RESEARCH ARTICLE The cryptic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal system of human basal ganglia Katalin Skrapits1*, Miklo´ s Sa´ rva´ ri1, Imre Farkas1, Bala´ zs Go¨ cz1, Szabolcs Taka´ cs1, E´ va Rumpler1, Vikto´ ria Va´ czi1, Csaba Vastagh2, Gergely Ra´ cz3, Andra´ s Matolcsy3, Norbert Solymosi4, Szila´ rd Po´ liska5, Blanka To´ th6, Ferenc Erde´ lyi7, Ga´ bor Szabo´ 7, Michael D Culler8, Cecile Allet9, Ludovica Cotellessa9, Vincent Pre´ vot9, Paolo Giacobini9, Erik Hrabovszky1* 1Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; 2Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; 31st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; 4Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; 5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; 6Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary; 7Department of Gene Technology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; 8Amolyt Pharma, Newton, France; 9Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France Abstract Human reproduction is controlled by ~2000 hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing *For correspondence:
[email protected] (KS); hormone (GnRH) neurons. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of additional
[email protected] (EH) ~150,000–200,000 GnRH-synthesizing cells in the human basal ganglia and basal forebrain. Nearly all extrahypothalamic GnRH neurons expressed the cholinergic marker enzyme choline Competing interests: The acetyltransferase. Similarly, hypothalamic GnRH neurons were also cholinergic both in embryonic authors declare that no and adult human brains.