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Differentiation of Macrophages from Normal Human Bone Marrow in Liquid Culture

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Differentiation of Macrophages from Normal Human Bone Marrow in Liquid Culture Differentiation of macrophages from normal human bone marrow in liquid culture. Electron microscopy and cytochemistry. D R Bainton, D W Golde J Clin Invest. 1978;61(6):1555-1569. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI109076. Research Article To study the various stages of human mononuclear phagocyte maturation, we cultivated bone marrow in an in vitro diffusion chamber with the cells growing in suspension and upon a dialysis membrane. At 2, 7, and 14 days, the cultured cells were examined by electron microscopy and cytochemical techniques for peroxidase and for more limited analysis of acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase. Peroxidase was being synthesized in promonocytes of 2- and 7-day cultures, as evidenced by reaction product in the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and storage granules. Peroxidase synthesis had ceased in monocytes and the enzyme appeared only in some granules. By 7 days, large macrophages predominated, containing numerous peroxidase-positive storage granules, and heterophagy of dying cells was evident. By 14 days, the most prevalent cell type was the large peroxidase-negative macrophage. Thus, peroxidase is present in high concentrations in immature cells but absent at later stages, presumably a result of degranulation of peroxidase-positive storage granules. Clusters of peroxidase-negative macrophages with indistinct borders (epithelioid cells), as well as obvious multinucleated giant cells, were noted. Frequently, the interdigitating plasma membranes of neighboring macrophages showed a modification resembling a septate junction--to our knowledge, representing the first documentation of this specialized cell contact between normal macrophages. We suggest that such junctions may serve as zones of adhesion between epithelioid cells. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/109076/pdf Differentiation of Macrophages from Normal Human Bone Marrow in Liquid Culture ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY DOROTHY F. BAINTON, Department of Pathology, University of California at Sant Francisco, California 94143 DAVID W. GOLDE, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024 A B S TR A C T To study the various stages of human INTRODUCTION mononuclear phagocyte maturation, we cultivated bone marrow in an in vitro diffusion chamber with Recent studies have convincingly demonstrated that the cells growing in suspension and upon a dialysis macrophages of inflammatory exudates originate from membrane. At 2, 7, and 14 days, the cultured cells precursor cells in the bone marrow, are transported were examined by electron microscopy and cyto- as blood monocytes via the peripheral circulation, chemical techni(lues for peroxidase and for more and differentiate further in tissues and cavities to be- limited analysis of acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase. come large macrophages (1-3), epithelioid cells, and Peroxidase was being synthesized in promonocytes of multinucleate giant cells (4-7). Seeking to identify 2- and 7-day cultures, as evidenced by reaction pro- the precursor cells of mononuclear phagocytes in duct in the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, human bone marrow, Nichols et al. (8) and Nichols Golgi complex, and storage granules. Peroxidase syn- and Bainton (9, 10) found that electron microscopy thesis had ceased in monocytes and the enzyme ap- and peroxidase cytochemistry afford several advan- peared only in some granules. By 7 days, large tages over light microscopy and routine electron macrophages predominated, containing numerous microscopy in the definitive identification of the peroxidase-positive storage granules, and heterophagy various developmental stages of immature leukocytes. of dying cells was evident. By 14 days, the most In addition, the stages of monocyte maturation could prevalent cell type was the large peroxidase-negative be more explicitly recognized. macrophage. Thus, peroxidase is present in high In normal human marrow, peroxidase is synthesized concentrations in immature cells but absent at later early, during the promonocyte stage, and is localized stages, presumably a result of degranulation of peroxi- in all granules and organelles of the secretory ap- dase-positive storage granules. Clusters of peroxidase- paratus-i.e., cisternae of the rough endoplasmic negative macrophages with indistinct borders (epi- reticulum (RER)l and Golgi complex. It has been thelioid cells), as well as obvious multinucleated determined that the peroxidase-positive granules also giant cells, were noted. Frequently, the interdigitating contain the enzymes arylsulfatase and acid phos- plasma