The Notion of Tax and the Elimination of International Double Taxation Or Double Non-Taxation”
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Owens: the Foreign Tax Credit
REVIEWS THE FoREIGN TAx CREDIT. By Elizabeth A. Owens. Cambridge: The Law School of Harvard University, 1961. Pp. xxxi, 634. $20.00. THE foreign tax credit provisions of the Internal Revenue Code embody United States policy toward the taxation of the foreign source income of do- mestic taxpayers. By allowing credit for foreign income taxes paid, or con- sidered paid, by domestic corporations, citizens and residents, the United States asserts only a secondary claim to the foreign source income of such taxpayers. In other words, foreign governments are regarded as having the primary right to tax income arising from sources within their borders up to the burden im- posed by the United States. The foreign tax credit device thereby serves the dual purpose of eliminating double taxation and of maintaining tax equality between domestic taxpayers with only domestic source income and those with foreign source income. The credit system, however, does not work perfectly in all instances; the statutory provisions contained in five sections of the Code ' have been subject to considerable controversy and many unanswered questions remain. These questions of law and policy are the main concern of The Foreign Tax Credit. The scope of the work may be considered from a number of viewpoints. In the first place, it may be considered from the standpoint of how fully the prob- lems of the foreign tax credit have been developed. Second, the scope of the treatment of important collateral areas may be appraised. Third, the book may be examined in terms of the depth of its analysis of common as well as the heretofore neglected problems. -
Chapter 5 Foreign Tax Credit P.302 Structural Tax Options for an Outbound U.S
Chapter 5 Foreign Tax Credit p.302 Structural tax options for an outbound U.S. enterprise in (1) foreign destination country and (2) any conduit country: 1) Branch (e.g., a disregarded entity) - current U.S. income taxation on profits & loss deduction availability in the U.S. 2) Foreign corporate subsidiary - income tax deferral of U.S. income tax & no possible U.S. loss utilization Is the entity decision controlled by (1) tax planning or (2) non-tax business considerations? 4/9/2013 (c) William P. Streng 1 Mitigating Possible Double National Level Taxation Possible double taxation exposure exists (1) since the U.S. income tax is imposed on a worldwide basis & (2) assuming foreign country income tax. Options for unilateral relief (as provided by U.S.): 1) a tax deduction for the foreign tax paid (not completely eliminating double taxation) 2) a (limited) credit for the foreign tax paid (primarily used by U.S.); limited to offsetting U.S. tax on taxpayer’s foreign income. 3) exemption under a territorial system (only 4/9/2013source country taxation)(c) William P. Strengand not in U.S. 2 Bilateral (i.e., Income Tax Treaty) Relief p.306 Double tax relief accomplished under a U.S. bilateral income tax treaty. See U.S. Model, Article 23 (2006). - possible shifting of the primary income tax liability from source location to residence jurisdiction. - but, a U.S. income tax treaty does include a “savings clause” - enabling the continuing worldwide tax jurisdiction of U.S. citizens, residents or corporations. 4/9/2013 (c) William P. -
Illinois Department of Revenue Regulations Title 86 Part 100 Section 2197 FOREIGN TAX CREDIT
Illinois Department of Revenue Regulations Title 86 Part 100 Section 2197 FOREIGN TAX CREDIT (IITA SECTION 601 (b)(3)) TITLE 86: REVENUE CHAPTER I: DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE PART 100 Income Tax Section 100.2197 Foreign Tax Credit (IITA Section 601(b)(3)) a) IITA Section 601(b)(3) provides that the aggregate amount of tax which is imposed upon or measured by income and which is paid by a resident for a taxable year to another state or states on income which is also subject to the tax imposed by IITA Section 201(a) and (b) shall be credited against the tax imposed by IITA Section 201(a) and (b) otherwise due under the IITA for that taxable year. (IITA Section 601(b)(3)) b) Definitions applicable to this Section. 1) Tax qualifying for the credit. A tax qualifies for the credit only if it is imposed upon or measured by income and is paid by an Illinois resident to another state on income which is also subject to Illinois income tax. A) A tax "imposed upon or measured by income" shall mean an income tax or tax on profits imposed by a state and deductible under IRC section 164(a)(3). The term shall not include penalties or interest imposed with respect to the tax. B) A tax is "paid by an Illinois resident" to another state "on income which is also subject to Illinois income tax" only to the extent the income included in the tax base of the other state is also included in base income computed under IITA Section 203 during a period in which the taxpayer is an Illinois resident. -
