DOCSLIB.ORG

Download File

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download File LEARNING AGAINST THE ODDS Evidence and Policies to Support All Out-of-School Children and Adolescents in East Asia and Pacific Learning Against the Odds Evidence and Policies to Support All Out-of-School Children and Adolescents in East Asia and Pacific UNICEF EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC REGIONAL OFFICE AUGUST 2019 Foreword The fundamental right to education for every child is clearly acknowledged in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which marks its 30th anniversary this year. Thanks to the rapid advances in education provision over the past few decades in the East Asia and Pacific region, there has been considerable progress integrating out-of-school children and adolescents into basic education, from pre-primary and primary to lower and upper secondary levels. However, as explained in the Report, a staggering number of 35 million children and adolescents are still out of school; and 1 in 3 of students who remain in school, do not obtain the expected reading or mathematical skills at lower secondary level. As such, a change in the education systems is urgently needed, as doing ‘more of the same’ is evidently not enough. In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution to achieve 17 Sustainable Development Goals by the year 2030, within which, education is a key marker. Clearly stated, Sustainable Development Goal 4 on Education (SDG 4) aims to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all”, with the core principle of ‘leaving no one behind’. To this day, the most vulnerable children and adolescents are still the ones most likely to be left behind. Key barriers to education persist, including lack of services, particularly in remote rural areas, for children and adolescents with disabilities, pregnant girls and young mothers, working boys and girls, ethnolinguistic minority groups, the bottom quintile, and those affected by conflict, natural disasters and migration. Gender equality is also still an unresolved issue across the region, with adverse cultural norms and harmful practices, such as school-related gender-based violence, continuing in place. This Report analyzes these trends and suggests 10 specific policies to improve education and learning in the region. UNICEF strongly believes that every child and adolescent girl and boy has the right to thrive and fulfil her or his potential. To this end, UNICEF in East Asia and Pacific is committed to further work with governments, families, schools and children and adolescents themselves, to enhance education, learning and skills development across all levels. UNICEF will do its best to make the Convention of the Rights of the Child a reality; and will work hard until the day that all children and adolescents, without exception, see the future as a promising and exciting adventure. Karin Hulshof Regional Director UNICEF East Asia and Pacific 2 Acknowledgements This Report represents a collaborative effort, made possible through the support and advice received from many colleagues and partners in UNICEF, UNESCO and other organizations. It also reflects increased commitment of the governments of the countries in East Asia and Pacific region to share quality data and to tackle and address issues around out-of-school children and adolescents. UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office (EAPRO) acknowledges the following for their respective contributions to this Regional Report on Out-of-School Children and Adolescents. Oxford Policy Management, for drafting the report. The team was led by Stuart Cameron with Anaïs Loizillon, supported by Maham Farhat, Jim Shoobridge, and Ian MacAusian. UNESCO Institute for Statistics team in Bangkok, for overall collaboration in the OOSC Initiative over the past decade. Our thanks go to Roshan Bajracharya and Aurelie Acoca. UNESCO Regional Education Bureau in Bangkok, for their technical feedback and partnership, especially Ichiro Miyazawa and Hyunjeong Lee. UNICEF colleagues in the following Country Offices: Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, the Pacific, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Vietnam, who provided invaluable contribution and feedback throughout the drafting process. Our own Education Team in UNICEF EAPRO, particularly Akihiro Fushimi, for technically leading the OOSC initiative in the region, and managing the entire process of developing this Report; and Francisco Benavides, for his leadership of the Education Agenda in East Asia and Pacific. Thanks also go to former colleagues (Jim Ackers, Chemba Raghavan, Camilla Woeldike) for engaging with the initiative at an earlier stage, and current team members (Erin Tanner, Maida Pasic, Juliana Suarez Cortes, Woranan Thoophom) for their respective contributions to this Report. Jayachandran Vasudevan (Statistics and Monitoring Specialist) and Lieve Sabbe (Programme Specialist, Children with Disabilities) of EAPRO also provided technical inputs. Finally, very special thanks go to all children and adolescent boys and girls, their teachers and families, and public servants and policy makers, who kindly shared their stories and day-to-day challenges and dreams with us during our missions and meetings/discussions. We hope we capture their voices, needs and guidance in this Report. As a team, we will continue to work with our partners to strategically achieve results. Wivina Belmonte Deputy Regional Director UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Copy-editing: Ruth Carr Design: Inis Communication – www.iniscomunication.com Cover: © UNICEF/UNI76753/Holmes 3 Executive Summary 1. Context: Why Is Caring About Out-of-School Children and Adolescents So Important? The fundamental right to education is clearly acknowledged in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), and underlies the need for every girl and boy, regardless of race, economic, political, civil, health or cultural status, to