Turk J Zool 31 (2007) 309-315 © TÜB‹TAK

The Ornithofauna of Lake Karakuyu (, )

Hümeyra NERG‹Z, Mehmet Ali TABUR* Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Biology of Department, 32260 - TURKEY

Received: 06.01.2006

Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the ornithofauna of Lake Karakuyu, which is located in the Inner-West Toros surroundings of the Lakes Region and in Dinar district of Afyonkarahisar province. The study area is an artificial lake and it has Wildlife Protection Area status. During the study period from August 2004 to July 2005, a total of 74 bird species belonging to 31 families were observed in the area. The status of these species is as follows: 24 residents, 7 winter migrants, 22 summer migrants, and 21 transit migrants. To show the national and international importance of Lake Karakuyu, the numbers of threatened bird species are compared with the Red Data Book of Turkey (total 38 threatened species: A.1.2 = 1, A.2 = 9, A.3 = 15, A.4 = 1) and the International Nature Conservation Union (IUCN) categories (none of the species is endangered). According to the statistical data, among the other lakes in the Lakes Region, Lake Karakuyu and Lake Kovada were the most similar with regard to bird species.

Key Words: The Lakes Region, birds, ornithofauna, Lake Karakuyu

Karakuyu Gölü’nün Ornitofaunas› (Afyonkarahisar-Türkiye)

Özet: Bu çal›flmada, ‹ç Bat› Toros Kufla¤› Göller Bölgesinde, Afyonkarahisar ili Dinar ilçesi s›n›rlar› içerisinde bulunan Karakuyu Gölü ve çevresindeki kufl faunas› araflt›r›lm›flt›r. Çal›flma sahas› olan göl, Yaban Hayat› Koruma Sahas› statüsünde olan yapay bir göldür. A¤ustos 2004-Temmuz 2005 tarihleri aras›nda gerçeklefltirilen arazi çal›flmalar› sonucunda, alanda 31 familya’ya ait 74 kufl türü tespit edilmifltir. Çal›flma alan›nda saptanm›fl olan kufl türlerinden 24’ü yerli, 7’si k›fl ziyaretçisi, 22’si yaz ziyaretçisi ve 21’i transit olarak geçen türlerdir. Karakuyu Gölü’nün kufllar aç›s›ndan ulusal ve uluslararas› önemine bakmak için buradaki türlerin tehlike dereceleri Türkiye K›rm›z› Kitap Kategorileri - RDB (A.1.2 = 1 tür, A.2 = 9 tür, A.3 = 15 tür, A.4 = 13 tür) ile Uluslararas› Do¤a Koruma Birli¤i kategorileri - IUCN (türlerden hiçbiri uluslar aras› ölçekte tehlike alt›nda de¤ildir) karfl›laflt›r›larak verilmifltir. Göl, bar›nd›rd›¤› kufl türleri aç›s›ndan Göller bölgesinin di¤er gölleri ile karfl›laflt›r›ld›¤›nda en fazla Kovada en az Gölü ile benzer oldu¤u görülmüfltür.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Göller Bölgesi, Kufllar, Ornitofauna, Karakuyu Gölü

Introduction bird species migrating in spring and autumn (Bilgin and Turkey, lying on major migration paths in the Akçakaya, 1987; Kirwan et al., 1998). Because it is a Palearctic region, has both floristic and faunistic richness. small area, some bird species such as Mallards (Anas The most important reason for those riches is thought to platyrhynchos) and Cots (Fulica atra) use the lake as a be the abundance of wetlands (Kiziro¤lu, 1989). wintering area. The Lakes Region has a great importance in terms of This study was carried out to determine the bird breeding, protection, and feeding for birds because it has species at Lake Karakuyu and to lay the groundwork for many wetlands and freshwater ecosystems of different later research in the region as well as to indicate the sizes and with different biological features. These importance of artificial wetlands in terms of food and wetlands are a meeting place on the migratory route for shelter for birds.