Tax Implications of Foreign Direct Investment in U.S. Farmland
Division of Agricultural Sciences U~IVERSITY OF C,\LIFOfu~IA 1_University ofCalifornia, Berkeley. ~ept. ofagricultural and resource economicsJ . ~orkirli\ Paper No, CO9J Working Paper No. 88 TAX IHPLICATIONS OF FOREIGN DlRECT INVESTNEl'I"T IN U. S. FARNLAND by Gordon C. Rausser, Andrew Schmitz, and Rowley Warner AUG 7 1980 California Agricultural Experiment Station Giannini Foundation cf Agricultural Economics .July 1980 TAX IMPLICATIONS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN U. S. FARMLAND Gordon C. Rausser, Andrew Schmitz, and Rowley Warner* Gordon C. Rausser is professor and chairman and Andrew Schmitz is a professor in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkelely; Rowley Warner is a Certified Public Accountant with Frederiksen and Company, San Francisco, California. Foreign direct investment in U. S. farmland has become a controversial subject. Several states have passed legislation which limits or prohibits nonresident aliens from purchasing farmland. At the national level, Congress requested the General Accounting Office to determine how much of U. S. farmland is cont- rolled by foreigners. The fact that there is opposition to ownership of farmland by non-U. S. residents is interesting, especially since the Uni ted States once encouraged such ownership. In 1791 Alexander Hamilton said: "Instead of being viewed as a riyal (foreign investment) ought to be considered as a most valued auxiliary, conducing to put in motion a greater quality of production labor, a greater portion 2. of useful enterprise, than could exist without.· l The press has publicized many of the larger farmland transactions often giving the impres- sion that the alien land-purchase phenomenon has reached crisis proportions. -
Proposed Changes in Federal Income Tax Credits for Foreign Oil and Gas Payments John L
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 12 | Issue 1 1980 Proposed Changes in Federal Income Tax Credits for Foreign Oil and Gas Payments John L. Kramer Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation John L. Kramer, Proposed Changes in Federal Income Tax Credits for Foreign Oil and Gas Payments, 12 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 97 (1980) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol12/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Volume 12, Number 1, Winter 1980 Proposed Changes in Federal Income Tax Credits for Foreign Oil and Gas Payments by John L. Kramer* I. INTRODUCTION Q ECTION 901(a) OF the Internal Revenue Code" permits a taxpayer to claim a tax credit for income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued to foreign countries or United States possessions. Pay- ments made to a foreign government in the form of a royalty, or a sepa- rate charge for a service or a benefit, can only be claimed as a deduction in determining the taxpayer's taxable income.2 The foreign tax credit per- mits a U.S. taxpayer to pay a net U.S. tax liability on his overseas activi- ties equal to the difference between his gross U.S. -
The Financial Secrecy Index: Shedding New Light on the Geography of Secrecy
The Financial Secrecy Index: Shedding New Light on the Geography of Secrecy Alex Cobham, Petr Janský, and Markus Meinzer Abstract Both academic research and public policy debate around tax havens and offshore finance typically suffer from a lack of definitional consistency. Unsurprisingly then, there is little agreement about which jurisdictions ought to be considered as tax havens—or which policy measures would result in their not being so considered. In this article we explore and make operational an alternative concept, that of a secrecy jurisdiction and present the findings of the resulting Financial Secrecy Index (FSI). The FSI ranks countries and jurisdictions according to their contribution to opacity in global financial flows, revealing a quite different geography of financial secrecy from the image of small island tax havens that may still dominate popular perceptions and some of the literature on offshore finance. Some major (secrecy-supplying) economies now come into focus. Instead of a binary division between tax havens and others, the results show a secrecy spectrum, on which all jurisdictions can be situated, and that adjustment lfor the scale of business is necessary in order to compare impact propensity. This approach has the potential to support more precise and granular research findings and policy recommendations. JEL Codes: F36, F65 Working Paper 404 www.cgdev.org May 2015 The Financial Secrecy Index: Shedding New Light on the Geography of Secrecy Alex Cobham Tax Justice Network Petr Janský Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague Markus Meinzer Tax Justice Network A version of this paper is published in Economic Geography (July 2015). -
Foreign Tax Credits