develop and acquire skills for their future learning and well-being. With the more recent adoption of the Sustainable Development Goal on education (SDG 4) in 2015, which aims to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all”, pressure mounts further for all countries to reduce the number of out-of-school children – not only those in the so-called ‘developing world’ – with an uncompromised commitment to ‘leaving no one behind’ at the heart of this goal. In 2017, about 35 million children and adolescents in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP1) region were still not in school (UIS, 2019) (see Figure 1). Of these, 4 million were of pre-primary school age (13 per cent of 1 year before the official primary entry age), 7 million were of primary school age (4 per cent of 6 to 11 year old’s), 8 million were of lower secondary school age (8 per cent of 12 to 14 year old’s), and another 16 million were of upper secondary school age (19 per cent of 15 to 17 year old’s). In terms of historical trends (see Figure 2), there has been significant reduction in the number of out- of-school adolescents at both lower and upper secondary education, particularly for girls. However, those at primary level have seen no improvement over the past 2 decades or more, indicating that the most vulnerable and excluded children are yet to be reached and included. Equity in education, as highlighted in the SDG 4, is also vital for any country’s development. If marginalized groups of children are not given the same access to quality education and learning opportunities, the cycle of poverty and disadvantage is perpetuated – a fact that is difficult to reconcile in a world where wealth and abundance is so plentiful for so many. UNICEF therefore works to identify and address the root causes of inequality that affect the most vulnerable children to better understand why some children do not attend school and support those children in learning. Unless we take bold actions, children and adolescents will remain disadvantaged and left behind from the rapid economic growth and social transformation processes that are going on in the region. It is in this context that this report aims to provide up-to-date knowledge and evidence on the profiles of out- of-school children, examine barriers that children and families face in accessing education, and propose policy responses and strategies to achieve the SDG 4 targets across the region. It should be noted that this report is also due to efforts initiated in 2010, when UNICEF and the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) jointly launched the Out-of-School Children Initiative (OOSCI) globally to accelerate actions toward the goal of universal basic education of high quality in 2015. 1 East Asia and Pacific Region consists of 28 countries, including 13 countries in East and Southeast Asia (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, DPR Korea, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Viet Nam) and 15 countries in the Pacific (Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, F. S., Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu). 4 FIGURE 1. Overview of Out-of-School Children and Adolescents in East Asia and Pacific Region (by sex and level) 13% 4% 8% 19% 16 16 14 12 10 8 8 7 Millions 6 4 4 2 - Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Pre-primary Primary Lower Secondary Upper Secondary (1 year before primary) Source: UIS, 2019 FIGURE 2. Trends of Number of Out-of-School Children and Adolescents by Level in East Asia and Pacific Region (2000–2017) (by sex and level) 25 20 15 Millions 10 5 - 2011 2010 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2000 Primary (F) Primary (M) Lower Secondary (F) Lower Secondary (M) Upper Secondary (F) Upper Secondary (M) Source: UIS, 2019 2. Data: How Can We Count and Find the Out-of-School Children and Adolescents? This regional report is based on the Conceptual and Methodological Framework (CMF) which defines the Global Out-of-School Children Initiative (OOSCI) and standardizes data and policy analysis across national studies.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Disaster Risk Management in Malaysia: Issues and Challenges from the Persepctive of Agencies
    PLANNING MALAYSIA: Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners VOLUME 16 ISSUE 1 (2018), Page 105 – 117 DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FROM THE PERSEPCTIVE OF AGENCIES Noraini Omar Chong1 & Khairul Hisyam Kamarudin2 1,2UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Abstract Disaster is a major threat that could jeopardise the development of economic, social and physical elements of a nation as well as the well-being of its people. The damage and loss of property and life caused by disasters are overwhelming and least desired by any country. Review of literature as presented in this research indicated that by having a good disaster risk management (DRM) plan and well- coordinated efforts and commitment among related disaster management agencies at all levels and local stakeholders, would potentially lead to disaster risk reductions, increase preparedness and response, and reduction of damage to assets and loss of life. With a long list of agencies and aid bodies that are currently involved in various stages of DRM, putting the idea into reality has proven to be highly challenging particularly on establishing good coordination between agencies and with other stakeholders for a more effective DRM process. This paper identified three major issues and challenges in DRM in Malaysia, particularly from the perspective of agencies. These issues and challenges include (1) disaster management planning imbalanced between top-down and bottom-up approaches, (2) lack of coordination in disaster management cycle, with greater focus only on the disaster emergency response stage and, (3) lack of planning of long-term recovery (post-disaster) process, which resulted in low level community and stakeholders’ resilience to disasters.
