HISTORY of PHILIPPINE MUSIC I. Indigenous Music

• Largely functional

• Expressed either instrumentally, vocally, or a combination of both Indigenous Musical Instruments

• Aerophones • Chordophones • Idiophones • Membranophones Aerophones

• any which produces sound primarily by causing a body of air to vibrate, without the use of strings or membranes, and without the vibration of the instrument itself adding considerably to the sound • best represented by the many types of bamboo flutes that are found all over the country Lip Valley Flute

• paldong, or kaldong of the Kalinga • palendag of South Maguindanao • pulalu of Manobo Lip Valley Flute

• Two by two fingerholes. Protruding mouthpiece with a hole. The instrument is decorated with carvings blackened by burning. Nose Flute Nose Flute

• The northern tribes call this kalleleng (Bontoc and Kankanai), tongali (Ifugao and Kalinga) and baliing (Isneg). In the Central Philippines, it is known as lantuy among the Cuyunin, babarek among the Tagbanua and plawta among the Mangyan. Nose Flute

• Long bamboo tube, closed at one end by the node in which the blowing hole is burnt. The flute has three finger holes. The blowing hole is placed under an angle against the nose and the player gently blows into the tube. Ring Flute

• of Maguindanao • so called because the blowing end is encircled with a rattan ring to create mouthpiece Pipe with Reed Pipe with Reed

• Sahunay of the Taosug • Tube with six fingerholes; mouth piece of bamboo with cut out reed; mouth shield made of coconut shell; bell made of leaf (probably bamboo) and blue plastic ribbon. Chordophones

• any musical instrument which makes sound by way of a vibrating string or strings stretched between two points • Include bamboo zithers, guitars, violins, and lutes Zither

• a stringed instrument made from a single bamboo section, around three to four inches in diameter, with a node at each end. Serving as strings are raised narrow strips of the outer skin fibers of the bamboo itself, with the ends still attached to the body of the instrument. Kolitong Kudlung (Central Mindanao) Kudyapi (Bukidnon) Kudyapi/Kudlung

• Two stringed lute made of wood, one string for the melody, one for the drone. Eight frets originally held in place placed on the neck of the lute by a sticky rubbery substance. The lute is decorated with floral motives; the tail is carved to represent a stylised crocodile head. Idiophones

• any musical instrument which creates sound primarily by way of the instrument vibrating itself, without the use of strings or membranes • Include bamboo buzzers, percussion sticks and gongs Jaw harp

• kubing of Maranao • kolibauTingguian, arudingTagbanua, kolibauTingguian, • a very thin slit of bamboo or brass with a narrow vibrating tongue in the middle longitudinal section • considered a “speaking intrument” Bamboo Buzzer

• balingbing, or bunkaka Kalinga; batiwtiw (Central Philippines) • a bamboo tube which is open or split at one end • This instrument is played alone or in groups as a form and diversion or to drive away evil spirits along a forest trail. Kulintang (Maguindanao and Maranao)

• consists of eight gongs placed horizontally in a frame and tuned to a flexible pentatonic or five‐tone scale Agung (Bagobo) Bangibang Membranophones

• any musical instrument which produces sound primarily by way of a vibrating stretched membrane Dadabuan (Maranao) Vocal Forms

• Lullabies (owiwi, dagdagay, oppia, lagan bata‐bata, bua, and kawayanna) • didactic/figurative • Occupational dinaweg (boar), the kellangan (shark‐ fishing), and the didayu (wine‐making) • Occasional appros, nan‐sob‐oy, sarongkawit, dikir • War • love ading, sindil Patterns and Characteristics

• Improvisation • Low and limited range of notes • Melodic ornamentations • Greater variety of voice quality • Chant‐like monotone singing in most groups • Rhythmic freedom • large number of reiterated and marked accents on one vowel II. Spanish‐European Influenced

• Liturgical music – Gregorian chant – Pasyon • Secular music – Harana – Kundiman – Rondalla – Sarswela Harana

• traditional form of courtship music in which a man woos a woman by singing underneath her window at night • Structure based on the plosa • Pananapatan, pasasalamat, pagtumbok, paghilig, pamamaalam Kundiman

• a lyrical song made popular in the Philippines in the early 19th century • Almost all traditional Filipino love songs in this genre are heavy with poetic emotion Rondalla

• patterned after estudiantina and comparasa • plucked string ensemble • bandurria, laud, octavina, guitar, and bajo de uñas III. American influenced

• Neo‐classicism • Conservatory of Music • popularity of American rock’n’roll, pop music, dance, and disco • “tunog‐lata” IV. Post liberation • Filipino Rock – “Killer Joe” by Rocky Fellers – Manila Sound – Folk rock • Original Pinoy Music • Filipino Hip Hop and RnB • Contemporary Philippine Music