September–October 2008 Foreign Tax Credits By James A. Riedy The Evolving Technical Taxpayer and Voluntary Payment Rules here are three basic questions under Code Sec. 901 when addressing the treatment of a Tforeign levy: 1. Is the foreign levy an income tax? 2. Who is legally liable for the foreign income tax under foreign law? 3. Did the taxpayer pay more income tax than re- quired under foreign law? For years, the debate in the foreign tax credit area was usually over whether a foreign tax was an income tax. Putting aside the enactment of the fl at tax in Mexico1 and the cash deposit tax in Mexico,2 recently there have not been many interesting foreign levies to discuss. On the other hand, recent changes relat- ing to the technical taxpayer rule and the voluntary payment rule have exposed taxpayers to new chal- lenges. Set forth below is (1) a summary of the Code Sec. 901 voluntary payment rule, and (2) a recap of three developments relating to that rule that impact the technical taxpayer rule. Voluntary Payment Rule Under the voluntary payment or noncompulsory pay- ment rule, an amount of foreign income tax paid to a foreign government is not treated as an income tax for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes.3 Since such a pay- ment is not viewed as an income tax, no foreign tax James A. Riedy is a Partner in the Tax credit is allowed for the payment, although a deduc- Department of McDermott, Will & tion may be obtained for the payment. -
Mapping Financial Centres
Helpdesk Report Mapping Financial Centres Hannah Timmis Institute of Development Studies 15 May 2018 Question What are the key financial centres that affect developing countries? Contents 1. Overview 2. IFCs and developing countries 3. Key IFCs 4. References The K4D helpdesk service provides brief summaries of current research, evidence, and lessons learned. Helpdesk reports are not rigorous or systematic reviews; they are intended to provide an introduction to the most important evidence related to a research question. They draw on a rapid desk- based review of published literature and consultation with subject specialists. Helpdesk reports are commissioned by the UK Department for International Development and other Government departments, but the views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of DFID, the UK Government, K4D or any other contributing organisation. For further information, please contact [email protected]. 1. Overview International financial centres (IFCs) are characterised by favourable tax regimes for foreign corporations. They are theorised to affect developing countries in three key ways. First, they divert real and financial flows away from developing countries. Second, they erode developing countries’ tax bases and thus public resources. Third, IFCs can affect developing countries’ own tax policies by motivating governments to engage in tax competition. The form and scale of these effects across different countries depend on complex interactions between their national tax policies and those of IFCs. In order to better understand the relationship between national tax regimes and development, in 2006, the IMF, OECD, UN and World Bank recommended to the G-20 that all members undertake “spillover analyses” to assess the impact of their tax policies on developing countries. -
The Excise Tax Treaty for the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
The Excise Tax Treaty for The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf The Excise Tax Treaty for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) The members of the Cooperation Council for the Arab Gulf States (GCC), namely: the United Arab Emirates, Kingdom of Bahrain, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Sultanate of Oman, State of Qatar, and State of Kuwait, Pursuant to the objectives set out in the Statute of the Gulf Cooperation Council aimed to further develop existing cooperation rela- tions amongst them in various fields; In line with the objectives of the GCC Economic Agreement of 2001, which seeks to reach advanced stages of economic integration, and develop similar economic and financial legislation and legal foundations amongst Member States, and with a desire to promote the GCC economy and proceed with the measures that have been taken to establish economic unity amongst member states; and Pursuant to the Supreme Council’s decision, during its 36th session (Riyadh 9-10 December, 2015), which empowers the Financial and Economic Cooperation Committee to complete all the requirements for the adoption of the GCC Excise Tax Treaty and ratify it; have agreed to the following: Chapter 1 General Provisions Article (1) Definitions In the implementation of the provisions of this Agreement, the following terms shall bear the meanings set forth against each of them, unless otherwise implied in the context: Council/GCC: Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. Agreement: The GCC Excise Tax Treaty. Tax: The Excise Tax for the GCC. Member State: Any state with full membership in the Gulf Cooperation Council in accordance with the Council’s Statute. -
The U.S. As Tax Haven? Aiding Developing Countries by Revoking the Revenue Rule
