis upon and caring anchored in churches, and turning them into homeowners, re- which a lot of us thought it made sense schools, and volunteer programs have storing their lives, and, in the process, to begin working on a joint venture, been displaced by Government pro- restoring neighborhoods and restoring the Renewal Alliance agenda that we grams. Too much money and too little communities. It is one of the most re- are presenting today. wisdom have combined to wreak havoc markably efficient and effective efforts I would like to discuss a piece of leg- in urban neighborhoods. We seek to re- that I have witnessed. islation that has to do with an impor- pair that damage done by the Great So- But the story is repeated all across tant part of the Renewal Alliance agen- ciety by shifting authority and re- the State of Indiana in initiative after da. This is a bill which provides eco- sources out of Government and into initiative. The Matthew 25 clinic in nomic empowerment in economically the private, religious, and voluntary Fort Wayne, IN, a combination of doc- distressed areas. It is part of an effort groups that know the deepest needs of tors, dentists, and nurses, on a volun- by a number of us who wish to bring local neighborhoods. We achieve this teer basis, is reaching out and estab- about the revitalization of economi- through State-based charity tax credit. lished a clinic, providing medical care cally and socially distressed areas in We tap a wide range of existing Fed- and help to low-income individuals who our country, especially in our cities. eral welfare block grants as a funding are not insured and don’t have opportu- Traditional responses to persistent source for these charity tax credits. nities for medical treatment in the poverty have not been particularly ef- The credit is entirely voluntary. It normal course of things. They have fective. Frankly, even in the best of builds up on efforts in the States to made a remarkable difference in our economic times, we find that certain find innovative approaches for the de- community. It is not a Federal pro- parts of our communities still don’t see livery of welfare services. Already, Ari- gram; it has nothing to do with a Fed- significant change and feel that they zona and Pennsylvania and Indiana eral program; there are no Federal are left behind—and indeed they are, April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3717 economically. On the other hand, at must be experiencing abnormally high that is going to happen is if we have the other end of the spectrum there has rates of poverty and unemployment. State, local, and Federal teams work- been the Government solution ap- Second, State and local governments ing together in the fashion that our proach that we have seen over the last must enter into a written contract legislation suggests. several decades, more than $5 trillion with neighborhood organizations to re- The suggestion that this can work is, in Government programs. Yet, we have duce taxes and fees, increase the effi- I think, abundantly clear if one looks seen very little change in the level of ciency of local services, formulate and to just existing examples of this going poverty in the country. The fact is that implement crime reduction strategies, on in the country today. In our State the debate that has occurred over the and make it easier for charities to op- of Michigan, under Governor John past 30 years between, on the one hand, erate. Engler, we have launched several ex- the argument that all we need is a Third, the community must agree traordinarily interesting initiatives strong economy and, on the other not to enforce a number of restrictions along these lines—one called the Ren- hand, all we need are more Government on entry into business or occupations, aissance Zone Concept, which essen- programs, leaves us still short of the including unnecessary licensing and tially does the same thing we are pro- mark. zoning requirements. posing in this legislation; it just So what the Renewal Alliance has at- In exchange, the community would doesn’t have the Federal component. tempted to do is look beyond those tra- receive a number of benefits from the Obviously, the State could not include ditional responses, believing that Federal level. Our legislation would us in the mix. But what the State has across America people have an abun- zero out capital gains taxes within done is to say that, within a certain dance of desire to help the less fortu- these empowerment areas, it would in- number of zones in the State, in eco- nate to rebuild our cities and stop crease business expensing, it would nomically distressed areas—and they moral decay; also believing that too give a 20 percent wage credit to busi- range from inner-cities to rural areas, often the Federal Government impedes nesses hiring qualified workers who Mr. President—we will dramatically or fails to promote the community re- were still employed after 6 months, and reduce the burdens of taxes and regula- newal that we need. it would provide tax incentives for en- tions in order to try to stimulate eco- We must encourage families, church- trepreneurs who clean up environ- nomic development. And we are doing es, small businesses, and community mentally contaminated ‘‘brownfield’’ that with tremendous results. organizations to take on the hard work sites. Another approach that is somewhat Unlike the administration’s current of social renewal. How? By reducing similar is being done in an effort to get ‘‘empowerment zones,’’ our incentives Government barriers that are making people off of the welfare rolls and onto recognize that it is the private sector, it difficult for economically distressed the job rolls. In fact, we have a country not the Federal Government, that areas to improve the quality and condi- in Michigan which, because of this kind must be part of any effort to revitalize tions of life there and, at the same of State and local cooperative effort, our communities. time, providing incentives so that the the county of over 200,000 people has culture and the private sector can as- Mr. President, there will be no boards established to dole out Government pa- virtually nobody left on the welfare sist the Government in achieving this rolls because of the innovative ap- objective. Yes, we do need a social safe- tronage, and our legislation will not in- clude the onerous conditions and bu- proach that is being taken. ty net for the truly deserving, but that It is time to learn from these ‘‘lab- will never give people the opportunity reaucratic requirements of current pro- grams. What is more, States and local- oratories,’’ these experiences at the to get out the economically distressed State level. We believe this legislation conditions they find themselves in. We ities will be joining the Federal Gov- ernment in reducing the burden of Gov- moves us in that direction. So as we must go further. proceed forward with this Renewal Al- So what I would like to talk about ernment so that local small businesses liance agenda, I intend to work very specifically now is the economic em- can start and grow in distressed areas. hard on that component of it to find us powerment component of the Renewal We know that it is these small busi- economic empowerment. We want to Alliance agenda. What we need are new nesses, from barber shops to local gro- give the Members of the Senate a approaches to our urban problems and cery stores, that often serve as the glue chance to decide whether or not the problems of any community in the holding communities together. Not business-as-usual approach is the way country that suffers from economic only do these small businesses provide we want to enter the 21st century, or disadvantage because, as I say, despite jobs, they also provide places where whether we want to augment what we the War on Poverty, our cities still people can meet one another to ex- do in Federal programs, as well as pri- face an array of problems. change news and keep in touch with vate sector initiatives, by providing, Illegitimacy in our inner cities is at local events and other job opportuni- through the legislation we will offer, a record high level, in some areas ex- ties. It is crucial that we seed our dis- an opportunity to reduce the impedi- ceeding 80 percent. tressed areas with businesses like these Harvard’s Lee Rainwater estimates so that residents can pull their commu- ments to starting new business oppor- that by 2000, 40 percent of all American nities together and work toward a bet- tunities in our economically distressed births will occur out of wedlock. And ter life. areas, as well as providing incentives our cities are losing population, as Mr. President, in short, what we hope to create more of those businesses that well. to do with our legislation is to provide obviously provide more people with a Since the mid-1960s, our largest 25 the incentives so that small entre- chance to get on the first rung of the cities have lost approximately 4 mil- preneurial enterprises can develop in economic ladder. lion residents. Too often, the people areas where there is currently signifi- Mr. President, let me conclude, be- left behind are the poor. cant economic distress. Therefore, the cause other members of the Alliance Half the people in our distressed jobs being created will be created are here. I thank Senator COATS for his inner cities lived below the poverty where the people are who don’t have leadership on this. I look forward to line in 1993. jobs. Right now, the biggest impedi- working with all of our colleagues as To address this tragic situation, we ment to creating jobs is to create con- we try to move this agenda forward propose the ‘‘REAL Life Economic Em- ditions in which entrepreneurship can this year. powerment Act.’’ This legislation exist. That means cleaning up contami- Mr. COATS. Mr. President, I thank would target America’s 100 poorest nated brownfield sites, it means provid- the Senator from Michigan for his in- communities and offer pro-growth in- ing access to capital so small busi- valuable contributions to this effort. I centives to create jobs and spur entre- nesses can begin and flourish, it means now turn to another key member of preneurship where it is needed most. making sure that Government regula- our Renewal Alliance, someone who In order to become a renewal commu- tions and rules aren’t so burdensome has offered additional invaluable con- nity, a community must meet several and onerous that even the best-inten- tributions, for further explanation of criteria. First, it must need the assist- tioned small business person can’t even the package we are introducing, Sen- ance. That means people in the area open their enterprise. The only way ator SANTORUM of Pennsylvania. S3718 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 The PRESIDING OFFICER. The dis- school, or running a small parochial have the education necessary to even tinguished Senator from Pennsylvania school. Whatever the case may be, meet what is a minimal skilled job.’’ is recognized. these are people who are convicted, The jobs are there. But we just do not Mr. SANTORUM. I thank the distin- who care deeply—not about education, have people who are educated enough guished Presiding Officer for his rec- not about homelessness, not about drug to take advantage of those opportuni- ognition. abuse; they care about that person sit- ties. That is, in fact, a shame, and, as Mr. President, let me thank Senator ting across the table from them. It is a result of a variety of factors, a break- COATS for his tremendous leadership on not a macroissue. It is a one-to-one, down in the family, the breakdown in what is, really, a new paradigm. Those person-to-person challenge to save the community, and, yes, the break- listening to the debate on the Senate someone’s life. They do it because they floor and the discussion of the Renewal care. They do it because they love that down of the educational structure. Alliance agenda—renewal, empower- person. That is the magic that no Gov- There are lots of things we can do to ment, achievement learning for life— ernment program can provide. solve the first two problems that have may be hearing some things for the What DAN COATS, SPENCER ABRAHAM, been talked about. I am going to talk first time, as to a different approach. and SAM BROWNBACK—those of us who about the third, which is the break- One of the things that I know Sen- are members of the alliance having down of the education structure. I am ator COATS talked about and, in a looked into the eyes of those who care, not going to profess to you I have the sense, schooled many of us in here on not those who appropriate money here answer—the silver bullet to make pub- this side of the aisle and on the other in Washington who say we care, but lic education work in America’s poor side of the aisle, I might add, is the im- those who are there across the table neighborhoods. I do not have a silver portance of understanding the prob- shedding the tears, holding the hands, bullet. I can sit up here and suggest a lems of this country, the real intracta- embracing those in real pain, those variety of things that may or may not ble problems, the ones that we sort of people who care—how can we help work to solve that intractable problem don’t believe that there are any quick them? How can we help the world min- in educating poor students in poor fixes to and are not going to be fixed in istries, the real healing agents of our schools. I do not have that answer off Washington. In fact, many of us would society to solve those intractable prob- the top of my head. What I do have is argue that many were exacerbated by lems that, believe it or not, they solve, a solution that will give children and attempts by Washington to fix those and do so so well? How did we help families the opportunity to send their problems. them do it better? How can we help child to school where they can get a As a result of Senator COATS’ them turn more lives around and rep- good education tomorrow. We have to urgings, the more I have gotten out licate the great accomplishments they step back and say, ‘‘Well, is that good into the neighborhoods in the last few have made to so many neighborhoods? enough?’’ Some may say, ‘‘Senator, years—poor neighborhoods, in particu- There isn’t a neighborhood in America you are not solving the big problem to- lar, in Pennsylvania—to see what where there is not at least one person morrow in public education in the poor works and what doesn’t: What are peo- or one organization—whether it is a neighborhoods of our country.’’ I will ple doing at the local level that is school or whether it is a rehab center answer, You are right. I am not. I am making a difference in people’s lives, or whether it is a homeless shelter or a not going to solve that problem tomor- that is taking absolute hopelessness soup kitchen—that isn’t touching and row. But what I am going to start to do and despair and turning it into produc- changing people. today is to give that young person who tivity and optimism? We have come forward with this may have a dream, or that mother or What I see is that, almost without agenda that is not, as the speaker said father who sees the spark in that exception, they are not Government before, a Washington-based solution to young child’s eye and believes that programs and, almost without excep- the problem. But it is, in fact, a way spark can lead them to somewhere in tion, they don’t take Government dol- that Washington can, one, get out of life if given the educational tools. I am lars because, in so doing, it would cor- the way; two, maybe help with some of going to give them the chance to get rupt what works for them because the the things in a legal sense to get out of that child a chance. That is all we can Government would have some way of the way; three, give financial resources do right now—to give them a scholar- dictating to them how this program to those organizations that need those ship, to send them to a school where must work or what hoops they must resources to either help the community they will have the opportunity to see jump through. And they have designed or help the economy; and, next, give re- that spark catch fire, to feed them a program that meets the needs of the sources to the hands of parents and what they need to take on the world. people in that community, designed by children so they can have the oppor- Our program, called Educational Op- people in that community who have, in tunity to hope through an education portunities for Low-Income Families, many, if not most, cases experienced that gives them the tools to be able to is to provide scholarships through ex- the same kind of hopelessness and de- be successful in our society. isting block grants that go to the spair before they arrived where they But I am going to focus my couple of States right now. We would allow that are today—in a state of now helping minutes more to talk in the area of block grant to be used for scholarships those come out of the problems they education. I cannot tell you the num- to go to low-income children and 185 have. ber of employers I talked to just within So what I have learned from my dis- the southeastern Pennsylvania area percent of poverty and below in the cussions with those very people is that the other day, Philadelphia. Employer poorest neighborhoods in our country we need to look here in Washington as after employer, factory or industry, so that it will give low-income kids in to how we can help them, help them do they told me how they desperately poor neighborhoods the opportunity to the mission—and it is a mission, it is need skilled people. They desperately have a scholarship that pays up to 60 not a job. I don’t know of anybody I need people who are even semiskilled percent of the cost of their tuition and have met in these communities who is who can be trained. There are such would give them the opportunity to go making any money, who is getting a shortages in the workplace today. Then to school and learn. I think it is a good night’s sleep at night, who is prof- I asked—the unemployment rate in the great opportunity for us to help one iting in any real financial way from, or city of Philadelphia, the center city, or child at a time. I believe that in the any tangible way from, their work, but in Chester, or in Levittown, or places long run helping one child at a time profiting enormously in the intangibles like that is very high, and there is and giving that choice will, in fact, that are, frankly, the most satisfying. available work? They say, ‘‘Yes, there cause dramatic reforms in the whole It is a true labor of love for people in is. We have job fares. We ask people to educational system in those commu- these communities, whether they are apply, and they don’t.’’ I said, ‘‘Why nities. in the economic development area, or don’t they?’’ They said, ‘‘Well, by and I have been given the high sign here. in the community development area, or large, they don’t have the education. I will follow my chairman’s lead. in dealing with homelessness, or They can’t, in many cases, fill out ap- Again, I thank Senator COATS for his abused women, or doing a charter plications, or they just simply don’t tremendous leadership on this. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3719 Mr. COATS. Mr. President, it is very Last December, I had the chance to and investment in the inner cities and difficult to ask the Senator from Penn- visit several of these small, private its inhabitants, investment in the in- sylvania to wrap up his remarks be- charities in my home State of Kansas. habitants of those areas and rural cause he, obviously, has such a deep- To me, they are living proof of the areas as well. It can do these things felt and heartfelt passion for these amazing effectiveness of small, local and it should. And through the renewal issues. I appreciate his work with us. charities that lead with heart, that alliance REAL Life legislation, it will. We are under some time constraint. lead with love. That is why I am delighted to be as- I now turn the floor over to the Sen- Mr. President, in this very body, in sociated with the Senator from Indiana ator from Kansas, Senator BROWNBACK, this very room, as you enter into the in this package that we have put for- who has also been a very key instru- main doorway coming in here, there is ward. It is a different way. It is a way mental member of the development of a sign above the door mantle which that people every day are proving can this package. reads ‘‘In God We Trust.’’ As I visited and is working, and we need to encour- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The dis- these small charities in Kansas, I was age it and lift it up and move it for- tinguished Senator from Kansas is rec- reminded at that time and was think- ward. I am delighted to be a part of ognized. ing about how many people say that this legislation. Mr. BROWNBACK. Thank you very versus how many people do that. These Mr. COATS. Mr. President, I thank much. Mr. President, I am delighted to are charities, which ‘‘In God We Trust’’ the Senator from Kansas for his invalu- be able to work with the distinguished they live every day. able support and effort in helping craft Senator from Kansas, who is presiding I visited Good Samaritan Clinic in this legislation. today, and also the distinguished Sen- Wichita, which serves around 300 pa- Mr. President, I know the time allo- ator from Indiana, who has put forth tients a month from Wichita’s poorest cated to us is just about up. this new alliance. It is a cadre of mem- neighborhood. This tiny clinic operates I send to the desk three pieces of leg- bers who are putting forth these points on less than a shoestring budget. With islation, one that I am introducing, an- that we think have not been suffi- the exception of a fax machine and one other that Senator ABRAHAM is intro- ciently debated nor brought forward in piece of furniture, everything in the ducing, and a third that Senator the overall debate in America about clinic is donated. The clinic’s staff, a SANTORUM is introducing, all of which what we should do about the crying dedicated and accomplished group of encompass the three major components issues of poverty that has so hit and doctors, are mostly volunteers. They of the renewal alliance package. I harmed our Nation in so many places, are reaching out and touching people, would ask for its immediate referral. both urban and rural. and helping and healing people with Mr. President, I also ask unanimous More than 30 years after the United their skills and with their hearts. consent if it is possible—a qualified States first declared the War on Pov- I visited the Topeka Rescue Mission unanimous consent request—to have erty, most signs point to failure. The and the Union Rescue Mission of Wich- these numbered sequentially since United States has spent hundreds of ita, both of which serve thousands of these three pieces of legislation are billions of dollars—by some accounts people each year. part of a package. If it is possible, we we have spent nearly $4 trillion—to These missions are not merely as- would like to have them numbered con- fight poverty only to find poverty in signing people to bunks, but they chal- secutively. America has grown more widespread, lenge them personally and spiritually, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there more entrenched, and more patholog- and they are challenged to change an objection? The Chair hears none, ical. The solution is not to expand their hearts and their souls along with and the bills will be so numbered. They more Government but rather to go a helping them out in their lives. will be received and appropriately re- different way, and to say, ‘‘Look, we I visited the Crisis Pregnancy Out- ferred. have tried that route. We have spent reach Program in Topeka and a mater- Mr. COATS. Mr. President, I believe nearly $4 trillion trying that route. We nity home in Wichita and saw firsthand that wraps up our time. I think the have tried every program you possibly the love and personal attention de- Senator from Iowa is in the Chamber can with that route. Maybe there is an- voted to each woman who passes prepared to speak within a moment or other way that we should be going.’’ through those doors. two. Let me ask unanimous consent for This is what the Renewal Alliance, Contrast that with the large Govern- 2 additional minutes to wrap up. this program, is about—about reward- ment solution that we have tried for The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ing self-help and not Government help. the past 30 years that gets millions of ator has 2 additional remaining on his It is about encouraging charity rather people flowing through the door but time. than encouraging Government. It is constantly keeps them flowing back Mr. COATS. That is propitious then. about encouraging volunteerism rather out the door and never really changes The Senator will take all 2 of those than putting more people on the tax- things in a person’s life, continues to minutes. I thank the Chair. payer rolls to solve problems that we hand them something but doesn’t put Mr. President, in summary, let me have failed to be able to solve. Family arms around them and hug them, state that what we are attempting to breakdown, crime, poor education per- doesn’t put arms around them and give accomplish here is a third alternative. formance, and a lack of opportunity in them heart and soul and say, ‘‘Here is We believe that the well-intentioned, the inner cities, and many other areas, my phone number; call anytime.’’ well-motivated programs of the past, including many rural areas, are now It is not that we don’t have a lot of at great cost to the taxpayers, have national problems. But many of the so- good and dedicated servants; we do, but failed to successfully address some of lutions are to be found on a local level they are limited in what they can do. the most difficult social problems fac- and not in Washington, through per- This is a mission for them. They must ing our Nation, and particularly prob- sonal contacts that people can make not see the number of people who are lems facing low-income urban commu- between individuals and the dedicated walking through; they must see a soul nities where in many situations noth- involvement of families, churches, at a time. They must see another and ing but crime and drugs are the preva- schools, and neighborhood associa- another, to reach out and touch and lent activities of those organizations. tions. These small groups, not big Gov- help them. We need to encourage these By the same token, the argument that ernment, but rather small groups, groups and not discourage them. no Federal policy is the best policy to often referred to as the ‘‘little pla- As the past 35 years of our history address these problems is something toons’’ in a civil society, can often ac- has shown, the Federal Government is that we as a group cannot accept. complish what no Government program limited in its capacity to solve the We think this third alternative, pro- could dream of or ever been able to do. problems of poverty and pathology, viding REAL Life meaningful solutions They have the soft hearts and the will- But it can eliminate perverse incen- to the areas of community renewal, ing hands to be able to reach out and tives that reward irresponsibility and economic empowerment and edu- touch people directly in a community fuel the flight of capital from the inner cational opportunities for low-income where they are in there with the fami- cities, and it can encourage families offers real hope. It does so not lies working with them. entrepreneurialism, charitable giving through Government organizations, S3720 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 Government structures or even signifi- that they can no longer receive in their efit of frequent visits by her husband cant Government funding. It does so by homes or in a more independent set- and friends. encouraging those community volun- ting, such as assisted living. But resi- An elderly couple in Riverside, Cali- teer, nonprofit, often faith-based orga- dents are still able to form relation- fornia encountered the same problem nizations that already exist and should ships with other residents and staff and when the husband was discharged from exist in greater numbers to take a consider the facility their ‘‘home’’. the hospital and retained against her much greater role in addressing these More and more individuals and cou- will at the HMO skilled nursing facility problems. We want to make the Fed- ples are choosing to enter continuing instead of the couple’s community. At eral Government not the dominant care communities because of the com- 25 miles apart, it was impossible for his partner but a junior partner, an entity munity environment they provide. wife and friends to visit at a time when that can assist through the provision CCRC’s provide independent living, as- he needed the tenderness and compas- of Tax Code changes, primarily tax sisted living and nursing care, usually sion of loved ones. credits and other incentives, to encour- on the same campus—the Continuum of Another Florida woman, a resident of age individuals and other organizations Care. Residents find safety, security a CCRC fractured her hip. Her HMO to contribute to these nonprofit groups and peace of mind. They often prepay wanted her to move into a nursing to allow them to do a better job. They for the continuum of care. Couples can home for treatment. She refused to have demonstrated success at an effi- stay together, and if one spouse needs abandon her home and received the ciency rate and at a cost-effectiveness additional care, it can be provided treatment at the CCRC. Her HMO re- that far exceeds those current pro- right there, where the other spouse can fused to pay for the treatment, so she grams in place. remain close by. had to pay out of her pocket. Are we calling for a dismantling of But hospitalization presents other Collington Episcopal Life Care Com- the safety net? No, we are not. We are challenges. Hospitalization is trau- munity, in my home state of Maryland, calling for a better use of dollars, a matic for anyone, but particularly for reports ongoing problems with its frail better commitment, stronger commit- our vulnerable seniors. We know that elderly having to obtain psychiatric services, including medication mon- ment to organizations which have dem- having comfortable surroundings and itoring, off campus, even though the onstrated real success in providing familiar faces can aid dramatically in services are available at Collington— hope to individuals, transformation the recovery process. So, we should do everything we can to make sure that how disruptive to good patient care! and renewal of communities. On a brighter note, an Ohio woman’s Mr. President, I believe the time is recovery process is not hindered. husband was in a nursing facility. probably expired, and with that I yield Today, more and more seniors are When she was hospitalized, and then the floor and encourage my colleagues joining managed care plans. This trend discharged, she was able to be admitted is likely to accelerate given the expan- to take a look at the REAL Life Re- to the same nursing facility because of sion of managed care choices under the newal Alliance initiative which we are the Ohio law that protected that right. happy to provide and discuss with our 1997 Balanced Budget Act. As more and Seniors coming out of the hospital colleagues. more decisions are made based on fi- should not be passed around like a nancial considerations, choice often baton. Their care should be decided By Ms. MIKULSKI (for herself gets lost. Currently, a resident of a based on what is clinically appropriate, and Mr. FAIRCLOTH): continuing care retirement community S. 1997. A bill to protect the right of not what is financially mandated. Why or a nursing facility who goes to the is that important? What are the con- a member of a health maintenance or- hospital has no guarantee that he or sequences? ganization to receive continuing care she will be allowed by the MCO to re- Residents consider their retirement at a facility selected by that member; turn to the CCRC or nursing facility community or long term care facility to the Committee on Labor and Human for post acute follow up care. as their home. And being away from Resources. The MCO can dictate that the resi- home for any reason can be very dif- THE ‘‘SENIORS’ ACCESS TO CONTINUING CARE dent go to a different facility that is in ficult. The trauma of being in unfamil- ACT OF 1998’’ the MCO network for that follow up iar surroundings can increase recovery Ms. MIKULSKI. Mr. President, I rise care, even if the home facility is quali- time. The staff of the resident’s today to introduce the ‘‘Seniors’ Ac- fied and able to provide the needed ‘‘home’’ facility often knows best cess to Continuing Care Act of 1998’’, a care. about the person’s chronic care and bill to protect seniors’ access to treat- Let me give you a few examples: service needs. Being away from ment in the setting of their choice and In the fall of 1996, a resident of ‘‘home’’ separates the resident from his to ensure that seniors who reside in Applewood Estates in Freehold, New or her emotional support system. continuing care communities, and Jersey was admitted to the hospital. Refusal to allow a resident to return nursing and other facilities have the Upon discharge, her HMO would not to his or her home takes away the per- right to return to that facility after a permit her to return to Applewood and son’s choice. All of this leads to greater hospitalization. sent her to another facility in Jackson. recovery time and unnecessary trauma As our population ages, more and The following year, the same thing for the patient. more elderly will become residents of happened, but after strong protest, the And should a woman’s husband have various long term care facilities. These HMO finally relented and permitted to hitch a ride or catch a cab in order include independent living, assisted her to return to Applewood. She should to see his recovering spouse if the facil- living and nursing facilities, as well as not have had to protest, and many sen- ity where they live can provide the continuing care retirement commu- iors are unable to assert themselves. care? No. Retirement communities and nities, which provide the entire contin- A Florida couple in their mid-80’s other long term care facilities are not uum of care. In Maryland alone, there were separated by a distance of 20 just health care facilities. They pro- are over 12,000 residents in 32 continu- miles after the wife was discharged vide an entire living environment for ing care retirement communities and from a hospital to an HMO-participat- their residents, in other words, a home. 24,000 residents in over 200 licenced ing nursing home located on the oppo- We need to protect the choice of our nursing facilities. site side of the county. This was a seniors to return to their ‘‘home’’ after I have visited many of these facilities hardship for the husband who had dif- a hospitalization. And that is what my and have heard from both residents and ficulty driving and for the wife who bill does. operators. They have told me about a longed to return to her home, a CCRC. It protects residents of CCRC’s and serious and unexpected problem en- The CCRC had room in its skilled nurs- nursing facilities by: enabling them to countered with returning to their facil- ing facility on campus. Despite pleas return to their facility after a hos- ity after a hospitalization. Many indi- from all those involved, the HMO pitalization; and requiring the resi- viduals have little choice when enter- would not allow the wife to recuperate dent’s insurer or managed care organi- ing a nursing facility. They do so be- in a familiar setting, close to her hus- zation (MCO) to cover the cost of the cause it is medically necessary, be- band and friends. She later died at the care, even if the insurer does not have cause they need a high level of care HMO nursing facility, without the ben- a contract with the resident’s facility. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3721 In order for the resident to return to tors to fully appreciate and learn about development which would create em- the facility and have the services cov- the area. And, at a national monument ployment opportunities and would en- ered by the insurer or MCO: 1. The that has 250,000 visitors a year, one courage visitors to stay longer in the service to be provided must be a serv- would expect certain basic facilities to area would be welcomed. ice that the insurer covers; 2. The resi- exist—restrooms, for example. But, Another important participant in the dent must have resided at the facility there is no electricity, running water, development of this proposal is the before hospitalization, have a right to telephone, or permanent structure at Four Corners Heritage Council. This return, and choose to return; 3. The fa- Four Corners. Council, which was established in 1992 cility must have the capacity to pro- The bill I am introducing today is by the governors of the four states, is a vide the necessary service and meet ap- simple: We propose a Federal matching coalition of private, tribal, federal, plicable licensing and certification re- grant to build an interpretive center state, and local government interests quirements of the state; 4. The facility and visitor facilities within the bound- committed to finding ways to make the must be willing to accept substantially aries of Four Corners Monument Tribal economy of the Four Corners region similar payment as a facility under Park. sustainable into the future. The mis- contract with the insurer or MCO. We are not suggesting a museum the sion of the Heritage Council is to guide My bill also requires an insurer or size of the Guggenheim. But, exhibits the region toward a balance of the MCO to pay for a service to one of its on the history, geography, culture, and sometimes competing interests of eco- beneficiaries, without a prior hospital ecology of the region would signifi- nomic development, resource preserva- stay, if the service is necessary to pre- cantly enhance the area and Ameri- tion, and maintenance of traditional vent a hospitalization of the bene- cans’ appreciation of this unique part life ways. Back in 1949, nearly 50 years ago, the ficiary and the service is provided as an of their country and their heritage. governors of the states of Arizona, Col- And, I daresay that some very basic additional benefit. Lastly, the bill re- orado, New Mexico, and Utah assem- guest amenities would enhance their quires an insurer or MCO to provide bled at the Four Corners in a historic enjoyment of it. coverage to a beneficiary for services meeting. Each governor sat in their re- There is, as you can imagine, a great provided at a facility in which the spective state and had what is probably deal of excitement and enthusiasm for beneficiary’s spouse already resides, the most unusual picnic lunch in his- this project from many fronts. Cur- even if the facility is not under con- tory. They pledged to meet often at the tract with the MCO, provided the other rently, the Monument is operated as Four Corners Monument to reaffirm requirements are met. one of the units of the Navajo Nation their commitment to working to- In conclusion, Mr. President, I am Parks and Recreation Department. gether. Clearly, the governors under- committed to providing a safety net for And, since there has been so much de- stood that they shared stewardship of a our seniors—this bill is part of that bate about ‘‘monuments’’ recently, I unique piece of western real estate. safety net. Seniors deserve quality, af- should clarify that the Four Corners Mr. President, the heritage of this fordable health care and they deserve ‘‘Monument’’ is merely a slightly ele- area belongs to all Americans. The choice. This bill offers those residing in vated concrete slab at the juncture of small investment requested in this leg- retirement communities and long term our four states. islation will help bring it to life. care facilities assurance to have their The Navajo Nation owns the land in Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- choices respected, to have where they the Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah sent that the text of the bill be printed reside recognized as their ‘‘home’’, and quarters and the Ute Mountain Ute in the RECORD. to be permitted to return to that Tribe owns the quarter in Colorado. Al- There being no objection, the bill was ‘‘home’’ after a hospitalization. It en- though the Navajo Nation and the Ute ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as sures that spouses can be together as Mountain Ute Tribe are fully support- follows: long as possible. And it ensures access ive of the project and have entered into S. 1998 to care in order to prevent a hos- an agreement with one another in Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Rep- pitalization. I urge my colleagues to order to facilitate planning and devel- resentatives of the United States of America in join me in passing this important opment at the Four Corners Monu- Congress assembled, measure to protect the rights of sen- ment, neither Tribe has the necessary SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. resources to improve the facilities and This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Four Cor- iors and their access to continuing ners Interpretive Center Act’’. care. create an interpretive center at the Monument. SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES. (a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds that— By Mr. HATCH (for himself, Mr. The bill, however, does not con- (1) the Four Corners Monument is nation- BENNETT, and Mr. BINGAMAN): template federal government give- ally significant as the only geographic loca- S. 1998. A bill to authorize an inter- away. The bill requires matching funds tion in the United States where 4 State pretive center and related visitor fa- from nonfederal sources and for the boundaries meet; cilities within the Four Corners Monu- two tribes to work collaboratively to- (2) the States with boundaries that meet at ment Tribal Park, and for other pur- ward the development of a financial the Four Corners area are Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah; poses; to the Committee on Indian Af- management plan. It is intended that (3) between 1868 and 1875 the boundary lines fairs. the Interpretive Center become fully that created the Four Corners were drawn, THE FOUR CORNERS INTERPRETIVE CENTER ACT self-sufficient within five years. and in 1899 a monument was erected at the Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, I rise The bill requires that proposals site; today to introduce legislation that meeting the stated criteria be submit- (4) a United States postal stamp will be ted to the Secretary of the Interior. issued in 1999 to commemorate the centen- would authorize an interpretive center nial of the original boundary marker; and visitor facilities at the Four Cor- These criteria include, among other (5) the Four Corners area is distinct in ners National Monument. As my col- things, compliance with the existing character and possesses important histori- leagues know, Four Corners is the only agreements between the Navajo and cal, cultural, and prehistoric values and re- place in our country where four state Ute Mountain Ute Tribes, a sound fi- sources within the surrounding cultural boundaries meet. Over a quarter of a nancing plan, and the commitment of landscape; nonfederal matching funds. The federal (6) although there are no permanent facili- million people visit this monument ties or utilities at the Four Corners Monu- every year. contribution would not exceed $2.25 ment Tribal Park, each year the park at- The Four Corners area is also unique million over a 5 year period. tracts approximately 250,000 visitors; for reasons other than the political Over the past several years, the Nav- (7) the area of the Four Corners Monument boundaries of four states. Once inhab- ajo Nation has met with many of the Tribal Park falls entirely within the Navajo ited by the earliest Americans, the local residents of the area and has Nation or Ute Mountain Ute Tribe reserva- Anaxazi, this area is rich in historical, found overwhelming support to im- tions; (8) the Navajo Nation and the Ute Moun- archaeological,and cultural signifi- prove the quality of the services pro- tain Ute Tribe have entered into a Memoran- cance as well as natural beauty. vided at the Four Corners Monument. dum of Understanding governing the plan- Currently, however, there is nothing The local area suffers an unemploy- ning and future development of the Four at Four Corners that would help visi- ment rate of over 50 percent and any Corners Monument Tribal Park; S3722 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 (9) in 1992 through agreements executed by commemoration of the Four Corners Monu- (C) specifications meeting all applicable the governors of Arizona, Colorado, New ment, to be known as the ‘‘Four Corners In- Federal, State, and local building codes and Mexico, and Utah, the Four Corners Heritage terpretive Center.’’ laws; Council was established as a coalition of (b) Land for the Center shall be designated (D) arrangements for operations and main- State, Federal, tribal, and private interests; and made available by the Navajo Nation or tenance upon completion of construction; (10) the State of Arizona has obligated the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe within the (E) a description of center collections and $45,000 for planning efforts and $250,000 for boundary of the Four Corners Monument educational programming; construction of an interpretive center at the Tribal Park in consultation with the Four (F) a plan for design of exhibits including, Four Corners Monument Tribal Park; Corners Heritage Council and in accordance but not limited to, collections to be exhib- (11) numerous studies and extensive con- with— ited, security, preservation, protection, envi- sultation with American Indians have dem- (1) the memorandum of understanding be- ronmental controls, and presentations in ac- onstrated that development at the Four Cor- tween the Navajo Nation and the Ute Moun- cordance with professional museum stand- ners Monument Tribal Park would greatly tain Ute Tribe that was entered into on Oc- ards; benefit the people of the Navajo Nation and tober 22, 1996; and (G) an agreement with the Navajo Nation the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe; (2) applicable supplemental agreements and the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe relative to (12) the Arizona Department of Transpor- with the Bureau of Land Management, the site selection and public access to the facili- tation has completed preliminary cost esti- National Park Service, the United States ties; mates that are based on field experience with Forest Service. (H) a financing plan developed jointly by rest-area development for the construction (c) CONCURRENCE.