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A Powerful Tool for Cored-Based Structural Analysis. Core CT Scanning

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A Powerful Tool for Cored-Based Structural Analysis. Core CT Scanning AS3D goniometer : a powerful tool for cored-based structural analysis. Core CT Scanning: 3D imaging for a deeper formation evaluation. Presented by: Marco Azevedo & Mathilde Rousselle LPS, New Technology Seminar 2016 RIGHT SOLUTIONS | RIGHT PARTNER Contents A. AS3D Goniometer B. Core CT Scanning • Introduction • Introduction • • Work flow CT principles • Equipment • Applications • Applications • Final Considerations • Final Considerations C. Conclusions Introduction – Data types available This is the scale we work on! Geomechanical Well Data Core Data and Geometrical Seismic Data Data • Image logs; • Geometrical analysis of • Geomechanical • Pre-stack attributes; • Well test; fractures; modelling; • Post-stack attributes; • Production data; • Fracture density / • Spatial distribution of frequency; stress and strain: • Fracture porosity and • Reservoir geometry; permeability; Introduction – Why core-based structural analysis? Tectonic history and evoluiton of the reservoir >60% of the world reservoirs are fractured Understand fracture networking Fractures and poro-perm modelling Why do Undersampling structural analyis on core? Misinterpretation “Skewing” effect of the data Image-based analysis Low resolution alone is not reliable Resistivity dependent (some) Workflow – Before data acquisition Pump out Mark the Open the Clean the Check the the inner reference liner core connection barrel line Core fitting and marking the reference line are the most important stages All measurements will be based on the reference line Reliable fracture orientation Workflow – Data acquisition AS3D tool-system Workflow – AS3D The AS3D system is a computerized goniometric tool-system that helps the structural geologist by allowing: Geometrical Analysis Fast, efficient Qualitative Description and accurate -Depth; Quantitative Description fracture logging -Azimuth; -Typology/Nature of -Dip; structures; -Length; -Linear orientations. -Filling and mineralisation; -Aperture; -Planar shape; -Abutting; -Intersections; -Stylolite amplitude; -... -Filling percentage by typology; -... Workflow – AS3D The AS3D system is the most sophisticated and efficient geometrical measurement tool for study of cores in the market. Fully portable system composed by: 3D Digitiser, Stylus, A careful revision of core fitting and connection as well as Computer, Cylindrical Rollers and Table. drawing of the master orientation line are required in order to have the best structural data acquisition. Also capable of acquiring High precision three-dimensional digitization of all planar linear orientation along planar features, tectonic and sedimentary. features. 8 Workflow – AS3D The AS3D system holds an intuitive, flexible and editable software with several quality control mechanisms. Instant acquisition of all geometric Management module for geological features characteristics of geological planes. description. Immediate data storage with an Constant revision and quality integrated database. control of all acquired data 9 Workflow – Data Reorientation • Acquired data is plotted on stereonets for each reference line. 1st Step • Stereonets are reprocessed to find the most coherent geometric orientation of the structures 2nd Step within all core. • Reorientation to the true geographic position, using 3rd Step well deviation info or BHI data. Example: deviated well drilled in a subhorizontal sedimentary sequence. Layers should be visible on the core (in red on the Workflow Core Borehole drawing). Apparent dip in Vertical position Well azimuth (a) and inclination (d) should also be known. h Schematic process of reorientation h ic Reference planes h w u t e im l a n z o f p a ” a l h e e ic s t si d l rt in h o d Ve t a ig to n “ h g – o i n c h e n t f t i e o o r e th Data Reorientation inclination 2nd step: correction from the angle of the deviation. BROKEN ZONE Reference layers return to horizontal position 1st step: rotation around the core axis . 3rd step: correction from the azimuth and the angle of the Well. Aspect of the core taken from the deviated well. Aspect of the core in real position. These operation give then the true orintation of all tectonic and sedimentary structures on the cores. Workflow – Data Reorientation Reorientation using BHI data Interpreted logging data in real position 55 data Raw cores data, reference line is not the true North Reorientation Final cores data in real position to North Workflow – Graphical Outputs 13 Workflow – Graphical Outputs Composite logs Our data Applications – Core Data – Image Data Integration Integration between core data and image data is made using detailed photos and graphical outputs. IMAGE LOG CORE Applications – Structural Geology Interpretation Schematic structural geology sections with integration of core data into geological maps and study of the main stages of deformation can be done. Applications – Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis between all data acquired from core with the AS3D tool- system. 