* E-mail: [email protected]

309 The Ornithofauna of Lake Karakuyu (Afyonkarahisar, Turkey)

Study Area Observation at the lake was carried out only once. Lake Karakuyu is located in Dinar district of Specifications of various types of birds’ nests were Afyonkarahisar province. It is an artificial wetland studied from a boat. Adults carrying nest materials, eggs, chicks, and nests were the criteria for the determination originally constructed for irrigation by the State of reproduction. Courtship behaviors of adult birds were Waterworks (DSI). The research area is at lat 38°15’ N, also recorded separately. Nesting activities were observed long 39° 22’ E. It is surrounded by Burdur Basin to the without disturbing the birds. south, Plain to the east, and Large Menderes Basin to the west. Observation stations, representative of the different habitats in the study area, reflected all the properties of The lake area is 1220 ha and the altitude is 950 m. the lake (Figure 1). Its maximum depth is 3.5 m. The lake, tectonic in origin, is fed by Kocapınar surface sources and underground Station 1 was located to the north of the lake. water. Karakuyu village extends into this region of the lake. Station 2 was located to the northwest of the lake. There The region has a climate between the arid-cold central are fields and mountainous areas at the shore of this Anatolian and the mild Mediterranean climates. The area station. This station was suitable for the breeding and has various plant species depending on climatic factors feeding of birds. There was a vast flat area with a rich soil and the rich soil structure. structure at this station. At station 3, located to the The lake has reeds (Typha spp., Phragmites australis, southwest of the lake, there were many fruit gardens, and Schoenoplectus spp.) and water lilies (Nymphaea fields, and marshes. Stations 2 and 3, which were far alba) (Türkiye Çevre Vakfı, 1993). In the research area, from settlements and human influence, were suitable for 46 plant and 2 fish (Esox lucius L. and Cyprinus carpio L.) bird populations. Station 4 was situated to the southeast species were found (Diler, 1995; Seçmen and Leblebici, of the lake. The Afyonkarahisar-Isparta railway passes 1997). through this station. In addition, there was a restaurant where trout were raised. At this station dabbling ducks were observed in groups. Method The survey was conducted from August 2004 to July Results 2005. Four observation stations were selected and counts were performed twice a month between 6 AM and In this study, 74 bird species belonging to 13 orders 6 PM at these stations. Binoculars and a telescope were and 31 families were recorded at Lake Karakuyu and its used for observations. Bruun and Singer (1978), near surroundings. Their residence status is as follows: Kiziro¤lu (1989), Del Hoyo et al. (1992), Cerny (1993), 24 residents, 7 winter migrants, 22 summer migrants, Schneck (1999), Harrison and Greensmith (2000), and 21 transit migrants. Thirty-seven bird species are Campbell (1999), Heinzel et al. (1995), and Cramp et al. passeres, while 37 are nonpasseres (Table 1). (1980) were used for identification. Kocatafl (1997) was As a result of this study, 38 species are threatened used for statistical analysis. with 1 species (the kingfisher, Alcedo atthis) being placed in the categories A.1.2 according to the Red Data Book Similarity Analysis (Kiziro¤lu, 1989). According to the IUCN (2004), none of Q = 2 c / a + b (Q = Sorensen similarity index; c = the these species is endangered. number of bird species in both lakes; a = the number of The periods of observation for the species were species in only the first lake; b = the number of species in within a period of 1 year. The complete survey data are only the second lake) (Kocatafl, 1997). presented in Figure 2. Diversity Index Figure 2 shows that the study area has a rich bird

D = S – 1/log e N; D = Diversity Index, S = the number fauna, especially during the spring migration period. In in total species, N = the number of total individuals winter periods, the lake froze partly. It was determined (Kocatafl, 1997). that water level fluctuates with regard to discharge by the

310 H. NERG‹Z, M. A. TABUR

Afyonkarahisar

N

0 100 km

N

0 400 m

Karakuyu

✖ Station 1

D‹NAR

✖ Station 2

✖ ✖ Station 3 Station 4

Dikici

Figure 1. Lake Karakuyu and the stations.