The U.S. as Tax Haven? Aiding Developing Countries by Revoking the Revenue Rule Samuel D. Brunson* Abstract Over the years, many OECD countries, including the United States, have identified tax havens as a significant problem, and have acted to limit the ability of their taxpayers to use tax havens to reduce their taxes. The United States has implemented tax regimes, including subpart F and the passive foreign investment company rules, and disclosure regimes, such as the recently-enacted FATCA rules, to prevent U.S. taxpayers from taking advantage of tax haven jurisdictions. But the intersection of a number of U.S. tax rules, it turns out, makes the United States an attractive place for foreigners to invest—and hide—their money. Principal among these is the revenue rule, an eighteenth-century common law rule that prevents the United States from recognizing and enforcing foreign tax judgments. As a result, if a foreign taxpayer hides money in the United States and fails to pay taxes at home, her government has no recourse to satisfy the tax debt with the taxpayer’s U.S. assets. Such hidden money disparately impacts developing countries by reducing their ability to finance government through developing tax infrastructure, and instead forcing them to remain dependent on foreign aid. The revenue rule stands in stark contrast to the general default rule that U.S. courts will enforce foreign final judgments. But the revenue rule is not grounded in any compelling policy considerations. Moreover, to the extent that the U.S. revokes the revenue rule, not only will the U.S. -
Contents BEPS IMPLEMENTATION
Contents BEPS IMPLEMENTATION ......................................................................................................................... 2 MAP Workshop ................................................................................................................................... 2 BEPS AND TRANSFER PRICING ................................................................................................................ 3 Transfer Pricing ................................................................................................................................... 3 Transfer Pricing Documentation and Country-by-Country Reporting ................................................ 4 Transfer Pricing and Customs Valuation ............................................................................................. 6 Transfer Pricing Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................ 7 Train the Trainers on International Taxation ...................................................................................... 8 OECD/IGF International Taxation and the Mining Industry ................................................................ 9 Advanced Transfer Pricing ................................................................................................................ 10 TOOLKITS ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Toolkit on Addressing Comparable -
Trapped in Illicit Finance: How Abusive Tax and Trade Practices Harm Human Rights
Trapped in Illicit Finance How abusive tax and trade practices harm human rights September 2019 FTC Logo here 2 Trapped in Illicit Finance: How abusive tax and trade practices harm human rights Authors Dr Matti Kohonen (lead author), Abena Yirenkyiwa Afari, Prof Attiya Waris, Marcos Lopes-Filho, Mike Lewis, Neeti Biyani, Sakshi Rai, Tomás Julio Lukin, Dr Uddhab Pyakurel Acknowledgements Thanks to Alvic Padilla, Felix Ngosa, Marianna Leite, Robert Ssuuna, Sorley McCaughey, Toby Quantrill, and Tomilola Ajayi for their expert advice. This report was produced through the membership of Christian Aid, Centre for Budget Governance Accountability – CBGA, and Fundacion SES of the Financial Transparency Coalition, FTC, a global civil society network working to curtail illicit financial flows through the promotion of a transparent, accountable and sustainable financial system that works for everyone. This report reflects the views of Christian Aid, CBGA and Fundacion SES and is not intended to represent the positions of other members of the FTC. Christian Aid exists to create a world where everyone can live a full life, free from poverty. We are a global movement of people, churches and local organisations who passionately champion dignity, equality and justice worldwide. We are the changemakers, the peacemakers, the mighty of heart. caid.org.uk Contact us Christian Aid 35 Lower Marsh Waterloo London SE1 7RL T: +44 (0) 20 7620 4444 E: [email protected] W: caid.org.uk UK registered charity no. 1105851 Company no. 5171525 Scot charity no. SC039150 NI charity no. XR94639 Company no. NI059154 ROI charity no. CHY 6998 Company no. 426928 The Christian Aid name and logo are trademarks of Christian Aid © Christian Aid September 2019 Trapped in Illicit Finance: How abusive tax and trade practices harm human rights 3 Contents Cover: Part of the mining operation of Mineração Rio do Norte, a Brazilian company (with international shareholders Foreword 4 including the British-Australian company BHP Billiton).