    [Show full text]
  • Academic Writing Needs of Postgraduate Research Students in Malaysia
    Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction: Vol. 17 (No. 2) July 2020: 1-23 1 How to cite this article: Jeyaraj, J. J. (2020). Academic writing needs of postgraduate research students in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 17(2), 1-23. ACADEMIC WRITING NEEDS OF POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA Joanna Joseph Jeyaraj Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College [email protected] Received: 20/2/2019 Revised: 14/4/2020 Accepted: 4/5/2020 Published:31/7/2020 ABSTRACT Purpose – In this study, the writing needs of postgraduate research students are explored, so that support structures that enable successful completion rates and student satisfaction can be identified. Postgraduate education is expanding in Malaysian public and private higher education institutions; yet research tends to focus on public institutions, because private institutions have traditionally been oriented towards teaching instead of research. Therefore, this study explores the needs of students in a branch campus of a private overseas university in Malaysia. Methodology - Semi-structured exploratory interviews were carried out with six postgraduate students, so that a deeper understanding of their research writing needs could be obtained. Interviews were then analysed using a general inductive approach. Findings – It was found that students required support in three main areas: writing, supervision and ICT. Students sought English language support and more workshops and programmes which specifically dealt with thesis writing. They also believed that peer support groups would be beneficial. Secondly, more guidance was needed from supervisors to enable greater clarity on writing and 2 Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction: Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Agenda Setting of Iraq Image in Malaysian English Newspaper
    Asian Social Science; Vol. 11, No. 2; 2015 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Agenda Setting of Iraq Image in Malaysian English Newspaper Hanaa Kadum Kassed1,2 & Che Su Mustaffa1 1 School of Multimedia and Technology and Communication, Universiti Utara Malaysia, UUM Sintok, kedah, Malaysia 2 Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq Correspondence: Che Su Mustaffa, School of Multimedia and Technology and Communication, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 UUM Sintok, kedah, Malaysia. E-mail: [email protected] Received: September 8, 2014 Accepted: October 3, 2014 Online Published: December 20, 2014 doi:10.5539/ass.v11n2p225 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n2p225 Abstract Mass media news on certain country itself can affect their image on society. The image that will appear could be positive, negative or neutral depending on the content in it. This study employs content analysis of Agenda Setting of Iraq image in Malaysian English newspapers indicated that NSTP and the Star. In total, 535 articles and news stories were obtained from three periods before, during and after the occupation of Iraq. Findings showed that the Agenda Setting for NSTP focused on the issue of "The Malaysia’s policy towards Iraq", "The US policy and the occupation of Iraq" and "The impact of war on Malaysia". While, the Star focused on "Iraq’s needs and suffering". In summary, the newspapers seem to take great care in transmitting images of other countries particularly the Islamic country, which could affect Malaysia and its neighbors politically, economically and socially.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of the Implementation of Affirmative Action in Education in Malaysia
    Master programme in Economic Growth, Innovation and Spatial Dynamics An Assessment of the implementation of Affirmative Action in education in Malaysia Ngoc Ha Le [email protected] Abstract: Malaysia, in order to achieve its objective and aspiration in Vision 2020 of being a developed country by 2020 and transforming the economy into a knowledge-based one, considers the human resource development as an important strategy. Despite of Malaysian government’s high investment in education, relative to GDP, the quality and competitiveness of labour force in Malaysia is debatable. The implementation of ethnic-based affirmative action policies in the country is considered as one of the reasons for its ill-prepared workforce. Given the above concerns, this thesis seeks to assess the affirmative action policies in education in Malaysia. Key words: Affirmative action, education, policy, Malaysia, human capital. EKHM52 Master thesis (15 credits ECTS) August 2016 Supervisor: Tobias Axelssson Examiner: Christer Gunnarsson Word Count: 12,244 Table of Contents I. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3 II. Methodology and data ........................................................................................................... 4 1. Research design and research methodologies ...................................................................... 4 2. Data .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Successfulness of Malaysian Green Open Spaces: An