311 The Ornithofauna of Lake Karakuyu (Afyonkarahisar, Turkey) ially endangered, B.2 Severely endangered (not ssage migrant. D = Definitely Breeding, P = Probable = P Breeding, Definitely = D migrant. ssage WV, S WM _ A.4 LC R, WV PM _ A.2 LC R, WV WM _ A.3 LC for the for the status Data Book Turkey region Book S, WV, PM PM _ A.3 LC ut counting). Sesonal status of species for Turkey (Kirwan et 1R, WM PM _7 A.2 R, WV, PM LC PM _ A.3 LC R PM _ A.3 LC LC 1R, WV3 PM _ A.3 R, WV LC PM _ A.4 LC 7 26 S, PM PM _ A.4 LC 1S, PM PM _ A.3 LC Months Seasonal status Threat status 31WV, PM7 PM _ B.2 LC R PM D S, PM, WV PM A.3 LC _ A.2 LC 13 914 S, PM SM S, PM SM P A.2 P LC A.3 LC 2 112116 11 36 27 R, PM, WV 7 R R, WV 8 P SM 8 A.4 P LC A.4 LC S, PM SM D A.2 LC 17 8 5 S, PM SM _ A.4 LC 122 125 7817 R, S, PM 123 SM3 18 D8 1 41 13 A.3 7 R, WV 7 LC 8 PM 2 PM 8 _ WM 7 A.4 9 _ LC B.3 LC S, PM R, WV, PM SM SM S, PM, WV _ SM P A.4 A.1.2 P LC LC A.2 LC 36 12 7 4 2 10 7 2 4 5 6 2 R R P A.3 LC I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Status Status Breeding Red IUCN 2912 2 6 4 13 81 5 15 3 9 1 3 2 4 1 113 4 1R, WV, PM 2 S, WV R R, PM, WV PM P R _ A.3 D LC A.2 A.3 LC LC 27 32 58 1211 7 1610 2 1372 62 34 3 160 24 14 1632 95 1810 38 3 27 162 29 278 12 5 R, WV 10 281 13 32 3 18 25 WM 41 7 22 35 123 38 _ 45 65 3 61 101 17 20 50 2 A.3 52 12 65 52 LC 28 94 R R, WV 20 R 43 25 38 R R 13 R 25 D R D P R – A.2 R A.2 LC LC LC R D D – LC – LC 100 86 119 17 21 22 12 3 26 R, WV R D A.4 LC nesting), B.3 endangered (not nesting). Globally threatened status, (IUCN, 2004 ): LC = Least Concern. al., 1998), regional status and breeding status. Abbreviations: R = Resident; SM = Summer migrant; WV = Winter visitor; PM = Pa = PM visitor; Winter = WV migrant; Summer = SM Resident; = R Abbreviations: status. breeding and status regional 1998), al., breeding. Red Data Book (Kiziro¤lu, 1989) A.1.2 Threatened with extinction, A.2 Severely endangered, A.3 Endangered, A.4 Potent Table 1. List of birds recorded in the study area, with threatened status and maximal numbers counted each month (+: Fixed witho Species NON-PASSERIFORMES Podiceps nigricollis Tachybaptus ruficollis Ardea cinerea A. purpurea Egretta alba E. garzetta Ardeola ralloides Ciconia ciconia Anas platyrhynchos A. crecca A. penelope A. strepera A. clypeata Aythya ferina Circus aeruginosus Buteo rufinus B. buteo Aquila chrysaetos Falco tinnunculus F. subbuteo Alectoris chukar Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Tringa totanus T. nebularia T. erythropus Chlidonias hybridus Columba livia Streptopelia decaocto S. turtur Athene noctua Apus apus A. melba Alcedo atthis Merops apiaster Upupa epops Dendrocopos major

312 H. NERG‹Z, M. A. TABUR RWM_–LC S, WV R D – LC for the for the status Data Book Turkey region Book R, WV, PM WM _ – LC 11 S, PM SM _ – LC 18 S, PM PM P – LC 3 S, WV, PM PM _ – LC 5 3 R, PM,WV WM _ A.4 LC 2 R PM _ A.3 LC Months Seasonal status Threat status 1S, PM SM _ A.3 LC 15 13 3 7 R, WV R P A.4 LC 8 5 7122 28 S, PM 27 PM 12 _ S, PM – PM LC _ S, PM, WV – SM LC D – LC 11 2 5 8 5 S, PM SM D – LC 72 2 73 32 255 8 21 10 R, WV S, PM R 12 SM D D – – LC R LC SM P – LC 13 6 1 159 115 S, PM S, PM SM SM D _ – LC – LC 7 5 4 12 5252 4 7 21 13 18 2 15 S, PM4 SM S, PM, WV 56 D SM 15 1 43 – D 5 35 S, PM LC 110 – 51 SM LC D 7 – 12 LC R S, PM R SM P P A.4 LC A.3 LC 14 18 38 134 18412 25 32 7 S, PM 5 13 SM57 7 D 12 24 37 – R, WV 79 LC 58 R P 13 2 – LC 21 R R D – LC 33 5 9 3 32 12 20 R, WV R D – LC I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Status Status Breeding Red IUCN 1 256 42 2 2332 R R D –LC 1716 5 9 1512 3 7 8 29 13 16 7 1287 5 82 10 7 42 8 2 13 4 22536 7 17 12 36 8 28 17 R 8 R 6 22 13 24 R R, PM, WV 38 R 716 R 13 D 12 D 15 15 D – 27 25 18 – 15 LC A.4 13 LC 9 LC 10 22 25 16 17 R V R R D D 13 – 25 – LC LC R R D – LC 121170 76 121 168 292 62 143 237 51 567 38 272 23 150 378 50 498 75 172 396 178 242 137 R R, WV R R D D – – LC LC Table 1. Continued. Species PASSERIFORMES Melanocorypha calandra Galerida cristata Alauda arvensis Hirundo rustica H. daurica Motacilla flava M. cinerea M. alba Luscinia megarhynchos Phoenicurus ochruros Saxicola torquata Oenanthe hispanica O. isabellina O. pleschanka Turdus merula T. philomelos Acrocephalus scirpaceus A. arundinaceus Phylloscopus collybita Muscicapa striata Parus major Sitta neumayer Lanius collurio L. minor Pica pica Corvus corone cornix C. corax Sturnus vulgaris Passer domesticus P. montanus P. hispaniolensis Fringilla coelebs Carduelis carduelis C. spinus Emberiza citrinella E. melanocephala Miliaria calandra

