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Die Evolution Der Religionen Die Evolution der Religionen Habilitationsschrift vorgelegt bei der Fakultät für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Hannover von Dr. rer. nat. Dr. phil. Ina Wunn aus Burgdorf - 1 - UNIVERSITÄTSBIBLIOTHEK Anlage I HANNOVER UND TECHNISCHE INFORMATIONSBIBLIOTHEK Name: Dr. rer. nat. Dr. phil. Ina Wunn Anschrift: Holbeinstr. 1, 31303 Burgdorf Telefon: 0049 5136 974 6061 Von dem Fachbereich Seminar für Religionswissenschaft Von der Fakultät für Geistes- und Souialwissenschaften der Universität Hannover der Universität Hannover zur Erlangung der venia legendi für das Fachgebiet Religionswissenschaft angenommene Habilitationsschrift. Datum des Vollzugs der Habilitation: 27. November. 2002 Berichterstatter/-innen: Prof. Dr. Dr. Peter Antes, Prof. Dr. Paul Hoyingen-Hühne Angaben zur Veröffentlichung der Habilitationsschrift Titel der vorgesehenen Veröffentlichung: Die Evolution der Religionen (elektronische Veröffentlichung) Verlage mit Verlagsort (evtl. Selbstverlag): Kurzform als Buch erscheint 2005 bei Kohlhammer Falls die Habilitationsschrift in einer Zeitschrift bzw. einer Broschüre erscheint: Zeitschriften- bzw. Reihentitel, ggf. mit Heft- bzw. Band-Nummer: Bei Gemeinschaftsarbeiten: Angabe, auf welchen Teil des Werkes sich das Habilitationsverfahren bezieht: Voraussichtliches Erscheinungsdatum: 3 deutsche Schlagworte zum Inhalt: 3 englische Schlagworte zum Inhalt: Deutsches und englisches Abstract (auf Extrablatt). Wissenschaftlicher Werdegang (mit Zustimmung der oder des Habilitierten) (auf Extrablatt): Hannover, den 31. Oktober 2004 Fachbereich bzw. Fakultät Unterschrift der oder des Habilitierten Abstract Deutsch Die Arbeit ist ein Beitrag zur Theoriebildung in der Religionswissenschaft und beschreibt die Entwicklung und Ausbreitung der verschiedenen Religionen unter einem entwicklungsgeschichtlichen Gesichtspunkt. Während der Terminus „religiöse Evolution“ bislang als ein aufsteigender Prozess verstanden wurde, fußt die hier entwickelte Theorie ausdrücklich auf der biologischen Evolutionstheorie mit dem Ziel, natürliche Entwicklungsprozesse ins Zentrum der Untersuchung zu stellen. Parallelen zwischen der biologischen Evolution und der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Religionen erlauben, auch den Wandel der Religionen als adaptive Modifikationen im Laufe der Geschichte zu verstehen; die für die Veränderung der Religionen relevanten Faktoren werden diskutiert. Als Ergebnis kann eine Theorie vorgestellt werden, die die heutigen Erscheinungsformen der Religionen ebenso erklärt wie ihren Formenwandel in der Geschichte. Abstract Englisch This book contributes to a theoretical framework for a theory that describes and explains the distribution and development of the various religions from a genetical and historical point of view. While religious evolution until now has been understood as a process of progress, the theory outlined here focuses on the biological Theory of Evolution in order to direct the attention to the main characteristics of natural evolutionary processes. By drawing parallels between biological and religious evolution the evolution of religions is described as the adaptive modification of religions throughout history. After discussing the question of a natural systematic unit in the world of religions, the different means of evolutionary processes are investigated. As a result, a theory is presented that understands the development of religions in a way which explains their recent phenotype as well as their modifications during history. Dt. Stichwörter: Evolution, Religion, Entwicklungsgeschichte Engl. Stichwörter: evolution, religion, religious developement Teil I Der Weg des Evolutionsgedankens in die Religionswissenschaft - 2 - Vorwort................................................................................................................................ 6 Einleitung............................................................................................................................ 8 1. Der Ursprung der Systematik und des Entwicklungsgedankens........13 1. Aristoteles (384 - 322 v. Chr.) und die scala naturae................................................ 14 2. Anfänge der Systematik in der Biologie .................................................................... 17 3. Der Vater der zoologischen Nomenklatur: Carl von Linné (1707 - 1778) ............... 20 3.1. Leben ..................................................................................................................... 20 3.2. Werk.......................................................................................................................25 3.3. Wirkungsgeschichte............................................................................................... 31 3.4. Die Systematik als Grundlage des Evolutionsgedankens ..................................... 35 4. Die Naturforscher des 18. Jahrhunderts ................................................................... 38 4.1. Albrecht von Haller (1708 - 1777).......................................................................... 38 4.2. Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707 - 1788)....................................... 40 4.3. Die Veränderlichkeit der Arten............................................................................... 45 4.4. Der Jardin du Roi und das Cabinet du Roi nach Buffon........................................ 49 5. Die Entdeckung der vergleichenden Anatomie: Georges Cuvier (1769 - 1832) .... 52 5.1. Leben ..................................................................................................................... 52 5.2. Werk.......................................................................................................................56 5.3. Bedeutung.............................................................................................................. 62 5.4. Die Entwicklung der Systematik ............................................................................ 65 6. Die Transformismus-Hypothese: Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744 - 1829)........... 68 6.1. Leben ..................................................................................................................... 68 6.2. Werk.......................................................................................................................74 6.3. Wirkung.................................................................................................................. 87 6.4. Lamarck und seine Bedeutung für den Evolutionsgedanken ................................ 91 6.5. Folgerungen für ein religionswissenschaftliches Entwicklungsmodell .................. 96 2. Der Gedanke gesellschaftlicher und religiöser Entwicklung.............100 1. Fortschritt und Geschichte: Antoine de Condorcet (1743 - 1794) ........................ 100 1.1. Leben ................................................................................................................... 100 1.2. Werk..................................................................................................................... 104 1.3. Wirkung................................................................................................................ 110 1.4. Geistesgeschichtlicher Hintergrund..................................................................... 112 2. Das Dreistadiengesetz: Auguste Comte (1798 - 1857)........................................... 116 2.1. Leben ................................................................................................................... 116 2.2. Werk..................................................................................................................... 120 2.3. Kritik und Wirkung................................................................................................ 137 2.4. Comte und die Biologie........................................................................................ 142 2.4. Bedeutung für Religionswissenschaft.................................................................. 145 3. Das organizistische Weltbild: Herbert Spencer (1820 - 1903)............................... 147 3.1. Leben ................................................................................................................... 147 3.2. Werk..................................................................................................................... 152 3.3. Wirkung................................................................................................................ 169 3.4. Der Evolutionsgedanke bei Spencer ................................................................... 173 3.5. Spencer und neuere evolutionistische Modelle in der Religionswissenschaft .... 180 3. Die biologische Evolution: Vom Darwinismus zur Synthetischen Theorie........................................................................................................189 1. Geistesgeschichtliche Voraussetzungen................................................................ 189 1.1. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766 - 1834) und der Selektionsbegriff....................... 189 1.2. Carles Lyell (1797 - 1875) und die Entwicklung der Geologie ............................ 194 2. Die Entdeckung der Biogeographie: Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 - 1913) .......... 204 2.1. Leben ................................................................................................................... 204 2.2. Werk..................................................................................................................... 208 2.3.Wirkung................................................................................................................
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