    Malek N.A. & Nashar A. MEASURING SUCCESFULNESS OF MALAYSIAN GREEN OPEN SPACES: AN ASSESMENT TOOL MEASURING SUCCESSFULNESS OF MALAYSIAN GREEN OPEN SPACES: AN ASSESSMENT TOOL Nurhayati Abdul MALEK Centre of Studies in Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 8 [email protected] 201 Amanina NASHAR International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia May [email protected] / 2 Abstract Numerous researchers had evidence on the significant roles of parks and green open spaces in addressing the Issue Issue cultural, social, environmental needs of its users, as well as its contribution to the living quality. Indeed, it is noticeable that parks functions had a strong connection with the theory of human needs particularly in offering the 13 aesthetics pleasures, recreational opportunities, being close and contact with nature. Nevertheless, a successful parks criterion is not merely intended to provide sufficient amount of green spaces per se, but rather to focus on the park quality to serve its people. The Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) method is one the effective means applied in this paper, to develop the assessment tools for Malaysian neighbourhood parks. The SEM findings indicates it is a good fitting model with (χ²/df =2.158; RMSEA = .071, CFI = .893; AGFI= .873; GFI = .899, p = Volume Volume .000) and variance extracted (VE) was 37%. Hence, it is hoped that the quality neighbourhood park (QNP) assessment tools produced based on the model result will assist planners and landscape architects to produce high quality of Malaysia Neighbourhood Parks in future.
    [Show full text]
  • Mutual Evaluation Report Malaysia 2015
    Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures Malaysia Mutual Evaluation Report September 2015 The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an independent inter-governmental body that develops and promotes policies to protect the global financial system against money laundering, terrorist financing and the financing of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The FATF Recommendations are recognised as the global anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CTF) standard. For more information about the FATF, please visit the website: www.fatf-gafi.org For more information about the APG, please visit the website: www.apgml.org This document and/or any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or soverignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and bounderies and to the name of any territory, city or area. Citing reference: FATF and APG (2015), Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures - Malaysia, Fourth Round Mutual Evaluation Report, FATF, Paris and APG, Sydney www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/mutualevaluations/documents/mer-malaysia-2015.html © 2015 FATF and APG. All rights reserved. No reproduction or translation of this publication may be made without prior written permission. Applications for such permission, for all or part of this publication, should be made to the FATF Secretariat, 2 rue André Pascal 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France (fax: +33 1 44 30 61 37 or e-mail: [email protected]). Photocredits coverphoto: ©Thinkstock Contents
    [Show full text]
  • Country Gender Profile
    COUNTRY GENDER PROFILE MALAYSIA Women and Youth Empowerment Division Resilience and Social Development Department February 2019 1 Country Gender Profile -Malaysia 1. Socio-Economic Profile 1.1 Malaysia is a Federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It has an estimated population of 32,321,303 in 20191 and is the third largest economy in South-East Asia2. The country transformed from agriculture and com- modity-based economy to one with strong manufacturing components3. The Government of Malaysia (GoMY) aspires to move from an upper middle-income to a high-income economy by 20204. Malaysia’s economy has been on an upward trend since the end of the Asian financial crisis in 1997-1998, with an average growth rate of 5.4% since 20105. Since less than 1% (0.4%) of households live below the extreme poverty line, the GoMY’s focus is on addressing the well-being of the poorest 40% of its population6. 1.2 Malaysia has maintained its position of 57th among 189 countries in the United Nations Development Pro- gram’s (UNDP) 2017 Human Development Index (HDI)7. Its HDI value increased by 24.7% between 1990 and 20178. In comparison with The Philippines and Thailand, two countries from the East Asia and Pacific region with close HDI rank and population size as Malaysia, Malaysia’s position of 57th is above both countries of 113rd and 83th re- spectively9. Regarding the Gender Inequality Index (GII), Malaysia’s once again maintained its 2016 standing of 62nd out of 160 countries in 201710. However, the current rank is lower than 59th its 2015 position but higher than that of The Philippines, and Thailand’s at 97th and 93rd respectively11.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Expenditures of Malaysia for the Period 2008-2012