313 The Ornithofauna of Lake Karakuyu (Afyonkarahisar, Turkey)

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 Numbers of species 10 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Months

Figure 2. Dispersion of birds of Lake Karakuyu for each month.

DSI. In this period, both the number of species and Discussion population density were clearly seen to decrease (Figure This is the first avifaunistic study of Lake Karakuyu. 2). Especially water birds such as the little grebe Therefore, we compared our findings with other previous (Tachybaptus ruficollis), grey heron (Ardea cinerea), locality studies especially carried out in other lakes of the wigeon (Anas penelope), and greenshank (Tringa Lakes Region. We found that some species reported to nebularia) preferred the lake for feeding and resting in exist in these lakes were not observed during our study, winter. However, in the breeding season they went to as clarified below. On the other hand, some species were more suitable sites for nesting. On the other hand, 30 not mentioned by other researchers and these are first species definitely breed and 15 species probably breed in records for the region. the study area (Table 1). Of the 192 species of birds seen in 5 big lakes of the According to species diversity in the lake, the diversity Lakes Region (Tabur, 2002), 70 were observed in our ratio was 7.80. research area. Conversely, 4 of the bird species we When the lake-related data on bird species are recorded (Falco subbuteo, Tringa nebularia, T. compared with those of other lakes (Tabur, 2002), the erythropus, and Chlidonias hybridus) were not mentioned highest similarity ratio of Lake Karakuyu is with Lake in Tabur (2002). Kovada, 59%, while the lowest is with Lake Beyflehir and In this study, some changes of status for Turkey and Lake Burdur, 54% (Table 2). the Lakes Region have been determined. The kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) and Spanish sparrow (Passer hispaniolensis) were observed as summer visitors in the Table 3. Similarity ratio in Lake Karakuyu with other lakes. study area, but are represented as resident bird species in other distribution maps (Kiziro¤lu, 1989; Kirwan et al., Lakes Lake Karakuyu 1998). Lake Beyflehir 0.54 Turan (1990) recorded the marsh harrier (Circus Lake Burdur 0.54 aeruginosus) in the Aegean, Marmara, Black Sea, and East Anatolian regions. In the study area, we recorded Lake E¤irdir 0.56 this species as a resident bird species. This finding extends Lake Gölhisar 0.57 its breeding area and shows that this species breeds in the Lake Kovada 0.59 study area.

314 H. NERG‹Z, M. A. TABUR

The little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis) was observed Lake Karakuyu is a protected area and has Wildlife as a resident bird species in the Lakes Region (Tabur, Protection Area status. Therefore, all hunting and fishing 2002). However, we found that this species preferred activities at the lake are forbidden by the Government. the study area in winter only for feeding. It probably Although it is forbidden, fishermen and hunters come to preferred another site for breeding. the lake and threaten the natural life. The study area is surrounded by planted areas. Conclusion Therefore the number of people is seen to increase in the area especially during periods of planting. This has a Lake Karakuyu as a small bird area has a prominent negative effect on the birds. Because of negative effects role for local and migrant bird species. According to our in the lake due to anthropogenic factors like the use of research results, the lake has 74 bird species from 31 chemicals on farmlands, illegal hunting and fishing, cattle families. Some species such as Alcedo atthis, Alectoris and sheep grazing, Kiziro¤lu (2001) demonstrated that chukar, Streptopelia turtur, and Upupa epops, which are 200 bird species have become extinct over the last 3 threatened species according to the Red Data Book of centuries. Thus, it is important to protect this and similar Turkey (Kiziro¤lu, 1989), are still breeding in Lake wetlands for birds and other species. Karakuyu.

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