—Notwithstanding any the Navajo Nation and the Ute Mountain Ute of a Four Corners Monument Interpretive other provision of this Act, no such center Tribe outlining the long-term management Center and surrounding infrastructure, in- shall be established without the consent of of the Center, including but not limited to— cluding restrooms, roadways, parking, water, the Navajo Nation and the Ute Mountain Ute (i) the acceptance and use of funds derived electrical, telephone, and sewage facilities; Tribe. from public and private sources to minimize (13) an interpretive center would provide (d) COMPONENTS OF CENTER.—The Center the use of appropriated or borrowed funds; important education and enrichment oppor- shall include— (ii) the payment of the operating costs of tunities for all Americans. (1) a location for permanent and temporary the Center through the assessment of fees or (14) Federal financial assistance and tech- exhibits depicting the archaeological, cul- other income generated by the Center; nical expertise are needed for the construc- tural, and natural heritage of the Four Cor- (iii) a strategy for achieving financial self- tion of an interpretive center. ners region; sufficiency with respect to the Center by not (b) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this Act (2) a venue for public education programs; later than 5 years after the date of enact- are— (3) a location to highlight the importance ment of this Act; and (1) to recognize the importance of the Four of efforts to preserve southwestern archae- (iv) defining appropriate vendor standards Corners Monument and surrounding land- ological sites and museum collections; and business activities at the Four Corners scape as a distinct area in the heritage of the (4) a location to provide information to the Monument Tribal Park. United States that is worthy of interpreta- general public about cultural and natural re- SEC. 6. SELECTION OF GRANT RECIPIENT. tion and preservation; sources, parks, museums, and travel in the The Secretary is authorized to award a (2) To assist the Navajo Nation and the Ute Four Corners region; and grant in accordance with the provisions of Mountain Ute Tribe in establishing the Four (5) visitor amenities including restrooms, this Act. The Four Corners Heritage Council Corners Interpretive Center and related fa- public telephones, and other basic facilities. may make recommendations to the Sec- cilities to meet the needs of the general pub- SEC. 5. CONSTRUCTION GRANT. retary on grant proposals regarding the de- lic; (a) GRANT.—The Secretary is authorized to sign of facilities at the Four Corners Monu- (3) To highlight and showcase the collabo- award a Federal grant to the Recipient de- ment Tribal Park. rative resource stewardship of private indi- scribed in section 3(4) for up to 50 percent of SEC. 7. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. viduals, Indian tribes, universities, Federal the cost to construct the Center. To be eligi- IN GENERAL.—(a) AUTHORIZATIONS.—There agencies, and the governments of States and ble for the grant, the Recipient shall provide are authorized to be appropriated to carry political subdivisions thereof (including assurances that— out this Act— counties); (1) The non-Federal share of the costs of (1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 1999; (4) to promote knowledge of the life, art, construction is paid from non-Federal (2) $50,000 for each of fiscal years 2000–2004 culture, politics, and history of the cul- sources. The non-Federal sources may in- for maintenance and operation of the Center, turally diverse groups of the Four Corners clude contributions made by States, private program development, or staffing in a man- region. sources, the Navajo Nation and the Ute ner consistent with the requirements of sec- SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. Mountain Ute Tribe for planning, design, tion 5(b). construction, furnishing, startup, and oper- As used in this Act— (b) CARRYOVER.—Any funds made available ational expenses. (1) CENTER.—The term ‘‘Center’’ means the under this section that are unexpended at (2) The aggregate amount of non-Federal Four Corners Interpretive Center established the end of the fiscal year for which those funds contributed by the States used to under section 4, including restrooms, park- funds are appropriated may be used by the carry out the activities specified in subpara- ing areas, vendor facilities, sidewalks, utili- Secretary through fiscal year 2001 for the graph (A) will not be less than $2,000,000, of ties, exhibits, and other visitor facilities. purposes for which those funds were made which each of the states that is party to the (2) FOUR CORNERS HERITAGE COUNCIL.—The available. grant will contribute equally in cash or in term ‘‘Four Corners Heritage Council’’ (c) RESERVATION OF FUNDS.—The Secretary kind. means the nonprofit coalition of Federal, may reserve funds appropriated pursuant to (3) States may use private funds to meet State, and tribal entities established in 1992 this Act until a proposal meeting the re- the requirements of paragraph (2). quirements of this Act is submitted, but no by agreements of the Governors of the States (4) The State of Arizona may apply $45,000 of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. later than September 30, 2000. authorized by the State of Arizona during SEC. 8. DONATIONS. (3) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ fiscal year 1998 for planning and $250,000 that means the Secretary of the Interior. Notwithstanding any other provision of is held in reserve by that State for construc- law, for purposes of the planning, construc- (4) RECIPIENT.—The term ‘‘Recipient’’ tion towards the Arizona share. means the State of Arizona, Colorado, New tion, and operation of the Center, the Sec- (b) GRANT REQUIREMENTS.—In order to re- retary may accept, retain, and expend dona- Mexico, or Utah, or any consortium of two or ceive a grant under this Act, the Recipient tions of funds, and use property or services more of these states. shall— donated from private persons and entities or (5) FOUR CORNERS MONUMENT.—The term (1) submit to the Secretary a proposal that from public entities. ‘‘Four Corners Monument’’ means the phys- meets all applicable— ical monument where the boundaries of the (A) laws, including building codes and reg- SEC. 9. STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION. states of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and ulations; Nothing in this Act is intended to abro- Utah meet. (B) requirements under the Memorandum gate, modify, or impair any right or claim of (6) FOUR CORNERS MONUMENT TRIBAL of Understanding described in paragraph (2) the Navajo Nation or the Ute Mountain Ute PARK.—The term ‘‘Four Corners Monument of this subsection; and Tribe, that is based on any law (including Tribal Park’’ means lands within the legally (C) provides such information and assur- any treaty, Executive order, agreement, or defined boundary of the Four Corners Monu- ances as the Secretary may require. Act of Congress). ment Tribal Park. (2) The Recipient shall enter into a Memo- Mr. BINGAMAN. Mr. President, I am SEC. 4. FOUR CORNERS MONUMENT INTERPRE- randum of Understanding (MOU) with the pleased to rise today to co-sponsor this TIVE CENTER. Secretary providing— important legislation introduced by (a) ESTABLISHMENT.—Subject to the avail- (A) a timetable for completion of construc- ability of appropriations, the Secretary is tion and opening of the Center; my friend from Utah, Senator HATCH. authorized to establish within the bound- (B) assurances that design, architectural The bill authorizes the construction of aries of the Four Corners Monument Tribal and construction contracts will be competi- an interpretive visitor center at the Park a center for the interpretation and tively awarded; Four Corners Monument. As I am sure April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3723 all senators know, the Four Corners is Mr. President, 1999 marks the centen- S. 1677 the only place in America where the nial year of the first monument at the At the request of Mr. CHAFEE, the boundaries of four states meet in one Four Corners. An interpretive center is names of the Senator from Kansas [Mr. spot. The monument is located on the urgently needed today to showcase the ROBERTS], the Senator from Georgia Navajo and Ute Mountain Ute Reserva- history, culture, and scenery of this [Mr. COVERDELL], the Senator from tions and operated as a Tribal Park. very special place. New facilities at the Iowa [Mr. GRASSLEY], and the Senator Nearly a quarter of a million people monument will attract visitors and from South Carolina [Mr. THURMOND] visit this unique site every year. How- help stimulate economic development were added as cosponsors of S. 1677, a ever, currently there are no facilities throughout the region. I am pleased to bill to reauthorize the North American for tourists at the park and nothing co-sponsor this bill with Senator Wetlands Conservation Act and the that explains the very special features HATCH, and I thank him for his efforts. Partnerships for Wildlife Act. of the Four Corners region. The bill au- f S. 1862 thorizes the Department of the Interior At the request of Mr. DEWINE, the ADDITIONAL COSPONSORS to contribute $2 million toward the name of the Senator from Hawaii [Mr. construction of a much needed inter- S. 1021 INOUYE] was added as a cosponsor of S. pretive center for visitors. At the request of Mrs. MURRAY, her 1862, a bill to provide assistance for Mr. President, the Four Corners name was added as a cosponsor of S. poison prevention and to stabilize the Monument is more than a geographic 1021, a bill to amend title 5, United funding of regional poison control cen- curiosity. It also serves as a focal point States Code, to provide that consider- ters. for some of the most beautiful land- ation may not be denied to preference S. 1917 scape and significant cultural attrac- eligibles applying for certain positions tions in our country. An interpretive At the request of Mr. DURBIN, the in the competitive service, and for names of the Senator from Massachu- center will help visitors appreciate the other purposes. many special features of the region. setts [Mr. KENNEDY] and the Senator For example, within a short distance of S. 1180 from Illinois [Ms. MOSELEY-BRAUN] the monument are the cliff dwellings of At the request of Mr. KEMPTHORNE, were added as cosponsors of S. 1917, a Mesa Verde, Colorado; the Red Rock the name of the Senator from Florida bill to prevent children from injuring and Natural Bridges areas of Utah; and [Mr. MACK] was added as a cosponsor of themselves and others with firearms. in Arizona, Monument Valley and Can- S. 1180, a bill to reauthorize the Endan- S. 1963 yon de Chelly. The beautiful San Juan gered Species Act. At the request of Mr. THURMOND, the River, one of the top trout streams in S. 1334 name of the Senator from South Caro- the Southwest, flows through Colorado, At the request of Mr. BOND, the name lina [Mr. HOLLINGS] was added as a co- New Mexico, and Utah. of the Senator from California [Mrs. sponsor of S. 1963, a bill to amend title In my state of New Mexico, both the BOXER] was added as a cosponsor of S. 10, United States Code, to permit cer- legendary mountain known as 1334, a bill to amend title 10, United tain beneficiaries of the military Shiprock and the Chaco Canyon Cul- States Code, to establish a demonstra- health care system to enroll in Federal ture National Historical Park are a tion project to evaluate the feasibility employees health benefits plans. short distance from the Four Corners. of using the Federal Employees Health SENATE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 30 Mr. President, Shiprock is one of the Benefits program to ensure the avail- At the request of Mr. HELMS, the best known and most beautiful land- ability of adequate health care for name of the Senator from Arizona [Mr. marks in New Mexico. The giant vol- Medicare-eligible beneficiaries under MCCAIN] was added as a cosponsor of canic monolith rises nearly 2,000 feet the military health care system. Senate Concurrent Resolution 30, a straight up from the surrounding plain. S. 1413 concurrent resolution expressing the Ancient legend tells us the mountain At the request of Mr. LUGAR, the sense of the Congress that the Republic was created when a giant bird settled name of the Senator from Alaska [Mr. of China should be admitted to multi- to earth and turned to stone. In the MURKOWSKI] was added as a cosponsor lateral economic institutions, includ- Navajo language, the mountain is of S. 1413, a bill to provide a framework ing the International Monetary Fund named Tse’ bi t’ai or the Winged Rock. for consideration by the legislative and and the International Bank for Recon- Early Anglo settlers saw the moun- executive branches of unilateral eco- struction and Development. tain’s soaring spires and thought they nomic sanctions. SENATE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 80 resembled the sails of a huge ship, so S. 1427 At the request of Ms. MOSELEY- they named it Shiprock. At the request of Mr. FORD, the name The Four Corners is also the site of BRAUN, the name of the Senator from of the Senator from Michigan [Mr. Chaco Canyon. Chaco was an important North Dakota [Mr. DORGAN] was added ABRAHAM] was added as a cosponsor of Anasazi cultural center from about 900 as a cosponsor of Senate Concurrent S. 1427, a bill to amend the Commu- through 1130 A.D. Pre-Columbian civili- Resolution 80, a concurrent resolution nications Act of 1934 to require the zation in the Southwest reached its urging that the railroad industry, in- Federal Communications Commission greatest development there. The mas- cluding rail labor, management and re- to preserve lowpower television sta- sive stone ruins, containing hundreds tiree organization, open discussions for tions that provide community broad- of rooms, attest to Chaco’s cultural im- adequately funding an amendment to casting, and for other purposes. portance. As many as 7,000 people may the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 to have lived at Chaco at one time. Some S. 1578 modify the guaranteed minimum bene- of the structures are thought to house At the request of Mr. MCCAIN, the fit for widows and widowers whose an- ancient astronomical observatories to name of the Senator from Mississippi nuities are converted from a spouse to mark the passage of the seasons. The [Mr. LOTT] was added as a cosponsor of a widow or widower annuity. discovery of jewelry from Mexico and S. 1578, a bill to make available on the SENATE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 83 California and a vast network of roads Internet, for purposes of access and re- At the request of Mr. WARNER, the is evidence of the advanced trading trieval by the public, certain informa- names of the Senator from Indiana carried on at Chaco. Perhaps, the most tion available through the Congres- [Mr. LUGAR], the Senator from New spectacular accomplishment at Chaco sional Research Service web site. York [Mr. D’AMATO], the Senator from was in architecture. Pueblo Bonito, the S. 1645 Georgia [Mr. COVERDELL], the Senator largest structure, contains more than At the request of Mr. ABRAHAM, the from Alabama [Mr. SHELBY], the Sen- 800 rooms and 32 kivas. Some parts are name of the Senator from Arizona [Mr. ator from Connecticut [Mr. DODD], the more than five stories high. The ma- MCCAIN] was added as a cosponsor of S. Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. KOHL], sonry work is truly exquisite. Stones 1645, a bill to amend title 18, United the Senator from New Jersey [Mr. LAU- were so finely worked and fitted to- States Code, to prohibit taking minors TENBERG], the Senator from Michigan gether that no mortar was needed. Re- across State lines to avoid laws requir- [Mr. LEVIN], the Senator from New markably all this was accomplished ing the involvement of parents in abor- York [Mr. MOYNIHAN], the Senator without metal tools or the wheel. tion decisions. from Illinois [Ms. MOSELEY-BRAUN], the S3724 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 Senator from North Carolina [Mr. AMENDMENTS SUBMITTED (ii) the thousands of tactical nuclear war- HELMS], the Senator from Nebraska heads inside Russia present the greatest [Mr. HAGEL], the Senator from Georgia threat of sale or theft of a nuclear weapon in the world today; [Mr. CLELAND], the Senator from North PROTOCOLS TO THE NORTH AT- LANTIC TREATY OF 1949 ON AC- (iii) with the number of deployed strategic Dakota [Mr. DORGAN], the Senator warheads in the Russian and United States from West Virginia [Mr. ROCKEFELLER], CESSION OF POLAND, HUNGARY, arsenals likely to be reduced to around 2,250 the Senator from Washington [Mr. AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC warheads under a START III accord, Russia’s GORTON], and the Senator from Iowa vast superiority in tactical nuclear warheads [Mr. GRASSLEY] were added as cospon- becomes a strategic concern; HARKIN EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT (iv) the Commander in Chief of the United sors of Senate Concurrent Resolution NO. 2312 States Strategic Command has stated that 83, a concurrent resolution remember- future nuclear arms control agreements ing the life of George Washington and Mr. HARKIN proposed an amendment should include tactical nuclear weapons; his contributions to the Nation. to the resolution of ratification for the (v) statements from Russian officials that treaty (Treaty Doc. No. 105–36) proto- SENATE RESOLUTION 193 NATO enlargement would force Russia to cols to the North Atlantic Treaty of rely more heavily on its nuclear arsenal have At the request of Mr. REID, the 1949 on the accession of Poland, Hun- caused concern to be expressed that NATO names of the Senator from Ohio [Mr. gary, and the Czech Republic. These expansion could be an impediment to DEWINE], the Senator from Maryland protocols were opened for signature at progress on tactical nuclear arms control; and [Mr. SARBANES], the Senator from Illi- Brussels on December 16, 1997, and nois [Mr. DURBIN], the Senator from (vi) the danger of theft or sale of a tactical signed on behalf of the United States of nuclear warhead, and the destabilizing stra- California [Mrs. BOXER], the Senator America and other parties to the North tegic implications of Russia’s enormous lead from Utah [Mr. HATCH], and the Sen- Atlantic Treaty; as follows: in tactical nuclear weapons creates an ur- ator from Arkansas [Mr. HUTCHINSON] In section 3(2)(A), strike ‘‘and’’ at the end gent need for progress on increasing the se- were added as cosponsors of Senate of clause (ii). curity of Russia’s tactical nuclear arsenal Resolution 193, a resolution designat- In section 3(2)(A), strike ‘‘(iii)’’ and insert and working toward conclusion of a US-Rus- ing December 13, 1998, as ‘‘National ‘‘(iv)’’. sian agreement on tactical nuclear arms in Children’s Memorial Day.’’ In section 3(2)(A), insert after clause (ii) Europe. (B) SENSE OF THE SENATE.—It is the Sense SENATE RESOLUTION 197 the following: (iii) any future United States subsidy of of the Senate that (i) it would be advisable for future nuclear At the request of Mr. REID, the name the national expenses of Poland, Hungary, or arms control agreements with the Russian of the Senator from Minnesota [Mr. the Czech Republic to meet its NATO com- WELLSTONE] was added as a cosponsor Federation to address non-strategic nuclear mitments, including the assistance described weapons in Europe; and of Senate Resolution 197, a resolution in subparagraph (C), may not exceed 25 per- (ii) the Administration should work with designating May 6, 1998, as ‘‘National cent of all assistance provided to that coun- the Russian Federation to increase trans- Eating Disorders Awareness Day’’ to try by all NATO members. parency, exchange data, increase warhead se- heighten awareness and stress preven- At the end of section 3(2), insert the follow- curity, and facilitate weapon dismantle- tion of eating disorders. ing new subparagraph: ment. (C) ADDITIONAL UNITED STATES ASSISTANCE (C) CERTIFICATION.—Prior to the deposit of AMENDMENT NO. 1678 DESCRIBED.—The assistance referred to in the instruments of ratification, the Adminis- At the request of Mr. WARNER the subparagraph (A)(iii) includes— tration shall certify to the Senate that with name of the Senator from North Da- (i) Foreign Military Financing under the regard to non-strategic nuclear weapons kota [Mr. DORGAN] was added as a co- Arms Export Control Act; (i) it is the policy of the United States to sponsor of amendment No. 1678 in- (ii) transfers of excess defense articles work with the Russian Federation to in- under section 516 of the Foreign Assistance crease transparency, exchange data, increase tended to be proposed to Treaty No. Act of 1961; warhead security, and facilitate weapon dis- 105–36, Protocols to the North Atlantic (iii) Emergency Drawdowns; mantlement; and, Treaty of 1949 on the accession of Po- (iv) no-cost leases of United States equip- (ii) that discussions toward these ends land, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. ment; have been initiated with the Russian Federa- These protocols were opened for signa- (v) the subsidy cost of loan guarantees and tion. ture at Brussels on December 16, 1997, other contingent liabilities under subchapter (D) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after VI of chapter 148 of title 10, United States the deposit of the instruments of ratifica- and signed on behalf of the United tion, the President shall submit a report to States of America and other parties to Code; and (vi) international military education and the Senate on the Russian Federation’s non- the North Atlantic Treaty. training under chapter 5 of part II of the strategic nuclear arsenal. This report shall AMENDMENT NO. 1755 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. include (i) current data and estimates regarding At the request of Mr. REED the name the current numbers, types, yields, and loca- of the Senator from Massachusetts CONRAD (AND BINGAMAN) tions of Russia’s non-strategic nuclear weap- [Mr. KENNEDY] was added as a cospon- EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2313 ons; sor of amendment No. 1755 intended to (Ordered to lie on the table.) (ii) an assessment of the extent of the cur- be proposed to S. 1173, a bill to author- Mr. CONRAD (for himself and Mr. rent threat of theft, sale, or unauthorized use of such warheads; ize funds for construction of highways, BINGAMAN) submitted an amendment for highway safety programs, and for (iii) a plan to work with the Russian Fed- intended to be proposed by them to the eration to increase transparency, exchange mass transit programs, and for other resolution of ratification for the treaty data, increase warhead security, and facili- purposes. (Treaty Doc. No. 105–36) protocols to tate weapon dismantlement; and, AMENDMENT NO. 2310 the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 on (iv) an assessment of the strategic implica- At the request of Mr. KYL the names the accession of Poland, Hungary, and tions of the Russian Federation’s non-strate- of the Senator from North Carolina the Czech Republic. These protocols gic arsenal. [Mr. HELMS], the Senator from Dela- were opened for signature at Brussels ware [Mr. ROTH], the Senator from Or- on December 16, 1997, and signed on be- SMITH (AND) HUTCHISON egon [Mr. SMITH], and the Senator from half of the United States of America EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2314 Delaware [Mr. BIDEN] were added as co- and other parties to the North Atlantic Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire (for sponsors of amendment No. 2310 in- Treaty; as follows: himself and Mrs. HUTCHISON) proposed tended to be proposed to Treaty No. At the appropriate place in section 3 of the an amendment to the resolution of 105–36, Protocols to the North Atlantic resolution, insert the following: ratification for the treaty (Treaty Doc. Treaty of 1949 on the accession of Po- ( ) NON-STRATEGIC NUCLEAR WEAPONS.— No. 105–36) protocols to the North At- land, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. (A) FINDINGS.—The Senate finds that lantic Treaty of 1949 on the accession These protocols were opened for signa- (i) the United States Strategic Command of Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Re- has estimated that the Russian Federation ture at Brussels on December 16, 1997, has between 7,000 and 12,000 non-strategic nu- public. These protocols were opened for and signed on behalf of the United clear warheads, weapons that—unlike strate- signature at Brussels on December 16, States of America and other parties to gic systems—are not covered by any arms 1997, and signed on behalf of the United the North Atlantic Treaty. control accord; States of America and other parties to April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3725 the North Atlantic Treaty; as follows: AUTHORITY FOR COMMITTEES TO Science, Technology, and Space Sub- At the appropriate place in section 3 of the MEET committee of the Senate Committee on resolution, insert the following: COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND Commerce, Science, and Transpor- ( ) REQUIREMENT OF FULL COOPERATION TRANSPORTATION tation be authorized to meet on Tues- WITH UNITED STATES EFFORTS TO OBTAIN THE Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, day, April 28, 1998, at 2:30 p.m. on Fed- FULLEST POSSIBLE ACCOUNTING OF CAPTURED I ask unanimous consent that the Sen- eral research and development. AND MISSING UNITED STATES PERSONNEL FROM ate Committee on Commerce, Science, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without PAST MILITARY CONFLICTS OR COLD WAR INCI- objection, it is so ordered. DENTS.—Prior to the deposit of the United and Transportation be authorized to States instrument of ratification, the Presi- meet on Tuesday, April 28, 1998, at 9:30 f dent shall certify to Congress that each of a.m. on year 2000 problem. ADDITIONAL STATEMENTS the governments of Poland, Hungary, and The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without the Czech Republic are fully cooperating objection, it is so ordered. with United States efforts to obtain the full- COMMITTEE ON FINANCE THE CHALLENGE OF PUBLIC est possible accounting of captured and miss- Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, SERVICE ing United States personnel from past mili- tary conflicts or Cold War incidents, to in- the Finance Committee requests unani- ∑ Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, over clude the following: mous consent to conduct a hearing on the past year, some remarkable devel- (A) facilitating full access to relevant ar- Tuesday, April 28, 1998 beginning at 9:00 opments have taken place at the Uni- chival material; and a.m. in room 215 Dirksen. versity of South Dakota (USD) involv- (B) identifying individuals who may pos- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without ing the advancement of public service. sess knowledge relative to captured and objection, it is so ordered. The South Dakota Board of Regents missing United States personnel, and encour- COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY has designated the University as a pub- aging such individuals to speak with United Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, States Government officials. lic service center of excellence,’’ the I ask unanimous consent that the Com- Farber Fund which is committed to as- mittee on the Judiciary be authorized sisting students with experiences help- SPECTER (AND TORRICELLI) to meet during the session of the Sen- ful to a future in public service has EXECUTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2315 ate on Tuesday, April 28, 1998 at 2:00 continued to grow, and the Univer- (Ordered to lie on the table.) p.m. in room 226 of the Senate Dirksen sity’s political science program has Mr. SPECTER (for himself and Mr. Office Building to hold a hearing on prospered. TORRICELLI) submitted an amendment ‘‘S.J. Res. 44, a proposed constitutional There are a great many people re- intended to be proposed by them to the amendment to protect crime victims.’’ sponsible for these positive develop- resolution of ratification for the treaty The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without ments, but undoubtedly the person who (Treaty Doc. No. 105–36) protocols to objection, it is so ordered. has contributed the most, both in the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 on COMMITTEE ON LABOR AND HUMAN RESOURCES terms of effort and vision, has been Dr. the accession of Poland, Hungary, and Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, W.O. Farber. I have a special fondness the Czech Republic. These protocols I ask unanimous consent that the Com- for Bill Farber because he was chair- were opened for signature at Brussels mittee on Labor and Human Resources man of the USD political science de- on December 16, 1997, and signed on be- be authorized to meet for a hearing on partment (then referred to as the gov- half of the United States of America Reading and Literacy Initiatives dur- ernment department’’) when I was and other parties to the North Atlantic ing the session of the Senate on Tues- completing my undergraduate work Treaty; as follows: day, April 28, 1998, at 10:00 a.m. there, and later Dr. Farber was instru- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without mental in assisting me with my grad- At the appropriate place in section 2 of the uate studies. But beyond personal resolution, insert the following: objection, it is so ordered. friendship, Dr. Farber has become an ( ) UNDERSTANDING OF THE SENATE RE- COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS GARDING PAYMENTS OWED BY POLAND, HUN- Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, unequaled institution in our state—a GARY, AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC TO VICTIMS OF I ask unanimous consent that the Com- voice for reason, progress and integrity THE NAZIS.— mittee on Small Business be authorized respected by all. Dr. Farber presented an important (A) UNDERSTANDING OF THE SENATE.—It is to meet during the session of the Sen- the understanding of the Senate that in fu- lecture this past year at the dedication ate for a hearing entitled ‘‘Environ- ture meetings and correspondence with the of Farber Hall in the beautifully re- governments of Poland, Hungary, and the mental Compliance Tools for Small stored Old Main on the USD campus. I Czech Republic, the Secretary of State Business.’’ The hearing will begin at believe that all Americans would bene- should— 10:00 a.m. on Tuesday, April 28, 1998, in fit from Dr. Farber’s wisdom shared (i) raise the issue of insurance benefits room 428A Russell Senate Office Build- with us at that time and also by the owed to victims of the Nazis (and their bene- ing. ficiaries and heirs) by these countries as a Farber Testament’’ which dates to our The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without nation’s bicentennial in 1976. result of the actions taken by their com- objection, it is so ordered. munist predecessor regimes in nationalizing Mr. President, I ask that excerpts of foreign insurance companies and confis- SUBCOMMITTEE ON FORESTS AND PUBLIC LAND Dr. Farber’s speech, ‘‘The Challenge of cating their assets in the aftermath of World MANAGEMENT Public Service’’ and the Farber Testa- War II; Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, ment be printed in the RECORD. (ii) seek to secure a commitment from the I ask unanimous consent that the Sub- Mr. President, I appreciate the oppor- governments of these countries to provide a committee on Forests and Public Land tunity to recognize the contributions full accounting of the total value of insur- Management of the Committee on En- Dr. Farber has made to the advance- ance company assets that were seized by ergy and Natural Resources be granted ment of public service and I encourage their communist predecessors and to share permission to meet during the session all of my colleagues to take the time all documents relevant to unpaid insurance of the Senate on Tuesday, April 28, for claims that are in their possession; and to read these important observations. (iii) seek to secure a commitment from the purposes of conducting a subcommittee The material follows: governments of these countries to contribute hearing which is scheduled to begin at EXCERPTS OF THE CHALLENGE OF PUBLIC to the payment of these unpaid insurance 2:30 p.m. The purpose of this hearing is SERVICE claims in an amount that reflects the to receive testimony on S. 326, the (By Dr. William O. Farber, Professor Emeri- present value of the assets seized by the Abandoned Hardrock Mines Reclama- tus (Political Science), University of South communist governments (and for which no tion Act of 1997; S. 327, the Hardrock Dakota) compensation had previously been paid). Mining Royalty Act of 1997; and S. 1102, Note.—This lecture, presented August 1, (B) DEFINITION.—As used in this paragraph, the Mining Law Reform Act of 1997. 1997, was the first to be given in the newly the term ‘‘victims of the Nazis’’ means per- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without dedicated Farber Hall in Old Main. Dr. sons persecuted during the period beginning Farber was introduced by President James on March 23, 1933 and ending on May 8, 1945, objection, it is so ordered. Abbott. by, under the direction of, on behalf of, or SUBCOMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND USD Alumni and Friends: As you may well under authority granted by the Nazi govern- SPACE imagine, this moment has been on my mind ment of Germany or any nation allied with Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, for a long time. H.G. Wells, the fabled histo- that government. I ask unanimous consent that the rian of my generation, once described the S3726 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 eternal tragedy of a teacher to be that a has over $400,000 to promote civic education Inside the cover of a bluebook, a test I had teacher is a sower of ‘‘unseen harvests.’’ through research and public forums. The taken, you wrote ‘It begins to look as though Today, I have the greatest of good fortune. third is the selection, by the Board of Re- you are getting the hang of it.’ You have no For I am able to witness a ‘‘seen harvest.’’ In gents of the Political Science Department’s idea how encouraged I felt at a time I felt my wildest fantasy I never thought that proposal, for a Leadership Training program discouraged. I have gone on, graduated, and some day, on a single spot, I would witness as a Center of Excellence providing some have a successful business in Sioux Falls and such an assembly of those who, during a $340,000 annually, including the recruitment Denver.’’ I was happy with the compliment, sixty-year period, would have brought me of new staff. but then I thought of all the other bluebooks such inspiration, challenge, and satisfaction. Thus the Political Science Department and that had deserved a similar statement. The It is a great day, in this building, in this the University as a whole have some unusual position of a teacher is a delicate one. hall, for us to celebrate. opportunities in the near future. Already One of the things I have done at graduation This is certainly a special event for me for planned for next year is a lecture program, time has been to encourage students by re- more than one reason. There had been a which involves some of you. The initial re- warding them with a token gift. Originally, rumor that there had never been a Farber sponse from alumni has been excellent. Old it was a marble owl from Italy, later an onyx family, that I had appeared out of nowhere. Main is to be the center of student activity, turtle from Mexico, and more recently a Here this afternoon are seven Farbers, in- an emphasis much to my liking. Dedo gargoyle from Notre Dame. This past cluding two brothers, my special critics. I year a former student called me from Bos- am especially happy they are here. * * * * * ton. ‘‘Doc,’’ he said, ‘‘when you gave me a The presence of all of you makes me real- THE BACKGROUND TO KNOW turtle, you said, like the turtle you will only ize the extraordinary nature of USD. The What is this business about? It’s about pre- make progress when you stick out your credentials of a university are its alumni paring ourselves and others. There is an neck. Doc, I’ve made it, and I want you to and, as I survey this audience, I appreciate awful lot of garbage out there being passed know I have kept that turtle in sight for that the University of South Dakota has around as information, on the tube, on the twenty years.’’ The background to know, fortunately is much of which to be proud. web, on the newsstand, and, indeed, in the now easier to acquire, but at the same time There are those who think that ‘‘politics’’ classroom. We need to ask the right ques- there is much more to know. Thanks to tech- is a dirty word and ‘‘government’’ is synony- tions. We need to determine priorities. We nology we have greatly expanded our ability mous with incompetence. But you know and need to help others to take little for granted. I know better, that ‘‘politics’’ is determining to know. We have access to global knowledge I had a jolting experience with respect to almost instantly. The shortcuts in acquiring the problems facing the world and deciding the background to know. I took a minor in what can be done to improve humankind’s knowledge are many and in this fast world education at Northwestern where I received the shortcuts are necessary. If you wanted lot, and ‘‘government’’ is the agency through my BA and MA. To complete the minor, I which, when individual efforts fail, we col- to, you could get up from your seat, walk out took ‘‘practice teaching’’ and had the luck to on me here and read parts of my speech later lectively make our nation and world a better do my ‘‘practicing’’ at New Trier High on the Farber Fund web page. In the back- place in which to live. And that is what de- School in Winnetka, Illinois. I was an under- ground to know, you must learn and love to mocracy and public service are all about. study to Laura Ullrich. Although she was a While you were a student and, even now, I read and write and cherish the value of both. high school teacher, she had a Ph.D. In my As educators and public servants, we must think of us as partners in a goal to improve evaluation session with her, she was very not only acquire and dispense information, government and the world. We know that if laudatory, said I had good command of the but also develop in ourselves and in others government is bad, all other human endeav- class, etc. But then she said, ‘‘You have one the inner hunger and imagination to use in- ors will fail. We subscribe to the Athenian fault. You don’t know your subject.’’ That formation meaningfully. Thus research in all oath that we will seek to transmit our com- stinging rebuke I have never forgotten. You areas including political science is a must munity to the next generation greater, bet- do need to know your subject. The need for and thankfully the USD Governmental Re- ter, and more beautiful than it was transmit- the background to know is imperative. As search Bureau, established in 1939, still ex- ted to us. part of the background to know, you must ists and continues to provide needed studies We are here today then as partners in an learn and love to read and write. in government. The Chiesman grant will especially important enterprise, as contribu- * * * * * make it possible to expand our research ac- tors, indispensable contributors, who have tivities. It is a wonderful opportunity also My favorite quote is from Elizabeth Bar- made this renovation of Old Main and this for USD to promote civic education through rett Browning: ‘‘Every common bush is afire event possible. Many of you, like myself, public forums not only in Vermillion but have great memories of this building. I be- with God, but only he who knows, takes off throughout the state. lieve a superior restoration job has been his shoes. The rest sit round it and eat THE VISION TO SEE done. I am especially proud of the Governors’ blackberries.’’ The point is that it is possible Balcony. The idea came to me in June 1996, to see in every situation intriguing and chal- The second important point is for one to have the vision to see. The background to when, on the retirement of Bob Dole from lenging forces. But you need to see. And that know provides the pieces of the puzzle; as the Senate, the decision was made to des- is what education is all about. with a jigsaw puzzle, the vision to see puts ignate a Senate Balcony as the Dole Bal- In addition to giving a stimulating lecture for all to hear collectively, the teacher must the pieces in their rightful places. cony. USD has had ten of its alumni serve as Vision often comes easily. There are obvi- provide individual recognition. If a student Governor of South Dakota—Norbeck, ous reforms that should be made. In the calls for an appointment, I do my best to Gunderson, Jensen, Sharpe, the two early thirties Jane Addams, the founder of say, ‘‘Can you come over now.’’ The student Mickelsons, Anderson, Foss, Farrar, and Hull House in Chicago, pointed out the ridic- calls when the problem is disturbing him. I Janklow. I have been fortunate in knowing ulousness of the American policy of killing six of them. They serve as models of what like to go to class early, walking down the little pigs to decrease supply when we had a can be done. Students of the future can re- aisle in large classes, to invite access. nation of 12,000,000 unemployed and people ceive their inspiration in this room as well I came from a family with a strong work starving. Justice Brandeis used to plead for as this building. We owe much to many. ethic. My dad, for some 50 years, owned and ‘‘education in the obvious.’’ Fortunately, USD now is at the threshold worked in a grocery store. . . . I worked in I have been enchanted with how the devil of what can be a great future. It reminds me the store on Saturdays and summer during took Jesus to the top of a mountain to show of Shakespeare’s ‘‘tide in the affairs of men, high school and during summers through him the kingdoms of the earth. which taken at the flood leads on to for- seven years of college. Thus from time to time we need to get to tune.’’ We are now lucky to have a USD The experiences in the grocery store the mountaintops and examine our own graduate as president. I was tempted to say taught me many things. the first is the con- problems. Look at South Dakota. The single a ‘‘coyote’’ for president but somehow that stant need to be a salesman, including of most important political fact is our popu- didn’t seem quite right. Jim Abbott was a yourself. When Mrs. Peterson came in the lation size, only a bit over 700,000, less than political science major and is a member of store with her list of needs, I always the population of cities like Indianapolis, the Farber Fund Executive Board. One won- thought, what does she really need that is Phoenix, or San Antonio. Yet here we are to ders why we didn’t place more emphasis on not on her list, and I made the applicable govern the 700,000 saddled with 66 counties, selecting one of our own sooner. Jim knows suggestion. Now, when a student comes into 300 municipalities, 900 township govern- the territory. my purview, I think what is a potential ca- ments, and an increasing number of special There are three other developments which reer he or she has not thought about, which districts. It is just plain nuts. Compared to bode well for USD in achieving its goals. The might be even better than present goals? Arizona with 16 counties, we should have 10 Farber Fund is now approaching $1 million In attaining goals it is important to give at most. Cities with populations of under 500 in assets and it takes only my death to put encouragement. Some time ago, I was going should be disincorporated. And townships it there. (This is not a suggestion.) to Pierre by plane from Sioux Falls. A good have long since lost their reason for being. The Fund has done much to stimulate am- looking fellow sat down beside me and said, E.A. Ross, a prominent University of Wis- bition among our students and cause them to ‘‘Do you remember me?’’ I fumbled and said consin sociologist, once said, ‘‘Rural Wiscon- heighten their goals. The second develop- ‘‘Your face is familiar, but I do not recall sin resembles a dried up fish pond with noth- ment, thanks to Ray Aldrich, is the your name.’’ He identified himself and then ing but the bullheads and the suckers left be- Chiesman Fund for Civic Education, which said, ‘‘I want to tell you what you did for me. hind.’’ I wouldn’t put rural South Dakota in April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3727 the same category as Wisconsin, but there is quotes, an inscription on the old Pennsyl- ernment were remarkable events that re- no doubt that the drain out of population vania Station in Washington, DC, is: ‘‘He ceived popular approval. It is amazing what with two-thirds of our counties losing popu- who would bring back the wealth of the In- little things can help to bring about reform. lation every census for the past thirty years dies must first take the wealth of the Indies Ted Muenster recalls that it was a letter has caused a loss of leaders. with him.’’ The requirement of a report upon from the State Snake Exterminator, who * * * * * the student’s return has helped to implement held office with no other employees, asking It doesn’t take too much vision to see that that advice. for a new pickup that made him realize the on the national level we should make certain THE WILL TO DO stupidity of a state administrative organiza- that every child up to age 18 has adequate This brings me to my third and final point, tion with over 100 reporting units. Action medical attention. And the tuition costs of the will to do. Without action, without im- followed. In 1982, I had the good fortune to head the college students are a national disgrace. plementation, all else becomes pointless. But successful drive, using the initiative, which Even our best and brightest are graduating most of us, burdened by needs of everyday changed the basis of our system, of electing with debts in many cases of more than life, are reluctant to do more than will make legislators, abolishing the block system. It $50,000. If China and Cuba can provide free our own life more comfortable. The lesson took time and effort but we did the job. educational and health costs, we, at least, from Toynbee is the need to insure that our What is needed is leadership. I am convinced could drastically reduce tuition costs. civilization, our government, reflects citizen that we have the ability to change our out- In 1935, when I came to South Dakota, I involvement, so that future developments of moded method of taxation. There are those was impressed by the vision of many of the the Hitler type can be and will be resisted. in this room who could do it. local leaders. Governor Peter Norbeck was That demands participation of a high order, This emphasis on leadership is why, as we still alive and his record of accomplishment the lack of which even now threatens our look to the future, the opportunities now and his belief in what government could do government. open to USD and especially in political was still remembered. In Vermillion, in the What I am pleading for is a will to do, not science are indeed attractive. Key to this midst of a depression, the town could boast only for one’s own self but as well for one’s program is the recruitment of a core group of a recently completed municipal swimming community, one’s state, one’s nation, and in- of superior students whose leadership has poll, a new Union Building, and a new hos- deed, the world. None of us attains his fullest been demonstrated in high school. As you pital. potential. We can be more than we are. We can readily appreciate this is why scholar- I had the good fortune to know Doane Rob- should sacrifice what we are for what we can ship money is a critical need. inson quite well. His vision of South Dakota become. included the building of the Missouri River Winston Churchill said, ‘‘we shall never * * * * * dams, widespread irrigation including much surrender, never, never, never.’’ And, ‘‘There With rising tuition costs, few superior stu- of the land east of the Missouri and west of are no hopeless situations, only people hope- dents can afford university training without the Jim, extensive electrical power almost less about them.’’ There is a need for all of scholarship aid. South Dakota can well af- certain to attract a Henry Ford plant, and us to continuously explore alternatives. ford the investment in such aid. At the the use of the Missouri for transportation. There are many ways to skin the proverbial present time this state, of its total revenue, Many of these dreams have not been real- cat. devotes 6.5 percent to higher education, the ized, but some have been. I am impressed George Bernard Shaw’s famous quotation lowest of any state in the region. North Da- with the great potential South Dakota has provides an important clue: ‘‘You see things kota provides 10 percent, Iowa 8.4, Minnesota today. Look at Vermillion. The bridge to the as they are, and ask ‘Why?’ But I dream 6.8 and Nebraska 8.3. As a consequence, com- south will open up new economic possibili- things that never were and ask ‘Why not?’ ’’ pared to surrounding states, our in-state tui- ties along the river itself. The example of I am confident that most of you present here tion is the highest with the exception of Gateway stands out as an example for other today are ‘‘Why not’’ leaders. Part of the Minnesota. industries to emulate. The caliber of our will to do is to accomplish through others. I * * * * * labor supply, the low crime rates, the qual- have always believed, as you know, that a And thanks to many of you, the support of ity of our labor supply, the low crime rates, college education is a partnership between the Farber Internship and Travel Fund has the quality of living, the educational system, teachers and students and the success of made possible funding that has enabled more all make the state and its cities attractive much of life depends on partnerships. And as than 500 eager political science students to places in which to live. Now is the opportune Pat O’Brien has noted in his essay in Dig receive internships, attend state national time to set up think tanks in South Dakota. Your Well Before You Are Thirsty, Farber conferences, and study overseas. It has Some of you have expressed a willingness to Fund contributors have been an amazingly raised their sights, stimulated their study, serve. successful network. and attracted many to careers of public serv- What we need for many of our problems is An essential ingredient of leadership is en- ice. thus the vision to see. It is absurd to think thusiasm. A teacher not sold on the impor- that the governmental structure the found- tance of the subject is doomed to be a poor THE FUTURE ing fathers created in 1787 in Philadelphia, stimulator of students. The key to Nelson It is my hope that here in Farber Hall past scared by a pending French revolution, is the Rockefeller’s success as New York governor traditions will guide future activities to mo- best possible for the year 2000. And that was described as his ‘‘exuberance.’’ I like Ei- tivate students to become involved and reap much of state and local government should senhower’s statement: ‘‘It is not the size of the many rewards of public service. remain, two centuries later, relatively un- the dog in a fight that counts, it is the size In the evening, I often walk to the Shake- changed. of the fight in the dog.’’ speare garden and then pause at the Quirk But there is another important ingredient The will to do involves leadership. I feel carillon. There I am encouraged as I read to the vision to see. It is to secure human this afternoon that I am surrounded by lead- from Longfellow’s Psalm of Life: rights and equality of opportunity. One of ers. The challenge today for professors and Let us then be up and doing, the memorable events in my life was sitting students has changed mightily since 1935. With a heart for any fate, beside Phil LaFollette at a graduate politi- The complexity of modern problems demands Still achieving, still pursuing, cal science student session. We were consid- a higher degree of expertise. Computers have Learn to labor and to wait. ering at length First Amendment rights. He opened up vast areas of information here- turned to me and said, ‘‘We are discussing tofore not available. In some ways, we are * * * * * the wrong rights. More important than these swamped. Leadership with guidance is in- One final thought: It is my hope that in are the right to feel secure, have a decent job creasingly important. In this world we need that wonderful and exciting twenty-first cen- with just compensation, the right to an edu- to speak out. In politics, if you don’t blow tury in which you will have an important cation, a home and a family.’’ your own horn, there is no music. role, that sometime when the merry feast is Thus, I think we can conclude that while I have great confidence in South Dakota’s on, you may reflect on what we did here on education is the basis of what we need to potential. But I am equally convinced that August 1, 1997, and celebrate by imbibing a know and see, there is another important in- without governmental changes of the sort strawberry daiquiri! gredient, to think of human values and the outlined in the Vision to See, that potential God bless you all and thanks much for at- need to be caring. Life is not worth living if will not be realized. I know that the conven- tending. there is not a constant concern for others. I tional wisdom dictates that it is difficult to am reminded of one of Senator Karl Mundt’s make changes in South Dakota. But we THE FARBER TESTAMENT favorite quotes: ‘‘The hermit of God who have, in my opinion, a population that can To My Students: I believe that dedicated shuts himself in, shuts out more of God, than be sold. Remember, in 1936 the size of South public service is the noblest of the profes- he shuts in.’’ Dakota legislature was reduced by public sions. To enter it, whether as academic or as One of the best ways to provide a new di- vote from 180 to 105 with the loss of 75 legis- practitioner, is the greatest of good fortune. mension to one’s vision to see is to be ac- lative seats—an astounding public victory. Thus, I have sought to encourage all in my quainted with a different culture. That is I was a participant in the constitutional purview to share the joys and rewards of this why the encouragement given to students to revision effort from 1969–1975. From a gov- commitment. travel with funds from the Farber Fund has ernmental point of view, the reorganizations You who came to me with some inner been so significant. One of my favorite of the executive and judicial branches of gov- flame, it has been my mission to nurture, to S3728 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 feed that flame, and at all costs never to kill than 53 percent of the company’s total vious Mainstay studies in two important it. With all the world’s contemporary chal- sales are from outside the United ways. First, it focuses on the key issue of the lenges, the chance to motivate, to stimulate, States. 3M Company’s success in oper- U.S. standard of living. Second, it broadens to kindle, remain the high calling, and ever ating abroad has meant growth here at the scope of the study to include all three to remind that in catastrophe there is oppor- major sectors of the economy: manufactur- tunity, out of weakness can come strength. home. Efficient foreign distribution, ing, agriculture, and services. My hope has been that none of you has left sales, and technical support, and re- There are two key points in Mainstay III. my presence feeling the worse for the en- search and development generate in- First, by raising U.S. worker productivity, counter. creased U.S. production and research American companies with global operations The keys to a happy, acceptable, and pro- and development here at home. For ex- help raise the U.S. standard of living. Sec- ductive life are participation, involvement ample, 3M’s $2.6 billion in Asian-Pa- ond, because the U.S. and foreign activities and concern for others. I have hoped, by ex- cific sales contributes more than $182 of these companies tend to complement each ample, to inspire you to be change agents. million to the company’s annual re- other, the ability of these companies to help Often your intellect, I know, has been supe- raise the U.S. standard of living depends cru- rior to my own; only my experience has been search and development budget of $1 cially on their ability to undertake foreign greater and that I have tried to permit by as- billion—much of which is spent in Min- direct investment abroad. sociation ‘‘to rub off on you.’’ nesota. In addition, finished and semi- Mainstay III is based upon analysis of the To broaden one’s horizons, travel, experi- finished goods that are manufactured investments, research and development, ex- mentation, and bold thinking must be the in the United States and then exported ports, imports, and purchases from suppliers goals. I have sought to teach the importance help support overseas sales. of American companies with global oper- of the background to know, the vision to see, Cargill and 3M Company are just two ations and many other data from 1977 the will to do. Like others before me I have of the American companies profiled in through 1994. The primary data source is sur- often learned more from you than you from veys of such companies conducted by the Bu- me. But always, for more than 40 years, has Global Investments, American Re- reau of Economic Analysis (BEA) within the the joint educational venture been intensely turns. The study uses data and business U.S. Department of Commerce. human, exciting, and worthwhile. (May 8, cases to illustrate the importance of The following sections summarize the 1976).∑ operating globally. For example, the major findings and conclusions of the study: f study shows that: 1. SETTING THE STAGE: THE WORLD ECONOMY IN Global activities by American com- WHICH AMERICAN COMPANIES WITH GLOBAL NEW STUDY SHOWS HOW MIN- panies actually increase investments OPERATIONS COMPETE NESOTA’S CARGILL AND 3M COM- here at home rather than substitute for American companies today operate in a PANIES BOOST THE U.S. STAND- them. world economy that is increasingly con- ARD OF LIVING THROUGH THEIR The global presence of U.S. firms centrated outside the United States and that GLOBAL ACTIVITIES helps to increase export sales and cre- is rapidly expanding its international link- ages through FDI and international trade. ∑ Mr. GRAMS. Mr. President, last ate additional purchases from U.S. sup- week, a Washington-based trade asso- The U.S. share of the global economy is pliers. shrinking. For decades, the U.S. economy ciation, the Emergency Committee for American companies with global op- has been growing more slowly than the rest American Trade (ECAT), released an erations account for most of the na- of the world, such that the U.S. share of important new study on how American tion’s research and development cap- total world output has been declining. This companies with global operations in- ital investments, and export sales. share was approximately 50 percent in 1945, crease the U.S. standard of living and American companies with global op- but is down to only 20 percent today. strengthen the domestic economy. The erations also rely heavily upon U.S. FDI and trade help U.S. integration into study is entitled ‘‘Global Investments, suppliers. These companies purchase the global economy. American companies American Returns’’ and I highly rec- with global operations have helped integrate more than 90 percent of their supplies— the United States more closely into the ommend it to every Member of the amounting to $2.4 trillion annually— growing world economy. Average annual out- Senate from American companies. flows of FDI from the United States quad- I am proud that two of my state’s American manufacturers with global rupled from the 1960s through the 1980s, and most successful companies have con- operations pay higher wages than do total trade as a share of U.S. output rose tributed case studies to this compelling purely domestically-focused firms. For from 5.6 percent in 1945 to 24.7 percent in report. Cargill, Incorporated and 3M production or blue-collar workers, the 1995. Company are examples of why Ameri- difference is 15 percent higher earnings. By participating in the world economy, American companies with global operations ca’s economic future and an improved I urge all of my colleagues to review standard of living for all Americans de- maintain a significant presence in the carefully ‘‘Global Investments, Amer- United States. pend upon our ability to operate, sell, ican Returns.’’ It is an important study Most employment is in the United States, invest and compete in the global mar- that should guide America’s tax and not abroad. In 1977, U.S. parent companies ketplace. trade policies. I am especially pleased accounted for 72.8 percent of total worldwide Cargill, Incorporated operates in to learn that ECAT—and companies employment of American companies with some 72 countries as a marketer, proc- like Cargill and 3M that contributed to global operations and by 1994, they ac- essor and distributor of agricultural the report—will launch a trade edu- counted for 74.3 percent of the total. Profits earned by foreign affiliates are goods and services. The company has cation campaign to help spread the been so successful in selling to foreign mostly repatriated. In 1989 (the most recent facts and dispel the misconceptions year for which these data are available), U.S. markets that some of Cargill’s fer- about trade and investment. I am parents repatriated 72.8 percent of their for- tilizer facilities operate 24 hours a day, proud that these Minnesota companies eign affiliates’ net income. 365 days a year. This allows the plants are a part of this effort. Most intermediate inputs are purchased to achieve lower unit operating costs I ask that the Executive Summary of from domestic suppliers, not foreign suppli- and thereby allows Cargill to deliver a the study be printed in the RECORD. ers. From 1977 through 1994, more than 90 more competitively priced product. If The Executive Summary follows: percent of all intermediate inputs purchased by U.S. parents came from American suppli- these plants served only the U.S. mar- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ket, they would sit idle most of the ers, not foreign suppliers. In public and private-sector debates over Overseas, American companies with global year because fertilizers are required U.S. trade and investment policies, the role operations are located primarily in devel- only during very short periods of grow- in the U.S. economy of Americans companies oped countries, and the sales from these op- ing seasons. Cargill’s global presence with global operations 1 has often been mis- erations are overwhelmingly in local mar- helps generate demand for its fer- understood. Although there is no doubt that kets. tilizers all year round by serving dif- the United States plays an important role in Most affiliate activity abroad is in devel- ferent parts of the world during dif- the world economy, most Americans are un- oped—not developing—countries. In 1994, de- ferent growing seasons. aware of the critical contributions that veloped countries hosted nearly two-thirds of 3M Company produces a large and trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) of U.S. foreign affiliate employment and ac- American companies with global operations counted for more than three-quarters of for- continually evolving range of tech- make to the U.S. economy. eign affiliate assets and sales. nologies and products. For example, To broaden public understanding of the Foreign affiliate sales are mostly abroad, the company currently offers more positive role of these companies, this study not back to the United States. In 1994, only than 900 varieties of tapes alone. More expands upon the research in ECAT’s pre- 10 percent of total U.S. affiliate sales went to April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3729 the United States. The other 90 percent by U.S. parents of American companies with standing professor of political philoso- stayed abroad, and fully 67 percent of all global operations suggests the possibility phy and constitutional law. sales were within the host countries of the that U.S. domestic suppliers have sufficient In addition to his many years as one foreign affiliates. exposure to these high-productivity parents of Ohio’s exceptionally dedicated to realize some productivity gains. For the II. THE IMPORTANCE OF AMERICAN COMPANIES teachers, Professor Clor is also a dis- WITH GLOBAL OPERATIONS TO THE U.S. STAND- past 20 years, U.S. parents have purchased tinguished scholar and author of books ARD OF LIVING: GENERATING HIGH PRODUC- over 90 percent of their intermediate in- TIVITY puts—$2.4 trillion in 1994—from domestic, and numerous articles on constitu- American companies with global oper- not foreign, suppliers. tional law and public morality. ations contribute in several important ways V. HOW FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ABROAD Ohio has always been fortunate to be to the U.S. standard of living, and this con- COMPLEMENTS U.S PARENT ACTIVITY AND the home for many outstanding col- tribution is larger than that of purely do- CONTRIBUTES TO A HIGH STANDARD OF LIVING leges and universities. I am pleased to mestic firms. IN THE UNITED STATES recognize Kenyon College and its De- Investment in Physical Capital. American Because the U.S. and foreign activities of partment of Political Science as they companies with global operations undertake American companies with global operations honor the distinguished service and the majority—57 percent in most years—of tend to complement each other, the ability total U.S. investment in physical capital in teaching career of Professor Harry M. of these companies to raise the U.S. standard Clor. the manufacturing sector. of living depends crucially upon their ability ∑ Research and Development. American to undertake FDI abroad. f companies with global operations perform Analysis of BEA data, academic research, the majority—between 50 percent and 60 per- and case studies of 10 major American com- TRIBUTE TO VFW POST #5245 ON cent—of total U.S. research and develop- panies demonstrates that U.S. FDI generally THEIR FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY ment. complements rather than substitutes for Exports. American companies with global U.S. parent activity. Within American com- ∑ Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. Mr. operations ship the large majority—between panies with global operations, affiliate ex- President, I rise today to pay tribute 60 percent and 75 percent—of total U.S. ex- pansion generally triggers in U.S. parents to the North Haverhill, New Hamp- ports. Their foreign affiliates are important additional investment, research and develop- recipients of these exports; their share has shire, Post #5245 of the Veterans of ment, trade, and input purchases from do- Foreign Wars (VFW) on the occasion of increased to over 40 percent today. mestic suppliers. As stated earlier, these ac- Imports. American companies with global their fiftieth anniversary. As a veteran tivities are key determinants of the U.S. operations also receive a sizable share of and member of the VFW myself, I standard of living. U.S. imports—roughly 30 percent. These im- Restrictions on FDI that prevent U.S. com- honor these men for their selfless com- ports benefit the U.S. economy in many panies from expanding abroad generally will mitment to their country and to their ways, including giving U.S. companies access reduce U.S. parent activity and thus, lower community. to foreign-produced capital goods and tech- the U.S. standard of living. Since 1948, the original membership nologies. All these activities help increase U.S. pro- VI. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY of 30 World War Two veterans has ductivity and thereby enhance the U.S. RECOMMENDATIONS grown to 160 veterans of World Wars standard of living. The United States must continue to One and Two, the Korean War, the III. THE IMPORTANCE OF AMERICAN COMPANIES strengthen the open system of global trade Vietnam War and the Gulf War. I would WITH GLOBAL OPERATIONS TO THE U.S. STAND- and investment in order to maximize the like to specially recognize the charter ARD OF LIVING: PAYING HIGHER WAGES contributions of American companies with members that have been there from the American companies with global oper- global operations to an improved standard of beginning—William Fortier, Leo ations pay their workers higher wages than living for all Americans. To that end, U.S. trade and investment policies should take Fortier, Fred Robinson, Paul LaMott, those paid by comparable American compa- Everett Jessman, Maurice Bigelow, nies without global operations. into account the following recommendations A study of 115,000 U.S. manufacturing based on the research and findings in this Willis Applebee, Ernest Hartley, Wil- plants indicated that U.S. parent plants pay study: liam Harris, Laurent Fournier, Clifford comparable workers higher wages than pure- The U.S. government should maintain its Sawyer and Leon Dargie. All have ly domestic plants. Production workers re- open trade and investment policies. More- served our country valiantly, and now ceive an average of 6.9 percent less at com- over, these policies should recognize the tirelessly serve the Upper Valley, de- parable domestic plants employing more ways in which trade and foreign direct in- voting endless hours to their commu- than 500 employees and 15.2 percent less at vestment benefit the U.S. economy. The U.S. government should continue to nity. comparable domestic plants employing fewer The extent of the Post’s involvement than 500 employees. negotiate aggressively for more open foreign Non-production workers receive an average markets and should persuade foreign govern- is endless, helping not only veterans, of 5.0 percent less at comparable domestic ments to end restrictions on trade and in- but anyone to whom they can lend a plants employing more than 500 employees vestment. Removing these restrictions will helping hand. They are especially in- and 9.5 percent less at comparable domestic create a ‘‘win-win’’ situation that benefits volved with the youth of the Upper plants employing fewer than 500 employees. both foreign countries and the United Valley. Their youth programs projects These results control for possible wage dif- States. stretch from donating American flags The U.S. government should strive to con- ferences attributable to variations across to schools and teaching proper flag eti- plants in age, industry, location, and size. In tinue to harmonize its international trade, light of all these controls, it seems likely investment, and tax policies. In the case of quette, to sponsoring essay contests that these wage differences are attributable American companies with global operations, and awarding college scholarships. to workers at U.S. parents being more pro- this harmonization should take into account They also sponsor Cub Scout and Girl ductive than workers at comparable domes- the many ways that their foreign operations Scout troops and instruct youth on bi- tic plants. tend to complement their U.S. activities. cycle safety. In addition, members host IV. THE IMPORTANCE OF AMERICAN COMPANIES Given that most services are inherently meals at a local soup kitchen, visit nontradable, firms in these industries must WITH GLOBAL OPERATIONS TO THE U.S. STAND- nursing homes and the VA Hospital and invest abroad to serve global markets. Ac- ARD OF LIVING: LINKAGES TO AMERICAN SUP- also visit shut-ins. They transport the PLIERS cordingly, efforts to liberalize trade and in- vestment should focus special attention on elderly to appointments, donate wheel- In addition to directly raising the U.S. the unique needs of U.S. services industries.∑ chairs and walkers and distribute food standard of living themselves, American baskets on Thanksgiving. companies with global operations may also f For half of a century, these members raise the U.S. standard of living through HARRY M. CLOR PROFESSORSHIP their interactions with domestic U.S. suppli- have exemplified goodwill and concern ers. ∑ Mr. GLENN. Mr. President, I rise to for their neighbors, and their efforts Evidence exists that companies benefit congratulate Professor Harry M. Clor will no doubt continue for the next from being exposed to other dynamic, suc- of Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, on fifty years. I congratulate Post #5245 cessful firms. Exposure to ‘‘worldwide best the establishment of the Harry M. Clor for their steadfast service to the Upper practices’’—whether those best practices are Professorship in Political Science. This Valley. New Hampshire and the United in the same country or abroad—tends to fos- ter innovation, cost control, and other im- coming weekend, Professor Clor’s col- States are truly indebted to the North provements that boost firm productivity. leagues and students will gather in Haverhill Post #5245 of the Veterans of The very large amount of purchases of in- Gambier to honor him upon his retire- Foreign Wars, and I am proud to rep- termediate inputs from domestic suppliers ment for his many years as an out- resent them in the U.S. Senate. ∑ S3730 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 RETIREMENT OF RABBI JACK democracy. Additionally, I commend Lord, as we gather together for the begin- ROSOFF the Jewish Federation of St. Louis for ning of this new day, we pause now to listen to you. Thank you for being with us now, ∑ Mr. LAUTENBERG. Mr. President, I its leadership during this exciting time. I wish them continued success in and thank you for being in this room. Your rise today to congratulate an esteemed presence gives us hope and encouragement. New Jerseyan, Rabbi Jack M. Rosoff, future years of Statehood.∑ Whenever we gather in your name, there is on the occasion of his retirement after f excitement. Help us capture that excitement 34 years of service at Congregations NATIONAL PRAYER BREAKFAST today, to the betterment of the lives of us all. B’nai Israel in Rumson, New Jersey. 1998 TRANSCRIPT I really got to know Rabbi Rosoff We all need your help. We all need your when he organized a community-wide Mr. AKAKA. Mr. President, I had the guidance. Give us the wisdom to be more like privilege of chairing the 46th Annual you in all that we do. And we especially response to acts of vandalism commit- thank you for sharing your servant, Billy ted against B’nai Israel and the neigh- National Prayer Breakfast held here in Washington, D.C., on February 5, 1998. Graham, with us. He represents you well, boring Catholic church in Rumson. I helps all of us be better followers. Thank you spoke at the rally that Rabbi Rosoff This annual gathering in our Nation’s for listening. Thank you for showing the put together condemning the desecra- Capital is hosted by Members of the way. And thank you for the many blessings tion, and was very moved by his dedi- United States Senate and House of you have bestowed upon us. In your name we cation to fighting bigotry. Representatives weekly prayer break- pray, Amen. Rabbi Rosoff’s accomplishments dur- fast groups. ANNOUNCER. Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States, the Vice ing his tenure at B’nai Israel, for which Once again, we were honored by the attendance and participation of the President of the United States, the First he has just been elevated to Rabbi Lady of the United States, and Mrs. Gore. Emeritus status, are almost too nu- President and the First Lady, as well (Applause.) merous to mention. He has multiplied as the Vice President and Mrs. Gore. Senator AKAKA. Will you all be seated, the membership of his congregation by Our colleague, Senator CONNIE MACK, please. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. hundreds and provided Sunday school inspired and encouraged us with his re- My name is Dan Akaka. I’m the convener of opportunities for over 300 students. He marks, and we were challenged by the the United States Senate Breakfast Group prayer offered by Dr. Billy Graham. and chairman of the National Prayer Break- developed the Israel Scholarship Pro- fast. I want to say welcome to all of you here gram there, enabling all students in This year we welcomed over 3,600 in- dividuals from all walks of life, and this morning. their junior year to spend six weeks in On behalf of the United States Senate and Israel. from all 50 states and U.S. territories House of Representatives, I welcome you to Beyond those achievements, Jack has and many countries around the world. the 46th annual National Prayer Breakfast. been a counselor and friend to the So that all may benefit from this spe- We’re happy to have you here on this special members of his synagogue. He has re- cial gathering, I request that the text day. Robert Parker presented the pre-break- joiced with them in times of happiness of the program and a transcript of the fast prayer this morning, and we are happy and has been a comfort in times of 1998 proceedings be printed in the to have you here. At this time, General Hugh Shelton, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of grief. RECORD. I understand that the Government Staff, will offer the opening prayer. General? Rabbi Rosoff has served on the Gen. HUGH SHELTON. Let us pray. boards of various organizations in Mon- Printing Office estimates that it will O Lord, our strength and our redeemer, we mouth County, including Riverview cost approximately $1,426 to print this come together today to pray for strength Hospital, the Mental Health Associa- transcript in the RECORD. and guidance in a difficult and challenging tion, the Day Care Center, the Clergy The material follows: world. Though we have come far, we have so far to go to realize your plan here on Earth. Advisory Council of the local Planned NATIONAL PRAYER BREAKFAST Lord, we ask your help and guidance for all Chairman: The Honorable Daniel K. Akaka Parenthood, as well as being the found- those who have been chosen to lead our peo- ing member of the Greater Red Bank Pre-Breakfast Prayer ple all over the world. And grant that we Interfaith Council. Mr. Robert L. Parker, Businessman, Okla- may follow with humble and willing hearts Rabbi Rosoff should be honored by all homa to do the work that must be done to preserve of us not only for his 34 years of service Opening Prayer the blessings of peace and to share the gifts to B’nai Israel, but for his community- General Hugh Shelton, Chairman of the that you have given us. May those chosen to wide leadership and civic involvement. Joint Chiefs of Staff lead, lead with wisdom and compassion, not I am pleased to congratulate him again BREAKFAST in pursuit of wealth and power, but guided by on his retirement, and wish him well in Welcome your righteous word and walking in your up- right ways. this next chapter of his life. ∑ The Honorable Daniel K. Akaka, U.S. Sen- ate, Hawaii Today we pray for your blessings on all our f Remarks—Senate and House Breakfast men and women in uniform, at home and ISRAEL’S 50TH BIRTHDAY Groups abroad. Keep them safe as they keep the The Honorable Bobby Scott, U.S. House of peace. And keep them strong to carry the ∑ Mr. BOND. Mr. President, on Thurs- Representatives, Virginia burdens that must be borne in a troubled day, April 30, 1998, the St. Louis Jewish Old Testament Reading world. And Father, though we are of many Community will be celebrating Israel’s The Honorable Don Gevirtz, Former Am- faiths, we have but one prayer, and that is to 50th Birthday. My home State of Mis- bassador to Fiji share your peace with people everywhere. souri is especially excited for the event Duet May you stretch your loving hands over Randy and Gae Hongo friend and foe alike and bring us together in since President Harry S. Truman the spirit of truth so that in our time we played a large role in the formation of New Testament Reading Dr. Dorothy I. Height, National Council of may know your peace. the State of Israel. Negro Women Now we pray that you would bless this food The 50th anniversary is very signifi- Prayer for National Leaders to the nourishment of our bodies and our cant because it marks the reestablish- The Vice President of the United States help to thy service. These things we ask in ment of Jewish Sovereignty in the an- Message your name. Amen. cient Jewish homeland, the reasserting The Honorable Connie Mack, U.S. Senate, Senator AKAKA. Thank you very much, of Jewish peoplehood after the devasta- Florida General Shelton. You honor us very much with your presence here at this prayer tion of the Holocaust, the fulfillment THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES breakfast. of the Zionist vision, the blossoming of Closing Song Please enjoy your breakfast. Our program Jewish creativity and community. The The Honorable Daniel K. Akaka, Randy will resume in a few minutes. Jewish Federation of St. Louis is the and Gae Hongo (all join in) [Breakfast.] central planning and fundraising agen- Closing Prayer Senator AKAKA. Good morning, ladies and cy of the St. Louis Jewish Community. Dr. Billy Graham gentlemen. It is a wonderful privilege for me [Audience, please remain in place until the to welcome all of you this morning to the This outstanding organization has co- President, Mrs. Clinton and other Heads of National Prayer Breakfast. I particularly ordinated the St. Louis Israel 50th an- State have departed] want to greet our international guests who niversary celebration congregation. ROBERT PARKER. May we ask you now to represent over 160 nations. And everyone at- I congratulate the State of Israel and join us in prayer? Please join us in prayer, if tending the prayer breakfast for the first the Jewish community for 50 years of you will. time, I say again, welcome. (Applause.) April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3731 This morning we gather almost 4,000 strong Since those first meetings in the face of a Proverbs, chapter 18, verse 15, suggests from all 50 states, commonwealths and the great national crisis, the need for a prayer that ‘‘The heart of the discerning gains in U.S. territories and nations around the world group and the benefit of fellowship and pray- knowledge. The ear of the wise men searches to reaffirm our faith, seek spiritual support er have been recognized in Congress. From for knowledge.’’ And Proverbs, chapter 28, for our President and leaders in our country, the beginning of the prayer breakfast groups has important lessons of growth. Verse 14 and share fellowship and friendship with one in both chambers, members of all faiths have says, ‘‘Happy is the man who is never with- another. come together to hear testimonials of faith out fear. He who hardens his heart will fall We are honored to have the President and and challenge and to seek guidance and into distress.’’ And verse 22 says, ‘‘He chases First Lady and the Vice President and Mrs. strength from each other. after wealth the man of greedy eye, not Gore as our guests. In attendance we also What we discuss and exchange in those knowing that want is overtaking him.’’ And have members of the Senate and the House, meetings stays in those meetings. So mem- finally, verse 1 says, ‘‘The wicked man flees officials from the President’s Cabinet and bers are free to share with each other, and when no one is after him. The virtuous man leaders of our armed forces, responsible stu- we do. The weekly prayer breakfast provides is bold as a lion.’’ dent leaders and leaders from all facets of so- members with one hour during the week in The Bible has much wisdom for that person ciety throughout the United States. which we can relax without the presence of whose objective is growth. Samson had great We’re also pleased to welcome the Presi- the media and without regard to partisan po- credentials, but in Judges, chapter 16, verse dent of Albania, former heads of state, cabi- litical affiliation. And so I can assure you 20, he learns that the Lord has left him. Con- net ministers, parliamentarians, members of that it is one hour that many of us look for- sequently, he was remembered only for what the diplomatic corps, educators and business, ward to each week. he might have been. I want to be remem- labor and religious leaders from around the As an example of the typical weekly prayer bered for realizing my full potential, for world. breakfast in the House, we begin with Scrip- earning those words on my tombstone, ‘‘He Permit me to introduce the people sitting ture and a prayer and a report on member’s grew.’’ at the head table. And I’ll do it quickly from faith and challenges, such as illness, or ill- Thank you very much. (Applause.) my left to my right. Randy and Gae Hongo; ness or death within their family, so that we Senator AKAKA. Renowned inspirational General Hugh Shelton and Mrs. Carolyn can offer our prayers and support to that signers Randy and Gae Hongo have traveled Shelton; Dr. Dorothy Height; Mrs. Marilyn member. We also sing a hymn or, as more ac- all the way from Honolulu to be with us this Gevirtz; Ambassador Don Gevirtz. (Laugh- curately can be described, we make a joyful morning. They are joined this morning by ter.) In a timely fashion to the Vice Presi- noise. (Laughter.) And at each breakfast, one their son Andrew, who came here from Yale dent and Mrs. Gore. (Laughter.) Congress- member is invited to speak for 15 minutes to University to sing as a family. The Hongo man BOBBY SCOTT; the President and First share a personal challenge, reflection or family will offer us a musical reflection, of Lady; my better half, Millie; Senator CONNIE faith experience with the group. their own arrangement, the phrase, ‘‘Ua mau MACK and Priscilla Mack; Dr. Billy Graham; The weekly Senate and House prayer ke ‘ea ‘o ka ‘ania ‘I ka pono,’’ which trans- Mrs. Catherine Parker and Mr. Robert breakfasts have met separately since their lates from Hawaiian into ‘‘The life of the Parker. (Applause.) inception. However, in 1953 both groups de- land is perpetuated in righteousness.’’ It was As chairman, I want to express my deepest cided to combine forces and hold the first first uttered in thanksgiving by King Kame- appreciation to all participants this morning National Prayer Breakfast. President hameha III. It is now the motto of the state for sharing your faith with us. Looking upon Dwight D. Eisenhower attended that first of Hawaii. Its insight holds true today. The this august and joyful assembly, I see the National Prayer Breakfast, and every Presi- Hongo family. universality of the prayer breakfast, the dent since has attended each year’s break- [Song.] coming together of people of different na- fast. Senator AKAKA. Thank you very much. tions, faiths and cultures, and the power of President Clinton and Vice President Randy, Gae and Andrew. It is now my pleas- love and consideration for one another. Gore—(applause)—President Clinton and ure and great honor to introduce to you Dr. I am reminded of the passage from Psalm Vice President Gore have continued that un- Dorothy Height, President of the National 33, verse 12: ‘‘Blessed is the nation whose God blemished record through their presence here Council of Negro Women and a true national is the Lord, the people he chose for his inher- today, reflecting their recognition of the treasure, who will read from the New Testa- itance. From heaven, the Lord looks down value of prayer in our professional and per- ment. and sees all mankind. From his dwelling sonal lives. So I know I speak for all of my DOROTHY HEIGHT. Mr. President, Mr. Vice place, he watches all who live on Earth. He colleagues in both chambers when I say that President, distinguished guests and friends. forms the hearts of all and considers all their we are delighted to host this 46th National Our New Testament reading is from Mat- works.’’ Prayer Breakfast. You strengthen us and up- thew, the 25th chapter, the 34th to the 45th God’s love for all of us is everlasting, for lift us with your presence. verse. It answers the question that all of us all men and women from all nations. This So, again, welcome. And may God bless ask ourselves every day as we try to be perfect love fills our hearths, prepares us for you, Thank you. (Applause.) truthful, to be faithful, to serve our God. It the challenges we face each day and opens Senator AKAKA. We will now hear an Old answers the question that we have with each our minds to God’s wisdom. As we seek to Testament reading from the Honorable Don other, whatever our differences: What is our love God and one another, let the spirit of Gevitz, an outstanding businessmen from obligation? What must be our commitment? this prayer breakfast enrich us, strengthen California and our former United States Am- ‘‘Then the king will say to those on his us and lead us on life’s journey, where we are bassador to the Republic of Fiji, the King- right, ‘Come, you who are blessed by my fa- never alone. dom of Tonga, the Republic of Nauru and the ther. Take your inheritance, the kingdom It is my privilege at this time to introduce Republic of Tuvalu. prepared for you since the creation of the to you the honorable BOBBY SCOTT, Congress- Ambassador DON GEVIRTZ. Thank you, and world. For I was hungry and you gave me man from Virginia, who is leader of the good morning. Mr. President, my exboss, Mr. something to eat. I was thirty, and you gave House Prayer Breakfast Group. He will speak Vice President, distinguished guests. What is me something to drink. I was a stranger and to us on behalf of the House and the Senate an ex-U.S. Ambassador born into the Jewish you invited me in. I needed clothes and you Prayer Groups. Bobby? faith doing at an event like this? (Laughter.) clothed me. I was sick and you looked after Representative BOBBY SCOTT. Thank you, Appreciating the power of interfaith brother- me. I was in prison and you came to visit Senator. Mr. President and Mrs. Clinton, Mr. hood and fellowship inspired by the National me.’ Vice President and Mrs. Gore, other dais Prayer Breakfast movement. ‘‘Then the righteous will answer him, guests, ladies and gentlemen, I’m delighted At the core of my philosophy are the two ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed to join my congressional colleagues from the words I want on my tombstone. They are, you, or thirsty and give you something to House and the Senate Prayer Breakfast ‘‘He grew.’’ Although my readings this morn- drink? When did we see you a stranger and Groups in bringing you another welcome to ing are from the Old Testament. I would like invite you in, or needing clothes and clothe the 1998 National Prayer Breakfast. This is to borrow for just a moment from the rich you? When did we see you sick or in prison our 46th year of coming together to com- tradition of Luke, chapter 2, verse 52, in the or go to visit you?’ The king will reply, ‘I memorate the value of prayer in both our New Testament, because of its clear state- tell you the truth, whatever you did for the personal lives and our work on behalf of the ment about human potential. ‘‘Jesus grew in least of these, my brothers of mine, you did people of this nation. wisdom and statute and in favor with God for me. We are joined by national leaders of busi- and man.’’ ‘‘Then he will say to those on his left, ‘De- ness, labor, government, religion and other I think that this is God’s wish for all of his part from me, you who are cursed, into the walks of life throughout the United States children. Proverbs in the Old Testament eternal fires prepared for the devil and his and over 16 of countries around the world. clearly identifies the characteristic a person angels. For I was hungry and you gave me Members from the U.S. Senate first met for must have to grow to realize his human po- nothing to eat. I was thirsty and you gave prayer and divine guidance during World War tential. Proverbs, chapter 20, verse 5, points me nothing to drink. I was a stranger and II. The House organized a weekly prayer out that ‘‘The purposes of a man’s heart are you did not invite me in. I needed clothes group shortly thereafter, And both groups deep waters, but a man of understanding and you did not clothe me. I was sick and in have continued the practice of weekly prayer draws them out.’’ Additionally, verse 15 says, prison, and you did not look after me.’ They breakfasts, meeting for breakfast, prayer ‘‘Gold there is, rubies in abundance, but lips also will answer, ‘Lord, when did we see you and fellowship. that speak knowledge are a rare jewel.’’ hungry or thirsty or a stranger or needing S3732 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 clothes or sick or in prison, and we did not makers and agents of reconciliation. Show pleased to say that I did ask her, and we do help you?’ And he will reply, ‘I tell you the us how to live out your commitment to the pray together. truth, whatever you did not do for one of the poor and to the oppressed. Inspire us to over- Again, I don’t know whether you have least of these, you did not do for me.’ ’’ come the fears that have long bound us to shared the same feelings that I have had, but [The reading of his word. (Applause.)] small visions and tiny dreams. Save us from there have been many times in my life where Senator AKAKA. Thank you, Dr. Height. the differences that can obscure our common I sensed that there was a void, that there The Vice President and I entered Congress purpose and serve as an excuse and trigger was a part of me that I wasn’t dealing with, together as members of the class of 1976. As for the unleashing of the evil that lies coiled that there was a part of me that I did not un- a Congressman and Senator, he faithfully in the human soul. derstand. But there is also a part of me that participated in both the House and Senate Help us to overcome evil with good. De- said I want to get in touch with that part of breakfast groups. Today we are honored to liver us from the wanton selfishness that me. have him offer the prayer for our national would make us rich in things but poor in And it is the prayer breakfasts and the leaders. So it is with pleasure that I welcome spirit. Grant us wisdom and courage for the Bible study group that helps me deal with the pride of class of ’76—(laughter)—and an living of these days. We pray for all who are that void, if you will. I was struggling really esteemed friend, the Vice President of the given the responsibility to lead our nation to have a deeper understanding of the word United States, Albert Gore, Jr. (Applause.) and the other nations of this world. Help all ‘‘love.’’ What does love really mean? Who is VICE PRESIDENT GORE. Thank you very of these leaders to seek out your will and in control of my life? Like I suspect most of much. I’m glad to be introduced by the pride give to all of them the strength to live in us in this room, and maybe especially at the of the class of ’76. Thank you very much, and your way in our world. In your name we head table, we have steadfastly tried to stay to Mrs. Akaka, to the President and First pray, Amen. (Applause.) in control of our lives throughout our entire Lady, to Congressman Scott and to Senator Senator AKAKA. Thank you very much, Mr. lives. What is the meaning of God’s will? and Mrs. Mack, to Dr. Graham and all the Vice President. It gives me great pleasure to How do you know what God’s will is? members of the clergy who are present, introduce our featured speaker this morning. I want to touch on those points as I go members of the cabinet, Speaker Gingrich Senator Connie Mack is a source of inspira- through my remarks. But I also want to rec- and members of the House and Senate who tion and strength in our Senate Prayer ognize—I mentioned Don Nickles a moment are present. Breakfast Group. As our planning committee ago, and another colleague of mine in the It is, of course, humbling to join with so discussed whom to invite to address the Senate, Dan Coats, who never lost faith in many people of all faiths to rededicate our- breakfast, our focus turned inward. Connie me. No matter how many times they would selves to God’s purposes and to reaffirm the has a wonderful message, and we are so ask and I would refuse to join them in Bible ultimate purpose of our lives, to glorify the grateful that he agreed to share it with us study or the prayer breakfast, they never creator and to love the Lord our God with all this morning. I give you my friend, the hon- gave up. ‘‘Connie,’’ they said, ‘‘you would love this. This is exactly what you need.’’ our hearts, with all our souls and with all orable Connie Mack. (Applause.) our minds, and to love our neighbors as our- Senator MACK. Mr. President, Mrs. Clinton, And finally, one day I said yes. And it’s because of Dan and Don and selves. Mr. Vice President, Mrs. Gore, ladies and Danny and others like them who kind of I believe God has a plan for the United gentlemen of the head table and guests from guided me along the path to a deeper under- States of America and has since our found- throughout our land and from across the standing that I can honestly say to you ing. Our mission has always been to advance globe. This is a distinct honor for me and today that on October the 26th, 1995, my life the cause of liberty and to prove that reli- true privilege to have the opportunity to began anew. And I want to tell you about gious, political and economic freedom are speak with you this morning. that, a very special meeting of Bible study. the natural birthright of all men and women There are several people that I would like And again, a couple of our members, Dan and that freedom unlocks a higher fraction to introduce before I begin my remarks, and Coats and I were engaged in a very focused of the human potential than any other way in a sense it is an expression of the love and discussion. Interestingly enough, today I of organizing human society. affection that I have for my family. I am one cannot remember what the discussion was And I believe that God has given the people of eight children. Three of my brothers are about. But I sure know it was focused. of our nation not only a chance, but a mis- here this morning: My brother Dennis, my (Laughter.) sion to prove to men and women in all na- brother Andy and my bother John. I am not One of the thoughts that occurred to me as tions that people of different racial and eth- quite sure where they’re seated. (Applause.) our meeting was starting was, as I looked nic backgrounds, of all faiths and creeds, can All together. around the room to see who was there, I have an older sister who is a Catholic nun not only work and live together but can en- Danny Akaka had not come yet. And Danny rich and ennoble both themselves and our who could not be with us today. And John is Akaka is a person who I have gotten to know common purpose and to prove, in the words a trained Baptist minister. (Laughter.) So I and to love and deeply appreciate as a result of Jesus, ‘‘that they all may be one, as thou, think you can get the feel that there have of our experiences today at both prayer Father, art in me, and I in thee.’’ been some interesting discussions—(laugh- breakfasts and Bible study. And Danny Yet too often we lose sight of our common ter)—about religion in our lives. wasn’t there, and I kept thinking, ‘‘I hope he As I thought about what I would share purpose and seek to make our public dis- comes today. I hope he comes today.’’ Again, with you this morning, I decided, rather course one of meanness and not of meaning, mind you, now, this focused discussion that one of bitterness and invective, not of faith than to give some speech on politics and gov- was taking place. and love. James Madison, one of our found- ernment, that I would share with you my As it ended, seated right next to Dan Coats ers, wrote, ‘‘A zeal for different opinions con- own personal quest for a deeper understand- was Danny Akaka. And I was kind of stunned cerning religion, concerning government, an ing of the teachings of Jesus Christ. that you were there. I didn’t know how you attachment to different leaders ambitiously When I use the word ‘‘share,’’ this is some- had gotten into the room. And I was express- contending for preeminence and power, have thing, frankly, that is pretty new to me. And ing to him my sense of love and appreciation in turn divided mankind into parties, in- when Danny called me and asked me if I that he was with us. flamed them with mutual animosity, and would do it, frankly, there was no choice Lloyd Ogilvie at that time, I think sensing rendered them much more disposed to vex other than to say yes. But I must say to you, something special, said to us, ‘‘Is there any- and oppress each other than to cooperate for I felt a sense of terror go through my being. one here this morning who would like to their common good.’’ I’m an individual who has held my spiritual deepen his commitment to Jesus Christ?’’ We’ve seen those animosities unleashed by beliefs, my religious feelings and training, The immediate thought that went through the whole continuum of human difference— inside. I was not a person who shared those my mind was, ‘‘It ain’t me, buster.’’ (Laugh- differences of parties, opinion and faction, thoughts and ideas with anyone else, to the ter.) I mean, that’s it. ‘‘It ain’t me, buster.’’ differences of nationality, religion, language point that—and I see Don Nickles out there Lloyd said I’m now going to be remembered and gender; and the most visible and there- somewhere this morning—I can remember as the guy that said, ‘‘It ain’t me, buster.’’ fore most persistent differences of all, those saying to Don before one of our policy com- (Laughter.) of race and ethnicity. mittee lunches, when he asked me if I would But as soon as that thought went through Overcoming those differences, fulfilling the give the blessing, I said, ‘‘Don, I would rath- my mind, no sooner had it gotten out of mission that is ours in human history, must er not.’’ mind, I said, ‘‘I want you to pray for me.’’ be achieved ‘‘not by might, nor by power, but And I don’t know whether the men in the And I had no idea what was going to happen by my Spirit, sayeth the Lord of hosts.’’ It audience have had the experience of thinking after that. Lloyd asked me to move my chair requires a dedication to faith and trust in about asking their wives to pray with them. to the center of the room, and all of my col- God. We were having a discussion, a few of us in leagues gathered around me, placed their And so, speaking for my own faith in Jesus our Bible study and prayer breakfast, about hands on my shoulders and prayed for me. Christ but acknowledging and respecting all prayer and about our prayer together, and I It is difficult and, frankly, impossible to of the faiths represented here, I offer this said to them, ‘‘Isn’t it strange? I find it dif- explain to you the emotion that I felt at that prayer for our nation and its leaders and ask ficult to say to my wife Priscilla—we’ve been moment. But the one thing I do recall is, you to join with me. married now 37 years—for some reason there contrary to what you might think, there was God, who through thy saints and prophets was an incredible sense of vulnerability that a sense of something flowing out of me. And has spoken to us in days of old, speak to us kept me from turning to her and say, ‘Would later, when I thought through what that ex- again in this hour. Teach us to be peace- you be willing to pray with me?’ ’’ I am perience was, I know what it was. It was that April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3733 desire of keeping control of my life, that I lieve, Southeast Greater Hospital here in ‘‘Was there because I have replaced the was the one that was in charge. I was willing Washington. I could tell she was really say- love of self with the love for others. Being at to give up that control. And on that day, Oc- ing to me, ‘‘Can’t you go see Butch?’’ And the funeral service for Joy Korologos also al- tober the 26th, 1995, I know that that control like I’m sure most of my colleagues, my ini- lowed me to recognize that doing God’s will went out of my life and I began the process, tial reaction was one of ‘‘Where am I going is not the pursuit of the grand, but rather began the process, of turning my life over to to find the time?’’ one day at a time, one moment at a time, God. Well, again, the note’s in my pocket. I pursuing God’s will; that if I allow God to After that very moving experience, Pris- went home. The following morning I looked guide me one step at a time, I will eventu- cilla and I had the opportunity to be in Ver- at my schedule. There was a gap in my ally get to where he wants me to be in my mont on vacation. And I had gone out to go schedule. And I thought, ‘‘Well, maybe I life. And if I truly believe, if I truly believe skiing that morning. And I got to the foot of ought to just go see Butch.’’ So I went over this and follow that belief throughout each the mountain that was in Vermont. It was to the hospital. I went up to Butch’s room. A day, I will be free. I will be at peace; the ulti- ¥10 degrees. The wind was blowing 15, 20 nurse was there giving him a shot. And I mate freedom, to be free of worldly desires.’’ knots. And I say, ‘‘I’ve got to be crazy out looked at Butch, his eyes wide open, almost I also learned that this moment was a life- here skiing.’’ I went back home. I picked up transfixed on the television set. And within changing moment. As I said above, pursue a book that Lloyd Ogilvie had written called a few seconds, it became obvious to me that God’s will one step at a time and not worry ‘‘The Greatest Counselor in the World,’’ a Butch was about to die. or even wonder where it may lead me. This book about the Holy Spirit. It was just the two of us. I had asked the is a radical departure for me from my pre- And later that day there was a sense of nurse how he was doing as I walked in, and vious life—management by objectives, goal- restlessness in me, and I decided to go for a she said, ‘‘He was fine yesterday. His family setting, state a goal, a target, an objective, walk. And I put on some snow shoes. Now, came from Chicago. They had a great time and then pursue it. Now for me it is ‘‘Help being from Florida, I had not had that expe- together.’’ But clearly things had changed. me, dear God, to do what is right, what is in rience before. (Laughter.) And I walked out And again, it was just Butch and myself. And your will at this moment, and then my life into the forest, along the sides of the moun- I thought, ‘‘I cannot leave him here alone, to will take care of itself.’’ tain, by myself. As far as I could see, there die alone.’’ And I walked over to the side of To me, this was a great revelation. Two was nothing but the beauty and cleanness of the bed. I took Butch’s hand, held it, rubbed points that I would want to build on here for the white snow. The only sounds that I heard his arms, and tried to comfort him in the just a moment; that doing God’s will is not were the sounds of nature. The trees—I never sense of saying, ‘‘It’s all right. You’re at the pursuit of the grand. I don’t know about heard this before, but the trees actually rub- peace now. You’ll be joining your God and you, but as I have thought about trying to bing against each other as there was a breeze your creator.’’ And Butch died just a few mo- understand God’s will, I always had this idea that made its way through the forest. ments after that. that there was some huge event in the future I made my way down into a ravine, and The nurse came back in the room. She that I was called on to participate in, always there was a small stream that was making called one of, I believe, his aunts. His aunt trying to figure out what it was; never could its way; a few spots where the water could be actually was already on her way. She walked do it. seen around the ice, and the sounds of that in within a few minutes. I explained to her And now I understand that if each day I stream bubbling up. And I stopped there, that Butch had just died. I hugged her, em- will pursue God’s will—and I think you’re be- wanting to get on my knees and to pray. But braced her, and again told her that he died in ginning to understand why I said a moment I must say to you, I was terrified about get- peace and he died in the hands of his God and ago that when Danny called me and asked ting on my knees with those snow shoes. And creator. me if I would be willing to give this address As you can imagine, as I made my way with the snow, I didn’t think I could get this morning, I had no choice but to do it, back to the Senate and back to the dining back up. (Laughter.) because on that day my sense was it was So I stood there, and I literally raised my room so I could tell his colleagues on the God’s will that I speak this morning. So, hands to the heavens and prayed that the staff of the dining room that Butch had died, again, I try to live each day now attentive, Holy Spirit would fill me. There was a rus- as you can imagine, I was asking myself sev- attentive to the needs of others, attentive to tling of the wind. I’m not trying to hold out eral questions. How did you get there that the needs of my colleagues in the Senate, any kind of mystery, but there was a rus- day? Why were you there at that moment? trying to make sure that I am not so busy tling of the wind that gave me a sense that, What was it that you were supposed to learn that I don’t hear their cries for help. in fact, I was being filled with the Holy Spir- from that experience? I’d like to close my thoughts here this it. And as I look back on those days, I now And what I learned from the experience is morning with another personal experience. recognize that the fruits of the Holy Spirit something that’s all too obvious, but some- And I want to use 1 Corinthians, chapter 13, have become part of my day—love, peace, times we have a tendency to forget, and that verse 13, which I suspect that many of you joy, patience, goodness, kindness, gentleness, is that in God’s eyes, as it should be in our are familiar with. I have used 1 Corinthians faithfulness, self-control. They are part of eyes, that all of us are equal. It makes no 13 at both weddings and at funerals, because my day because that’s God’s will. difference whether you’re a United States I remember not long after that that Pris- Senator or whether you’re a buy boy in the in essence it is all about life. ‘‘And now abide cilla and I had the opportunity to be at the United States Senate. (Applause.) faith, hope, love, these three. But the great- movies. And the movie was over and I turned Another experience that happened to me est of these is love.’’ to her and I said, ‘‘I am filled with a sense of was again an acquaintance of mine, and And I don’t know about you, but I’ve al- joy.’’ What was rather startling about that frankly, an acquaintance of many people in ways kind of wondered what makes love the was that later I said to Priscilla, ‘‘Do you this room, Tom Korologos. Tom’s wife Joy greatest of those three. And I will try to ex- know that that’s the first time in over 17 passed away as the result of melanoma, the plain in just a couple of minutes at least years that I have truly had a sense of joy?’’ same kind of cancer that killed my brother what my understanding of that Bible reading My brother Michael had died of cancer in in 1979. I picked up the phone and I called is. 1979. And for all those years, I carried around Tom and gave my condolences and expressed Both my mother and father died during in me the gloom of his death. But I recog- my concern and my love for him. these past 20 months or so. In a conversation nized, at the moment that I turned to Pris I ended up going to Joy’s funeral service. in Bible study, as I was expressing my con- and said, ‘‘I feel a sense of joy,’’ that the And again, I had maybe met Joy once. And cerns about having a deeper understanding of gloom had been lifted and God’s love had re- as I was sitting in the church waiting for the love and trying to understand my relation- placed it. service to begin, I was again asking myself— ship with my God and maker, it was said to I want to now share a couple of experiences again, to the members of the House and Sen- me that sometimes it’s helpful to think with you to show you how my life has been ate, and clearly the President and the Vice about your loving relationship with your fa- changed as a result of this. Some of you in President, understand this incredible de- ther here on Earth. It may give you some in- the Senate may remember a fellow by the mand on us for our time. And it’s almost a sight into your loving relationship with your name of Butch. He was a bus boy in the Sen- natural thing to kind of ask every place we God. ate dining room. I got to know Butch over go. ‘‘Why are we here?’’ Well, as would, I think, be natural when the years as I would come in and have break- And so as I’m, waiting for this service to you see your parents heading towards the fast, and he would bring me a paper and we begin, I’m asking those same kind of ques- last moments of their life, it’s fairly easy to would chat for a few minutes. tions. Why am I here? Well, once the service get into a discussion about what love is all One day I was having lunch with some of began and the family began to express their about. And I found out one of the things that my colleagues in the Senate dining room, deep convictions to their Lord and maker, it there’s a big difference between the love be- and one of the waitresses came up to me and was pretty obvious to me why I was there. I tween a mother and her son and a father and handed me a note and said that Butch was wrote down some notes that morning during his son. My mother loved me uncondition- seriously ill. Well, I put the note in my pock- the service of some feelings that went ally. It made no matter what I did. She was et. And as I left the Senate dining room, I through my mind, and I want to share from there to comfort me, to love me, to protect stopped and talked with the waitress and she the notes that I made that morning. So they me. once again said that Butch was seriously ill. may not be grammatically collect, so bear But with my father, frankly, it was dif- And I could sense she was saying—she had with me. I’m going to read them exactly as ferent. And I didn’t understand what that re- given me the note that said he was at, I be- I wrote them. lationship was. Was the relationship one S3734 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 that was based on a need for reward? Was I tions, and I ask you to help us to enlist more that he’s sincere in what he had to say. And looking for respect? What portion of it was young Americans to give meaning to their to Vice President Gore and to all of you that fear? And as I watched my father over the lives, to live out their faith, and to help are here, many of you, I look at you and I last 20 years or so and recognized that he did make our country a better place. think back to times we’ve been together in over 17,000 hours of volunteer time at the I thank you for the prayers, the letters, years past, in your state, in your town. I’m local hospitals, and I heard people talk about the scriptural instruction that I have gotten an evangelist. I travel from place to place seeing my father helping them being wheeled from so many of you and many others and preach the gospel. And it’s the same gos- down to surgery or to the X-ray, I sensed around this country in recent weeks and in- pel I started with. The human heart is the that there was a strong sense of love that my deed in the last five years. And I ask that same. The gospel is the same. It never father had expressed during those years. they continue. changes, that God loves you no matter who And I finally understood the significance of Finally, I couldn’t help thinking when you are. (Applause.) the meaning of love and why love is so im- Connie Mack was talking that what we all So I’m going to ask that we have this clos- portant, because frankly love is a collection need very much is to take what we feel when ing prayer together. of all the graces that God has given us in we’re here every year and keep it close with Our Father and our God, as we come to the which we express in action, that we act in us when we leave here every year—day in close of another National Prayer Breakfast, behalf of or on behalf of those less fortunate and day out, week in and week out, in good we pause to give you thanks for the oppor- than us, those who at the moment need our times and bad. And I ask for your help in tunity we have had to come apart from our assistance. And so for all those years I saw that. daily tasks and turn our minds and our this outpouring of love from my mother and We have a difficult decision we are facing hearts to you. Give us a holy dissatisfaction father and I understood then why I love my now, as a country and our administration, with anything less than your perfect will father and why I loved my Father in heaven, because of the concern all Americans have that we heard expressed a few moments ago. and it is very simple. It is because they so that we not expose our children, if we can Help us to see ourselves as we truly are in deeply loved me. help it, to the dangers of chemical and bio- your sight, as men and women who are sub- Thank you. Have a great day. (Applause.) logical warfare. And last night I came across ject to the temptations of pride and power Senator AKAKA. Ladies and gentlemen, it a scripture verse that a friend of mine sent and flesh and who need your forgiveness and is now my privilege and high honor to intro- me in the last 72 hours that I had not had the your strength. Help us remember that you duce the President of the United States, Wil- chance to read—a prayer of King Solomon teach us that we’re all sinners and everyone liam Jefferson Clinton. Welcome, Mr. Presi- that I ask you to keep in mind as we face who is in this place needs repentance and dent. (Applause.) this decision. Solomon said in I Kings, ‘‘I am forgiveness, including me. President CLINTON. Thank you very much. only a little child, and I do not know how to May we all come to the cross. And by your Thank you very much to my good friend and carry out my duties. Your servant is here grace, help us to turn to you for the forgive- sometimes golfing partner, Senator Akaka, among people you have chosen—a great peo- ness and mercy we need. We thank you for to all the members of Congress here, Rev- ple—too numerous to count or number. So the promise of the Bible, that if we truly erend Graham, other head table guests and you give your servant a discerning heart to confess our sins that you’re faithful and just ladies and gentlemen. govern your people and to distinguish be- to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from For five years now, Hillary and I have tween right and wrong, for who is able to all unrighteousness. looked forward to this day. For me it’s a day govern this great people of yours.’’ As we leave this place, help us to find in in which I can be with other people of faith I also ask for your prayers as we work to- you the strength we need to live as we and pray and ask for your prayers, both as gether to continue to take our country to should. Give us motives that are pure, lips President and as just another child of God. I higher ground and to remember the admoni- that are honest, lives that are blameless, and have done it for five years, and I do so again tion to Micah, which I try to repeat to my- hearts that are filled with compassion and today. self on a very regular basis. I ask your pray- love. At each of these breakfasts, from our ers that I and we might act justly and love We pray for the millions of the hungry and shared experiences and our prayers, God’s mercy and walk humbly with our God. poor in our world and for the thousands even grace always seems to come, bringing Thank you very much. (Applause.) in our own land and for all who are op- strength and wisdom and peace. Today I Sen. AKAKA. Thank you very much, Mr. pressed, that we will not be deaf to their come more than anything else to say thank President, for that wonderful message of cries. We pray today especially for President you. First, thank you, Connie Mack, for your gratitude and prayer. Thank you for sharing and Mrs. Clinton, for Vice President and wonderful message and the power of your ex- your wisdom and inspiration. And thank you Mrs. Gore, for the Cabinet, for members of ample. I also thank all of you here for many for making the time to join us this morning. the Supreme Court, for the Congress and all things in the last five years and ask your And I want you to know that we are praying others to whom you have given responsibil- help in helping us to work together to make for you. ity in our land, and for their families who our nation better, and the work that God has To offer the benediction, I’m thrilled to many times have to bear the burden of re- sent me to do and you to do. welcome back to the National Prayer Break- sponsibility. I thank you for helping me to strike blows fast a man whose presence inspires all of us Give them strength and courage, integrity for religious liberty—with the work so many to good and whose wisdom brings us comfort and wisdom, as they face the complex prob- of you in this room have done to help us to and hope, Dr. Billy Graham. We love you, Dr. lems of our nation and our world. And, O protect the rights of federal employees, to Graham. (Applause.) Lord, we pray that we will be faithful in follow their faith at work, our students in Dr. GRAHAM. Thank you very much. And as praying that if it be thy will that thou would school. In particular, I want to thank Rev- far as I’m concerned, I give all the glory and bring peace to the Middle East. And we pray erend Don Argue, the former President of the praise to God. (Applause.) It’s been my privi- that if it be thy will, that we’ll not have war, National Association of Evangelicals and lege to be at many of these prayer break- as President Yeltsin has warned us about. Rabbi Arthur Schneier and the Roman fasts, I suppose more than any other person. Send the strong driving wind of the Holy Catholic Archbishop of Newark, Theodore (Laughter.) In fact, they told me that when Spirit across our land, to bring us a new McCarrik, who next week will go to China to I was interviewed by Senator Sam Nunn the breath of joy and freedom in serving you. look into religious practices there and to other day about the history of the prayer May we see a national, an international re- begin a dialogue there in hopes that a part of breakfast, that they thought I was the oldest vival. Renew our vision. Restore our faith. our relationship with China will be about our person that had attended the prayer break- Rekindle our desire to love and serve you concern for the kind of religious liberty we fast for so long. And I suppose that’s right. and serve each other. As we leave this place, have practiced here this morning. (Ap- And they couldn’t find any others that had may we commit ourselves afresh to him who plause.) been to so many, and so they asked me if I alone is the way, the truth and the life. I thank so many of you in the community would be interviewed for the Archives— And now, may the Lord bless you and keep of faith who have worked with the govern- (laughter)—and the history of the prayer you, the Lord make his face to shine upon ment in partnership to help move poor fami- breakfast. (Laughter.) you and be gracious unto you, the Lord lift lies from welfare, from welfare to work, to But I don’t know when I’ve been so moved up his countenance upon you and give you honor the Scripture that our friend Dorothy at a prayer breakfast as this one. I feel the peace. In the Name of the Father, the Son Height read today. And I ask more of you to Holy Spirit is bringing us together and and the Holy Spirit, Amen. (Applause.) join in. I thank those of you who have been speaking to us. (Applause.) Not only dif- Senator AKAKA. Thank you. Thank you responsible for working with me—and I see ferent religious backgrounds, but different very much, Dr. Graham. This concludes the Senator Grassley out there and Harris political backgrounds. And here I see mem- 46th National Prayer Breakfast. I ask all of Wofford is here—to bring communities of bers of all parties smiling, listening to the you to please rise and remain standing until faith into the circle of national service. Word of God, listening to this magnificent the President and Mrs. Clinton and Vice We now have 5,000 young Americans work- word on the love of God an the love that he President and Mrs. Gore depart from the ing with religious organizations earning the can put in our hearts. ballroom. (Applause.) Americorps scholarship to go to college with And when the President spoke, I could not I thank all of you for your participation after they serve with their community of help but think of the various times that I’ve and your cooperation. Trust in God and faith wherever they live in America. And the had the privilege of being with him alone to carry his love with you and share it with Congress has provided for many more posi- talk, read the Bible and pray. And I know others today and every day. Thank you very April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3735 much. This concludes the National Prayer they celebrate today 60 years of accom- TRIBUTE TO THE HOLLIS/BROOK- Breakfast. (Applause.)∑ plishments since the organization was LINE STUDENTS FOR THEIR f founded in 1938. PARTICIPATION IN ‘‘WE THE CHILD CUSTODY PROTECTION ACT This year also marks the 150th Anni- PEOPLE . . .’’ ∑ Mr. MCCAIN. Mr. President, today I versary of the first Women’s Rights ∑ Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. Mr. became an official cosponsor of S. 1645, Convention ever held to discuss the President, I rise today to pay tribute the Child Custody Protection Act in- prohibitions then in force on women to 27 students from Hollis/Brookline troduced by Senator ABRAHAM. This voting, holding public office, owning High School for winning the right to bill addresses a very critical problem property, signing official documents, represent New Hampshire in the ‘‘We impacting our nation’s families and and receiving a formal education. the People . . . The Citizen and the their children, abortion. Under this Constitution’’ national competition in The women who have served in the Washington, D.C. bill, adults who take children across National Order of Women Legislators state lines to receive an abortion with- As the New Hampshire state cham- and the Georgia Chapter of that orga- out the knowledge of their parents pions, the Hollis/Brookline students nization have overcome gender barriers would be committing a federal offense. will compete against more than 1200 Currently, 22 states require parental and are true champions of the women’s students from across the United States notification if a minor is going to re- rights movement. I applaud these in a three-day national competition ceive an abortion. Yet, each and every women for fighting for and delivering May 2–4, 1998. Students will dem- day adults help thousands of children to the women of this nation the right onstrate their knowledge of the Con- travel across state lines to receive to vote, and a vital voice in local, state stitution and its relevance to contem- abortions in states which do not re- and national government. porary issues in front of simulated con- gressional committees composed of quire the notification of a parent. The Declaration of Sentiments issued constitutional scholars, lawyers, jour- Being an ardent opponent of abor- by the 1848 convention held in Seneca tion, I am gravely concerned about the nalists, and government leaders. Falls, New York, launched a movement The distinguished members of the children who are being taken by adults, that unleashed and enhanced the myr- who are not their parents, into dif- Hollis/Brookline team are: Meghan iad of talents and intellectual abilities Amber, Wayne Beuner, Randy Brown, ferent states to receive abortions. This already possessed by women through- process is wrong and must be stopped. Jonathon Davies, Meredith Edmunds, out the United States. The resulting Jaima Elliott, Emily Gagne, Sara We cannot allow adults to circumvent Women’s Rights Movement has had a state laws by transporting a minor Godshall, Laura Hacker, Alex Harris, profound and undeniable impact on all across state lines for an abortion with- Nicola Huns, Craig Kimball, Sarah aspects of American life, and has out parental consent and involvement. Kirby, Anna Klein, Brannon Klein, opened new and well deserved opportu- The decision to have an abortion is a Maya Levine, Sara Liebling, Kass nities for women. critical decision, one which I person- Litwin, Heidi Packard, Amy Rattin, ally hope that women of all ages would I would especially like to commend Jared Rosenberg, Nadine Schneider, elect not to have. However, despite an the spirit and hard work of Rebecca Carrie Spaulding, Kent Springfield, individual’s personal opinion on abor- Latimer Felton, the first Georgia Anja Helene Stronen-Lien, Amy Tozier tion, the majority of Americans, my- woman elected to the United States and Amanda Vormelker. Their teach- self included, believe it is imperative Senate in 1992, two years after women ers, Helen Melanson and Joel Mitchell, for minor children to involve their par- gained the right to vote; Florence deserve special recognition for their ents in this life altering decision. Ac- Reville Gibbs, the first Georgia woman role in preparing these students for this intense constitutional testing. I cording to a 1996 Gallup poll, 74 percent to serve in the United States House of applaud them for their commitment to of Americans supported requiring mi- Representatives (1940–1941); Viola Ross enriching the lives of these students. nors to get parental consent for an Napier, the first woman to serve in the As a former high school civics teach- abortion. According to the Supreme Georgia House of Representatives Court, ‘‘the medical, emotional, and er myself, I recognize the value of in- (1923–1926); Susie Tilman Moore, the stilling an understanding of the Con- psychological consequences of an abor- first woman to serve in the Georgia tion are serious and can be lasting; this stitution in students. The ‘‘We the State Senate (1933–1934 and 1939–1940); People . . . The Citizen and the Con- is particularly so when the patient is and Grace Towns Hamilton, the first immature.’’ Clearly, our nation’s chil- stitution’’ program provides an excel- African American woman elected to lent opportunity for students to gain dren should not be kept from their par- the Georgia House of Representatives ents when making an important life de- an informed perspective about the his- (1966–1984). cision with such broad ramifications as tory and principles of our nation’s con- an abortion. I am honored to serve in the United stitutional government. I wish these This is why I am cosponsoring Sen- States Senate with nine remarkable fe- young constitutional experts from Hol- ator ABRAHAM’s bill, the ‘‘Child Cus- male Senators—Sens. BARBARA BOXER lis/Brookline High School the best of tody Protection Act.’’ This bill would (D–CA), SUSAN COLLINS (R–ME), DIANNE luck in preparing for the national make it a federal offense to transport a FEINSTEIN (D–CA), KAY BAILEY finals. It is an honor to have them rep- minor across state lines with intent to HUTCHISON (R–TX), MARY LANDRIEU (D– resent New Hampshire, and I wish avoid state laws requiring parental in- LA), BARBARA MIKULSKI (D–MD), CAROL them luck as they prepare to be Ameri- ca’s leaders in the twenty-first cen- volvement in a minor’s abortion. MOSELEY-BRAUN (D–IL), PATTY MURRAY tury. I am proud to represent them in It is my firm belief that we must pass (D–WA), and OLYMPIA SNOWE (R–ME). I the U.S. Senate. this law and stop people from bypass- also commend the 55 female members ∑ ing the laws of our individual states. of the U.S. House of Representatives f This legislation protects our children and female members in the Georgia A LITERACY SUCCESS STORY from making a life altering decision State Legislature. without the guidance of their most ∑ Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, on be- Members of National Order of Women trusted advisors, their parents.∑ half of myself, Senator JEFFORDS and Legislators serve as role models for f Senator REED, I would like to submit women throughout this nation and the this statement given by Ms. Raynice TRIBUTE TO THE NATIONAL entire world. I ask my colleagues to Brumfield of Washington, D.C. for the ORDER OF WOMEN LEGISLATORS join me today in saluting and con- RECORD. Ms. Brumfield testified at this ∑ Mr. CLELAND. Mr. President, I rise gratulating the National Order of morning’s Labor and Human Resources today to congratulate and commend Women Legislators and the Georgia Committee hearing on Reading and the National Order of Women Legisla- Chapter of the National Order of Literacy Initiatives. I commend her for tors and the Georgia Chapter of the Na- Women Legislators for setting a posi- the progress she has made as a partici- tional Order of Women Legislators as tive example to all Americans.∑ pant of the D.C. Head Start Toyota S3736 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 Family Literacy Program. Her testi- As a result of being in the Toyota Family tempore, and upon the recommenda- mony was very moving and she is a Literacy Program, new worlds have opened tion of the Republican leader, pursuant success story for others to emulate. up for me and my family. Worlds that were to the provisions of S. Res. 208 of the Mr. President, I ask that Ms. once just part of my day dreams. . . . are now a reality. I am proud to tell you that I 105th Congress, appoints the following Brumfield’s testimony be printed in now read on a 10th grade level, and my math Senators to the Special Committee on the RECORD. skills have increased to a 9th grade level. I the Year 2000 Technology Problem: The The testimony follows: received an award from my children’s school, Senator from Arizona (Mr. KYL), the TESTIMONY OF RAYNICE BRUMFIELD, DISTRICT which honored me as being, ‘‘Most Active Senator from Oregon (Mr. SMITH), and OF COLUMBIA PUBLIC SCHOOLS HEAD START Parent in Schoolwide Activities.’’ I have vol- the Senator from Maine (Ms. COLLINS). ‘‘TOYOTA FAMILY LITERACY PROGRAM’’ unteered more than 200 hours in my chil- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Ms. BRUMFIELD. Thank you Senator Jef- dren’s school. My children’s report cards and Chair, on behalf of the President pro fords and members of the Senate Committee, teacher comments are no longer negative, for inviting me to share my story with you. but positive. I was invited to speak at last tempore, pursuant to the provisions of By virtue of the fact that I can sit before you year’s 27th Annual Congressional Black Cau- S. Res. 208 of the 105th Congress, ap- to take part in this occasion, proves that cus Legislative Conference in Washington, points the following Senators as ex- without a program like the Toyota Family DC, by New Jersey’s Representative Donald officio members of the Special Com- Learning Tree, I would still be just stuck in M. Payne. I shared how Toyota through the mittee on the Year 2000 Technology the house, taking care of my two small chil- National Center for Family Literacy and the Problem by virtue of their positions on dren, faced with a future that didn’t look Head Start Program are helping to improve the Committee on Appropriations: The bright. literacy in the African American community I am Raynice Brumfield. I am a 25 year old by focusing on young children and their par- Senator from Alaska (Mr. STEVENS); single parent with four children; James 10, ents. That speech was placed on the E-mail and the Senator from West Virginia Delonte 8, Kiara 5, and Tyrone, age 4. I was system of every congressman and representa- (Mr. BYRD), Ranking Minority Member. born in Washington, D.C., and attended the tive in Congress. Now the most powerful peo- f public schools there. When I was 15 years old ple in the United States have heard about I became pregnant with my first child. Be- the wonderful work that all of you in this EXECUTIVE SESSION tween the ages of 15 and 17, I worked at var- room have dedicated your lives to. ious jobs. I soon found that I could not make In January, the Head Start Program in- enough money to afford food, clothing, baby vited me to be a guest speaker at their staff EXECUTIVE CALENDAR supplies and living expenses. At age 17, I be- development activities. Again, I told how Ms. SNOWE. Mr. President, I ask family literacy programs make futures came pregnant with my second child. By 19, unanimous consent that the Senate I enrolled in one of the District of Colum- bright. I just took the GED examination on bia’s public vocational schools. I dropped out the 16th. proceed to executive session to con- of that school because the staff was not sen- My adult education teacher encouraged me sider the following nomination on the sitive to the needs of young mothers, and I to apply for an intensive training program Executive Calendar: Calendar No. 578. did not feel safe in that environment. I start- through the YWCA’s Non-Traditional Jobs I further ask unanimous consent that ed to receive Public Assistance when I was For Women Program last school year. I was the nomination be confirmed; that the 19, and soon became pregnant with Kiara, accepted into the program, and have com- motion to reconsider be laid upon the and the next year, Tyrone. pleted the training, which prepared me to be table; that any statements relating to The opportunity to further my education, trained as a carpenter, plumber, mason, or while being close to my children, seemed electrical worker. the nomination appear at the appro- like a dream come true. On September 30th, Upon notification of having passed the priate place in the RECORD; that the 1996 my children and I started school. The GED, I have been promised priority consider- President be immediately notified of adult education teacher (Mrs. Grace Black- ation for a non-traditional job at George the Senate’s action; and that the Sen- wood), and the parenting instructor (Mrs. Washington University (in the District of Co- ate then return to legislative session. Irene Ball), greeted me warmly. I was quiet, lumbia) through a partnership that has been The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without scared, and very unsure of myself. set up between our program and the univer- objection, it is so ordered. sity. I will have the opportunity to work for When I entered the program my reading The nomination was considered and and math levels were at a second grade level. no less than $12.00 per hour, have paid leave My teachers, and the program’s coordinator, and benefits for my entire family. confirmed, as follows: Mrs. Peggy Minnis, made the other parents I will gain experience, meet new people, DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS and me feel like we could accomplish any- and most importantly, the opportunity to Togo Dennis West, Jr., of the District of thing. They made sure that we maintained a continue my education free of charge. Upon Columbia, to be Secretary of Veterans Af- positive self esteem. We were encouraged to advancement in my job, my children will be fairs. able to attend George Washington University set goals, and they helped us work to meet Mr. SPECTER. Mr. President, on each goal. The work was hard, but soon it be- and get their college education for free. came a daily routine, for my children and I The partnership between Head Start, the February 24, 1998, the Committee on to sit at the kitchen table, learning to- National Center for Family Literacy and the Veterans’ Affairs held a hearing on the gether. As my reading skills improved, I Toyota Corporation have made my future nomination of Acting Secretary of the began to enjoy reading stories to my chil- look bright. By nurturing the promise of pro- Department of Veterans Affairs Togo dren at home, and going into their classroom viding a quality education to my children D. West, Jr. be the permanent Sec- to practice and share my new skills with any and me, they have given me empowerment retary of that agency. The committee through Literacy. child who wanted to crawl up in my lap, to ∑ carefully evaluated the nominee and hear me read. The harder I worked, the easi- f his statements before the committee. er it became to help my older children with their homework. I began taking part in the APPOINTMENT OF CONFEREES— It reviewed Mr. West’s submissions of activities at their school. My children’s H.R. 2646 his background and financial interests home library grew from 2 or 3 books, to over The PRESIDING OFFICER. Pursuant and the investigation completed on all 40. Reading stories or telling stories to my to the order of March 27, 1998, the Chair Presidential nominations and con- children has helped in their language devel- appoints the following Senators to ducted by the Federal Bureau of Inves- opment and provided me with practice in serve as conferees to H.R. 2646, the tigation. As a result, the committee reading. Education Savings Act for Public and voted unanimously on April 21 to re- The parenting course helped me under- port favorably to the full Senate the stand child development. Understanding the Private Schools. stages that my children were going through, The Presiding Officer (Mr. ALLARD) nomination of Togo D. West, Jr. to be helped me to be patient, understanding, and appointed Mr. ROTH, Mr. MACK, Mr. the Secretary of the Department of able to predict their behavior. I learned that COATS, Mr. GORTON, Mr. COVERDELL, Veterans Affairs. there are whole new worlds that my family Mr. MOYNIHAN, Ms. MOSELEY-BRAUN, The Department of Veterans Affairs and I can explore for free. We visit these new Mr. KENNEDY and Mr. BINGAMAN con- has been without a permanent Sec- worlds every weekend inside the public li- ferees on the part of the Senate. retary since Jesse Brown resigned in brary. I tell my children that even though f July 1997. This is too long a period for we don’t have a lot of money, we can still any department of the Federal govern- visit far away places and people. Most impor- APPOINTMENTS BY THE ment to be without its senior leader tantly, we enjoy these adventures as a fam- PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE ily. All of my children have their own library and manager. It is especially true for cards. I’ve become a responsible citizen who The PRESIDING OFFICER. The the Department of Veterans Affairs has a voter registration card and I vote. Chair, on behalf of the President pro which is in a period of major transition April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3737 of its health program from inpatient to position he held beginning in 1993, until States of America and the Government outpatient care in a period of a declin- President Clinton appointed him Act- of the Federative Republic of Brazil on ing real budget. In addition, the De- ing Secretary of Veterans Affairs on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal partment’s administration of its bene- January 2, 1998. As Secretary of Veter- Matters, signed at Brasilia on October fits programs has been seriously chal- ans Affairs, West will be responsible for 14, 1997. I transmit also, for the infor- lenged and is in need of major restruc- safeguarding and improving the VA’s mation of the Senate, the report of the turing and effective leadership. Also, system of delivering health care and Department of State with respect to the Department, like other federal de- benefits to America’s 26 million veter- the Treaty. partments and agencies, faces a major ans. VA is the second largest federal The Treaty is one of a series of mod- hurdle in adjusting its computer-based agency, employing almost 235,000 peo- ern mutual legal assistance treaties information systems to the Year 2000. ple, many of them veterans themselves. that the United States is negotiating It appears to me that Togo D. West, Togo West will be filling the vacancy in order to counter criminal activities Jr. has the prerequisite qualifications left by Jesse Brown, the former Sec- more effectively. The Treaty should be to meet these challenges, to lead the retary of Veterans Affairs. Jesse Brown an effective tool to assist in the pros- Department, and to provide the health has always been a tireless veterans ad- ecution of a wide variety of modern and benefits services which our veter- vocate, and his leadership and energy criminals, including those involved in ans have come to expect and deserve. are missed by veterans and others who terrorism, other violent crimes, drug Mr. West has been serving as Acting also fight on behalf of veterans. trafficking, money laundering, and Secretary since January 2, 1998, pursu- Mr. President, Togo West has a won- other ‘‘white-collar’’ crime. The Treaty ant to a December 2, 1997, Presidential derful opportunity to serve the veter- is self-executing, and will not require directive under authority of the so- ans of our Nation in this new capacity. new legislation. called ‘‘Vacancies Act,’’ 5 U.S.C. 3348. He has demonstrated himself to be a The Treaty provides for a broad He concurrently has been serving as person of the highest integrity with ex- range of cooperation in criminal mat- Secretary of the Army, a position he traordinary leadership skills. President ters. Mutual assistance available under has held since November 1993. He relin- Clinton has shown great confidence in the Treaty includes: quishes that position upon being sworn him, his work, and his commitment to (1) Locating or identifying persons or in as Secretary of the Department of veterans by nominating him to serve in items; (2) serving documents; (3) taking Veterans Affairs. testimony or statements of persons; (4) Mr. West’s background is extensive this important position. I concur with transferring persons in custody for tes- and impressive. He was commissioned a the President who has said that Togo timony or other purposes; (5) providing second lieutenant in the U.S. Army West ‘‘has always understood the spe- documents, records, and items; (6) exe- Field Artillery Corps upon graduation cial responsibility we owe to our men cuting requests for searches and sei- from college and following law school, and women in uniform both during and he was called to active duty in the after their years of service.’’ His zures; (7) assisting in proceedings relat- Army’s Judge Advocate General Corps. unique perspective and experience will ed to immobilization and forfeiture of In 1975, he served in the Department of serve him well in meeting the chal- assets, restitution, and collection of Justice as an Associate Deputy Attor- lenges that lie ahead. fines; and (8) any other form of assist- ney General and in 1977 he was named Mr. President, I am proud of the con- ance not prohibited by the laws of the General Counsel for the Navy. In 1979, firmation of Togo West. I thank my Requested State. he served as the Special Assistant to colleagues for their unanimous support I recommend that the Senate give the Secretary of Defense and Deputy of this nomination. early and favorable consideration to Secretary, and in January 1980 was ap- f the Treaty and give its advice and con- pointed General Counsel of the Depart- sent to ratification. LEGISLATIVE SESSION ment of Defense. WILLIAM J. CLINTON. Mr. West is an articulate and dedi- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under THE WHITE HOUSE, April 28, 1998. cated public servant. I believe that he the previous order, the Senate will now f will serve well the Department and our return to legislative session. ORDERS FOR WEDNESDAY, APRIL country’s veterans. Therefore, I thank f 29, 1998 my colleagues for their support of this nomination. REMOVAL OF INJUNCTION OF SE- Ms. SNOWE. Mr. President, I ask Mr. ROCKEFELLER. Mr. President, CRECY—TREATY DOCUMENT 105– unanimous consent that when the Sen- I’m delighted to join the Chairman of 42 ate completes its business today, it the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, Ms. SNOWE. Mr. President, as in ex- stand in adjournment until 11:45 a.m. Mr. SPECTER, in bringing before the ecutive session, I ask unanimous con- on Wednesday, April 29. I further ask Senate the nomination of Togo D. sent that the injunction of secrecy be unanimous consent that on Wednesday, West, Jr., to be Secretary of Veterans removed from the following treaty immediately following the prayer, the Affairs and urging his confirmation. transmitted to the Senate on April 28, routine requests through the morning Mr. President, Togo West has a long 1998, by the President of the United hour be granted and the Senate then history of serving his country and States: Treaty with Brazil on Mutual resume consideration of the Smith- America’s service members. He began Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Hutchison amendment No. 2314 to the his career as an Army lawyer from 1969 (Treaty Document No. 105–42.) NATO enlargement treaty. to 1973, first as part of the Army Judge I further ask unanimous consent that The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Advocate General’s Corps and later the treaty be considered as having been objection, it is so ordered. with the Office of the Assistant Sec- read for the first time; that it be re- Ms. SNOWE. I further ask unanimous retary of the Army for Manpower and ferred, with accompanying papers, to consent that at 11:45 a.m., the Senate Reserve Affairs. He left the Army in the Committee on Foreign Relations proceed to a rollcall vote on or in rela- 1973, but never strayed far from public and ordered to be printed; and that the tion to the Smith-Hutchison amend- service. In 1975, he served in the De- President’s message be printed in the ment, with 2 minutes equally divided for debate prior to the vote. partment of Justice as Associate Dep- RECORD. uty Attorney General. In 1977, he was The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without appointed to serve as the Department objection, it is so ordered: objection, it is so ordered. of the Navy’s General Counsel. From The message of the President is as f there, he also served as the Special As- follows: PROGRAM sistant to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense, and in 1980 he To the Senate of the United States: Ms. SNOWE. Mr. President, for the was appointed General Counsel of the With a view to receiving the advice information of all Senators, the Senate Department of Defense. and consent of the Senate to ratifica- will resume consideration of the NATO Most recently, Togo West served our tion, I transmit herewith the Treaty enlargement treaty at 11:45 a.m. to- country as Secretary of the Army, a between the Government of the United morrow morning. At 11:45 a.m., the S3738 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE April 28, 1998 Senate will immediately proceed to a ADJOURNMENT UNTIL 11:45 A.M. PENSATION AS AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY TO BARBADOS, THE COMMONWEALTH rollcall vote on, or in relation to, the TOMORROW OF DOMINICA, THE STATE OF GRENADA, ST. KITTS AND NEVIS, SAINT LUCIA, SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENA- Smith-Hutchison amendment No. 2314 Ms. SNOWE. Mr. President, if there DINES. offered earlier today. The leader has is no further business to come before JEFFREY DAVIDOW, OF VIRGINIA, A CAREER MEMBER OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE, CLASS OF MINISTER, indicated that he hopes that the Sen- the Senate, I now ask unanimous con- TO BE AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENI- sent that the Senate stand in adjourn- POTENTIARY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO ate will complete action on the NATO MEXICO. expansion treaty by tomorrow evening ment under the previous order. JOHN O’LEARY, OF MAINE, TO BE AMBASSADOR EX- There being no objection, the Senate, TRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY OF THE UNITED or the close of business Thursday at STATES OF AMERICA TO THE REPUBLIC OF CHILE. the latest. Senators with amendments at 7:28 p.m., adjourned until Wednes- ARTHUR LOUIS SCHECHTER, OF TEXAS, TO BE AMBAS- day, April 29, 1998, at 11:45 a.m. SADOR EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY OF are encouraged to come to the floor to THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE COMMON- f WEALTH OF THE BAHAMAS. offer and debate those amendments so that good progress can be made during NOMINATIONS f Wednesday’s session. Therefore, Sen- Executive nominations received by CONFIRMATION ators should expect rollcall votes the Senate April 28, 1998: Executive Nomination Confirmed by throughout Wednesday’s session on STATE DEPARTMENT the Senate April 28, 1998: amendments to the NATO enlargement MARI CARMEN APONTE, OF PUERTO RICO, TO BE AM- DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS treaty or any other legislative or exec- BASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE DOMINICAN TOGO DENNIS WEST, JR., OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUM- utive items cleared for action. REPUBLIC. BIA, TO BE SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS. E. WILLIAM CROTTY, OF FLORIDA, TO BE AMBASSADOR THE ABOVE NOMINATION WAS APPROVED SUBJECT TO EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY OF THE THE NOMINEE’S COMMITMENT TO RESPOND TO RE- UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO BARBADOS, AND TO QUESTS TO APPEAR AND TESTIFY BEFORE ANY DULY SERVE CONCURRENTLY AND WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COM- CONSTITUTED COMMITTEE OF THE SENATE. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E679 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

RECOGNIZING OCCUPATIONAL A TRIBUTE TO REDLANDS POLICE CELEBRATING THE 60TH BIRTH- THERAPY MONTH CHIEF, LEWIS NELSON DAY OF REVEREND NORMA JEAN PENDER HON. ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN OF FLORIDA HON. JERRY LEWIS HON. DEBBIE STABENOW IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF CALIFORNIA OF MICHIGAN Tuesday, April 28, 1998 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN. Mr. Speaker, in honor Tuesday, April 28, 1998 Tuesday, April 28, 1998 of Occupational Therapy month, I would like to Ms. STABENOW. Mr. Speaker, I rise today recognize Occupational Therapists nationwide Mr. LEWIS of California. Mr. Speaker, I to pay special tribute to Reverend Norma Jean for the wonderful work they do on a daily would like to bring to your attention today the Pender who is celebrating her 60th birthday. basis to help Americans regain their full phys- fine work and outstanding public service of my For thirty-five years, Ms. Pender has served ical capabilities. I would like to recognize Con- good friend, Lewis W. Nelson, the Chief of Po- the people of Michigan and has been a tire- tinued Care Corporation of Miami which will lice for the City of Redlands, California. After less leader for the community. Ms. Pender re- soon be celebrating the opening of its Reha- a long and distinguished career, Chief Nelson ceived her license to preach the Gospel in the bilitation Division and will become part of this is retiring and will be recognized for his many Christian Episcopal Church in 1974, and was wonderful network of occupational therapy years of service at a banquet in his honor on ordained in 1978 by the late Bishop E.P. Mur- providers. May 21st. It is important to realize the contributions chison. In 1982, she accepted the call to the Lewis Nelson served in the U.S. Army as a that Occupational Therapists make in our daily position of Pastor of the New Jerusalem Tem- medical specialist in Vietnam from 1967 to lives as well as the positive impact they have ple Baptist Church. In 1985, she was ordained 1969. He received his Associate of Arts de- on the health care community. In addition to in the Baptist faith through the National Baptist gree from San Bernardino Valley College contributing to a significant decrease in a pa- Convention, USA. (1970±72), his BS from California State Uni- tient's hospital length of stay, they also reduce Along with her responsibilities to her church, the amount of care and services patients re- versity-Los Angeles (1972±74), a Master of she has also been committed to a vast array quire after discharge. For the patient, the ben- Public Administration from the University of of community projects, such as the NAACP, efits of therapy translate into the prevention of Southern California (1975±77) and a Masters the American Business Women's Association, further complications or disabilities and the of Science from California Polytechnic Univer- and the Minister's Volunteer Services for the ability to resume their normal lives. sity in Pomona (1993±95). Harper Hospital Cancer Society. The commitment of our nation's Occupa- He began his professional career with the During her thirty-five years, Ms. Pender has tional Therapists to providing an opportunity Redlands Police Department in 1969 as a po- served as musical leader, teacher, community for those with physical ailments and disabilities lice officer. Since that time he has consistently spokesperson, and spiritual advisory to people to participate to their fullest abilities should be moved up through the ranks receiving pro- of all ages. Most of all, through song, she recognized and recommended. motions to police detective (1973±74), police showed her passion for life and her faith in f sergeant (1974±77), police lieutenant (1977± God. 82), police captain (1982±83), and chief of po- While many of us know her as Reverend IN RECOGNITION OF ROY WYSE lice 1993±present). Throughout his career, he Mother on a popular radio show she hosts has earned professional certifications from the each weekday, Ms. Pender is also known as HON. RICHARD A. GEPHARDT California Law Enforcement Command Col- a woman committed to family, the community OF MISSOURI lege (1992±94), the FBI National Academy and the gospel. I thank her for the example IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (1983), and the Law Enforcement Executive she has set for so many of our young children Tuesday, April 28, 1998 Development Seminar (1998). as well as adults and wish her a very happy Mr. GEPHARDT. Mr. Speaker, I rise today Chief Nelson has been a member and lead- birthday. to pay tribute to a good friend and dedicated er of numerous professional organizations in- f representative of working people, Roy Wyse. cluding the San Bernardino County Chiefs and IN HONOR OF THE 25TH ANNIVER- Roy is retiring as Secretary Treasurer of the Sheriffs Association, the FBI Law Enforcement SARY OF THE NEW KARLIN United Auto Workers International Union after Executive Development Association, the Cali- HALL AND CLUB thirty-six years of leadership in the union. fornia Police Chiefs Association, the FBI Na- Roy was hired by the Ford Motor Company tional Academy Associates, Police Futurists in 1951, and immediately joined UAW Local Society, the National Institute of Criminal Jus- HON. DENNIS J. KUCINICH 249 in Claycomo, Missouri. After being elected tice, the California Peace Officers Association, OF OHIO to the shop committee, Roy quickly rose within and others. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the UAW leadership. He was elevated to Sec- Over the years, Chief Nelson has also been Tuesday, April 28, 1998 retary Treasurer in 1995, the second highest closely affiliated with a great many community Mr. KUCINICH. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to office in the union. organizations including the Veterans of For- The safety and welfare of the working men honor the 25th anniversary of the dedication of eign Wars, Rotary Club of Redlands, Red- and women of the UAW have always driven the new Karlin Hall and Club in Cleveland lands East Valley United Way, Redlands Fam- Roy's life. He has been a tireless fighter on Ohio. their behalf, and his efforts have had a tre- ily YMCA, Youth Development Incorporated, Early Czech settlers in the area gave the mendous impact on the ability of working fami- Redlands Baseball for Youth and Redlands neighborhood surrounding lower Fleet Avenue lies to hold a secure job, receive a fair pay- AYSO Soccer. the nickname, Karlin. The name stuck and the check, and raise a family. Roy has worked to Mr. Speaker, I ask that you join me and our original Karlin Hall became the center of the help people outside the union as well. His colleagues in recognizing the many years of Czech Karlin neighborhood. The hall was community involvement has ranged from serv- remarkable service of Chief Nelson. My home- founded in 1936 by three lodges of the Czech ing as president of a local board of education, town of Redlands, California is especially Catholic Fraternal Insurance Society, the teaching Sunday school classes, and working proud of the work he has done on behalf of Catholic Workmen. In 1972, a disastrous fire as a volunteer fireman. our entire community. I also want to wish left the original hall in ruins, but it was rebuilt I applaud Roy's commitment to public serv- Chief Nelson, his wife Kathleen, son Brett, and in the same location and reopened May 1, ice, and wish him and his wife Pat all the best daughter Kristen much happiness and the very 1978. The dedication of the new Karlin Hall in the years to come. best in the years ahead. marks the beginning of the renovation of lower

∑ This ‘‘bullet’’ symbol identifies statements or insertions which are not spoken by a Member of the Senate on the floor. Matter set in this typeface indicates words inserted or appended, rather than spoken, by a Member of the House on the floor. E680 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks April 28, 1998 Fleet Avenue and the Slavic Village area. class, the Roman Catholic priests who live in areas of intellectual engagement where we Today, 14 different groups call Karlin Hall their every dormitory, the Mass recited nightly can make a real contribution.’’ home. and the forbidding of men and women to Notre Dame has long had a special place The anniversary will be celebrated with spe- enter each other’s dormitory rooms after a among American universities but not largely certain hour. It comes as well in the work for its scholarship. Founded in 1842 by a cial masses at St. John Nepomucene Church being fostered here. priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross, it and Our Lady of Lourdes Church. The three- Political scientists are reclaiming Augus- was to American Catholics in the mid-20th day party to commemorate the occasion starts tine to examine ‘‘just war’’ theory. Law pro- century what City College was to New York May 1 and will include live music, Slovak folk fessors are focusing on neglected church Jews, a welcoming place to study without dancing and social dinners. views about dying in legal debates on as- fear of prejudice. My fellow colleagues, please join me in sa- sisted suicide. Historians are emphasizing The dominance of its football team under a luting the members of Karlin Hall. the role of local parishes in understanding series of legendary coaches beginning with urban race relations. Knute Rockne—and the public way in which f Some of these approaches would have been teams recited Mass before each game—fo- TRIBUTE TO CORTEZ KENNEDY dismissed as almost ridiculously retrograde cused the loyalty of many American Catho- a generation ago, yet scholars here and else- lics who tended to regard Notre Dame with where say the American academy seems sur- almost Lourdes-like devotion. HON. MARION BERRY prisingly receptive to them today because In recent decades, the university’s endow- OF ARKANSAS they bring new or lost perspectives to vital ment has risen to $1.5 billion, nearly 30 times subjects. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES what it was in 1970. This comes at a time of newfound self-con- U.S. News and World Report ranks Notre Tuesday, April 28, 1998 fidence for Notre Dame. Flush with cash Dame 19th of national universities and a re- Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to from rich alumni and proceeds from its sto- cent book, ‘‘The Rise of American Research ried football team, the university is discov- Universities’’ (Johns Hopkins, 1997), named pay tribute to a terrific young man. ering it can lure scholars, including non- Many of you may recognize the name Cor- Notre Dame as among a handful of top rising Catholics, from top institutions by promot- private research universities. tez Kennedy. Cortez is a star defensive tackle ing religion. It is the combination of competitiveness for the Seattle Seahawks in the National Foot- ‘‘When I was a graduate student at Harvard and tradition that attracted M. Cathleen ball League. Aside from being an accom- 25 years ago, the whole idea of working in a Kaveny to join the law faculty here three plished athlete and six-time Pro Bowl player, religious framework was bizarre,’’ said years ago. Holder of a doctorate and a law Cortez is an admirable human being who has James Turner, an intellectual historian who degree from Yale University, Professor not forgotten his beginnings. moved here recently from the University of Kaveny has become an expert on assisted Michigan. ‘‘Augustine had become a kind of suicide by drawing on Catholic teachings. Cortez grew up in Mississippi County in the museum artifact to be studied only by the First Congressional District of Arkansas. He She is planning a scholarly study of mercy, appropriate curators. But now we are mak- how a society should feed its hungry and went to school and played football in Wilson, ing the case that neglected religious sources comfort its sick. Arkansas. Each summer, Cortez returns to can help reconfigure academic discussion.’’ ‘‘These are areas that I could never pursue Rivercrest High School in Wilson to host a Professor Turner is director of the newly as a junior faculty member at another law football clinic for the youngsters in his home- established Erasmus Institute here, a unique school,’’ Professor Kaveny said. ‘‘I would be town. The stars that turn out each year to help interdisciplinary effort that seeks to be a na- laughed at. Here they are excited about it.’’ tional model for the reinvigoration of Catho- Cortez teach the children are a testament to There is some concern that all the talk lic and other religious intellectual traditions about rediscovering Christian sources will the relationship he has with his peers. Widely- in contemporary scholarship. known football players like Derek Thomas, serve as a pretext for squelching free in- He is among recent catches for Notre Dame quiry. Michael A. Signer, a Reform rabbi Russell Maryland, and Rick Mirer, and coach- in a highly competitive academic environ- who holds a chair here in Jewish culture, es like Barry Switzer have all traveled to Wil- ment. Others have been lured to the prairies says Notre Dame is still grappling with being son at Cortez's request. of northern Indiana by the idea of turning a both Catholic and catholic. The test of the On April 18, I was honored to attend a cere- respectable academic institution into a truly Erasmus Institute, Rabbi Signer says, will be fine one. to see how it handles that tension, whether mony in Wilson to witness the renaming of Philip L. Quinn left an endowed chair in it reaches out to other traditions or barri- Main Street to Cortez Kennedy Avenue. I want philosophy at Brown University for one here cades itself in. to extend my heartfelt thanks to Cortez for all because, he said: ‘‘In my personal and profes- Alan Wolfe, who describes himself as a sec- he has done for Wilson and Mississippi Coun- sional life I take religion seriously. In the ular sociologist at Boston University, wrote secular academy, they are not much con- ty. He is truly a superb young man. recently in The Chronicle of Higher Edu- cerned with religion. They look at it from f cation that the revival of religion in the the social science perspective.’’ academy at places like Notre Dame was wel- George M. Marsden, a historian of religion NOTRE DAME COMBINING come. and a devout Protestant, left Duke Univer- RESEARCH AND RELIGION ‘‘To study the world’s great literary works, sity for Notre Dame because, he said, only many of which were inspired by religious here did he feel there was the desire for a questions, without full appreciation of those HON. TIM ROEMER high-level scholarly discussion within a questions is like performing Hamlet without OF INDIANA Christian context. the Prince,’’ Mr. Wolfe wrote. ‘‘Critics of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES While there are scores of small Christian colleges across the United States, none can academic specialization in the humanities Tuesday, April 28, 1998 lay claim to being a center of scholarship often say that English departments, infatu- outside the Christian world. Notre Dame ated with contemporary works, no longer Mr. ROEMER. Mr. Speaker, I would like to teach enough Milton or Tolstoy. It would be draw my colleagues' attention to the following can. One of its sources of pride is its new Irish more correct to say that, through the lens of December 10, 1997 article in the New York Studies Institute, financed with a gift of $13 secularism, they are teaching them inac- Times about the University of Notre Dame. million from Donald R. Keough, an alumnus curately.’’ [From the New York Times, Dec. 10, 1997] who was president of Coca-Cola from 1981 to f 1993. NOTRE DAME COMBINING RESEARCH AND The donation has made it possible to at- RELIGION INTRODUCTING THE AVIATION tract Seamus Deane, one of the most distin- BILATERAL ACCOUNTABILITY ACT (By Ethan Bronner) guished Irish scholars and authors, as direc- NOTRE DAME, IND., Dec. 4.—At the end of a tor. Professor Deane, whose novel, ‘‘Reading century in which the great American univer- in the Dark’’ (Knopf, 1997), was received with HON. WILLIAM O. LIPINSKI sities have moved from being extensions of high praise earlier this year, says that by OF ILLINOIS churches to centers of secularism, the Uni- September 1998 there will be six full-time IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES versity of Notre Dame is carving itself an faculty members and one visiting professor important niche as an institution of serious at the institute, making it the biggest such Tuesday, April 28, 1998 scholarship with a deeply religious environ- program in the country. Mr. LIPINSKI. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to ment. ‘‘We’re not on the scale of Johns Hopkins Some colleges are religious; others have or M.I.T.’’ said the Rev. Edward A. Malloy, introduce a piece of legislation entitled the vital research centers. Notre Dame is rare in Notre Dame’s president, ‘‘but we are increas- Aviation Bilateral Accountability Act. The Avia- combining the two. ing the intellectual resources so as to make tion Bilateral Accountability Act is a bill that The religious nature of Notre Dame is felt this a great university. With the Erasmus In- will require Congressional approval of all U.S. not only in the crucifixes that hang in every stitute and Irish studies we have identified aviation bilateral agreements. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E681 International aviation is governed by a se- IN HONOR OF BAYONNE YOUTH HONORING THE WEEK OF APRIL ries of bilateral civil aviation agreements be- CENTER, INC. 26-MAY 2, 1998 AS NATIONAL tween countries. Unlike other sectors of the SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY economy that tend to be handled through mul- WEEK tilateral agreements, such as the General HON. ROBERT MENENDEZ Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, issues re- OF NEW JERSEY HON. F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR. garding international aviation are resolved OF WISCONSIN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES through government-to-government negotia- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tions. For example, if a U.S. air carrier wants Tuesday, April 28, 1998 Tuesday, April 28, 1998 to fly into and out of another country, the Mr. SENSENBRENNER. Mr. Speaker, I rise American government must first negotiate with Mr. MENENDEZ. Mr. Speaker, I am de- to say a few words in honor of the 14th annual the government of that country to determine lighted to rise today to thank and congratulate National Science and Technology Week. the terms under which the carriers from both four citizens of Bayonne, New Jersey who have contributed immensely to the Bayonne During this week the National Science countries will operate. Terms of bilateral civil Foundation performs its most important public aviation agreements include, among other Youth Center and the entire community. As it celebrates its 53rd anniversary at the HI Hat outreach activities of the year; getting children things, route assignments, capacity and fre- in Bayonne, The Bayonne Youth Center will excited about science and technology. This quency limitations, carrier designations, and honor Mrs. Susan Y. Davis, the recipient of year's theme for National Science and Tech- pricing controls. the Sabra Jackson Award; Assemblyman Jo- nology Week is ``Polar Connections.'' It draws U.S. bilateral aviation agreements are exec- seph V. Doria, Jr., recipient of the Humani- attention to the scientific research being per- utive agreements. They are negotiated and tarian Award; Curtis Nelson, the winner of the formed in the Arctic and in the Antarctic. signed by representatives from the Depart- Service Award; and Wilhelmina Wilson, who is The North and South Poles are truly unlike ment of State and the Department of Trans- receiving the Volunteer Service Award. Also any place on the planet. As Chairman of the portation. Unfortunately, Congress does not being recognized at the dinner will be the Science Committee, I've had the opportunity play any official role in the approval of bilateral Youth of the Month and the Art and Essay to travel to Antarctica to visit NSF's South aviation agreements. contests winners. Pole Station, and I can tell you that it is a re- markable place. The men and women who As the Ranking Member of the House Sub- I would like to take a moment to tell you perform research at the South Pole work committee on Aviation, I strongly believe that about these four remarkable constituents. under conditions that make the winters in Wis- Congress deserves to play a role in approving Susan Y. Davis is continually active in com- consin look comparatively easy. For example, bilateral aviation agreements. As Members of munity service. She has served on the Ba- in 1989 researchers from the University of Congress, we represent the businessperson, yonne Community Day Nursery Board, Mid- Wisconsin measured temperature variations at the leisure traveler, the consumerÐthe flying town Community School Advisory Council, and the South Pole ranging from ¥7 °F to ¥117 public in general. We should have the right to is a member of the Bayonne Youth Center's °F. The South Pole receives less than a foot make sure that bilateral aviation agreements Board of Directors. She is also active in St. of snow per year, yet it is covered by an ice- are negotiated to give U.S. consumers the Patrick's Church of Jersey City. Susan re- sheet that is nearly two-miles thick. Geo- most access to international aviation markets ceived the 1995 NAACP Community Service graphically it is 1.5 times the size of the con- at the best price. award. tinental United States and a year's worth of For this reason, I introduced the Aviation Bi- Assembly Democratic Leader Joseph V. supplies must be fit onto the one supply ship lateral Accountability Act, a bill to require Con- Doria, Jr., recipient of the Humanitarian that ventures to Antarctica once a year. When Award, has a distinguished career in public gressional approval of all U.S. aviation bilat- the sun goes down on March 21st, it doesn't and community service. He serves as a mem- eral agreements. International aviation, which come up again until September 21st. ber of the Board of Directors of Liberty Health This week's activities were not designed is based on bilateral aviation agreements, has Care Systems, and has served as a board simply to draw attention to the Poles, but rath- a tremendous impact on the U.S. economy member of St. Ann's Home for the Aged. As- er to the work being performed there. The and U.S. citizens. Congress should not be ex- semblyman Doria has received more than 110 North and South Poles are unique, natural lab- cluded from agreements of such magnitude. awards and citations from both public and pri- oratories and offer matchless opportunities to As elected Representatives of the people, we vate groups, including the Deborah Hospital study our environment. owe it to the American consumer to look out Foundation's Children of the World Award and Highlighting the combination of the impor- for his or her best interests. My legislation will the Liberty Science Center's Legislator's tant and unique research being performed at help Members of Congress better represent Award. the Poles and the harsh and dangerous living the flying public by giving Congress an integral Wilhemina Wilson, winner of the Volunteer conditions there is, in my opinion, a great way role in the approval of U.S. bilateral aviation to make children curious about science and agreements. Service Award, lives her life exemplifying the philosophy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., by technology. When children are introduced to The Aviation Bilateral Accountability Act will promoting peace and goodwill towards all peo- the conditions at the Poles, they may wonder: require implementing legislation for each U.S. ple. She is a faithful member of the Wallace How can anything survive in such cold condi- bilateral aviation agreement, similar to the leg- Temple A.M.E. Zion Church and has received tions? How do you study geology when the islation required for trade agreements such as numerous awards for her outstanding church ground's under two miles of ice? How do you NAFTA. Under the bill, each bilateral agree- service. Wilson is a member of the Bayonne get everything you need to the South Pole? ment would be presented to Congress by the branch of the NAACP and has been a long- How do you fit a year's supply of goods on Secretaries involved in the negotiations. An standing member and supporter of the Ba- one ship? Getting kids to ask these questions approval resolution would then be introduced yonne Youth Center. is the goal of National Science and Tech- and referred for a limited number of days to nology Week. I think that ``Polar Connections'' Curtis Nelson, who was awarded the Serv- is a terrific theme for National Science and the House Transportation and Infrastructure ice Award, has always made sure to give back Committee and the Senate Commerce Com- Technology Week, and I am confident that this to his community. During his work for New year's activities will be a great success. mittee. After Committee review, a straight up- Jersey Transit, he received many Service Star or-down vote would then be required in both I must add that just as they did last year, Awards for his exemplary service. Nelson has the National Science Foundation has once chambers. Finally, once the approval resolu- been leader of the Neighborhood Block Asso- tion passes both the House and the Senate, again set up it's ``Ask a Scientist or Engineer'' ciation for 25 years and was the first black phone-bank at 1±888±718±3026. The phone- and is signed into law, then the bilateral avia- Commander of the F.A. Mackenzie Post of bank will be open on Wednesday, April 29th, tion agreement would be official. Bayonne where he raised money for many from 9:00 am to 8:00 pm. This year's e-mail Mr. Speaker, in closing, I would like to thank charities. He is also a member of the Pride of address is [email protected]. More information the gentleman from Oregon, Representative Bayonne Lodge No. 461. about National Science and Technology Week PETER DEFAZIO, for joining me as an original These four extraordinary citizens who have can be found at NSF's web-page at co-sponsor of this important legislation. In ad- given so much back to their community and www.nsf.gov. dition, I urge all my colleagues to co-sponsor the Bayonne Youth Center deserve our re- Mr. Speaker, I encourage my fellow Mem- the Aviation Bilateral Accountability Act. spect and admiration. bers to strongly support this program, and join E682 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks April 28, 1998 with me in celebrating National Science and more than 175 voluntary and professional or- TRIBUTE TO THOMAS DUBYNE, DR. Technology Week. ganizations for this White House agency, pro- VINCENT MASSEY, AND OLD f moting programs for disadvantaged youth KENT BANK—IMPRESSION 5 within the nonprofit sector and among federal SCIENCE CENTER AWARD WIN- A TRIBUTE TO PHYLLIS NEWMAN agencies. She has served as an appointee to NERS the U.S. Department of Labor, Citizen Review HON. JERRY LEWIS Commission, Comprehensive Youth Employ- OF CALIFORNIA ment Commission, US Travel Service Advisory HON. DEBBIE STABENOW Committee, U.S. Department of Commerce, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF MICHIGAN and the National Commission on Youth, Ket- Tuesday, April 28, 1998 tering Foundation and the Government Rela- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. LEWIS of California. Mr. Speaker, I tions Committee of the Independent Sector. Tuesday, April 28, 1998 would like to bring to your attention today the Mildred Kiefer Wurf served as the founding co- fine work and outstanding contributions of ordinator of the National Collaboration for Ms. STABENOW. Mr. Speaker, I am proud Phyllis Newman. Congregation Emanu El of Youth, where she brought together directors of to recognize Impression 5 as one of the pre- San Bernardino, California will honor Phyllis 13 national organizations, developed manage- mier science centers in education today. Each on June 6th as this year's recipient of the ment and funding symposiums, drafted state- year Lansing's Impression 5 announces a se- Rabbi Norman F. Feldheym Award for distin- ments on youth issues, wrote testimony and ries of awards that highlight leadership in the guished service to the congregation and com- briefed principals and facilitated large youth area of science. munity. She will be recognized at a dinner employment and delinquency prevention dance which will also commemorate the 107th grants. As in previous years, this year's recipients anniversary of the chartering of the congrega- Mr. Speaker, Mrs. Wurf was the first director have shown a true commitment to science, tion. of the Washington Office of Girls Clubs of our students, and education. Science is one of The Norman F. Feldheym Award was estab- America. She monitored hearings and legisla- the most challenging important subjects to lished to pay tribute to those members of Con- tion, testified before Congressional Commit- master. This year's recipients have used their gregation Emanu El who have, in their own tees, was responsible for staffing the Expan- knowledge, leadership and financial means to lives, reflected Rabbi Feldheym's qualities of sion, Development and Advocacy Committees make science a focus on and outside the love for and loyalty to the synagogue, service of the National Board and originated and classroom and have found innovative ways to of the community, as well as evidencing per- wrote a Washington newsletter for affiliates help the community appreciate and under- sonal traits of humility, loving kindness, care and Board. She has persuasively applied her stand the importance of science. and love. Phyllis Newman has been a particu- passion for words both as a spokesperson I am very proud to recognize the following larly devoted leader of Congregation Emanu and as coauthor of Girls, Inc. Advocacy publi- recipients of the 1998 Impression 5 Tribute to El through her service as president of its sis- cations that were used to remove barriers, Science and Technology winners for Educator terhood and a member of the Board of Direc- provide gender equity and fight for equitable of the Year, Scientist of the Year, and Com- tors of the congregation. She has also edited allocations of resourcesÐ``Today's Girls, To- munity Service Award. and produced over 15 commemorative jour- morrow's Women,'' ``An Action Agenda for SCIENCE EDUCATOR OF THE YEAR: THOMAS DUBYNE nals which have been efforts to raise funds for Equalizing Girls' Options,'' ``Service Through the congregation. During this time, she has Advocacy'' and ``Leadership Through Advo- As a science teacher at Haslett High School been an inspiring example of generosity and cacy.'' for over 35 years, Mr. DuByne has gained commitment. She has initiated successful collaborations multiple state and national recognitions. He is Phyllis has also been a very active partici- with national women's organizations including best known in the community as a teacher pant in numerous community organizations in- the American Association of University committed to his students and the study of cluding the Assistance League and the San Women, National Council of Jewish Women, science. Whether it is the assistance he pro- Bernardino Area Mental Health Association. The Committee of 100 Black Women and the vides our elementary teachers, or the count- She is also very widely known for her deep National Federation of Business and Profes- less science fairs and demonstrations he has devotion to her faith and her family. sional Women's Clubs Inc., among others, that organized, Mr. DuByne has worked tirelessly Mr. Speaker, I ask that you join me, our col- resulted in noteworthy initiatives such as the on the local not only as a high school teacher, leagues and the many dear friends of Phyllis ``Women Helping Girls With Choices'' Project. but as a leader in advocating science to young Newman in recognizing this remarkable She has been an active volunteer serving on learners. woman as she is presented with the Rabbi the Board of the National Committee for Citi- SCIENTIST OF THE YEAR: DR. VINCENT MASSEY Norman F. Feldheym Award. It is especially zens in Education, Business and Professional appropriate that this honor is being bestowed Women's Foundation, National Child Research Dr. Massey is the J. Lawrence Oncley Dis- at a ceremony also marking the 107th anniver- Center, Fund for an OPEN Society, as Board tinguished University Professor in the Depart- sary of the founding of Congregation Emanu Chair of the Center for Youth Services in ment of Biological Chemistry at the University El. Washington, D.C. and on the Advisory Com- of Michigan. He is a pioneering biochemist f mittee of the Center for Early Adolescence at who is known internationally for his studies in the University of North Carolina. As Director of the field of flavins and flavoproteins. MILDRED KIEFER WURF—A Public Policy of Girls Incorporated, she contin- COMMUNITY SERVICE AWARD OLD KENT BANK VIGOROUS ADVOCATE FOR GIRLS ues to monitor issues affecting girls and young women, informs the National Board, staff and Lansing's Old Kent Bank has been recog- HON. ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON affiliates of relevant legislation and public edu- nized for working closely with the Impression 5 Science Center for over twelve years. OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA cation events, recommends and drafts public Through their continuous commitment to the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES policy positions and serves as a strong, smart, bold and ``vigorous advocate for girls.'' science center and the nonprofit community, Tuesday, April 28, 1998 She is the proud and loving mother of a Old Kent has played a vital role in the oper- Ms. NORTON. Mr. Speaker, I rise to pay son, Nicholas Wurf of London, England and, a ation of many education activities throughout tribute to Mildred Kiefer Wurf, the distin- daughter, Abigail Wurf of St. Louis, Missouri. the Lansing community. guished and high respected Director of Public Mr. Speaker, I ask that this August body join As we continue to head toward the 21st Policy of Girls Incorporated who has been a me in applauding Mildred Kiefer Wurf for her Century, the areas of science and technology powerful voice for girls for nearly three dec- dedicated service and exemplary record of are more important. As a member of the ades. highly effective advocacy on behalf of Girls In- House Science and Technology Committee, I Mrs. Wurf began her career as a senior staff corporated and the millions of girls of this na- am proud to recognize these efforts and offer member on the President's Council on Youth tion and extend to her our best wishes for congratulations and thanks for their continued Opportunity and established contacts with every success in her future endeavors. leadership and excellence in science. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E683 TRIBUTE TO MRS. HORTENSE they were always happy they saw you. the wife of Joseph McCook, Sr., the mother of HUNN Through hard work, thrift, and fair dealings eight children, grandmother of seventeen, and they achieved financial and personal success. great-grandmother of two. HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. They were always ready to do their part for I am proud of Peg McCook and all that she OF CALIFORNIA the community. It made no difference if it was has done for the city of Philadelphia and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES for the school, town, people in need, or the abroad. She emulates the ideals of citizenship Tuesday, April 28, 1998 church they were always there to do their part. in our countryÐthrough her concern for oth- They provided a Christian witness by great ex- ers, her service to the community and active Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. Speaker, I ample. They treated their fellow man with re- participation in our governments. I wish to rise today to recognize Hortense Hunn's years spect and dignity. congratulate and thank Peg McCook for all of outstanding achievement and service to the Roulette was a self-taught engineer and that she has accomplished. I hope that she children and families of San Bernardino Coun- farmer of great skill. His buildings were always enjoys her years of retirement, and wish her ty, and to bid her a fond farewell as she re- sound and pleasing to the eye. His crops were all the best. tires from more than 30 years of service to the always the same way. f Head Start and Preschool Services Programs Their life cannot be described without the in San Bernardino County. mention of Jessie's skills as a fisherman. She IN MEMORY OF STANLEY RADWAN Mrs. Hunn has dedicated both her profes- was a sport fisherman of great ability and was sional and her personal lives to helping im- highly respected in a community of people that HON. DENNIS J. KUCINICH prove the lives of those most in need of our contains many skilled in this area. OF OHIO community. As the Executive Director of the They gave marriage the image that is was IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Preschool Services Department for San intended to have and were clearly devoted to Tuesday, April 28, 1998 Bernardino County, Mrs. Hunn has taken a their family and church. It remains difficult to program that initially served only a handful of Mr. KUCINICH. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to have church without them in their customary honor the memory of Stanley Radwan, a na- children and turned it into an exemplary de- place on the front row of Gillett Methodist partment that serves over 5,300 children and tive of Poland and a famed strongman. Mr. Church. Radwan's life was filled with amazing accom- their families. Under Mrs. Hunn's direction, the They accepted their lot philosophically and Head Start Program has been nationally rec- plishments, both physical and mental. He em- moved on to the next task. bodied the spirit of a hardworking individual. ognized for its success. Her leadership has Their life was what Thomas Jefferson had in also extended well beyond the local area to Born in Poland in 1908, Radwan was a dis- mind when he envisioned the agrarian society. tinct child from his birth, showing off his positions with regional and national commit- They were the kind of people that made tees and organizations. strength for childhood friends during his youth. America the great Nation it is today. He joined several Polish fraternal organiza- Mrs. Hunn's personal achievements include: f 31 years with the Head Start Program in San tions and clubs, taking great pride in his Polish Bernardino County; Policy Council Member, IN HONOR OF THE RETIREMENT heritage. His national pride inspired him to join Children's Network of San Bernardino County; OF MARGARET McCOOK the Polish navy and learn many languages be- first President, California Head Start Associa- fore World War II. Unfortunately, Radwan was tion; National Head Start Association member; captured by the Nazis and became a prisoner HON. ROBERT A. BORSKI of war at the Bergen-Belsen camp. He be- Governor's Child Development Programs Advi- OF PENNSYLVANIA sory Committee member; Southern California came legendary in the camp as he escaped IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Cluster of Head Start Grantees Advisory briefly by pushing a brick wall over with his Board founder; Black Voice Newspaper's Tuesday, April 28, 1998 bare hands. Radwan immigrated to the United Woman of Achievement for 1992; past Sec- Mr. BORSKI. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to States after the war and established himself in retary, NAACP; Black Culture Foundation's congratulate and honor an outstanding volun- Northeastern Ohio. 1997 Black Rose Award recipient. teer and citizen from my Congressional district Mr. Radwan, also known as the ``Polish Mrs. Hunn has also volunteered as a Board who has achieved a long list of community Strongman'' and the ``King of Iron and Steel,'' Member of the Cornerstone Christian Pre- service. Mrs. Margaret ``Peg'' McCook began wrestled professionally for over twenty years school, is a member of the Hospitality Com- her service in politics in 1967 as a Democratic and was never defeated. He amazed his audi- mittee for New Hope Missionary Baptist Committee person. She went on to become ence with feats of strength including straight- Church in San Bernardino, and is a member and Administrative Aide to Senator Joseph F. ening horseshoes, pulling cars with his teeth, of the Children's Defense Fund. Smith from 1972 to 1981. Senator Smith be- and ripping quarters in half. Radwan even Hortense Hunn is a remarkable person. Her came Congressman Smith as a result of a demonstrated these talents on the television dedication and commitment to the community special election and Mrs. McCook then be- show ``You Asked For It.'' Radwan also served and those less fortunate extends to every as- came his Legislative Aide until 1982. Peg then his new country in many capacities, most no- pect of her life. She has touched the lives of began to work as an Administrative Aide to tably as a bodyguard for Cleveland officials countless families, and while she will be sorely Senator Vincent Fumo until 1984 when she and a worker in the Cuyahoga County Audi- missed, she has left San Bernardino County a applied for the position of Bail Commissioner. tor's Office. He was noted for his clean attend- great legacy and serves as an example for us Peg was sworn in as one of the first Bail Com- ance record and his hard work at the office. all. Her new community will undoubtedly bene- missioners to serve in the Philadelphia Munici- Radwan never lost touch with his Polish herit- fit greatly from her presence. Mrs. Hunn is pal Court in February of 1984, and finally re- age, hosting a polish-language radio show and truly a friend to all in need and I consider my- tired from this position in 1997. working with Polish organizations. He is sur- self very lucky to have worked with her over During her thirteen years of service in Mu- vived by two sons, a daughter, and seven the years. nicipal Court, Peg won both the adoration and grandchildren. f respect from her peers, the Administration, My fellow colleagues, join me in saluting the and the Judiciary. She volunteered both her life of a true ``strongman'' in all facets of the TRIBUTE TO ROULETTE AND word: Stanley Radwan. JESSIE WOLFE time and services, never hesitating to go above and beyond the call of service. She f was even known to bring in some home made SAVING SOCIAL SECURITY HON. MARION BERRY specialties, especially when her shift fell on a OF ARKANSAS holiday. It is no wonder she has been affec- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HON. RON PACKARD tionately referred to as ``mom''. OF CALIFORNIA Tuesday, April 28, 1998 Peg McCook also ran for City Commis- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to sioner, and Council Person for the First Dis- pay tribute to a wonderful couple, Roulette trict, but was narrowly defeated. Along with Tuesday, April 28, 1998 and Jessie Wolfe. Roulette and Jessie are the her various duties she was an advisor to sev- Mr. PACKARD. Mr. Speaker, just a few classic example of people that work hard, play eral self help organizations. Peg has become weeks ago, President Clinton held his first by the rules, and achieve great success. well known and loved throughout the commu- meeting to outline his thoughts on reforming They were the kind of people that made you nity for her many years of service. Along with the Social Security system. The problem is, always feel that you were welcome and that all of her political achievements, Peg is also we still don't have any answers. E684 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks April 28, 1998 Although President Clinton won't admit it, IN RECOGNITION OF HOUSTON’S ing in the United States Army. During World Social Security is not financially sound. Statis- FIFTH ANNUAL AFRICA DAY War II he saw active duty in both Italy and tics show that within the next 15 years, the North Africa, returning to New Haven in 1945 system will begin to pay out more than it takes HON. KEN BENTSEN having achieved the rank of Master Sergeant. in. This means that unless we begin to make OF TEXAS As dedicated an activist as he is a worker, changes now, the system could be bankrupt in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. Wilson's career began as a machinist in 30 years. Tuesday, April 28, 1998 several shops in New Haven where he strived As a father and grandfather, I am not only to organize his fellow workers. He served on concerned about the money I have payed into Mr. BENTSEN. Mr. Speaker, I rise to recog- the Executive Committee and as Treasurer of Social Security over the course of my lifetime, nize Houston's fifth annual celebration of Afri- the International Association of Machinists but now my children and grandchildren are ca Day taking place on Saturday, May 2, local of the AFL±CIO. putting their hard-earned dollars into the pro- 1998. Courtland Wilson did not however, contain gram as well. The worst part is, none of us African Cultural Exchange, Inc. (ACE) initi- his activism to the workplace. His efforts for have any confidence that this money will still ated Houston's celebration five years ago, equality and justice led to his Presidency of be there when we need it. joining an international effort to recognize the the New Haven chapter of the NAACP, and Mr. Speaker, before our break you asked us progress of people of African descent toward the founding of both the Hill Parent's Associa- to find out how our constituents would like to social, cultural, and economic freedom. Since tionÐprecursor to the Hill Development Cor- see the Social Security system reformed. I its inception, ACE has had five goals and ob- porationÐand the New Haven Black Coalition. agree that the only way to create a system jectives: to exchange culture, arts, and edu- This dynamic synergy of community and job that is consistent with what Americans want is cational programs between African countries politics led to his transition from machinist to to talk to the very people who pay into and and the United States; to build bridges of com- staff activist at Yale University. Mr. Wilson was benefit from the program. munication and better understanding; to pro- hired by Yale to desegregate their School of It is time for us to use the suggestions we mote awareness and appreciation of diverse Medicine during a period of hiring and enroll- heard from our constituents while we were culture; to provide programs and activities for ment reforms. From Assistant Dean of Student back home and show the President and Social children, youth, and the elderly; and to estab- Affairs at the Medical School, Mr. Wilson Security can and must be reformed now. lish The Africa House as a cultural exchange moved to Yale-New Haven Hospital's Office of f center to serve all people. Government and Community Relations where The theme of this year's celebration is ``Chil- he worked until his ``retirement'' in 1985. Dur- dren of The WorldÐOur Future.'' Festivities at WORKER MEMORIAL DAY ing his tenure at Yale-New Haven, he sat on the University of Houston, Central Campus, many local and state governing boards, and is will include exhibitions and cultural activities, a HON. TIM ROEMER a lecturer at the Yale School of Medicine De- soccer tournament, and an awards ceremony OF INDIANA partment of Psychiatry. to recognize the achievements of children and For the past 13 years he has been the Ex- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES youth. Other activities will provide opportuni- ecutive Director of the Hill Development Cor- Tuesday, April 28, 1998 ties to promote the arts, business, and entre- poration, working diligently to ensure every preneurial awareness and exchange. Mr. ROEMER. Mr. Speaker, for today's ob- family's right to decent, affordable housing. The Africa Day celebration is especially servance of Worker Memorial Day, I would like For his countless efforts and contributions to timely this year in light of President Clinton's to have the opportunity to recognize a shame- New Haven, Mr. Wilson was given the Elm recent trip to Africa. While Africa still faces ful tragedy that millions of Americans must Award in 1995, the city's highest honor. In ad- poverty, malnutrition, disease, unemployment, face every day. dition to his esteemed years of service, and terrible conflict in some places, free mar- Last year, according to the Bureau of Labor Courtland Wilson raised his usually low profile kets are taking hold, and democracy and Statistics, over 6,000 workers were killed by by winning his first elected office, that of peace are making progress. As a genuine traumatic injuries, 50,000 workers died of oc- Democratic Party Ward Co-Chair, at age 78. partner and friend to the people of Africa, cupational diseases, and 6.2 million suffered A man who loves life, Courtland Wilson en- America can make a difference in its future. injuries on the job. Lamentably, my home joys the company of his wife of 56 years, Cultural exchanges such as Africa Day are es- state of Indiana has paralleled these statistics Ruth, and his children, Courtland H., Jon, sential to bridge the gap and increase aware- by averaging 60 deaths a year. Ruthia, and Peter, as well as the company of ness and understanding between the United Today in South Bend, Indiana, community his many grandchildren and great-grand- leaders, business owners, and union rep- States and Africa. I congratulate Africa Day on its fifth anniver- children. As his family and friends gather to resentatives are gathering to pay tribute to two celebrate his eight decades of improving our friends whose deaths hit very close to home. sary and commend the African Cultural Ex- change, Inc. and all of the participants and world, I rise today to wish him a happy and Officer Paul Deguch, member of the Fraternal healthy birthday, and to thank him for his Order of Police Lodge 36, was struck down in supporters for their dedication to improving U.S.-African relations and to the future of our countless, tireless contributions. the line of duty by a senseless act of violence. f This pointless death has not only shocked our children and communities. Our continued sup- community, but left his family devastated. port of events such as Africa Day will enhance TRIBUTE TO HONOR DOUGLAS Jim Slater, member of the Elevator Con- our children's future, their educational devel- KLEPSCH structors Local 57, was also killed on the job opment, economic growth, and their quality of this year while working in an elevator shaft. life. f HON. CHARLES E. SCHUMER His wife is now without a husband, his three OF NEW YORK children no longer have a father, and those he RECOGNIZING COURTLAND IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES knew have lost a great friend. SEYMOUR WILSON As Members of Congress we must continue Tuesday, April 28, 1998 the fight begun at the turn of the century to Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. Speaker, I am pleased ensure safety for everyone at their place of HON. ROSA L. DeLAURO to greet you today as we honor Youth Corps OF CONNECTICUT employment. Our American workforce is re- Volunteer, Douglas Klepsch, for his selfless IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sponsible for our booming economy, our high act of bravery. standard of living, and the quality of life which Tuesday, April 28, 1998 Douglas Klepsch went beyond the call of we enjoy. We have made a great deal of Ms. DELAURO. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to duty when he took it upon himself to inves- progress in the last eighty years, but for Offi- recognize Courtland Seymour Wilson, Execu- tigate the cries from a woman who sought cer Deguch, Jim Slater, and every other work- tive Director of the Hill Development Corpora- help at the Woodhaven-Richmond Hill Ambu- er killed or injured on the job, we must do tion on the occasion of his 80th birthday. Over lance Corps because her kitchen was on fire. more. the course of his life, Mr. Wilson has built a That altruistic decision saved eight lives. This My prayers go out of the families of those wonderful legacy of community and political outstanding young man is an inspiration to us who were taken from us, and I know the rest activism that has improved his city and the all. He risked his own life to save the lives of of our community joins me. I only hope that world in which we live. others. we in Congress can do more to prevent trage- Born and raised in New Haven, Mr. Wilson Gathering here today to acknowledge the dies like these from happening in the future. attended school and worked there until enlist- heroism of Douglas reminds us to continually April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E685 pay heed to the local heroes of our commu- A TRIBUTE TO WILLIAM VON As a member of the Education Committee, nity. Recognizing Douglas Klepsch will allow ALVEN I am truly encouraged by these students. In- us all to take stock in our actions and reflect deed the success we have been working to- on how we too can make a difference in our HON. JAMES P. MORAN ward as a nation is embodied in the Fort Col- neighbor's lives. I wish Douglas Klepsch suc- OF VIRGINIA lins High School team. Despite national test cess in his future endeavors. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES results and international comparisons showing Tuesday, April 28, 1998 U.S. students lagging, Colorado's Science f Bowl champions are proof that American stu- Mr. MORAN of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, I rise dents are capable of high achievement in the RECOGNIZING MICHIGAN REP- to pay tribute to a great American and resident field of science. of Northern Virginia, William H. von Alven, RESENTATIVE BOB EMERSON: All hailing from my hometown of Fort Col- who has served the country faithfully and ably THE AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIA- lins, Colorado, the Regional Championship TION OF MICHIGAN’S 1997 INDI- for twenty-six years at the Federal Commu- nications Commission. Mr. von Alven will retire Team consists of the following contestants: VIDUAL HEALTH ADVOCATE OF Miss Kristin Bjornsen, Mr. Stephen DiVerdi, THE YEAR AND HURLEY MEDI- from the FCC on April 30, 1998, and I am pleased to join Congressman Frank Wolf, FCC Mr. Andrew Fangman, Mr. Jeremiah Way, and CAL CENTER: THE AMERICAN Mr. Jeremy Zimmerman. LUNG ASSOCIATION OF MICHI- Chairman William E. Kennard and the employ- Of course, these students could not have GAN’S 1997 CORPORATE HEALTH ees of the FCC in congratulating Mr. von come so far on their own. Behind every suc- ADVOCATE OF THE YEAR Alven on this remarkable accomplishment. Mr. von Alven is seventy-eight years old and has cessful team is the backdrop of encourage- worked right up to the present point. ment and leadership. In this case, the stu- HON. DEBBIE STABENOW Mr. von Alven received his B.S. from the dents are most fortunate to have the firm University of Idaho where he was elected to backing and guidance of their families. OF MICHIGAN membership in Phi Beta Kappa. After pursuing Surely, the parents of the champions are IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES graduate studies in engineering and manage- most proud, and have sacrificed themselves to help their children achieve great victories. Tuesday, April 28, 1998 ment at Harvard and UCLA, he worked exten- sively in the private sector and edited the best They have every right to be proud. Ms. STABENOW. Ms. Speaker, I wish to selling book Reliability Engineering, which was Mr. Speaker, as you and my colleagues recognize the American Lung Association of in print for more than 30 years. Mr. von Alven know, I have spent the past 10 years in public Michigan's 1997 Individual Health Advocate of served as president of many communications service working to improve Colorado's edu- the Year, Michigan Representative Bob Emer- industry institutes and societies, and chaired cation system. My efforts to deliver more re- son and the 1997 Corporate Health Advocate several international conferences. He received sources directly to classrooms, and treat of the Year, The Hurley Medical Center. the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engi- teachers like real professionals have been mo- Bob Emerson was first elected to the Michi- neers Centennial Medal, and a Department of tivated by my desire to see students achieve gan House of Representatives in 1980 and Defense award for his contributions to the Ad- their potential. has a 100 percent voting record against to- visory Group on the Reliability of Electronic Within that context, the success of the Fort bacco. As past chairperson of the Public Equipment. In 1996, he was awarded the Collins High School Science Bowl team is a Health Subcommittee, he has been a strong Telecommunications Industry Association's triumph for our entire community, and a real advocate against the dangers of smoking and Certificate of Recognition and the FCC's Cath- sign that our hard work is paying off by creat- a leader in educating our children of its dan- erine Forester Public Service Award. ing school environments where ordinary chil- gers. Representing the Flint area, Representa- Mr. von Alven will retire as a Senior Public dren can become extraordinary students. tive Emerson is also the founder and chair- Utilities Specialist. He has managed the Part But Mr. Speaker, this day really belongs to person for the Greater Flint Health Coalition. I 68 terminal equipment registration program the students. Bjornson, DiVerdi, Fangman, am proud to have served in the state legisla- since its inception at the FCC in 1976 and has Way and Zimmerman are champions all the ture with Bob and I know first hand that he is made many important contributions to the way. I urge my colleagues to help me wel- a fighter and champion for our children. And FCC. He will be greatly missed by his friends come these students to their Capital City and as someone who fought side by side with him and colleagues at the Commission. Mr. von wish them well in their pursuit of the National against tobacco companies. I am very pleased Alven is just one example of the many extraor- title. his work is being acknowledged through this dinary federal employees residing in my dis- award. trict. Through his long years of service, he is f certainly deserving of special recognition by On the corporate level, the Hurley Medical the Congress. VOICE OF DEMOCRACY Center has become a national leader in treat- f SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM ing Asthma and related illnesses. By sponsor- ing a summer Asthma camp, children from FORT COLLINS HIGH SCHOOL around Michigan have had the opportunity to SCIENCE BOWL TEAM TO COM- HON. DAVE WELDON enjoy nature and the summer weather in a PETE IN THE NATIONAL SCIENCE OF FLORIDA safe environment. The Medical Center is also BOWL IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES responsible for an innovative education pro- gram that many other medical organizations HON. BOB SCHAFFER Tuesday, April 28, 1998 across the country have used as an example OF COLORADO Mr. WELDON of Florida. Mr. Speaker, in effectively treating the disease. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES founded more than half a century ago, the Both award winners overwhelmingly met the Tuesday, April 28, 1998 Voice of Democracy Scholarship Program al- criteria set by the American Lung Association Mr. BOB SCHAFFER of Colorado. Mr. lows high school students a chance to com- of Michigan. The work completed by Rep- Speaker, the winners of the Rocky Mountain pete in a broadcast script writing contest. The resentative Emerson and the Hurley Medical Regional Science Bowl will soon be in Wash- competition, sponsored by the Veterans of Center are wonderful examples for our com- ington, D.C. to compete in the National Foreign Wars and the U.S. Ladies Auxiliary, munities and are rooted in social responsibil- Science Bowl. Since the regional winners are conducts this annual speech competition and ity, innovation, and activism. from my congressional districtÐThe Fourth provides the winners with a scholarship. I am The American Lung Association is one of Congressional District of ColoradoÐI am es- very pleased that this year Scott Wilson, 18, our county's most important health organiza- pecially proud of the young people who from Palm Bay High School was selected as tions. Their commitment to our children, public worked so hard to come to represent the the winner from the state of Florida. health, and education is unbarrelled. I am very Rocky Mountain region, the State of Colorado, I commend him for his hard work both in proud that our Michigan chapter is one of the and their school. this competition and as demonstrated in his strongest in the nation and I thank them for Fort Collins High School truly fielded a academic achievements. In recognition of his taking the time to recognize the individual and Science Bowl team of great accomplishment selection as the winner of this competition, I corporate advocates that make a true dif- this year, Mr. Speaker. Our community will be am hereby submitting his speech to the CON- ference in our communities. well represented in the competition. GRESSIONAL RECORD for printing. E686 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks April 28, 1998 1997–98 VFW VOICE OF DEMOCRACY SCHOLAR- combat. And when I pass through the peace- Cafaro was often recognized for his gener- SHIP COMPETITION ‘‘MY VOICE IN OUR DE- ful fields of equality, freshly trampled by the osity and philanthropic work. On a number of MOCRACY’’ deafening machine of unfounded discrimina- occasions he was named ``Man of the Year'', tion, I will glean from the lives of the past, (SCOTT WILSON, FLORIDA WINNER) including by the Wolves Club National Con- Stop and listen. Listen to the past, to the and sow the seeds of democracy for future generations, so that in due time, they will vention. In 1970, the president of the Republic glorious voices of our Democracy. Do you of Italy made him a Knight of the Order of the hear them speaking? Their words softly vi- reap an abundant harvest of racial tran- brate with each ring of our liberty bell, and quility. Star of Italian Solidarity or Italian Cavalier. echo loudly in the crash of a judge’s gavel. And now I ask you: As the dawn of the new Most recently he received a lifetime achieve- They whisper from the forgotten pages of our millennium rises, who will rise up with it, to ment award from the National Italian American Constitution, and scream from the dying lips echo the voice of democracy in the approach- Foundation of Washington, D.C. of a fallen soldier. Their words are of free- ing age? Who will it be that opens the eyes Simply by keeping the Cafaro Company dom, justice, and equality and their voice is of Americans to the truth of human equal- headquarters in the Mahoning Valley, Mr. ity? And who will it be that ensures future the voice of democracy. Stop and look. Look Cafaro showed the vision and pride he had for to the future. Behold, the golden sun of the Americans of their right to freedom and jus- tice? The past is speaking, but will you the the area. He was a businessman whose hand- twentieth century casts its final rays over shake was his bond. A gentleman who hon- the ever-darkening horizon, and the dawn of future listen? The past is challenging, but a new millennium rises. Yet now, many have will you the future respond? I am listening, ored his family and friends. He had an unpar- forgotten the timber of democracy’s magnifi- and I will respond. I will be the new mega- alleled sense of community which is evident cent voice. Its whisperings are barely audible phone, that amplifies the democratic voice nearly everywhere in the Valley. now, diminished by the passage of time. The when freedom’s rainbow cannot be seen, The citizens of the Mahoning Valley and I voice of democracy must be amplified by the when justice’s gavel is strangely mute, and mourn with the Cafaro family upon the great when equality’s harvest is trampled megaphone of a new generation, so that the loss of this giant among men, William M. America of tomorrow will need not strain to underfoot. America will hear me shout: ‘‘Freedom!’’ ‘‘Justice’’ ‘‘Equality!’’ As- Cafaro. hear its mighty declaration. But it begins f with me. I must be the first megaphone. suredly, my voice will be heard in our de- mocracy. America will hear my voice in our democ- IN HONOR OF POLISH racy. f CONSTITUTION DAY In 1775, American democracy was but a newborn babe, struggling to snap the umbili- IN MEMORY OF WILLIAM M. cal cord of a tyrannical British monarchy. CAFARO HON. DENNIS J. KUCINICH Lack of unity heightened the struggle, as co- OF OHIO lonial Tories, too timid to jump from the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES safety of the nest, clung tightly to their HON. JAMES A. TRAFICANT, JR. mother country. Meanwhile, true American OF OHIO Tuesday, April 28, 1998 patriots, few in number, desperately needed IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. KUCINICH. Mr. Speaker, I rise today in a spokesman. And in the Virginian House of Tuesday, April 28, 1998 celebration of the two-hundred seventh anni- Burgesses, Patrick Henry stepped to the versary of the Polish Constitution. The Polish platform. Henry strongly felt that the colo- Mr. TRAFICANT. Mr. Speaker, I would like to pay tribute to a William M. Cafaro, who Constitution of May 3, 1791 established a tra- nists should arm themselves for a war with dition of democracy and human rights in Po- Britain, in which they would cast off the bit- passed away recently at the age of 84. This ter yoke of political enslavement. He is for- remarkable self-made man contributed greatly land that continues today. The Polish Constitution has the honor of ever remembered for seven, soul-stirring to his family, his community and this country. being the first Constitution in Europe to give words which emulated the very heart of the He will be deeply missed. American revolution: ‘‘Give me liberty, or William, a lifelong resident of Trumbull inalienable human and economic rights for all. give me death!’’ And later, at the genesis of County, Ohio, emergency as a real estate de- In the turbulent 1790's of classical Europe, the American Constitution, Henry was Poland emerged as a beacon for the future of among the creators of the Bill of Rights, veloper and entrepreneur began in the 1940s with the purchase of property in Youngstown, democracy in this unstable land. While other which insured the people of their basic free- nations surrounding its sovereign borders en- doms. Yes, in the turbulent age of the Revo- Ohio. When he sold this property, he used the lution, the voice of freedom was calling, and proceeds for other business investments. The gaged in revolution and civil war, Poland Patrick Henry answered its call. Today, the 50's saw Cafaro develop, build and operate maintained its integrity for many years under voice of freedom is still calling through the neighborhood shopping centers and strip pla- this Constitution. The rise of Soviet communism in the post- corridors of time searching for someone to zas in northeastern Ohio. In the following dec- magnify her majestic voice. I will be that World War II era stemmed the Polish demo- ades, The Cafaro Co. developed more than 70 someone, who like Patrick Henry, steps to cratic principle for forty years, but under the commercial properties and expanded into en- the platform in defense of freedom’s voice. capable leadership of Lech Walesa, democ- closed regional shopping malls in several And when I behold the basic freedoms of man racy embodied in this Constitution returned to states including Washington, Ohio, Indiana, covered by a menacing storm of political the Eastern European ``cradle of democracy.'' scheming and deceit, I will help to pull back West Virginia and Pennsylvania. Cafaro The human and economic rights that were the clouds to reveal the rainbow of liberties helped change the way America shopped. that is the American birthright, and the Mr. Cafaro will be remembered by the peo- abandoned by years of communist rule re- democratic promise. ple of the Mahoning Valley as a generous phi- turned triumphantly in recent years. Since the passage of the Emancipation My fellow colleagues, join me in honoring lanthropist and real estate developer. With a Proclamation, the United States has grap- the people of Poland, their long struggle for $1 million gift, Cafaro was one of the major pled with the issue of racial equality. But democracy, and their timeless Constitution. donors in Youngstown State University's cap- like a boxer that beats the air, we have land- f ed few direct punches to the face of ital campaign. The honors dormitory on the inequality’s true opponent—discrimination. YSU campus bears his name. Other organiza- A TRIBUTE TO THE And even in the 1960’s, racism had not yet re- tions, including Mill Creek Children's Center WESTHAMPTON BEACH HIGH ceived its rightful knockout blow. That is, and St. Anthony Church, have benefitted from SCHOOL BOYS BASKETBALL until Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., stepped his kindness. His business savvy also began into the ring. In August of 1963, 200,000 pro- TEAM testers marched to the Lincoln Memorial, early. The shopping mall he opened in Niles, and stood as sheep about its reflecting pool, Ohio in 1969 has grown into a retailing and HON. MICHAEL P. FORBES listening to their shepherd speak these mov- entertainment complex that promises contin- OF NEW YORK ued growth. Surrounding the mall now are ing words: ‘‘I have a dream that one day this IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES nation will rise up and live out the true stores and restaurants offering everything from meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to movies to groceries to home improvement Tuesday, April 28, 1998 be self-evident; that all men are created goods. Cafaro's last deed for his community Mr. FORBES. Mr. Speaker, it is with great equal.’’ Today, nearly thirty-five years later, was to commit to the construction of a stadium pride and emotion that I rise today in the we still dream his dream, because when the vote of equality was calling, Dr. Martin Lu- for minor league baseball play. The Cafaro House of Representatives to pay tribute to the ther King Jr., answered its call. But like Company will absorb the $7.5 million cost and boys high school basketball team at my alma freedom’s voice, the voice of equality donate the land for the project. Due to Mr. mater. Westhampton Beach High School, on searches for someone new. Here again, I will Cafaro's leadership, the groundbreaking for Long Island. This past weekend, the Hurri- be that someone, who climbs into the ring of the stadium will begin in June 1998. canes came home with the school's first ever April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E687 New York State High School basketball cham- waging genocide campaigns against other tuguese Lions Club and congratulate its mem- pionship trophy. groups. Today we are still fighting the same bers for all they have done for the community. Stepped in a proud athletic history, the Hur- kind of hatred in Eastern Europe, Southeast For their tireless efforts, the ``Lion Triangle ricanes of Westhampton Beach had to climb a Asia, and other parts of the world. Monument'' is being dedicated in their honor. steep mountain to attain this landmark cham- The Armenians who survived have main- The Monument will be unveiled on Saturday, pionship. In the six years previous to winning tained thriving cultures in the Middle East and April 25, at the corners of Elmora Avenue and the 1998 title, coach Rich Wrase led his team built vibrant communities in the United States West Grand Street in Elizabeth. to six straight league titles, three Suffolk and around the world. We in Congress join Since its establishment in 1979, the Eliza- County championships and a trip to the state them in honoring the memory of those who beth Portuguese Lions Club has raised funds Final Four championship round. Their quest perished in the killings, and we use this oppor- for its community-based projects, ranging from culminated last weekend when the Hurricanes tunity to renew and strengthen our commit- soup kitchens to the establishment of the Eliz- rolled over defending state champion Syra- ment to protect human rights around the abeth Portuguese Leo Club, the youth branch cuse-Westhill to win the New York State public world. of the club. Last year alone, the club raised school title, then whipped New York City pow- f over $15,000 for community projects. erhouse Wadleigh High School to win the It is only fitting that the Elizabeth Por- state Federation Class B championship. A TRIBUTE TO LYNN O’SHEA tuguese Lions Club's motto, ``Our City; Our So much credit for Westhampton Beach's Nation; Our Neighborhood,'' will be printed on 28±0 season success lies in the contributions HON. WILLIAM O. LIPINSKI the tiled sides of the monument along with im- of its leaders on and off the court. Coach Rick OF ILLINOIS ages of Elizabeth, hand-printed by Fernando Wrase's disciplined leadership kept these IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Silva. The project, a truly magnificent work of young men focused on winning a state title. art, will not only serve as a symbol for the Tuesday, April 28, 1998 On the court, senior point guard Dale Menen- club's continued commitment to its community, dez proved himself a team leader by scoring Mr. LIPINSKI. Mr. Speaker, today I would but will also bring pride and beauty to the 19 points, adding 5 rebounds and 4 steals in like to acknowledge the very special contribu- neighborhood. the win over Syracuse-Westhill to earn the tions to my community and to humanity in I would especially like to thank the president Most Valuable Player honors for the Class B general by an outstanding individual, Ms. Lynn of the club, Helena Goncalves, her board, the Tournament. Senior classmate Jermain O'Shea. members of the club, as well as the prominent Hollman also came up big for the Hurricanes, Lynn O'Shea is best known for her dedica- elected officialsÐFreeholder Donald contributing 22 points, 8 rebounds and 4 as- tion to enriching the lives of people with dis- Goncalves, Councilman Manny Grova Jr., and sists to earn the Most Valuable Player award abilities, especially in her 15 years of work as Councilman Tony MonteiroÐfor all their con- in the Federation title game. Executive Director of Seguin Services. On tributions to the project. Special thanks and As impressive as Menendez's and May 1, 1998, Lynn is leaving Seguin to be- congratulations go out to Nelson Goncalves, Hollman's offense contributions are, come Executive Director of a similar agency past Governor of the Lion's District 16±E, who Westhampton Beach earned its championship that is closer to her home. has just been appointed as New Jersey State with impenetrable team defense. Utilizing an As an employee of Seguin for 15 years, Chairman for the Lions. These selfless individ- aggressive, trapping attack, the Hurricanes Lynn has served in many roles. Under her uals will be on hand, along with members of dogged opponents mercilessly, holding Syra- leadership, Seguin has been fiscally sound in the Union County Board of Chosen cuse-Westhill to just 36 points. Then, up by the face of continuing funding crises and has Freeholders, to celebrate this gala event. just two points at halftime of the Federation grown into a $15 million organization that pro- f vides jobs for over 400 people. More notably, title game, the Hurricane defense stepped up RECOGNIZING THE ACHIEVEMENTS Lynn has responded to the growing needs of and held previously undefeated Wadleigh to OF RIVERBANK ARMY AMMUNI- foster care homes for infants and children with just 19 second half points. TION PLANT The work ethic and close-net feel of this disabilities and severe medical conditions by high school basketball team is a team reflec- launching a foster care program that is now tion of my hometown, Westhampton Beach. recognized as a model in Illinois. Most impor- HON. GARY A. CONDIT The entire community is filled with pride for tantly, Lynn has helped people with develop- OF CALIFORNIA these young men, who have worked hard and mental disabilities to live and work in the same IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sacrificed together to reach this goal. So I ask way their neighbors do, she has broken down Tuesday, April 28, 1998 my colleagues in the U.S. House of Rep- barriers to community integration by support- Mr. CONDIT. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to resentatives to join me and all my neighbors ing developmentally disabled adults find jobs recognize the achievements of Riverbank in saluting the Westhampton Beach Hurri- in the community, and she has established Army Ammunition Plant, the Army's only pro- canes, the 1998 New York State high school small single family homes with permanent fos- ducer of cold drawn casings for mortar rounds, basketball champions. ter parents. for its receiving of the Secretary of the Army f Lynn is a role model not only for the citizens 1997 Environmental Award for Installation En- of Illinois, but for all workers in the social work vironmental Cleanup during a ceremony held TRIBUTE TO VICTIMS OF industry. She is highly regarded in her field on Monday, April 27, 1998. ARMENIAN GENOCIDE among her colleagues in Illinois. Her leader- The Army awards panel selected Riverbank ship style and never-say-no attitudes have AAP for its efforts in putting together a string SPEECH OF earned her respect, admiration and love from of environmental accomplishments while HON. HENRY A. WAXMAN her management team. cleaning up groundwater contamination on OF CALIFORNIA It is with great pleasure that I ask my col- and around the installation. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES leagues to recognize her accomplishments The Army industrial installation, located near and to thank Lynn for her extraordinary work, Riverbank, CA in the 18th Congressional Dis- Wednesday, April 22, 1998 leadership and dedication to helping citizens trict is on schedule to complete its cleanup Mr. WAXMAN. Mr. Speaker, today I wish to throughout the state of Illinois. program nearly 20 years early, saving the gov- commemorate the 83rd Anniversary of the Ar- f ernment millions of dollars. menian genocide. On April 24, 1915, more Riverbank AAP achieved a number of envi- than two hundred Armenian religious, political, ELIZABETH PORTUGUESE LIONS ronmental firsts during their cleanup program. and intellectual leaders were arrested and CLUB TO DEDICATE ‘‘LION TRI- It was the first federal NPL facility to complete killed. From 1915 to 1923, 11¤2 million people ANGLE MONUMENT’’ a final record of decision marking the end of lost their lives in the slaughter. Another half all environmental investigations and the start million lost their homes and property, and HON. ROBERT MENENDEZ of final cleanup. watched as the symbols of their religion and OF NEW JERSEY It was also the first federal facility to earn an culture were destroyed. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES installation-wide construction complete status Regrettably, the world's inaction in the face from the EPA signifying that all remedial ac- of these atrocities sent a message that human Tuesday, April 28, 1998 tions were in place and the program could rights violations would be tolerated. Hitler and Mr. MENENDEZ. Mr. Speaker, I rise today move into long-term monitoring and operations other leaders saw nothing to deter them from to recognize the Elizabeth, New Jersey Por- phase. E688 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks April 28, 1998 Riverbank AAP continues to push for dele- high-quality health care services to the com- tracted many companies, including Bristol tion from the NPL, saying there is no longer a munities of western Pennsylvania in the com- Meyers, which chose to by-pass larger urban threat to human health from the groundwater ing years. centers. contamination that initiated the cleanup efforts. f Hillside is a diverse Township which is re- ``If the EPA looked at Riverbank today, there flective of our nation's unique ethnic and cul- would be no risk to human health,'' said Jim NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC tural blend. During the late 19th century immi- Gansel, the Commander's representative at SAFETY ADMINISTRATION REAU- grants from Italy, Poland, the Ukraine, Ger- Riverbank AAP. Gansel credits the installa- THORIZATION ACT OF 1998 many and many other countries established tion's environmental successes to a strong themselves in the area. Many of these immi- SPEECH OF community relations program. ``Our relation- grants entered the United States through his- ship with the community of Riverbank is the HON. F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR. toric Ellis Island. Later, more African Ameri- basis of everything we have accomplished OF WISCONSIN cans and Hispanics settled in the Township. here,'' he said. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Ultimately there would be at least 25 different Each year, the Secretary of the Army's envi- ethnic groups residing in Hillside. Tuesday, April 21, 1998 ronmental awards recognize, installation, team These diverse cultures have produced a rich or individual efforts in Environmental Quality, Mr. SENSENBRENNER. Mr. Speaker, I rise amalgamation of religion and tradition. Each Pollution Prevention, Pollution Prevention today in support of an important provision in has contributed to the growth and progress of Weapons Acquisition, Recycling, Environ- H.R. 2691, the National Highway Traffic Safety the township. Of course, this is a source of mental Cleanup, Natural Resources Conserva- Administration (NHTSA) Reauthorization Act, tremendous pride for me. tion and Cultural Resources Management. A which prohibits NHTSA from lobbying at the Hillside has and continues to move with total of 15 awardsÐ10 installation, one team state or local level. The provision is consistent pride toward the future and I would like to ac- and four individualÐare presented. with current federal law which prohibits federal knowledge and congratulate all of the citizens I consider it an honor and a privilege to rep- agencies from lobbying Congress. In legisla- of the Township of Hillside on this very special resent Riverbank AAP. tion considered by the House Committee on 85th Anniversary Celebration. f Science last year, I included similar anti-lobby- f ing language to prohibit the Department of 150TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE Transportation from lobbying state and local A.M. ROSENTHAL ON TARGET WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HOS- elected officials. I am pleased H.R. 2691 in- AGAIN PITAL FOUNDATION cludes the anti-lobbying provision. In 1996, Congress voted to repeal a provi- HON. BENJAMIN A. GILMAN HON. WILLIAM J. COYNE sion of the Intermodal Surface Transportation OF NEW YORK OF PENNSYLVANIA Efficiency Act (ISTEA) that penalized states IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES without mandatory motorcycle helmet laws. By repealing the helmet penalty provisions of Tuesday, April 28, 1998 Tuesday, April 28, 1998 ISTEA, Congress determined that the issue of Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I want to take Mr. COYNE. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to motorcycle safety was best determined by this opportunity to share with my colleagues mark an important anniversary. This year, the each individual state without a one-size-fits-all yet another insightful opinion piece written by Western Pennsylvania Hospital is celebrating mandate from the federal government. Since veteran New York Times journalist, A.M. its 150th year of providing quality health care that time, however, the U.S. General Account- Rosenthal. Today, our House of Representa- to the people of southwestern Pennsylvania. ing Office has determined that NHTSA has en- tives will consider legislation that expresses Founded in 1848, Western Pennsylvania gaged in an active lobbying campaign to per- the sense of the Congress on the occasion of Hospital was the first chartered hospital west suade states to enact laws mandating that the 50th anniversary of the founding of the of the Allegheny Mountains. The Hospital has motorcycle riders wear helmets. I strongly sup- modern State of Israel, reaffirming the bonds grown and evolved over the years, but it has ported repealing the coercive and unfair hel- of friendship and cooperation between the always been known for its quality of care and met law penalties on states in 1996 and I fur- United States and Israel. its commitment to the community. Today, the ther support the provisions of H.R. 2691 pro- Mr. Rosenthal's article, however, skillfully Hospital is a 542-bed tertiary-care medical hibiting the use of federal funds to lobby at the describes some of the left-handed com- center with a staff of 620 dedicated health state and local level. I do not believe lobbying pliments that are coming Israel's way from too care professionals. The Hospital provides a by any federal agency at the federal, state or many media outlets. Yet what Israel has ac- full range of health care services, including local level is an appropriate use of tax-payer complished in the past five decades, in the treatment for cancer, high-risk pregnancies, di- dollars. face of hostility on its every border, is nothing abetes, cardiovascular disease and burns. The f short of miraculous. Hospital supports an active medical research Accordingly, Mr. Speaker, because Mr. program and operates a school of nursing that TRIBUTE TO THE HILLSIDE Rosenthal's remarks are so timely and deserv- has graduated over 3,500 students. COMMUNITY ing of special attention, I would like to share The Western Pennsylvania Hospital is them with my colleagues. Accordingly, I am in- known especially for its treatment of brain tu- HON. DONALD M. PAYNE serting the Rosenthal article into the CON- mors. In fact, the Hospital is one of only 13 OF NEW JERSEY GRESSIONAL RECORD. hospitals in the world using the Peacock Sys- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES [From the New York Times, April 28, 1998] tem to treat such tumors. The Peacock Sys- tem utilizes detailed computerized mapping of Tuesday, April 28, 1998 GIFTS FOR ISRAEL the brain to target radiation precisely at brain Mr. PAYNE. Mr. Speaker, I would like to (By A.M. Rosenthal) tumorsÐwhich prevents damage to the sur- take a moment to pay tribute to a special com- On Israel’s 50th anniversary, its friends can rounding healthy brain tissue. munity and township in my District. On give the country certain gifts of importance. Western Pennsylvania Hospital is also well Wednesday, April 29, 1998 the Township of They can recognize Israel’s achievements and take joy from then. And they can accept known for its work in treating burn victims. Not Hillside will celebrate its 85th anniversary. This without denial or flinching the fact that only does the Hospital operate a Burn Trauma vibrant municipality was officially founded on after a half-century Israel’s neighbors still Center to treat burn victims; it also operates a April 3, 1913. Lengthy debate over secession want it dead. summer camp for burned children and a Back from Union Township preceded the official So far, Israel has not received many gifts to School Program for children with burns. signing of the Bill, by then Governor James F. from my crowd—journalists. Much of the The Western Pennsylvania Hospital is an Fielder, which would establish its boundaries. magazine, newspaper and TV coverage and outstanding institution of healing and learning Nestled between Newark and Elizabeth, Hill- assessment of Israel—not all, but too much— which has served the people of western Penn- side initially offered a passage route between has ranged from delightedly doleful to dole- fully despairing. sylvania with professionalism and compassion these port cities. A railroad system proved to Israel’s economic, societal and scientific for the last 150 years. I commend the employ- be an important link to transport items deliv- successes have been mentioned. But not ees and volunteers of the Western Pennsyl- ered through the port of Newark and Eliza- often is it pointed out that they were at- vania Hospital for all of their good works, and beth, as well as residential commuters. This tained in the face of decades of hatred and I wish them well as they continue to provide link through the suburban industrial town at- attack from Arab nations and movements. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E689 The contrary—almost always Israel’s prob- JOHN E. BARRIERE I was delighted to learn that one of his co- lems are now being presented if they are en- workers was Laura Barriere, the daughter of tirely self-inflicted. Arabs are presented as if John, and vicariously through Laura I was able they are always simply reacting to Israel re- HON. BARNEY FRANK fusal to accept their reasonable demands OF MASSACHUSETTS to renew that acquaintance. I was saddened that the Jews just clear out of more terri- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES by news of his death, and Herb and I send our tory because it does not really belong to Tuesday, April 28, 1998 condolences to Laura, and the rest of the fam- them. ily. And I wanted to note here the passing of American public support for Israel rises Mr. FRANK of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, this man who quietly, but very effectively, did and for Yasir Arafat declines. But U.S. and one of the most important and under appre- so much to set a pattern of professional serv- European journalism is increasingly sympa- ciated aspects of the workings of our democ- thetic to the Palestinians and unpleasant ice in the House from which we continue to racy is the extraordinarily dedicated and able benefit. about Israel. work done by the professional staffs who To each his own vision. To my eyes, and to f those of the majority of Americans, Israel is serve those of us who have been elected to one of history’s soaring proclamations of Congress. While it is popular to mock people SALUTE TO RUSS MUELLER ON mankind’s worth to itself and its Creator. who work in the political and legislative sys- HIS 25TH ANNIVERSARY WITH These days it is not said much anymore, tem, in fact their contribution represents one of HOUSE which is a pity, but Israel did indeed begin the great bargains the American people re- with nothing much more than sand, hope and ceive. Our work is enormously helped by the belief. And yes, 50 years later it is indeed the HON. WILLIAM F. GOODLING Mideast’s only democracy, a growing center large number of extremely talented and dedi- cated people who put in extremely long hours OF PENNSYLVANIA of science, technology, art, music. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Israel is not a dirge—but a country; how helping us make public policy, at far less com- happy the thought. pensation than most of them would receive in Tuesday, April 28, 1998 And I find emotion entirely permissible almost any other occupation. about Israel’s ability to maintain life and Mr. GOODLING. Mr. Speaker, I am pleased I thought of that recently Mr. Speaker when to recognize and honor a member of the staff progress though its neighbors have imposed I learned of the death of an extremely dedi- an absence of peace for a half-century. of the Committee on Education and Work- But about dangers to Israeli survival, cool cated creative individual who is one of those force, Mr. Russ Mueller, on his 25th anniver- who helped set the model for the kind of pro- is best. And stepping back coolly we see the sary with the Committee. fessional policy advisor on whom we are now realities. Russ came to the Committee staff in the One is that Israel may work out agreement so dependent. His name is John Barriere, and middle of the Congressional debate on the with Palestinians—if they want it enough to he came to Washington 50 years ago. Sadly, legislation that was subsequently passed and agree to conditions that will give Israel secu- John Barriere died last week at the age of 78, became known as ERISAÐthe Employee Re- rity of borders and the end of terrorism. The and he left behind him a legacy of extraor- agreement would bring respite that could tirement Income Security Act. Since then, for dinary service to democracy. I was recently re- grow into a peace of some years. many of us, Russ and ERISA have become minded by Gerry McMurray, a former Chief of But another reality is that agreement on almost synonymous. John Erlenborn and Al Staff of the Housing Subcommittee of the Palestine would not bring permanent peace. Quie, the Ranking Members of the full commit- Ask ourselves, would Mideast rulers, the House Banking Committee, that Mr. Barriere tee and subcommittee at the time, wanted a worker-merchant ‘‘street’’ and religious and was the first man to be a professional staff intellectual establishments accept an Israel member of that subcommittee, having helped staff member who understood the intricacies forever growing in skills and strength—or in bring it into existence 43 years ago, and serv- of pension financing and other employee ben- their dreams and desires want Israel extin- efits. So they brought in Russ, who was, and guished, and work toward the day? ing as its Staff Director until 1964. Because of the great ability he showed in that position, he is, a certified actuary. Twenty five years later Run them through the mind: Syria, Libya, Russ is still setting Members of Congress Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the gulf sheikdoms, the was chosen by Speaker John McCormack in Sudan, Algeria, Iraq, Iran. 1964 to be the first policy staff advisor to the straight on the intricacies of employee bene- The hatred against Israel these countries Speaker, and he was the Executive DirectorÐ fits. receive, accept and pass on as heritage and and heart and soulÐof the Democratic Steer- Along the way Russ has worked on a lot of religious obligation—would it vanish with an ing and Policy Committee until 1978. Among major legislation. I suspect that some of his independent Palestine or would it continue the pieces of legislation that he played an in- prouder accomplishments have been in help- in them, and in Palestine too? ing to stop a lot of bad ideasÐlike the Clinton If Iran and Iraq develop chemical, nuclear dispensable role in bringing to passage were and biological weapons, will they strike the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights health care proposal a few years ago, on against Israel? Would other Arabs extend Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968Ð which he worked day and night for weeks on sympathy to Israel—or dance on rooftops that extraordinarily important set of bills that end to point out the foreseen and unforeseen and scream their passion to kill Jews? Would helped break the back of legal racism in consequences of that government take over of the West take the risk of world war to rescue America. health care. Israel? He worked closely with Richard Bolling dur- All of us who have worked with Russ know We know the answers. Permanent peace in of his knowledge in the employee benefits the Mideast will not come until sufficient ing his chairmanship of the Rules Committee Arab peoples replace dictatorship—fun- in bringing forward the Congressional Reform area and of his commitment to legislative damentalist, religious, military or terror- Act of 1974 and 1976, and the Budget Act of craftsmanship. He truly is one of our experts ist—with democratic religious and political 1974. in these complex issues and has worked freedoms. Indeed, along with John McCormack, Rich- untiringly on behalf of our voluntary, employ- Then perhaps the Muslim governments will ard Bolling, Harry Truman and Senator Robert ment based health care and benefits system. end the feuds among themselves that are the Wagner recognized John's great ability and Along the way he has found time to be an central cause of Mideast wars. Then perhaps they will even try to end the hatred of put him to work. In other words Mr. Speaker avid golfer and fisherman, and dedicated fa- Israeli existence that infests the Mideast he was a man whose great ability and equally ther. I am pleased to recognize and salute with the threat of war against Israel. great willingness to serve proved to be an im- Russ for his 25 years of service to the Com- Freedom may happen in the Mideast, as in portant asset for a series of leaders in our mittee, the Congress and to our country. I so many other places. But it will come slow- governing processes. wish him many more years of good health and ly, fitfully. I was pleased myself to meet him more than continued good service. Meantime, will Israel stand strong at 30 years ago, when in the service of the gu- arms, maintaining military power not for f bernatorial campaign of the late Edward victory over another country but for de- CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM fense? McCormack, a nephew of the Speaker, I came Will the U.S. remain a friend or become a to Washington to do some research on federal harassment? Will some foreign and Israeli issues. I was then a young graduate student HON. RON KIND Jews push their religious and political hos- in political science, and meeting John Barriere, OF WISCONSIN tility against Israeli governments so long and listening to him describe the interaction of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and hard that they sap Israel’s strength, will the legislative process, politics, and sub- power and self-belief, as Israel awaits Arab Tuesday, April 28, 1998 conversion to democracy? stantive policy was an extraordinary education From friends of Israel, cool questions in which I never forgot. Mr. KIND. Mr. Speaker, over the past week themselves are gifts to Israel—and to one an- Many years later, when my domestic part- the debate on campaign finance reform has other. ner, Herb Moses, went to work at FannieMae, shifted, from when we will get a vote to what E690 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks April 28, 1998 kind of reform will we actually see. The leader- activity and trade incentives for countries FROM DIPLOMA TO DOCTORATE: ship has chosen the Bipartisan Campaign In- making serious and verifiable economic and 100 YEARS IN THE EVOLUTION tegrity Act, H.R. 2183, as the base bill that will political reforms. It seeks to reorient U.S. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEN- be considered on the floor. I applaud that Africa policy from being based largely on NESSEE, MEMPHIS COLLEGE OF choice. This bill was drafted after a fifteen foreign assistance to being based on in- NURSING creased trade, investment, self-help and seri- month process of bipartisan give and take ous engagement. It is a modest bill that re- among freshmen members of Congress. I am quires no new public appropriations, but it HON. ED BRYANT pleased to have been an original member of could provide substantial economic opportu- OF TENNESSEE that task force. nities for the United States and African soci- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The Bipartisan Campaign Integrity Act is the eties. Tuesday, April 28, 1998 only bill that was drafted as a truly bipartisan Two years ago, as I campaigned in the Re- effort to take the big money out of the political Mr. BRYANT Mr. Speaker, I would like to publican presidential primaries, I spoke on system. H.R. 2183 does not contain any poi- recognize the special annivesary of the Univ. the need for a positive and coherent Amer- of Tennessee Memphis School of Nursing. son pills and does not unfairly impact one po- ican policy toward Africa. These remarks litical party over the other. This legislation Memphis City Hospital and its school of came as surprise to many; some responded nursing, identified as the Memphis City Hos- does not go as far in changing the system as with bewilderment. They asked why a Re- pital School of Nursing, opened in 1989. Lena most members of the task force wanted, how- publican presidential candidate would talk Angevine Warner was appointed as Super- ever, we all recognized that this was the only about Africa. The answer lies, in part, with intendent of Nurses and Director of the way campaign finance legislation could pass the underlying rationale behind the African School. She is identified as the founder of the this year. This bill takes the biggest influences Growth and Opportunity Act, namely that the United States should elevate its policy School of Nursing that later became part of of money in the system out of our campaigns. the University of Tennessee. She resigned in Passage of H.R. 2183 will be a significant step toward Africa to a level commensurate with Africa’s growing importance. 1900 to serve as an Army contract nurse in forward in returning our elections back to the Cuba and later served with the Walter Reed people whom we are sworn to represent. Sub-Saharan Africa can be a new frontier for American trade, investment and eco- Commission that studied yellow fever. Mr. Speaker, I commend you for giving in to The first class of eight graduated in June, the pressure of the public and allowing a vote nomic development. It can be a frontier for the expansion of democracy and market- 1900 from the Memphis City Hospital School on campaign finance reform. I hope my col- of Nursing. A 3-year curriculum was imple- leagues will join me in supporting H.R. 2183, based economies. It can be a frontier for co- operation in dealing with strategic global mented in 1913. the Bipartisan Campaign Integrity Act. problems relating to narcotics, international By contract with the City of Memphis signed f crime, terrorism, infectious diseases and the July 22, 1926, ``The School of Nursing has been launched on a University basis.'' The WE SHOULD PASS THE AFRICA environment. Success on each of these for- Memphis General Hospital furnished space TRADE BILL eign policy priorities is important to the United States and to African societies, and it and equipment and the University of Ten- can best be achieved in an Africa that is eco- nessee provided two nursing faculty members HON. JIM McDERMOTT nomically open and politically more ac- and instruction from its medical college faculty. OF WASHINGTON countable and transparent. But this will not Miss Winifred Atkinson, director of nursing for IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES happen soon or without tremendous coopera- the hospital and the school from 1923±1926 Tuesday, April 28, 1998 tive effort. was instrumental in bringing about this rela- Mr. MCDERMOTT. Mr. Speaker, ``We Beyond the promise of more prosperity and tionship with the University. John Gaston Hospital replaced the old Gen- Should Pass the Africa Bill,'' an editorial writ- more stability on the continent, the Africa bill encourages African countries to under- eral Hospital in 1936. WWII brought practice ten by Senator RICHARD LUGAR of Indiana was blackouts and a shortage of nursing faculty printed in the Wednesday, April 22, 1998, edi- take fundamental political and economic re- forms in order to qualify for the trade and and students. UT participated in the U.S. tion of the Washington Post. In the article Mr. investment incentives. It places the burden Cadet Nurse Program. Two graduates of the LUGAR describes the broad support for the Af- on African leaders to take initiatives to help UT School of NursingÐLts. Imogene Kennedy rica Growth and Opportunity Act, which in- themselves. Many have already done so. and Inez McDonaldÐwere captured by the cluded: House leadership, the Clinton adminis- Those countries that engage in gross viola- Japanese on with the surrender of U.S. tration, the business community and the Afri- tions of human rights, fail to eliminate trade Troops on Corregidor, Philippines. They were can diplomatic corps, and led to the passage and investment barriers or to improve fiscal prisoners of war from 1942 until early 1945. of this historic legislation by the House of Rep- policies, or that reject good governance and Miss Ruth Neil Murry became Educational Di- resentatives on March 11, 1998. Mr. Speaker, rule-of-law standards, would not be eligible rector of the School in 1944 and Director in I am entering for the RECORD the editorial writ- for duty-free treatment of products under 1946. ten by Senator RICHARD LUGAR of Indiana. the Generalized System of Preferences, par- A 4-year program leading to the BSN began ticipation in debt reduction programs, WE SHOULD PASS THE AFRICA BILL in 1950 and the diploma program phased out projects managed by the Overseas Private in 1954. Under the leadership of Ruth Neil (By Richard Lugar) Investment Corp., or other trade and invest- Last month the House of Representatives ment programs in the bill. Murry, the school became autonomous in approved the African Growth and Oppor- 1949. Murry, the first Dean, served until De- tunity Act on a bipartisan vote of 233 to 186. No one can argue that this legislation will cember 1977. The bill commanded support from the House transform Africa overnight. But as Africa de- The City Hospital contract was amended in leadership, the Clinton administration, the velops economically, we will benefit by as- 1958 and major curriculum change occurred. business community, the African diplomatic sisting in that growth as new markets de- National accreditation was awarded in 1960. velop and mature. Indeed, U.S. exports to corps and representatives from all sides of The school achieved College status in Feb- the political spectrum. Action on the bill sub-Saharan Africa have increased by some 14 percent over the past two years, and bilat- ruary 1961. now shifts to the Senate, where the Finance The master's program in nursing admitted Committee has jurisdiction. Enactment of eral trade now exceeds trade with all the this bill will signal a dramatic and construc- states of the former Soviet Union. its first students in Summer, 1973. Family nurse practitioner and psychiatric-mental tive turning point in U.S.-African relations The Africa bill is one of those rare pieces and mark a historic moment in our ties with health were the initial offerings. of legislation that has not been inspired by Dr. Michael Carter became Dean late in the states of sub-Saharan Africa. dire crisis, imminent threat or strong domes- Last year I introduced S. 778, the Senate 1982 and continues in that role. Faculty and tic pressure. It emerged from the realization version of the original House bill. I took that Dean Michael Carter placed increasing em- initiative because I believed the United that Africa has long been a neglected region of the world and that this neglect does not phasis on research and practice in the mid States must seize the opportunity presented 1980s. The college moved into a new building. by the end of the Cold War and the fun- serve U.S. interests. The bill is visionary in that it acknowledges that Africa is chang- In 1988 the Doctor of Philosophy with a major damental changes already underway in Afri- in Nursing began. The first PhD in Nursing ca. We should reinforce efforts to promote ing, that the United States wants to be a economic growth and stability and to pro- partner in that change, and that we wish to was awarded in 1992 to June Hansen vide new opportunities for American inves- share in Africa’s better future. If the United Larabee. tors and trade. States is a major player in Africa’s economic Over 4,500 nurses have been educated by The bill seeks to promote economic growth and political transition, we will also be a The University of Tennessee, Memphis Col- in Africa through enhanced private-sector major beneficiary. lege of Nursing. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E691 TRIBUTE TO DON BYE Voting USA project a model for the nation. He TRIBUTE TO HUBERT ‘‘DUDER’’ brought people together and got them excited DUDERSTADT HON. JAMES L. OBERSTAR about the idea of giving school children the OF MINNESOTA chance to participate in the electoral process HON. MARION BERRY IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES on Election Day. Under this project, children OF ARKANSAS Tuesday, April 28, 1998 can pick up a ballot at the polls and vote at IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. OBERSTAR. Mr. Speaker, I rise today their own booth at the same time that the par- Tuesday, April 28, 1998 ents are casting their official ballots. Local to pay tribute to Don Bye of Duluth, Min- Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to nesota. schools also participate by exposing students pay tribute to Hubert ``Duder'' Duderstadt. Don has rendered long, distinguished, and to the political process in their social studies Duder was a child immigrant from Germany. dedicated service to the City of Duluth, Min- and civics classes. He came to this country with almost nothing nesota's 8th Congressional District, and all of Six thousands school children in Duluth par- and was a classic example of the success im- Northern Minnesota. For more than a quarter ticipated in Kids Voting USA in 1994, the first migrants represent to this nation and what century, he has served Northern Minnesota in year of the program. By 1996, 31,000 children they have added to the culture we all enjoy numerous ways through his multifaceted politi- in ten communities in Northern Minnesota had today. cal and community activism. Duder was an example of what hard work joined in exercising the privilege enjoyed by In particular, I wish to note that Don Bye and clean living will do. millions of American citizensÐcasting a ballot has completed over a quarter century of serv- Married to the same woman, Alberta, for 56 ice as Chairman of the 8th Congressional Dis- for candidates for elective public office. De- years, raising three successful children and trict's Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DEL) party mocracy will benefit in the years to come from achieving ownership of his own farm were and is now entering his 27th year in that ca- young people inspired so early in their lives by measures of such success. pacity. That makes him the longest continu- this unique opportunity to participate in the He clearly fulfilled the Will Rogers comment ously serving Chairman of any of Minnesota's election process. ``I never met a man I didn't like,'' and it was eight Congressional District DFL committees. I I am proud and honored to share with my always a pleasure to run into Duder. He was know I am joined by DLFers throughout our colleagues this brief, but deserved tribute to an accomplished farmer and wine maker and district in saying a heartfelt thanks to Don for Don Bye, who has given so much of himself greatly appreciated by the community. his tireless, selfless service. Don Bye's great- Always ready to do his part for the commu- to enrich the lives of others and to serve his est contribution has been to show people how nity, civic club, school, church, or profession, community. to work together. He has brought together in- he never failed to pitch in. dividuals with diverse and sometimes conten- He demonstrated by example what it means f tions positions through his dedication, hard to be a Christian, good citizen, successful work, and diplomacy. In large part because of farmer, husband, and father. HONORING COSMOPOLITAN CLUB his efforts, the 8th District DFL Party has a co- He will be remembered, as we say in Gillett, OF ELGIN’S DISTINGUISHED hesiveness that is envied by other political Arkansas, as ``a good man.'' SERVICE AWARD RECIPIENT groups in the State of Minnesota. f When redistricting was completed following the 1990 census, Don moved quickly to con- A TRIBUTE TO THE COMMUNITY tact county unit chairs from the newly added HON. J. DENNIS HASTERT COALITION PROJECT sections of Minnesota's 8th Congressional OF ILLINOIS District. He made sure that people from IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HON. JERRY LEWIS Sheburne and Benton counties felt welcome in OF CALIFORNIA their new Congressional District and included Tuesday, April 28, 1998 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES them early on in activities of the 8th District Tuesday, April 28, 1998 unit, including important leadership positions. Mr. HASTERT. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to Don Bye has been a practicing attorney for honor Ms. Susan Rakow, the recipient of this Mr. LEWIS of California. Mr. Speaker, I more than 30 years. He assisted numerous year's Cosmopolitan Club of Elgin's Distin- would like to bring to your attention the fine clients in the areas of labor and employment guished Service Award. work and dedication of a group of outstanding law, public sector labor law, employment dis- teachers, staff, and other individuals to the crimination and personal injury law. He was a The Award is sponsored by the Cosmopoli- students of San Bernardino County, California. Member of the Minnesota State Board of Gov- tan Club of the City of Elgin, Illinois, and Ms. On May 12th, the San Bernardino County Su- ernors from 1989±1992. Rakow is truly worthy of this honor. She has perintendent of Schools will honor some of the Don Bye was instrumental in starting two spent countless hours serving the community finest teachers in California at a Celebration of programs that affected thousands of people in of Elgin in a variety of roles, and her contribu- Excellence, a dinner and recognition program Duluth: the Share Food Drive and Kids Voting tions have been many. honoring the work of the Community Coalition USA. In 1982, Don has an idea for a citywide Honored by the Altrusa International Club of project. effort to benefit those less fortunate, known as Elgin with its Woman of the Year Award in The Community Coalition is a countywide the Share Food Drive. Don recruited a staff partnership project established to respond to 1997, and by the YWCA with its Marjorie person to organize the new program, and en- the needs of public education through collabo- Leonard Community Service Award in 1988, listed volunteers from the Duluth area. One rative partnerships. As a result of this effort, weekend a year, boy scouts, union members, Ms. Rakow has served on the boards of the successful programs have been put in place and other volunteers go door-to-door collecting Jayne Shover Easter Seal Center, the Elgin for San Bernardino County students in the food items and cash from Duluth residents. Symphony, and the Sherman Hospital Auxil- areas of literacy, technology, school safety Local trucking companies donate the use of iary. She has also been active with Elgin U± and career preparation. Clearly, the success trucks, union members volunteer to drive the 46 public schools, serving both as a substitute of this project is tied directly to the teachers, trucks, and church organizations offer the use teacher and as a member of the Instructional staff and other partners who have worked dili- of buildings to assist in the effort. The Share Council, has served as President of the Elgin gently on this effort within the last three years. Food Drive generates 20,000 to 40,000 Enrichment Series for several years and has The teachers who will be honored for their pounds of food a year for the Duluth Food been active in her local church. work with early literacy include Diane Harlan, Shelf. Celeste Danjou, Dawn Fletcher, Sue Rhoades, Mr. Speaker, I congratulate the Cosmopoli- Don Bye knows the future of our country Mary Gee, Terry Rogers, Audrey Howard, lies in the hands of America's youth, which in- tan Club of Elgin, Illinois in my district on their Tine Pelletier, Donna Libutti, Luanne Rhodes, spired him to initiate the Kids Voting USA selection, and urge you and my colleagues to Patty Dipaolo, Audrey Folden, Helen Rockett, project in DuluthÐthe first community in Min- join me in honoring Ms. Susan Rakow for her Hester Turpin, Ava Gonick, Susan Birrell, nesota to participate in Kids Voting USA. Don years of service to her community and for her Vickie Holman, Aleen Massey, Liz Fragua, also served on the original organizing commit- selection as this year's recipient of the Cos- Cathy Richardson, Joan Carey, Sue Cornell, tee. Don and his fellow volunteers, by donat- mopolitan Club of Elgin's Distinguished Serv- Lynne Merryfield, Arlene Mistretta, Janie Pier- ing their time and money, made Duluth's Kids ice Award. son, Darwin Ruhle, Iris Tramp, Denie Cates- E692 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks April 28, 1998 Darnell, Caroleen Cosand, Jean Fenn, Carol 1954, before the Archdiocese of St. Louis had years, many men and women in this commu- Besser, Londa Carter, Denise Dugger, Cynthia integrated its schools, when St. Louis was an nity have stood for worthy but unpopular Freymueller, Rachael Emery, Judy Lowrie, entirely segregated city, the Rev. Claude causes and paid high prices for their beliefs. Heithaus, a Jesuit priest, took it upon him- We should give each one recognition, not Marge Ruffalo, Laura Chapman, Luis Ibarra, self to preach a sermon in the St. Frances only out of respect for what they did, but Chris Richards, and Melody Davidsmeier. Xavier (College) Church of St. Louis Univer- also for what their lives can offer all of us as Being recognized for their work in tech- sity, where he was a faculty member. In this models of courage and vision. And by honor- nology education are Jim Roller, Steve Bailey, sermon, which he delivered on the morning ing Claude Heithaus, we would be making a Cindy Robinson, Ruthetta Brandt, Leandra of Feb. 11, 1944, he called upon his listeners very good start. to repudiate racism and welcome people of Pearson, Kathy Gilbert, Jim Evans, Noelle f Kreider, Alexis Carlson, John Patten, Bob color to the university. His words were un- Watson, and Linda Jungwirth. Those praised compromising as he called upon the commu- IN HONOR OF MISSION SAN JOSE nity to face its prejudice and hypocrisy: for their work on the focus on the future in- ‘‘Do you want us to slam our doors in the ROTARY CLUB FOR ITS 15 YEARS clude Judith Pratt, Michelle Beutler, Dr. Bill face of Catholics, because their complexion OF SERVICE TO THE 13TH CON- Clark, Carrie Childress, Jeff Drozd, Patricia happens to be brown or black? It (the claim GRESSIONAL DISTRICT Merriam, Skip Brown, Laura Brundige, Jerry that white students would refuse to attend Bennett, Geri Kubanek-York, Jere Lloyd, Les- classes with people of color) is a lie. I see HON. FORTNEY PETE STARK that you repudiate it with indignation. You lie Rodden, and Pam Stockard. OF CALIFORNIA In addition, the following individuals will be scorn it all the more because some of the very people who disseminate this lie have IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES recognized for their work with school safety; themselves sent their sons to Harvard and Tuesday, April 28, 1998 Norma Ashworth, Robert Martinez, David Yale, where they were glad to sit in the same Mr. STARK. Mr. Speaker, I would like to Mann, Beth Henry, Sally Foster, Marc Divine, classrooms with Negroes.’’ Cathy Magana, Tim Kelleghan, Tina Maeda, Heithaus’ call to justice, which he couched take this opportunity to recognize the Mission Jimmie Jimenez, Rich Laabs, Michael Vance, in religious as well as moral terms, did not San Jose Rotary Club for its extensive con- Debbie Fairfax, and Joe Kaempher. go unnoticed. Within the year, St. Louis Uni- tributions to the quality of life in the Fremont Mr. Speaker, I ask you to join me and our versity became the first institution of higher community. learning in a former slave state to admit Af- Over the last fifteen years, Mission San colleagues in recognizing the fine work of rican-Americans, and the city of St. Louis these individuals. Barry Pulliam, the County Jose Rotary has been actively involved in the thereby became the scene of one of the most community through more than 45 projects Superintendent of Schools is also worthy of important breakthroughs in racial integra- praise for his outstanding leadership on the tion. benefiting the Mission San Jose, Serra Center, Community Coalition project. Efforts to edu- Heithaus soon departed from St. Louis. Be- Ardenwood Park, Fremont Senior Center, Mis- cate our students and prepare them for the fu- cause he had preached the sermon without sion San Jose Museum, and many other wor- the permission or support of his Jesuit supe- ture are certainly worthy of our recognition and thy recipients. rior and had continued to call attention to In addition, in 1986 Mission San Jose Ro- it is only fitting that the House pay tribute to the problems of racism, he was banished, tary became one of the first clubs to champion these fine citizens today. first to Kansas and then to Milwaukee. the admission of women members, well before f Late in life he was allowed to return to the St. Louis area, where he lived quietly, never Rotary International recognized full participa- REMEMBERING REV. CLAUDE speaking publicly again on the topic of race tion by females. The club has sponsored two HEITHAUS—‘‘A CIVIL RIGHTS relations. He died in 1976. new Rotary clubs, sponsored four foreign ex- TRAILBLAZER’’ In the story of Heithaus’ courage and de- change students, and counts more than 60% termination there is much that St. Louis can Paul Harris Fellows among its members. Mis- be proud of. He risked—and lost—a great sion San Jose Rotary has also contributed HON. WILLIAM (BILL) CLAY deal in order to further a process of accept- substantially to the Polio Plus Campaign and OF MISSOURI ance, toleration and integration that re- the Mission San Jose restoration. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES mains unfinished in our community. Although the first part of his story is fair- I also commend Mission San Jose Rotary Tuesday, April 28, 1998 ly well known, the price he paid is less well for having prepared and served many thou- Mr. CLAY. Mr. Speaker. Trailblazers are known, and neither the university nor the sands of meals at the Centerville Free Dining people who take chances and stand up for community has ever formally recognized his Room, and for their internationally acclaimed accomplishments and sacrifices. chili and famous linguica burgers, which have what's right, even when the status quo tells After his speech and his subsequent refusal them the time is ``not right''. Trailblazers to drop the issue of race relations, his career raised nearly $300,000 for charity. change the course of history, as Rev. Claude as a teacher was severely curtailed. A valu- Throughout its existence, Mission San Jose Heithaus did at Saint Louis University on a able collection of antiquities that he had ac- Rotary has been acclaimed many times for its day in February 1944 when he delivered a quired on his travels was lost or destroyed. excellent service. On May 1, 1998, the Mis- sermon that led to integration in higher edu- His work as a trainer of young journalists (a sion San Jose Rotary Club will celebrate the cation in the city of St. Louis. As a proud quarter century earlier he had founded St. 15th Anniversary of its founding, and I would Louis University’s University News) came to like to express my sincere appreciation for the alumnus of Saint Louis University and bene- an end as well. ficiary of Rev. Heithaus' courageous actions, I Even after the policies that Heithaus had dedicated efforts that have produced so many commend to our colleagues the April 14, 1998 called for became an accepted reality, he was civic achievements. Congratulations, and I St. Louis Post Dispatch article, titled ``Priest never publicly thanked or even acknowl- look forward to another fifteen years of excep- led the fight for university integration'', which edged by this community for his role in their tional service. tells of the great sacrifice Rev. Heithaus made realization, although the Father General of f for the benefit of racial harmony. It is my hope the Jesuits and the French government even- tually recognized his accomplishments. IN HONOR OF LT. COL. MICHAEL that our colleagues in the struggle for racial While much of the responsibility for this PRUSAK equality and justice will find strength in this acknowledgement lies with the school where story. I work, St. Louis University, some of it ulti- mately lies with the community that also HON. VIC FAZIO PRIEST LED FIGHT FOR UNIVERSITY benefited from his vision and persistence. OF CALIFORNIA INTEGRATION His commitment and his ideals should not be IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (By Paul Shore) forgotten. Tuesday, April 28, 1998 St. Louis is rich in history, and we honor I call upon St. Louis University to mark those who have contributed to its history in the hundredth anniversary of Claude Mr. FAZIO of California. Mr. Speaker, I rise a number of ways: by naming parks, streets, Heithaus’ birth with some gesture worthy of today to honor Lt. Col. Michael Prusak, Direc- hospitals and schools after them, or by keep- his beliefs. I also call upon the greater St. tor of Logistics for the Sacramento Air Logis- ing their memory alive by dedicating a civic Louis community to reflect on the actions of tics Center, McClellan Air Force Base, Califor- project or program to them. Yet an impor- someone, who, when it was still politically nia. He is a Command Navigator, with more tant figure in the history of our city contin- incorrect, sought to widen educational op- than 2,500 hours in the FB±111 and the T±43 ues to go largely unacknowledged. His name portunities for people of color. Surely there was Claude Heithaus, and this spring marks is a place in our city for some remembrance aircraft. Lieutenant Colonel Prusak will be re- the 100th anniversary of his birth. of him, a way to call attention to his ideals. tiring on 1 August 1998, after a distinguished Before Brown vs. the Board of Education Heithaus is of course not the only unsung career highlighted by many challenging as- had made its way to the Supreme Court in hero of St. Louis history. In the past 200 signments. April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E693 As Director of Logistics, Lieutenant Colonel the Air Force Organizational Excellence IN HONOR OF DR. STANLEY Prusak manages the supply and transportation Award, the Combat Readiness Medal, the Na- NUSSBAUM support for the Air Logistics Center and the tional Defense Service Medal, and the South- 77th Air Base Wing. He oversees more than west Asia Service Medal. HON. CHARLES E. SCHUMER 250 military and civilian personnel, with an an- I join my colleagues today in honoring Lieu- OF NEW YORK nual budget of nearly $1 million. tenant Colonel Prusak for his 24 years of dedi- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Lieutenant Colonel Prusak was born in Ger- cated and distinguished service to the United Tuesday, April 28, 1998 many, in December 1947. He grew up in Bos- States Air Force, the state of California, and ton, Massachusetts, and graduated from Bos- our nation. We send best wishes to him, his Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. Speaker, I am pleased ton Technical High School. He attended and wife Linda, and their children Jennifer, Erica, to have the opportunity today to recognize Dr. graduated from Lowell Technological Institute and Gabriel and wish him continued success Stanley Nussbaum, who is being honored by in 1973 with a degree in Industrial Engineer- at his new position with the Civil Air Patrol. the Herbert Tenzer Five Towns Democratic ing. In 1981, he graduated from the University Club at its annual brunch on May 3. Dr. Nuss- of Southern California with a Masters in Sys- f baum has been an outstanding member of his tems Management. community and his personal commitments After flight training at Reese Air Force Base, IN RECOGNITION OF THE FOUND- both civic and religious have bettered the lives Texas, in 1974, Lieutenant Colonel Prusak ING OF THE TEXAS CENTER FOR of his neighbors on Long Island. was assigned to the 380th Bombardment SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AT THE Dr. Nussbaum's devotion has led him to Wing at Plattsburgh Air Force Base, New UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON contribute to the Jewish community in many York. At Reese Air Force Base he flew the ways. He sits on the boards of the Conference Strategic Air Command's FB±111, and be- of Jewish Organizations of Nassau County came one of the first 1st Lieutenant instructors HON. SHEILA JACKSON-LEE and the American Committee for Israeli MIA's of the aircraft. In 1980, he was assigned to in addition to being a trustee of Temple Beth Mather Air Force Base, California, as an Un- OF TEXAS El of Cedarhurst and a former trustee of the dergraduate Navigator Training instructor. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES American Jewish Committee. He is also a past While there, he became a flight commander president of the Five Towns Jewish Council. and helped develop the curriculum for the dual Tuesday, April 28, 1998 Civic duty has also played a major role in track navigator training system, which is still in Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, Stan's life, leading him into an active role in use today. I rise in recognition and gratitude for the out- the Democratic party. He serves as Leader in In 1985, Lieutenant Colonel Prusak was as- standing work done by Dr. Paul Chu and his the 20th Assembly District and has been a signed to the 509th Bombardment Wing at colleagues at the Texas Center for Super- member of the Nassau Democratic County Pease Air Force Base, New Hampshire, and conductivity on the problem of High Tempera- Committee for twenty-five years. He was the requalified in the FB±111. While there, he be- ture Superconductivity. As a member of the zone leader of Lawrence-Cedarhurst and came the assistant air operations officer, and House Science Committee, I often hear ref- served as President of the Five Towns Demo- chief of aircrew scheduling and training for the erences made for the excellent work of Dr. cratic Club from 1978±1980 and 1984±1990. 393d Bombardment SquadronÐthe same Paul Chu and the Texas Center for Super- Dr. Nussbaum was a Clinton delegate for the squadron that dropped atomic bombs on Hiro- conductivity located at the University of Hous- 1992 Democratic National Convention and shima and Nagasaki during the final days of ton. I have also taken great pleasure in work- was elected as a New York State Committee- World War II. In January 1988, he became the ing with Dr. Chu on legislative and administra- man in 1994. Deputy Commander for Resource Manage- tive matters in Washington related to the sup- Dr. Nussbaum has also been successful in ment for the 509th, where he helped manage port of the center. both his professional and private life and is a the Wing Supply and Transportation Squad- life member of the American Dental Society. rons, along with Wing Mobility, Base Con- From the Center's beginnings in 1987 with He and his wife Toby are the proud parents of tracts, and Base Comptroller divisions. the endorsement of the 70th Legislature of the three children, Felice, Hillary and Larry, and of Lieutenant Colonel Prusak was assigned in State of Texas your efforts to find solutions to two grandchildren, Ananda and Sierra. 1989 to the Sacramento Air Logistics Center fundamental and practical questions in High Dr. Stanley Nussbaum has made great con- as assistant program manager for the F±111 Temperature Superconductivity have been tributions to society as a professional, a lead- Digital Flight Control Modification Program. He noteworthy. Beginning with a staff of seven, er, a religious man, and a father. His commu- went on to become the Program Manager for the Texas Center for Superconductivity at the nity, indeed all of Long Island, have been im- the F±111 Stores Management Upgrade modi- University of Houston is now the largest and proved by his efforts. fication program in 1990, followed by the posi- most comprehensive Center of its type in the f tion of Branch Chief for all F±111 modifica- nation. Your great achievements serve as a tions. In January 1993, Lieutenant Colonel testament to the past decade of hard work HONORING PRESIDENT K.R. Prusak attended the Defense Systems Man- and progress in the new scientific and techno- NARAYANAN WITH THE STATES- agement College at Ft. Belvoir, Virginia. Upon logical field of High Temperature Super- MAN OF THE YEAR AWARD his return to McClellan, he became the Assist- conductivity. ant F±111 System Program Director, ulti- With the multiple mission of basic and ap- HON. GARY L. ACKERMAN mately, becoming the Director of Logistics in plied research, technology development and OF NEW YORK March 1995. transfer, and providing advanced training and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Lieutenant Colonel Prusak also gave much education, the Texas Center for Superconduc- Tuesday, April 28, 1998 of himself to the citizens of California. He has tivity at the University of Houston's research- been, and continues to be, an extremely ac- ers and students continue to search for solu- Mr. ACKERMAN. Mr. Speaker, I rise today tive volunteer pilot for the Civil Air PatrolÐ tions to fundamental and practical questions in with my colleagues to honor an extraordinary having flown more than 100 training and High Temperature Superconductivity. man, the President of India, Mr. K.R. search and rescue missions in northern Cali- Narayanan. Tonight he is receiving the Appeal fornia. Many of these life saving missions in- There efforts on behalf of science have en- of Conscience ``Statesman of the Year'' volve flying low level sorties in the valleys of abled this important research program to ex- award, and it is hard to find someone who is the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, placing pand into the world's leading Center for bulk more deserving of this honor. him in great personal danger. Following his re- high temperature superconductivity and relat- Mr. Speaker, President Narayanan has had tirement from the United States Air Force, his ed materials. We in Texas feel that their pres- a distinguished career in public service for al- role will expand as he assumes the position of ence in the City of Houston has lead to this most half a century. He served with distinction the California Wing Liaison Officer of the Civil prominent position in this highly technical field in the Indian Foreign Service for over 30 Air Patrol, at McClellan Air Force Base. of study. years, eventually serving as India's Ambas- Lieutenant Colonel Prusak is the recipient of On behalf of the residents of the 18th Con- sador to the United States from 1980 to 1984. many awards, including the Meritorious Serv- gressional District, I offer Dr. Chu and his col- It was after his tenure in Washington that he ice Medal with one oak leaf cluster, the Air leagues congratulations and best wishes for then entered the realm of politics, and served Force Commendation Medal with one oak leaf continued success in the area of High Tem- as a Member of Parliament from the district in cluster, the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, perature Superconductivity. which he was born from 1985 to 1992, at E694 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks April 28, 1998 which time he was elected to serve as India's distinction, deserve peace, happiness and se- On January 31, 1944, then 1st Lieutenant Vice President. In July of 1997, Mr. curity in life. On the occasion of the nations of Lanier, along with 1st Lieutenant Frank M. Narayanan, I am proud to say, assumed the India and Israel celebrating their 50th year in Ramos, Corporal Joseph Petrella, Private First office of the President of India. He has also, existence, I think it is important to point out Class Eugene E. Beebe, and Private First over the course of his career, become an ac- that these were the basic principles upon Class Bartholomew R. Giacalone, boarded his complished author of several books and arti- which they were both founded, and the same C±87 Liberator and piloted what would be his cles on social, political and international the- ones which my good friend President final mission. These five men perished in serv- ory. Narayanan sincerely and honestly espouses. ice to humanity, supplying food, medical and During his tenure, President Narayanan has That is why the ``Appeal of Conscience'' other supplies to Allied forces of China. shown a great respect for human rights in Statesman of the Year award so befits Presi- general, the rights of minorities in particular, Fulton Lanier's legacy may have been dent Narayanan. greater than even he could have imagined. and the rule of law. As the leader of the larg- f est democracy in the world, he has done a re- His service and sacrifice for our country has markable job in continuing to move India in BOB ETHERIDGE HONORING CAPT. been permanently instilled in the hearts and the direction of economic liberalization and FULTON PERSHING LANIER minds of his family and all who knew him. Ful- ever greater political freedom. India's most re- ton Pershing Lanier is an American hero. cent parliamentary elections demonstrate the HON. BOB ETHERIDGE Fifty-four years later, the Lanier family re- stability of this nation and the leadership that OF NORTH CAROLINA ceived notice that wreckage from this fateful President Narayanan has provided in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES flight was recovered. Upon notification, the La- stewarding the country through a fairly tumul- Tuesday, April 28, 1998 nier family has embarked on a mission of tuous year in domestic politics. studying and sharing the story and example of In international affairs, President Narayanan Mr. ETHERIDGE. Mr. Speaker, I rise to this young man from Buies Creek. has shown an innate ability to get along with honor the life of Captain Fulton Pershing La- Fulton Lanier paid the ultimate sacrifice in leaders of all stripes, and work for the com- nier of Buies Creek, North Carolina, for his mon good, not merely for India's interests, as service to the people of the United States of service to the United States of America, serv- we continue to navigate through the uncertain- America. Captain Fulton served honorably in ing his family, community, state, and nation. ties of the post-Cold War era. He is a dip- the United States Army Air Corps from 1941 His burial with full military honors at Arlington lomat, a public servant, an educator, and an to 1944. National Cemetery on January 23, 1998, was author, but more importantly, he is a con- United States service men and women only a small way his nation can acknowledge cerned human being and citizen of the world, place themselves in harms way to protect the the debt owed to Fulton Lanier and his family who is dedicated to ensuring that those who freedoms we hold dear in America. Many of that can never be repaid. can't care for themselves are cared for. Most these brave individuals return home to build I am honored to report to the House on the of all he is unswerving in the notion that all and lead their communities. Tragically, Fulton heroism of Captain Fulton Pershing Lanier. people, no matter their origin, race or other Lanier did not have such an opportunity. May God bless him in his place of resting. Tuesday, April 28, 1998 Daily Digest

HIGHLIGHTS Senate agreed to State Department Reorganization Conference Report. Senate ed agencies for fiscal years 1998 and 1999, to ensure Chamber Action that the enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Routine Proceedings, pages S3665–S3738 Organization (NATO) proceeds in a manner consist- Measures Introduced: Seven bills were introduced, ent with United States interests, to strengthen rela- as follows: S. 1993–1999. Page S3709 tions between the United States and Russia, and to preserve the prerogatives of the Congress with re- Treaty Considered: Senate continued consideration of the Protocols to the North Atlantic Treaty of spect to certain arms control agreements. 1949 on Accession of Poland, Hungary, and the Pages S3680±86 Czech Republic, with a resolution of ratification con- Education Savings Act for Public and Private taining seven declarations and four conditions, tak- Schools—Conferees: Pursuant to the order of ing action on amendments proposed thereto, as fol- March 27, 1998, the Chair appointed conferees on lows: Pages S3667±78, S3680, S3686±S3708 the part of the Senate on H.R. 2646, to amend the Adopted: Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow tax-free ex- By 90 yeas to 9 nays (Vote No. 107), Kyl Modi- penditures from education individual retirement ac- fied Amendment No. 2310, to establish principles of counts for elementary and secondary school expenses, policy of the United States toward the Strategic and to increase the maximum annual amount of con- Concept of NATO. tributions to such accounts, as follows: Senators Pages S3667, S3680, S3687±88, S3695±98 Roth, Mack, Coats, Gorton, Coverdell, Moynihan, Rejected: Moseley-Braun, Kennedy, and Bingaman. Page S3736 By 24 yeas to 76 nays (Vote No 106), Harkin Appointments: Amendment No. 2312, to limit future U.S. sub- sidies of the national expenses incurred by Poland, Special Committee on the Year 2000 Technology Hungary, or the Czech Republic in meeting NATO Problem: The Chair, on behalf of the President pro commitments. Pages S3667±78, S3686±87 tempore, and upon the recommendation of the Re- Pending: publican Leader, pursuant to the provisions of Smith (New Hampshire)/Hutchison Amendment S. Res. 208 of the 105th Congress, appointed the No. 2314, to express a condition requiring full co- following Senators to the Special Committee on the operation from Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Re- Year 2000 Technology Problem: Senators Kyl, Smith public with United States efforts to obtain the full- (of Oregon), and Collins, and as ex-officio members est possible accounting of captured and missing by virtue of their positions on the Committee on United States personnel from past military conflicts Appropriations: Senators Stevens and Byrd. or Cold War incidents. Pages S3688±95, S3698±S3708 Page S3736 A unanimous-consent agreement was reached pro- Removal of Injunction of Secrecy: The injunction viding for further consideration of the Treaty and of secrecy was removed for the following treaty: the amendment pending thereto, on Wednesday, Treaty with Brazil on Mutual Legal Assistance in April 29, 1998. Page S3737 Criminal Matters. (Treaty Doc. 105–42) State Department Reorganization Conference Re- The treaty was transmitted to the Senate today, port: By 51 yeas to 49 nays (Vote No. 105), Senate considered as having been read for the first time, and agreed to the conference report on H.R. 1757, to referred, with accompanying papers, to the Commit- consolidate international affairs agencies, to authorize tee on Foreign Relations and was ordered to be appropriations for the Department of State and relat- printed. Page S3737 D414 April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — DAILY DIGEST D415 Nominations Confirmed: Senate confirmed the fol- YEAR 2000 COMPUTER CONVERSION lowing nominations: Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation: Togo Dennis West, Jr., of the District of Colum- Committee concluded hearings to examine the po- bia, to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs. tential impact of the Year 2000 computer conversion Pages S3736±38 problem on the U.S. and world economies, and to Nominations Received: Senate received the follow- review efforts to address potential problems, after re- ing nominations: ceiving testimony from Senator Bennett; Edward W. Mari Carmen Aponte, of Puerto Rico, to be Am- Kelley, Jr., Member, Board of Governors of the Fed- bassador to the Dominican Republic. eral Reserve System; Robert L. Mallett, Deputy Sec- E. William Crotty, of Florida, to be Ambassador retary of Commerce; William E. Kennard, Chairman, to Barbados, and to serve concurrently and without Federal Communications Commission; Mortimer L. additional compensation as Ambassador Extraor- Downey, Deputy Secretary of Transportation; and dinary and Plenipotentiary to Barbados, the Com- Richard A. Grasso, New York Stock Exchange, Inc., monwealth of Dominica, the State of Grenada, St. Washington, D.C. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the FEDERAL R&D FUNDING Grenadines. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation: Sub- Jeffrey Davidow, of Virginia, to be Ambassador to committee on Science, Technology, and Space con- Mexico. cluded hearings to examine the state of Federal re- John O’Leary, of Maine, to be Ambassador to the search and development (R&D) funding in the Republic of Chile. United States, focusing on America’s future role in Arthur Louis Schechter, of Texas, to be Ambas- the dominance of science and technology, after re- sador to the Commonwealth of The Bahamas. ceiving testimony from Senators Bingaman, Gramm, Page S3738 and Lieberman; Kerri-Ann Jones, Acting Director, Messages From the House: Page S3709 Office of Science and Technology Policy; Judith Rodin, Member, President’s Committee of Advisors Statements on Introduced Bills: Pages S3709±23 on Science and Technology, and University of Penn- Additional Cosponsors: Pages S3723±24 sylvania, Philadelphia; Dan Peterson, DAP and Asso- Amendments Submitted: Pages S3724±25 ciates, Winter Park, Florida; and Albert H. Teich, American Association for the Advancement of Authority for Committees: Page S3725 Science, Washington, D.C. Additional Statements: Pages S3725±36 MINING LAW REFORM Record Votes: Three record votes were taken today. (Total–107) Pages S3686±87, S3698 Committee on Energy and Natural Resources: Sub- committee on Forests and Public Land Management Adjournment: Senate convened at 9:30 a.m., and held hearings on S. 326, to provide for the reclama- adjourned at 7:28 p.m., until 11:45 a.m., on tion of abandoned hardrock mines, S. 327, to ensure Wednesday, April 29, 1998. (For Senate’s program, that Federal taxpayers receive a fair return for the ex- see the remarks of the Acting Majority Leader in to- traction of locatable minerals on public domain day’s Record on pages S3737–38.) lands, and S. 1102, to provide a reasonable royalty from mineral activities on Federal lands, and to cre- ate a State program for the reclamation of abandoned Committee Meetings hardrock mining sites on Federal lands, receiving (Committees not listed did not meet) testimony from Senators Reid and Bryan; Nevada Governor, Bob Miller, Carson City; Bruce Babbitt, Secretary of the Interior; Douglas C. Yearley, Phelps JAPAN’S ECONOMY Dodge Corporation, Phoenix, Arizona, on behalf of Committee on the Budget: Committee concluded hear- the National Mining Association; Stephen ings to examine the current state of the Japanese D’Esposito, Mineral Policy Center, and Jill Lancelot, economy and banking system and their implications Taxpayers for Common Sense, both of Washington, for the United States economy, after receiving testi- D.C.; Stephen D. Alfers, Alfers and Carver, Denver, mony from Tadashi Nakamae, Nakamae Inter- Colorado; Steven C. Borell, Alaska Miners Associa- national Economic Research, Tokyo, Japan; John H. tion, Inc., Anchorage; Stephen A. Orr, Homestake Makin, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, Mining Company, San Francisco, California; and D.C.; and David Malpass, Bear Stearns, New York, Roger Flynn, Western Mining Action Project, Boul- New York. der, Colorado. D416 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — DAILY DIGEST April 28, 1998 Hearings were recessed subject to call. quality family literacy programs, to support extended IRS learning-time opportunities for children, and to en- sure that children can read well and independently Committee on Finance: Committee held oversight hear- not later than third grade, after receiving testimony ings on the operation of the Internal Revenue Serv- from G. Reid Lyon, Chief, Child Development and ice, focusing on ethics and allegations of abuses and Behavior Branch, National Institute of Child Health improper conduct by high-level agency officials, re- and Human Development, National Institutes of ceiving testimony from Harry G. Patsalides, Deputy Health, Department of Health and Human Services; Assistant Inspector General for Investigations, and Janet R. Arnowitz, Fairfax County Public Schools, Yvonne D. Desjardins, Chief, Employee and Labor both of Bethesda, Maryland; Blanche Podhajski, Relations Section, Personnel Branch, both of the De- Stern Center for Language and Learning, Williston, partment of the Treasury; Ray Cody Mayo, Jr., Lou- Vermont; Catherine E. Snow, Committee on the Pre- isiana Assistant District Attorney, Shreveport; Rob- ert Edwin Davis, Dallas, Texas, former Deputy As- vention of Reading Difficulties in Young Children, sistant Attorney General, Tax Division, Department Cambridge, Massachusetts; Perri Klass, Boston Med- of Justice; J. Earl Epstein, Philadelphia, Pennsyl- ical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Charles I. Bun- vania; and Philip A. MacNaughton, Houston, Texas. ting, Vermont State College, Waterbury; Peggy Hearings continue tomorrow. Minnis and Raynice Brumfield, both of the District of Columbia Public Schools, Washington, D.C.; CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT Noel C.R. Gunther, WETA Learning Project, Ar- Committee on the Judiciary: Committee concluded lington, Virginia; and Dawnna Lanctot, Danville, hearings on S.J. Res. 44, proposing an amendment Vermont. to the Constitution of the United States to protect the rights of crime victims, after receiving testimony ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE TOOLS from Raymond C. Fisher, Associate Attorney Gen- FOR SMALL BUSINESS eral, Department of Justice; Paul G. Cassell, Univer- Committee on Small Business: Committee held hearings sity of Utah College of Law, Salt Lake City; Kath- to examine environmental compliance assistance for leen Krenek, Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic small businesses provided by the Environmental Pro- Violence, Madison; Robert P. Mosteller, Duke Uni- tection Agency under Federal laws and initiatives, versity Law School, Durham, North Carolina; Mar- environmental self-audits, and State audit privilege lene A. Young, Washington, D.C., and Norman S. and qualified disclosure laws, receiving testimony Early, Jr., Denver, Colorado, both on behalf of the National Organization for Victim Assistance; and from Montana State Representative Scott J. Orr, Steven J. Twist, VIAD Corporation, Scottsdale, Ari- Helena, on behalf of the American Legislative Ex- zona, and former Chief Assistant Attorney General of change Council; Benjamin Y. Cooper, Printing In- Arizona, on behalf of the National Victims’ Con- dustries of America, Alexandria, Virginia; Elizabeth stitutional Amendment Network. Glass Geltman, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.; James L. King, New York Small READING AND LITERACY INITIATIVES Business Development Center, Albany, on behalf of Committee on Labor and Human Resources: Committee the Association of Small Business Development Cen- concluded hearings to examine proposals to improve ters; and David S. Marsh, Marsh Plating Corpora- the reading and literacy skills of children and fami- tion, Ypsilanti, Michigan, on behalf of the National lies, focusing on S. 1596 and H.R. 2614, bills to Association of Metal Finishers, the Metal Finishing provide for reading excellence by improving in-serv- Suppliers’ Association, and the American Electroplat- ice instructional practices for teachers who teach ing and Surface Finishing Society. reading, to stimulate the development of more high- Hearings were recessed subject to call. h House of Representatives Reports Filed: Reports were filed as follows: Chamber Action H.R. 2807, A bill to amend the Rhinoceros and Bills Introduced: 9 public bills, H.R. 3734–3742; Tiger Conservation Act of 1994 to prohibit the sale, and 5 resolutions, H.J. Res. 116 and H. Con. Res. importation, and exportation of products labeled as 261–264, were introduced. Page H2423 April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — DAILY DIGEST D417 containing substances derived from rhinoceros or OAS and Transition of Nicaragua into a De- tiger, amended (H. Rept. 105–495); mocracy: H. Con. Res. 222, expressing the sense of S. 231, to establish the National Cave and Karst Congress, congratulating the former International Research Institute in the State of New Mexico (H. Support and Verification Commission of the Organi- Rept. 105–496); zation of American States (OAS-CIAV) for success- H. Res. 409, providing for consideration of H.R. fully aiding in the transition of Nicaragua from a 3717 to prohibit the expenditure of Federal funds war-ridden state into a newly formed democracy and for the distribution of needles or syringes for the providing continued support through the recently hypodermic injection of illegal drugs (H. Rept. created Technical Cooperation Mission (OAS-TCM) 105–497); and which is responsible for helping to stabilize Nica- H. Res. 410, providing for consideration of H.R. raguan democracy by supplementing institution 3546 to provide for a national dialogue on Social Se- building; Pages H2359±61 curity and to establish the Bipartisan Panel to De- Guyana’s Multiparty Elections: H. Con. Res. sign Long-Range Social Security Reform (H. Rept. 215, amended, congratulating the people of the Co- 105–498); and operative Republic of Guyana for holding multiparty H. Res. 411, providing for consideration of H.R. elections; and Pages H2361±62 6 to extend the authorization of programs under the Fiftieth Anniversary of the State of Israel: H.J. Higher Education Act of 1965 (H. Rept. 105–499). Res. 102, expressing the sense of the Congress on Pages H2422±23 the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the founding Recess: The House recessed at 1:36 p.m. and recon- of the modern State of Israel and reaffirming the bonds of friendship and cooperation between the vened at 2:00 p.m. Page H2346 United States and Israel (passed by a yea and nay Suspensions: The House agreed to suspend the rules vote of 402 yeas with none voting ‘‘nay’’, Roll No. and pass the following measures: 112). Pages H2362±71, H2373±74 Rhino and Tiger Product Labeling Act: H.R. Recess: The House recessed at 4:30 and reconvened 2807, amended, to amend the Rhinoceros and Tiger at 5:00 p.m. Page H2372 Conservation Act of 1994 to prohibit the sale, im- Amendments: Amendments ordered printed pursu- portation, and exportation of products labeled as ant to the rule appear on pages H2424–39. containing substances derived from rhinoceros or Quorum Calls—Votes: Two yea-and-nay votes and tiger; Pages H2348±51 one recorded vote developed during the proceedings Fiftieth Anniversary of Sri Lanka: H. Res. 350, of the House today and appear on pages H2372–73, congratulating the people of Sri Lanka on the occa- H2373–74, and H2374. There were no quorum sion of the fiftieth anniversary of their nation’s inde- calls. pendence; Pages H2351±54 Adjournment: Met at 12:00 p.m. and adjourned at Cease Fire in Afghanistan: H. Con. Res. 218, 10:49 p.m. amended, concerning the urgent need to establish a cease fire in Afghanistan and begin the transition to- ward a broad-based multiethnic government that ob- Committee Meetings serves international norms of behavior (agreed to by a yea and nay vote of 391 yeas to 1 nay, Roll No. LABOR-HHS-EDUCATION 110); Pages H2354±56, H2372±73 APPROPRIATIONS Little League Baseball: S. Con. Res. 37 express- Committee on Appropriations: Subcommittee on Labor, ing the sense of the Congress that Little League Health and Human Services, and Education held a Baseball Incorporated was established to support and hearing on the Occupational Safety and Health Re- develop Little League baseball worldwide and should view Commission, the National Mediation Board, be entitled to all of the benefits and privileges avail- the National Commission on Libraries, and the Armed Forces Retirement Home. Testimony was able to nongovernmental international organizations heard from Stuart E. Weisberg, Chairman, Occupa- (passed by a recorded vote of 398 ayes with none tional Safety and Health Review Commission; Ernest voting ‘‘no’’, Roll No. 111)—clearing the measure W. DuBester, Chairman, National Mediation Board; for the President; Pages H2356±57, H2373±74 Jeanne Hurley Simon, Chairperson, National Com- Violence in Algeria: H. Res. 374, expressing the mission on Libraries and Information Science; and sense of the House of Representatives regarding the David F. Lacy, CEO/Chairman of the Board, Armed ongoing violence in Algeria; Pages H2357±59 Forces Retirement Home. D418 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — DAILY DIGEST April 28, 1998 EUROPEAN MONETARY UNION of 1998; H.R. 3187, to amend the Federal Land Pol- Committee on Banking and Financial Services: Sub- icy and Management Act of 1976 to exempt not-for- committee on Domestic and International Monetary profit entities that hold rights-of-way on public Policy held a hearing on European Monetary Union. lands from certain strict liability requirements im- Testimony was heard from public witnesses. posed in connection with such rights-of-way; H.R. 3520, to adjust the boundaries of the Lake Chelan UNDERSTANDING VIOLENT CHILDREN National Recreation Area and the adjacent Committee on Education and the Workforce: Subcommit- Wenatchee National Forest in the State of Washing- tee on Early Childhood, Youth, and Families held a ton; and a measure to permit the Forest Service to hearing on Understanding Violent Children. Testi- sell their office in Medford, OR in order to fund an mony was heard from Rodney Hammond, M.D., Di- add-on to the Bureau of Land Management Medford rector, Division of Violence Prevention, National District Office so they can co-locate. Testimony was Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for heard from Representatives Skaggs and Hastings of Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Washington; Ron Stewart, Deputy Chief, Forest Health and Human Services; and public witnesses. Service, USDA; and a public witness. AMERICAN WORKER PROJECT BATTLE OF MIDWAY NATIONAL MEMORIAL STUDY ACT Committee on Education and the Workforce: Subcommit- tee on Oversight and Investigations held a hearing Committee on Resources: Subcommittee on National on American Worker Project: Impact of Federal Parks and Public Lands and Subcommittee on Fish- Workplace Agencies, Programs, and Laws on the eries Conservation, Wildlife and Oceans held a joint American Worker. Testimony was heard from public hearing on H.R. 2800, Battle of Midway National witnesses. Memorial Study Act. Testimony was heard from John Rogers, Deputy Director, U.S. Fish and Wild- FEHB PROGRAM—COMPLEMENT TO life Service, Department of the Interior; and public MILITARY HEALTH CARE witnesses. Committee on Government Reform and Oversight: Sub- AUTHORIZING USE OF CERTAIN LAND committee on Civil Service held a hearing on the FEHB Program as a Complement to Military Health Committee on Resources: Subcommittee on National Care. Testimony was heard from Representatives Parks and Public Lands held a hearing on H.R. Stearns, Moran of Virginia, Thornberry and Watts of 3220, to authorize the use of certain land in Merced Oklahoma; Gary A. Christopherson, Acting Assistant County, California, for an elementary school. Testi- Secretary, Health Affairs, Department of Defense; mony was heard from Destry T. Jarvis, Assistant Di- and public witnesses. rector, External Affairs, National Park Service, De- partment of the Interior. OVERSIGHT—HEALTH CARE INITIATIVES PURSUED UNDER FALSE CLAIMS ACT HIGHER EDUCATION AMENDMENTS Committee on the Judiciary: Subcommittee on Immi- Committee on Rules: Granted, by voice vote, a modi- gration and Claims held an oversight hearing on fied open rule providing 1 hour of general debate on health care initiatives pursued under the False H.R. 6, Higher Education Amendments of 1998, Claims Act that impact hospitals. Testimony was equally divided between the chairman and ranking heard from Donald K. Stern, U.S. Attorney for the minority member of the Committee on Education District of Massachusetts and Chair, Attorney Gen- and the Workforce. The rule waives all points of eral’s Advisory Committee, Department of Justice; order against consideration of the bill. The rule pro- the following officials of the Department of Health vides that the amendment in the nature of a sub- and Human Services: Lewis Morris, Assistant Inspec- stitute recommended by the Committee on Edu- tor General, Legal Affairs; and Robert A. Berenson, cation and the Workforce now printed in the bill, Director, Center for Health Care Plans and Providers modified by the amendments printed in part 1 of Administration, Health Care Financing Administra- the report of the Committee on Rules shall be con- tion, Department of Health and Human Services; sidered as an original bill for the purpose of amend- and public witnesses. ment. The rule provides that the amendment in the nature of a substitute shall be considered by title MISCELLANEOUS MEASURES and that each title shall be considered as read. The Committee on Resources: Subcommittee on Forests and rule waives all points of order against that amend- Forest Health held a hearing on the following: H.R. ment in the nature of a substitute. The rule provides 1865, Spanish Peaks Wilderness Act of 1997; H.R. that before consideration of any other amendment it 3186, Rogue River National Forest Interchange Act shall be in order to consider the amendment printed April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — DAILY DIGEST D419 in part 2 of the report of the Committee on Rules, OVERSIGHT—TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO if offered by Representative Goodling or his des- FREE TRADE ignee. The rule provides that the amendment shall Committee on Science: Subcommittee on Technology be considered as read, shall be debatable for twenty held an oversight hearing on International Standards: minutes equally divided and controlled by the pro- Technical Barriers to Free Trade. Testimony was ponent and an opponent, shall not be subject to heard from Ray Kramer, Director, National Institute amendment, and shall not be subject to a demand of Standards and Technology, Department of Com- for a division of the question in the House or in the merce; and public witnesses. Committee of the Whole. All points of order are WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ACT— waived against that amendment. The rule provides PROPOSALS that if that amendment is adopted, the provisions of the amendment in the nature of a substitute as then Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure: Sub- perfected shall be considered as original text for the committee on Water Resources and Environment continued hearings on proposals for a Water Re- purpose of further amendment. The rule provides sources Development Act of 1998. Testimony was that no other amendment to the amendment in the heard from John Zirschky, Acting Assistant Secretary nature of a substitute shall be in order except those (Civil Works), Department of the Army; and John printed in the Congressional Record. The rule allows H. Parcell, Associate Tax Legislative Counsel, Office for the Chairman of the Committee of the Whole to of Tax Policy, Department of the Treasury. postpone votes during consideration of the bill, and to reduce votes to five minutes on a postponed ques- tion if the vote follows a fifteen minute vote. Fi- Joint Meetings nally, the rule provides one motion to recommit CHINESE ACCESS TO MILITARY with or without instructions. Testimony was heard TECHNOLOGY from Representatives McKeon, Clay, Kildee, and Joint Economic Committee: Committee concluded hear- Fattah. ings to examine potential threats of exporting dual use and military technology to China, and to review FEDERAL FUNDS PROHIBITION— a General Accounting Office report on the effective- DISTRIBUTION OF NEEDLES FOR ness of Tianemen sanctions restricting technology INJECTION OF ILLEGAL DRUGS transfer, after receiving testimony from William A. Reinsch, Under Secretary of Commerce for Export Committee on Rules: Granted, by voice vote, a closed Administration; Harold Johnson, Associate Director, rule providing 2 hours of debate on H.R. 3717, to International Relations and Trade Group, General prohibit the expenditure of Federal funds for the dis- Accounting Office; and Peter Leitner, Arlington, tribution of needles or syringes for the hypodermic Virginia. injection of illegal drugs, equally divided and con- trolled by Representative Wicker and an opponent. ISTEA AUTHORIZATION The rule provides one motion to recommit. Testi- Conferees continued to resolve the differences be- mony was heard from Representatives Hastert and tween the Senate- and House-passed versions of H.R. 2400, to authorize funds for Federal-aid highways, Wicker. highway safety programs, and transit programs, but did not complete action thereon, and will meet again NATIONAL DIALOGUE ON SOCIAL on Thursday, April 30. SECURITY ACT EMERGENCY SUPPLEMENTAL Committee on Rules: Granted, by voice vote, a modi- APPROPRIATIONS fied closed rule providing 3 hours of debate on H.R. 3546, National Dialogue on Social Security Act of Conferees met on the differences between the Senate- 1998. The rule provides for consideration of an and House-passed versions of H.R. 3579, making amendment printed in the Congressional Record, if emergency supplemental appropriations for the fiscal offered by Representative Rangel or his designee, year ending September 30, 1998, but did not com- plete action thereon, and will meet again tomorrow. which shall be considered as read and shall be debat- able for one hour equally divided and controlled by f the proponent and an opponent. Finally, the rule NEW PUBLIC LAWS provides one motion to recommit with or without (For last listing of Public Laws, see DAILY DIGEST, p. D389) instructions. Testimony was heard from Chairman Archer and Representative Stenholm. H.R. 1116, to provide for the conveyance of the reversionary interest of the United States in certain D420 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — DAILY DIGEST April 28, 1998 lands to the Clint Independent School District and House the Fabens Independent School District. Signed Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Labor, April 24, 1998. (P.L. 105–169) Health and Human Services, on the National Labor Rela- H.R. 2843, to direct the Administrator of the tions Board, 10 a.m., 2358 Rayburn. Federal Aviation Administration to reevaluate the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, hearing on equipment in medical kits carried on, and to make Bank Mergers, 10 a.m., 2128 Rayburn. a decision regarding requiring automatic external Committee on Commerce, to consider the following: H.R. 3532, Nuclear Regulatory Commission Authorization Act defilbrillators to be carried on, aircraft operated by for Fiscal Year 1999; H.R. 2217, to extend the deadline air carriers. Signed April 24, 1998. (P.L. 105–170) under the Federal Power Act applicable to the construc- H.R. 3226, to authorize the Secretary of Agri- tion of FERC Project No. 9248 in the State of Colorado; culture to convey certain lands and improvements in H.R. 2841, to extend the time required for the construc- the State of Virginia. Signed April 24, 1998. (P.L. tion of a hydroelectric project; and H.R. 1778, Defense 105–171) Reform Act of 1997, 10 a.m., 2123 Rayburn. S. 493, to amend title 18, United States Code, Committee on Education and the Workforce, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, hearing on Teamsters with respect to scanning receivers and similar de- Investigation, 1:30 p.m., 2175 Rayburn. vices. Signed April 24, 1998. (P.L. 105–172) Subcommittee on Workforce Protections, hearing on S. 1178, to amend the Immigration and National- pending OSHA legislation, 10:15 a.m., 2175 Rayburn. ity Act to extend the visa waiver pilot program. Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, Sub- Signed April 27, 1998. (P.L. 105–173) committee on Human Resources, hearing on Bureau of f Labor Statistics Oversight: Fixing the Consumer Price Index (Part II), 11 a.m., 2247 Rayburn. Committee on International Relations, hearing on U.S. An- COMMITTEE MEETINGS FOR nual Drug Certification, 10 a.m., 2172 Rayburn. WEDNESDAY, APRIL 29, 1998 Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade, hearing on Trade in the Americas: Beyond the (Committee meetings are open unless otherwise indicated) Santiago, 1:30 p.m., 2172 Rayburn. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, to mark up H.R. 3303, De- partment of Justice Appropriation Authorization Act, Fis- Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Defense, cal Years 1999, 2000, and 2001, 10:30 a.m., 2141 Ray- to hold hearings on proposed budget estimates for fiscal burn. year 1999 for the Department of Defense, focusing on Committee on National Security, Special Oversight Panel Army programs, 10 a.m., SD–192. on Merchant Marine, to consider recommendations to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, busi- committee on H.R. 3616, National Defense Authoriza- ness meeting, to mark up S. 1260, to limit the conduct tion Act for Fiscal Year 1999, 4 p.m., 2216 Rayburn. of securities class actions under State law by setting na- Special Oversight Panel on Morale, Welfare and Recre- tional standards for stocks that are traded on the national ation, to consider recommendations to the Committee on markets, and S. 1900, to establish a commission to exam- H.R. 3616, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal ine issues pertaining to the disposition of Holocaust-era Year 1999, 1 p.m., 2212 Rayburn. assets in the United States before, during, and after Subcommittee on Military Installations and Facilities, World War II, and to make recommendations to the to markup H.R. 3616, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999, 3 p.m., 2212 Rayburn. President on further action, and the consider the nomina- Committee on Resources, to consider the following: H.R. tion of Donna Tanoue, of Hawaii, to be a Member and 588, National Discovery Trails Act; H.R. 1021, Miles Chairperson of the Board of Directors of the Federal De- Land Exchange Act of 1997; H.R. 2556, to reauthorize posit Insurance Corporation, 10 a.m., SD–538. the North American Wetlands Conservation Act and the Committee on Finance, to continue oversight hearings to Partnerships for Wildlife Act; H.R. 2795, Irrigation examine the operation of the Internal Revenue Service, 9 Project Contract Extension Act of 1997; H.R. 2863, Mi- a.m., SH–216. gratory Bird Treaty Reform Act; and H.R. 2886, Granite Committee on the Judiciary, to hold hearings to examine Watershed Enhancement and Protection Act of 1997; and opportunities for the blackmarket to raise tobacco prices, a Committee Report on Mining Regulations promulgated 10:30 a.m., SD–106. by the Bureau of Land Management, 11 a.m., 1324 Long- Full Committee, to hold hearings on pending nomina- worth. tions, 2 p.m., SD–215. Committee on Rules, to consider the following: H.R. Committee on Labor and Human Resources, to hold hear- 1872, Communications Satellite Competition and Privat- ings to examine proposed legislation relating to assistive ization Act of 1997; and S. 1502, District of Columbia technology, 10 a.m., SD–430. Student Opportunity Scholarship Act of 1997, 2 p.m., Select Committee on Intelligence, closed business meeting, H–313 Capitol. on intelligence matters, 2:30 p.m., SH–219. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Sub- committee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation, April 28, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — DAILY DIGEST D421 hearing on the Effect of the Passenger Services Act on the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, executive, to Domestic Cruise Industry, 10 a.m., 2167 Rayburn. mark up H.R. 3694, Intelligence Authorization Act for Subcommittee on Railroads, hearing on Federal Rail- Fiscal Year 1999, 2 p.m., H–405. road Administration Reauthorization: Human Factors Issues, 10:30 a.m., 2318 Rayburn. Joint Meetings Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, Subcommittee on Bene- Conferees, on H.R. 3579, making emergency supple- fits, oversight hearing on operations within the National mental appropriations for the fiscal year ending Septem- Cemetery System, 10 a.m., 334 Cannon ber 30, 1998, 9 a.m., S–5, Capitol. D422 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — DAILY DIGEST April 28, 1998

Next Meeting of the SENATE Next Meeting of the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 11:45 a.m., Wednesday, April 29 10 a.m., Wednesday, April 29

Senate Chamber House Chamber Program for Wednesday: Senate will continue consid- Program for Wednesday: Consideration of H.R. eration of Treaty Doc. 105–36, NATO Enlargement 3717—To Prohibit the Expenditure of Federal Funds for Treaty. the Distribution of Needles or Syringes for the Hypo- dermic Injection of Illegal Drugs (Closed Rule, Two Hours Debate); Consideration of H.R. 3546—National Dialogue on Social Security Act of 1998 (Modified Closed Rule, Three Hours Debate); and Consideration of H.R. 6—Higher Education Amend- ments of 1998 (Modified Open Rule, One Hour Debate).

Extensions of Remarks, as inserted in this issue

HOUSE Forbes, Michael P., N.Y., E686 Norton, Eleanor Holmes, D.C., E682 Frank, Barney, Mass., E689 Oberstar, James L., Minn., E691 Ackerman, Gary L., N.Y., E693 Gephardt, Richard A., Mo., E679 Packard, Ron, Calif., E683 Bentsen, Ken, Tex., E684 Gilman, Benjamin A., N.Y., E688 Payne, Donald M., N.J., E688 Berry, Marion, Ark., E680, E683, E691 Goodling, William F., Pa., E689 Roemer, Tim, Ind., E680, E684 Borski, Robert A., Pa., E683 Hastert, J. Dennis, Ill., E691 Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana, Fla., E679 Brown, George E., Jr., Calif., E683 Jackson-Lee, Sheila, Tex., E693 Schaffer, Bob, Colo., E685 Bryant, Ed, Tenn., E690 Kind, Ron, Wisc., E689 Schumer, Charles E., N.Y., E684, E693 Clay, William (Bill), Mo., E692 Kucinich, Dennis J., Ohio, E679, E683, E686 Sensenbrenner, F. James, Jr., Wisc., E681, E688 Condit, Gary A., Calif., E687 Lewis, Jerry, Calif., E679, E682, E691 Stabenow, Debbie, Mich., E679, E682, E685 Coyne, William J., Pa., E688 Lipinski, William O., Ill., E680, E687 Stark, Fortney Pete, Calif., E692 DeLauro, Rosa L., Conn., E684 McDermott, Jim, Wash., E690 Traficant, James A., Jr., Ohio, E686 Etheridge, Bob, N.C., E694 Menendez, Robert, N.J., E681, E687 Waxman, Henry A., Calif., E687 Fazio, Vic, Calif., E692 Moran, James P., Va., E685 Weldon, Dave, Fla., E685

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