    SOCX Technical Papers (2015)1 Social Expenditures of Malaysia for the period 2008-2012 Zulkarnain Hatta, DSW & Jeevasuthan Subramaniam, PhD 4 OECD/Korea Policy Centre – Health and Social Policy Programme SOCX TECHNICAL PAPERS Unclassified SOCX TECHNICAL PAPERS(2015)1 OECD/Korea Policy Centre – Health and Social Policy Programme 1 February 2015 English text only OECD/Korea Policy Centre Health and Social Policy Programmes: SOCX TECHNICAL PAPERS NO.4 Social Expenditures of Malaysia for the period 2008-2012 Zulkarnain Hatta*, DSW & Jeevasuthan Subramaniam**, PhD JEL codes: H51, H53, H55, I38 * Associate Professor School of Social Sciences University Sains Malaysia ** Lecturer Sri Lanka School of Social Work National Institute of Social Development 1 OECD/Korea Policy Centre – Health and Social Policy Programme SOCX TECHNICAL PAPERS This series is designed to make available to a wider readership Health and Social Policy studies with a focus on the Asia/Pacific region. The papers are generally available only in English, and principal authors are named. The opinions expressed and arguments employed here are the responsibility of the author(s) and do not reflect those of the OECD, the Korean authorities, or the OECD/Korea Policy Centre – Health and Social Policy Programme. Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be made to : Director of the OECD/Korea Policy Centre –Health and Social Policy Programme 5F Anguk Bldg, 33 Yulgongno Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-734, Korea Copyright OECD/Korea Policy Centre –Health and Social Policy Programme 2015 2 Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank Willem Adema (OECD Paris) for his invaluable suggestions and support in helping complete this report.
    [Show full text]
  • OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Malaysia 2013 This Work Is Published on the Responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD
    OECD Investment Policy Reviews MALAYSIA Contents OECD Investment Policy Reviews Executive summary Assessment and recommendations Chapter 1. Investment trends MALAYSIA Chapter 2. Investment policy: Towards greater openness Chapter 3. Property rights and investor protection Chapter 4. Investment promotion and facilitation Chapter 5. Corporate governance Chapter 6. Policies for promoting responsible business conduct Chapter 7. Financial sector development Chapter 8. Infrastructure development Chapter 9. Investment framework in support of green growth OECD Also available in this series: Costa Rica (2013), Tunisia (2012), Colombia (2012), Kazakhstan (2012), Zambia (2012), I Ukraine (2011), Indonesia (2010), Morocco (2010), Viet Nam (2009), India (2009), nvestment Policy Reviews China (2008), Peru (2008), Russian Federation (2008), Egypt (2007) http://oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/countryreviews.htm M SY MALAYSIA Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264194588-en. This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases. Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information. ISBN 978-92-64-19457-1 20 2013 03 1 P -:HSTCQE=V^YZ\V: OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Malaysia 2013 This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2013), OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Malaysia 2013, OECD Publishing.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratization in Ethnocentric Society