100 Bedding 80 Stratification joint 60 disconformity 40 Strati glidding Fault 20 Partially open fracture 0 Cemented fracture 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Core number Applications – True frequency vs Density Frac /m Frac/m Frac/m 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 2534 2534 2534 2535 2535 2535 Family 1: N120 Family 2: N05 Family 3: N70 2536 2536 2536 2 2 2 e e e r 2537 r 2537 r 2537 o o o C 2538 C 2538 C 2538 2539 2539 2539 2540 2540 2540 3892 3892 3892 3 3 3 e e 3893 e 3893 3893 r r r o o o C C 3894 C 3894 3894 3895 3895 3895 4 4 4 e e e 3896 r 3896 r 3896 r o o o C C C 3897 3897 3897 3940 3940 3940 3941 3941 3941 3942 3942 3942 3943 3943 3943 3944 Fractures measured : 64 3944 Fractures measured : 16 3944 Fractures measured : 25 Fractures calculated : 285.1 Fractures calculated : 61.6 Fractures calculated : 95.2 3945 3945 3945 5 5 5 3946 3946 3946 e e e r r r o o 3947 o 3947 3947 C C C 3948 3948 3948 3949 3949 3949 3950 3950 3950 3951 3951 3951 3952 3952 3952 4005 4005 4005 4006 4006 4006 N49 4007 4007 4007 6 6 4008 6 4008 4008 e e e N124 r r r o o 4009 o 4009 4009 C C C 4010 4010 4010 N174 4011 4011 4011 Strike rose diagram of Open 4012 4012 and Partially open fractures. 4012 4013 4013 4013 Fracture frequency (calculated) Fracture density (measured) Applications – Porosity-Permeability Modelling Porosity in % Permeability K in millidarcy Permeability vectors (K1 and K3) orientation can be modelled in order to calculate the optimal drilling direction in case of injector (K1) or producer (K3) wells. % porosity K1 K2 K3 Applications – Maximum Horizontal Stress Based on geometric information of induced fractures it is possible to calculate the actual maximum horizontal stress. Strata Pax Core Bit Core e a d b c Vertical Stress Array Core Cut Line A schematic illustration of bit-induced stress stray array below core, modified from Jaeger & Cook, 1979 (After Lorenz and Finley, 1979) Final considerations The AS3D tool-system allows: • Reliable orientation of tectonic & sedimentary structures with real time outputs; • Characterisation of natural fracture connectivity by utilising information on fracture orientation, fracture size and fracture density; • Determination of the in-situ horizontal stress and relation between induced and natural fractures; • Comprehensive study of deformation mechanisms and evolution; • Fracture porosity and permeability estimation; • Prediction of optimal drilling direction in order to maximise production/injection performance; Introduction – CT imaging • Non destructive • Mineral phases – Fluid - Air mapping • CT scanning in geosciences since mid-80’ • Extensive research and advanced techniques: – Micro and nano-CT – Image reconstruction – Image processing and analysis: from a visual tool to a quantitative tool – Dual energy analysis Larger range of applications for deeper formation evaluation Geology, Petrophysics, Enhanced Recovery process Contents • CT principles – X-ray attenuation; – Image reconstruction; – Density mapping • Equipment – Helical Aquilion CX 64 slices – High resolution – 3D slices • Applications – Core, preserve, plug visualisation; – QA, QC, sample selection, slabbing; – Structural geology, Petrophysics, correlation with BHI • Structural analysis: CT scan vs. BHI vs. Core based analysis • Conclusion 23 1. CT principles – Computed Tomography CT scanning = multiple angles X-radiography X-ray beam cone 64 detectors Attenuation dependant of material densities and X-rays energy • Denser material = Stronger attenuation • X-ray attenuation by photoelectric absorption (50-100KeV) by Compton scattering (>100KeV) 24 1. CT principles – Image reconstruction Raw Data = X-ray beam intensity I Reconstruction Processed Data = images mapping the CT densities on each element of volume i µi, µw: linear attenuation coefficients of material i, water [H, Hounsfield unit] 2D-3D slices 25 2. Equipment ALS is the only Oil & Gas UK Lab with in-house Helical CT scanner - Aquilion™ 64 Toshiba • High energy & intensity X-ray (250mA -135kV) for better resolution/contrast • Cone beam = 3D images • 64 X-ray detectors = high speed scan, 1 slice/0.5mm • Large range of sample sizes Diameter: 1” plug to 5.25” core in liner Max. length: 1.20m Non destructive and fast technique for density mapping High quality 3D CT images 2. Equipment - Output Aquilion 64: high quality 3D images • 3D images - 1 slice every 0.5mm • High Resolution • Good quality in contrast of density • Different reconstructed images available spatial resolution vs. contrast vs. artefact/noise correction 3- Applications –
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