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Effects of Class Ii High-Pull Headgear Activator Using Finite Element Method: Aten Year Perspective

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Effects of Class Ii High-Pull Headgear Activator Using Finite Element Method: Aten Year Perspective DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.02.000790 Marta Isabel Jorge. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res ISSN: 2574-1241 Review Article Open Access Effects of Class Ii High-Pull Headgear Activator Using Finite Element Method: Aten Year Perspective Marta Isabel Jorge1, Jorge Dias Lopes1, Maria João Ponces 1 and Mário Vaz2 1Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine of University of Porto, Portugal 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Portugal Received: February 08, 2018; Published: February 22, 2018 *Corresponding author: Marta Isabel Jorge, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine of University of Porto, Rua Dr Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200- 393 Porto, Portugal, Tel: ; Email: Abstract The combination of an activator with a headgear is a common method used to correct hyperdivergent Class II malocclusion, improving skeletal and dental relationship, distal displacement of the maxilla, and controlling vertical eruption and upper molars distalization. The isimportance gaining high of studying acceptance three-dimensional from the researchers, effects particularly of mechanical in thetension use ofon headgear teeth, oral activators. structures This and study craniofacial presents complex, a mini-review associated of literature with the use of these activators, is essential to ensure the success of clinical treatments. Three-dimensional finite element method use in orthodontics pull headgear activators, on the treatment of hyperdivergentClass II malocclusion, in the last decade. studies that use three-dimensional finite element method to investigate three-dimensional effects of the mechanical tension originated by high- element method in the evaluation of biomechanical effects from these activators and stand out the importance of the modeling procedure in the Using set key words and inclusion and exclusion criteria, three articles wereidentified. Both studies point out the effectiveness of finite different in-vitro conditions, accompanied by clinical and/or animal studies. accuracy of the experimental results. The future research in this area will be the development of more and complementary studies including Keywords: Abbreviations:Class 2D: II malocclusion; 2-Dimensional; Three-dimensional 3D: 3-Dimensional; finite AH: element Activator method; Headgear; Biomechanical FEM: Finite effects; Element High-pull Method; headgear HG: Headgear activators Introduction The treatment can be performed in several ways, depending on Class II malocclusion comprises several dental and facial combination of both. The treatment of this malocclusionsintents to the identification of the involved area (maxilla and / or mandible) irregularities, namely mandibulardeficiency, maxillary excess, or correct the sagittal relationship, modify the pattern of facial growth and the development phase, namely, using fixed appliances, treatment An et al. [1], Cerci et al. [7], Croci [8], Manfredini et al. functional and/or extra-oral appliances or, if necessary, a surgical [9], Ramallah [10]. Functional appliances have been widely used position in sagittal and vertical terms, which results in orthodontic andamend hard- and soft-tissue profile, inducing a new mandibular in the treatment of Class II malocclusion, since the development and orthopedic adjustments An et al. [1-6]. In hyper divergent of the Andresen activator in the 1930s. These devices, such as the individuals there is a disagreement of the bone bases through an activators of Teuscher, Van Beek and Lehman have the purpose of angular reference, meaning, the posterior part of the face does not altering mandibular function and mandibular position to transmit develop vertically in consonance with the anterior part. This results forces, for the teeth and skeletal bases De Pauw & Dermaut [11-22], in an architectural disharmony between the anterior and posterior Negi & Negi, [23], Singh & Thin [14]. The headgear (HG) appliance portions of the facial mass, accompanied by a simultaneous is an effective and common treatment for Class II malocclusions, maxillary alveolar hyperplasia with an excessive vertical growth movement are both essential, therefore contributing to the particularly when limitation of maxillary growth and dental of the maxilla. In these individuals the face is characteristically breathing, changes in the craniocervical posture and in the position narrow and elongated, and there are often difficulties in nasal and the mandibular dentitions. of the hyoid bone. correction of the anteroposterior difference between the maxillary Cite this article: Marta I J, Jorge D L, Maria J P, Mário V. Effects of Class Ii High-Pull Headgear Activator Using Finite Element Method: Aten Year Perspective. Biomed J Sci &Tech Res 2(4)- 2018. BJSTR.MS.ID.000790. DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.02.000790 2763 Marta Isabel Jorge. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res Volume 2- Issue 4: 2018 The combination of an activator with a headgear (AH), as for tension, originated by high-pull HA, on teeth, oral structures and provide greater and increased skeletal changes than the activator reviewwill emphasis on the: example Teusher, Herbst or Twin Force Bite Corrector is used to craniofacial complex of Class II patients, in the last decade.This alone Feizbakhsh et al. [15,16], Singh & Thind [14]. Comparing skeletalgrowth appliances and mini-implants, headgear is a better, simpler and a) Effectsof the extraoral forces in the direction of with other techniques used to distalize molars, such as intra-oral b) Strains induced in the sutures of the midface and the occipital or high-pull HG, which enables the activator to correct cranial base more effective choice.The extra-oral force is achieved with a cervical, asymmetrical Class II molar relationship, as well.Controlling the c) Biomechanical behavior of teeth under headgear loading vector force with suitable outer bow length and its angulation to the occlusal plan produces different types of molar distal movements d) Effectiveness of FEM studies with high-pull headgear Kang et al. [17,18], Squeff et al. [19]. Nevertheless, some adverse activators effects, such as posterior mandibular clockwise rotation, partial Material and Methods anterior facial height, and increased proinclination of the lower A literature search was performed on Pub Med andScopus restriction of anterior maxillary displacement, increased lower incisors are referred in some cases Cachoa & Martin [20], Üçüncü databases using the following key words: “Headgear“, Facemask” et al. [6]. and “Extraoral”, crossed with “Finite element”. The searches Finite Element Method (FEM) is a numerical research tool that English, published from 2008 to 2018. Irrelevant articles were has been used by orthodontic researchers over the last decade, to performed in “All Text“were limited to Peer reviewed articles in study Class II and III malocclusion, allowing the evaluation of the three-dimensional (3D) effects of mechanical tension (traction and excluded by reviewing the titles and abstracts, andthe remaining studies were included by evaluating the full texts according to the selection criteria: headgear/facemask appliances and finite then reduced to 3 after the application of the inclusion criteria compression) on teeth, oral structures and craniofacial complex, element method. A total of 16 studies were identified, that were associated with the use of fixed appliances, functional appliances, such as corticotomy Ajmera et al. [21-23], Croci [8], Garcia et al. III malocclusion”. implants, maxillary expanders, and even in surgical procedures “Class II” and “High-Pull headgear” and the exclusion criteria “Class articles that use FEM to study high-pull headgear activators effects’ Results [24], Jain et al. [25-30]. Our interest is this review was to gather in hyperdivergent - Class II malocclusion, due to the importance of Table 1 shows the 3 articles that matched the inclusion and high-pull HA used in the treatment of these orthodontic problems. reference, title, purpose, study design (theoretical, clinical, etc.) and The purpose of this study was to systematically review studies exclusion criteria. The articles are presented based on the following: author’s main conclusions. Table 1: Articles that matched the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. that use FEM to analyze three-dimensional effects of the mechanical Reference Tittle Purpose Study design Main Conclusions Effects of Class II activator Class II activator and Class II - In-vitro study - Solid mandibular and Class II activator high- To evaluate the effects of activator high-pull headgear model using scan images taken from pull headgear combination the Class II activator and the cause morphologic changes a dry skull of a young person - Study Ulusoy et al. [32] on the mandible: A Class II activator high-pull on the mandible, including of the stress regions on the mandible, headgear (HG) combination a change in the growth resulting from Class II activator vs. HG, element stress analysis on the mandible direction by activating the using 3D FEM 3-dimensionalstudy finite masticatory muscles - In-vitro study - Analytical model The direction of headgear Craniofacial displacement To evaluate the effects of using scan images taken from a dry force might be a critical in response to varying skull of a 7-year-old child - Study of factor in determining Gautum headgear forces evaluated molar eruption status on the response in skeletal displacements, the type of facial growth maxillary second and third resulting from three distinct headgear element analysis
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