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Ancient Maya Diet at Caledonia, Cayo District, Belize: the Isotopic Evidence

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Ancient Maya Diet at Caledonia, Cayo District, Belize: the Isotopic Evidence ANCIENT MAYA DIET AT CALEDONIA, CAYO DISTRICT, BELIZE: THE ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE A Thesis Submitted to the Committee of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Science. TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada © Copyright by Asta J. Rand 2011 Anthropology M.A. Graduate Program January 2012 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-82186-2 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-82186-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada ABSTRACT Ancient Maya Diet at Caledonia, Cayo District, Belize: The Isotopic Evidence Asta J. Rand Ancient Maya diet at Caledonia, Cayo District, Belize (Late Preclassic to Terminal Classic periods), was investigated using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of human bone collagen, bioapatite and tooth enamel bioapatite. These data were compared to skeletal and dental evidence of diet and nutritional stress, and dietary differences based on age, sex, social status and time period were considered. The diet of the Caledonia Maya was based on maize, supplemented with maize-fed terrestrial animal protein and freshwater mollusc protein. Due to small sample sizes, no relationships between diet and pathology, age, sex, social status or time period were discerned. The Caledonia Maya did consume diets similar to those at neighbouring sites, as well as to sites in the Peten of Guatemala. This study demonstrates that although small sample sizes can preclude the detection of intra-site trends at minor centres such as Caledonia, inter- site comparisons can provide information on regional dietary practices. Keywords: Ancient Maya, Caledonia, Belize, paleodiet, stable isotopes, carbon, nitrogen, collagen, bioapatite, human bone, human teeth ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS So many people have provided me with guidance, encouragement and support over the last two years, and I would like to take the opportunity to express my gratitude. First, of course, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Anne Keenleyside, who has been there from my undergraduate years at Trent through to the completion of this thesis. Without your tireless support, encouragement and advice, I do not think I would have applied to graduate school, much less completed a Master's thesis. Second, I would like to thank the members of my committee, Drs. Jocelyn Williams and Paul Healy; you both have done so much to make this research possible. Dr. Healy not only provided me with the skeletal sample analyzed in this thesis, and photos of Caledonia during excavation, but also inspired my interest in the ancient Maya. You were always there to answer a question when I asked and I am forever grateful for your help and support. Dr. Williams, I thank you for lending me your M.A. thesis, which was a great asset to this project, and without your assistance I would still be painstakingly interpreting my data. I greatly appreciate your patience, encouragement and all of the help you have provided over the years. I would also like to thank Dr. Lori Wright for her role as external examiner during my defence, and the helpful comments she provided. I would like to thank the Trent Research Ethics Board for granting approval for the research on human skeletal remains from Caledonia, Cayo District, Belize. I would also like to thank Dr. Jaime Awe, who granted permission from the government of Belize for this skeletal sample to be analyzed, and whose M.A. thesis was a priceless asset to my own research. Dr. Henry Schwarcz also provided valuable insights into isotopic and FTIR analysis through Dr. Keenleyside, without which I would not have managed. I will iii be forever grateful to Martin Knyf, who ran my samples so quickly at McMaster University and answered any and all questions I had about the process. I am also grateful to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) for the Master's scholarship I received from the Joseph-Armand Bombardier Canada Graduate Scholarships program (Award no: 766-2010-0718) in September 2010. Without SSHRC funding, this research would never have been possible. Everyone at Trent was exceptionally supportive and kind. Kristine Williams was always there when I needed to chat and has provided so much support over the last few years. Also, the storage of the Caledonia collection would not have been possible without the help of Kate Dougherty. I would also like to thank Barry Best in the Chemistry Department at Trent for his assistance with the FTIR analysis of carbonate in the bone and tooth bioapatite samples in this study. Dr. James Connolly also provided invaluable help with my understanding of the statistical analyses used in this study. I owe a great deal of gratitude to all of my fellow anthropology graduate students at Trent University. You were a wonderful group of people, and the last two years would not have been the same without all of you. There are several people I am especially indebted to: Megan Bower, Madeline Holder, Kimberly Jankuta, and Cara Tremain, among others, who provided helpful comments and suggestions on several of my assignments and presentations over the last two years. Also, without Kimberly's help I would have never completed the statistical analysis in this study. I would also like to thank Max Lamoureux St.-Hilaire for lending me several books on the ancient Maya and helping me to better understand the archaeological context of the Caledonia sample. Finally, I would never have survived the last two years without Megan. Your friendship, enthusiasm and long chats got me through many bumps along the road, although I am still iv not sure about those aliquots. I would not have remained sane these last few years without the friendship of so many people. Murphy and Ron have been there since I began graduate school, and my weekends would not have been the same without them. Rhiannon provided invaluable advice when I first began writing that I'm sure has saved me much grief. I would also like to thank Bill, Danno, Steve and all who no longer live in Peterborough, but who keep coming back to visit and put a smile on my face. Finally, I am exceedingly grateful to my whole family, especially my parents, Leah and Paul, and my siblings, Aubrey and Casey. Your tireless love and encouragement, as well as your enthusiasm regarding my research have meant so much to me. And of course I thank Drew; you have been my constant throughout this whole process. I do not know how I would have made it these last six years without your love and support, let alone to the completion of this thesis. I dedicate this thesis to my family and to Drew. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Dedication vi Table of Contents vii List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii Chapter One: Introduction 1 1.1. The Ancient Maya 2 1.2. Thesis Overview .4 Chapter Two: Archaeological Context of the Sample 7 2.1. Site Location and Geography 7 2.2. Archaeological Investigations and Burial Descriptions 9 2.2.1. Plaza A - Burials # land #2 11 2.2.1.1. Burial #1 13 2.2.1.2. Burial #2 13 2.2.2. Plaza C-Burials #3, #4 and #5 14 2.2.2.1. Burial #3 14 2.2.2.2. Burial #4 15 2.2.2.3. Burial #5 16 2.2.3. Additional Artefactual and Faunal Remains 16 Chapter Three: Theoretical Principles of Stable Isotope Analysis 17 3.1. The Principles of Stable Isotopes 17 3.2. Stable Carbon Isotopes 19 3.2.1. Stable Carbon Isotopes and Dietary Reconstruction 19 3.2.2. Carbon in Terrestrial Ecosystems 19 3.2.3. Carbon in Marine Ecosystems 21 3.2.4. Carbon in Freshwater Ecosystems 22 1 "^ 3.2.5. Complicating Factors that Influence 8 C Values 22 3.3. Stable Nitrogen Isotopes 24 3.3.1. Stable Nitrogen Isotopes and Dietary Reconstruction 24 3.3.2.
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