membranes of neighboring macrophages phatase and hence are modified primary lysosomes. In showed a modification resembling a septate junction- the monocyte stage, peroxidase production ceases and to our knowledge, representing the first documentation is no longer visible in the RER or Golgi complex, of this specialized cell contact between normal macro- and a second population of granules is produced. phages. We suggest that such junctions may serve as Formation of these peroxidase-negative granules con- zones of adhesion between epithelioid cells. tinues while monocytes are being transported in the blood, but their content is unknown (9, 10). Address reprint requests to Dr. Bainton. Received for publication 31 October 1977 and in revised I Abbreviation used in this paper: RER, rough endoplasmic form 10 February 1978. reticulum. J. Clin. Invest. C The American Society for Clinical Investigation, Inc., 0021-9738/78/0601-1555 $1.00 1555 Relatively little research has been dlevote(l to the for 9() mi (Fig. lOB), followed by treatmlen(t with 2% (Nf14)2S cytochemiiical clcaracteristics of the huimiiani m11on1o- (17). Subsequent processing. Enzvymc' p)re'parations were( p)ost- nuiiclear phagoeyte systemii in vivo afteir the l)loocl fixed fOr 1 h at 40C( in 1%/(. OSo4 in acc'tate-\eronal (Win- monocvte stage. However, the ecultivationi of normiial throp Laboratories, Evanston, Ill.) bufter, pH 7.6, withl Or bone mnarrow cells in a li(qLli(l me(diumii in a Marlbrook in without staining en) bloc in uranvl acetate for 60 min, ad( vitro difutsioni chamber hlas recenitly leen achieved, then proccsse(l and( (cxaminedl as dlescril)d'l (8, 9). and provi(les a convenienit meanis for stu(lving the differentiationi of this cell line in short-terim cutiltuires RESULTS (11, 12). This system is advantageous l)ecause cells The number and( (lifferential of' l)one can be eciltivated in the absence of exogenouis stimiula- couinits norimial tory substances anid are easily retrieved for analysis marrow cells grown in a liquid me(diu have Al- rea(dy b)een (11). In at 2 clays of' finetioni, cytogenetics, anidl cytochemi stry. Usinig this reporte(d brief,' (and up to 4 or .5 clays), the predlominiianlt cel linie is the metho(d of' clultture, Golde and Cline (11) were alble to idenitif'y the various maitiuratioiail stages ofinoriiial neuitroplhilie granuhlovte; thereafter, the p)rop)ortion of humiainla milonloniutclear phagocytes by morphological anid maerophages progressively increases uintil 1b 7-14 tlhexy are prepond(lerant. Tle.se staii i cytochemilical procedures tusing light microscopy, anid (lays, macro)phages intensely for a-naphthvl butrwate esterase, but peroxi- also denionistrated that miiacrophages miatuirinig in dcase activity hlias been nioted to with miaitiura- vitro suirf'ace receptors for IgG anidl are capal)le (lecrcasc possess tion (12). of actively phagocytizinig microorganisms (11, 12). The puIrp1ose of' the presenit studly was to characterize Localization of l)eroxida.sc int 2-, 7-, anid 14-daiy these imimiatuire and milatuire hulitian milonioniulclear cunltu rcs phagocytes by electron microscopy combined with peroxiclase and lysosomal einzymile localizationi. The Promonociltes. The promonocytes (Fig. 1) caii be previousi investigationis by Nielols and Bainitoni (9, 10), idlentifie(d without (liffictilty at 2 and( 7 clays, but wvere using noriiail human bone marrow and 1)100(1, afford rarie 1b 14 dclays (Table I). These imimiaiitiure cells ap- a basis for comparing in vivo cellular (liff'erenitiation peare(l similar to thiose observed in freshly ol)btai ned with that o)bserved in vitro after, 2, 7, or 14 aclys niorimial hIiiiumani bone marrow (8-10), except thiait the of' culture. In this report, we describe the fine struc- pitsi)lia memiibranie finiger-like extenisionis were niot seen tiural and enzymatic alterations which ocecur (luiring the in vivo. Peroxidclase \as l)eing synthesized dutiring the in vitro maturation of promoniocytes to large mnacro- iniitial stages of milatuiration, sinice reactivity was phages andl giant cells. visible as a floccuilent density in alli cisternae of' the RER, all Golgi c'isterinae, and(i in both imimiaiitiure M ETHODS acI(i miaitiure cytoplasm ic grantiles (m-300 nini). louocltecs. The milonobcyte differed firom the piro- Materials. Bone marrow was obtained from tbep)osterior iliac crests of five healthy, adlult volunteers. monocyte in several aspects: (a) Thc' ntcleuis l)ec'ame The histochetnical reageints, Grade I 8-glycerophosphate more indented aInd often horseshoe shaped, and(I the and p-nitro-catechol sulfate, were obtained from Sigma Chemi- cl'romilatinvwas mo(lerately conclen se(l. (b) Peroxi(lase cal Co., St. Louiis, Mo., an(l 3,3'-diaminobenzidline tetra- reAactioni productt disappeared f'romil the RER and Golgi hydrochloride vas stipplied by either Sigma Chemiiical Co. cisterinae, inidicatinig that synithesis
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