    International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 8 , No. 9, Sept. 2018, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2018 HRMARS Democratization in Ethnocentric Society Jazimin Zakaria, Sity Daud To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i9/4688 DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i9/4688 Received: 16 August 2018, Revised: 11 Sept 2018, Accepted: 29 Sept 2018 Published Online: 13 October 2018 In-Text Citation: (Zakaria & Daud, 2018) To Cite this Article: Zakaria, J., & Daud, S. (2018). Democratization in Ethnocentric Society. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(9), 1164–1174. Copyright: © 2018 The Author(s) Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com) This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode Vol. 8, No. 9, September 2018, Pg. 1164 - 1174 http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/IJARBSS JOURNAL HOMEPAGE Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/publication-ethics 1164 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 8 , No. 9, Sept. 2018, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2018 HRMARS Democratization in Ethnocentric Society Jazimin Zakaria, Sity Daud Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies, MARA University of Technology Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanity, Department of Political Sciences, National University of Malaysia Abstract This paper discusses challenges for ethnically divided society in democratic countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial R&D Expenditure
    AsianAsian Journal Journal of of Innovation Innovation and and Policy Policy (201 (20177)) 6. 6.33::354354--378378 DOI: http//dx.doi.org/10.7545/ajip.2017.6.3.354 Industrial R&D Expenditure: Its Determinants and Propensity of Technology Transfer of Top Ten Companies in Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan1 Billy Kian Bing Goh*, Angelina Seow Voon Yee*, Graham Kendall**, Aik Lee Chong*** Abstract Global research and development (R&D) spending has increased in recent years as the need for new technologies has grown and structural changes in the market have become evident. R&D and its transfer into the commercial sector have an important relationship. This paper analyzes the relationship between industrial R&D expenditure and how it affects technology transfer in Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan. The research is based on the analysis of secondary data from published annual reports followed by a quantitative analysis of primary data using survey questionnaires. The research finds that the bulk of R&D expenditure was from the top ten organizations and the top five industries for each country. The findings also reveal that an organization’s readiness in terms of technology and people capabilities is still weak in Malaysia and Singapore. The findings also indicate that there is a relationship between industrial R&D expenditure and the propensity of technology transfer in Taiwan. Keywords R&D expenditure, technology transfer I. Introduction Global research and development (R&D) spending has increased to a total of US$ 1.6 trillion in 2013 as the need for new technologies increases and there is growth in competition (Batelle, 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Perceived Value, Destination Service Quality and Tourist Satisfaction on Destination Loyalty Among International Tourists Visiting Malaysia
    Volume: 4 Issues: 16 [September, 2019] pp.10-26] Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management eISSN: 0128-178X Journal Website: www.jthem.com THE IMPACT OF PERCEIVED VALUE, DESTINATION SERVICE QUALITY AND TOURIST SATISFACTION ON DESTINATION LOYALTY AMONG INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS VISITING MALAYSIA Mahadzirah Mohamad1 Faculty of Management and Business, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia. (Email: [email protected]) Nur Izzati Ab Ghani2 Centre for Fundamental Studies, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia. (Email: [email protected]) (Corresponding Author) Muhamad Nasyat Muhamad Nasir3 Faculty of Management and Business, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia. (Email: [email protected]) Received date: 30-05-2019 Revised date: 07-07-2019 Accepted date: 18-07-2019 Published date: 11-09-2019 To cite this document: Mohamad, M., Ab Ghani, N. I., & Nasir, M. N. M. (2019). The Impact of Perceived Value, Destination Service Quality and Tourist Satisfaction on Destination Loyalty among International Tourists Visiting Malaysia. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management, 4(16), 10-26. DOI: 10.35631/JTHEM.416002 ___________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: The competitive situation and challenges within the tourism industry worldwide entailed a better understanding of destination loyalty’s determinants in achieving Malaysia’s aspiration to retain its international reputation as one of the most desirable tourist destinations in Asia. Literature proved that factors such as perceived value, service quality and tourist satisfaction could influence in improving destination loyalty. In view of this, there is a need to examine the influence of several constructs namely perceived value, service quality and tourist satisfaction that can contribute to the loyalty of international tourists towards Malaysia as it was suggested in the literature review.
    [Show full text]