Seine Scheldt Flanders
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International Scheldt River Basin District Select a Topic • General
International Scheldt river basin district Select a topic • General characteristics • Relief • Land Cover • Hydrographical Units and Clusters I General characteristics of the international Scheldt river basin district 1 Presentation of the concerning the BCR are often closer to those of a international Scheldt river city than those of a region. Therefore, they must be basin district interpreted with some caution. E.g. this is the case of data concerning agriculture, population density or Gross Domestic Product. The international river basin district (IRBD) of the Scheldt consists of the river basins of the Scheldt, For simplification in this report, the terms France and the Somme, the Authie, the Canche, the Boulonnais the Netherlands will be used to designate the French (with the rivers Slack, Wimereux and Liane), the Aa, and Dutch part of the Scheldt IRBD respectively. For the IJzer and the Bruges Polders, and the correspon- the Flemish, Walloon and Brussels part, we will use ding coastal waters (see map 2). The concept ‘river the terms Flemish Region, Walloon Region and Brus- basin district’ is defined in article 2 of the WFD and sels Capital Region. To refer to the different parts of forms the main unit for river basin management in the district, we will use the term ‘regions’. the sense of the WFD. The total area of the river basins of the Scheldt IRBD The Scheldt IRBD is delimited by a decree of the go- is 36,416 km²: therefore, the district is one of the vernments of the riparian states and regions of the smaller international river basin districts in Euro- Scheldt river basin (France, Kingdom of Belgium, pe. -
Tidal Nature As a Climate Buffer Flood Control Area Turning the Tide Together with Nature
Tidal nature as a climate buffer Flood control area Turning the tide together with nature CO2 © Y. Adams (Vilda) river levee ring levee Carbon storage. Mud flats Climate change: CO2 mud flat and marshes store carbon from a challenge for river the air. the Scheldt Valley marsh Habitat for water birds and lock migratory birds. Birds find shelter The Scheldt has one of the largest estuaries in the willow tidal forests and reed in Europe, a funnel-shaped river mouth beds in the marshes and food in where river water and seawater meet and the mud flats. where tides are distinctively clear. In the last few centuries, we have forced the Scheldt Spawning and breeding ground and its tributaries into a straightjacket by for fish. Fish find a quiet spot to impoldering areas and straightening the breed and their young can grow in rivers. This has resulted in less room for them a protected location. to overflow their banks, affecting the risk of flooding. This risk is also increasing as a Levee protection. The marshes result of climate change: sea levels are rising, reduce the strength of the river storms are increasingly intense and flooding water. The waves no longer batter more frequent. Other consequences are hot the river levees as hard, thereby summers and droughts. preventing erosion. Higher oxygen level. The water here is relatively shallow. This Together with these partners, we are creating ensures considerable contact a climate-resilient and future-proof Scheldt Valley: between the water and air, resulting in more oxygen in the Better water. Sunlight is also well able to Nature as an ally penetrate the water, enabling algae protection to create more oxygen. -
Netherlandish Culture of the Sixteenth Century SEUH 41 Studies in European Urban History (1100–1800)
Netherlandish Culture of the Sixteenth Century SEUH 41 Studies in European Urban History (1100–1800) Series Editors Marc Boone Anne-Laure Van Bruaene Ghent University © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Netherlandish Culture of the Sixteenth Century Urban Perspectives Edited by Ethan Matt Kavaler Anne-Laure Van Bruaene FH Cover illustration: Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Three soldiers (1568), Oil on oak panel, purchased by The Frick Collection, 1965. Wikimedia Commons. © 2017, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. D/2017/0095/187 ISBN 978-2-503-57582-7 DOI 10.1484/M.SEUH-EB.5.113997 e-ISBN 978-2-503-57741-8 Printed on acid-free paper. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Table of Contents Ethan Matt Kavaler and Anne-Laure Van Bruaene Introduction ix Space & Time Jelle De Rock From Generic Image to Individualized Portrait. The Pictorial City View in the Sixteenth-Century Low Countries 3 Ethan Matt Kavaler Mapping Time. The Netherlandish Carved Altarpiece in the Early Sixteenth Century 31 Samuel Mareel Making a Room of One’s Own. Place, Space, and Literary Performance in Sixteenth-Century Bruges 65 Guilds & Artistic Identities Renaud Adam Living and Printing in Antwerp in the Late Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries. -
One Recipe, Seventeen Outcomes?
ONE RECIPE , SEVENTEEN OUTCOMES ? Exploring public finance policies and outcomes in the Low Countries, 1568-1795 Oscar Gelderblom and Joost Jonker Utrecht University [email protected] ; [email protected] First, very preliminary draft, 9 September 2010 Abstract We explore the history of public debt management in the Low Countries from the 16 th to the end of the 18 th century to answer why the Habsburg public debt system produce spectacular results in the northern provinces, but not in the southern ones. The answer lies partly in economic, partly in political circumstances. The revolt against Spain pushed the northern provinces into wresting fiscal autonomy from the cities. This institutional change enabled them to use economic growth and wealth accumulation to assume heavy tax and debt burdens in service of defending the Dutch Republic’s independence and prosperity. By contrast, the revolt reinforced local and provincial particularism in the Habsburg dominated south, resulting in low tax yields and low debts. INTRODUCTION Early modern rulers disliked debt and preferred to meet current expenditure from current income. They were fully aware that growing debts created a political risk in the form of a dependency on creditors constraining policy options. Yet a number of countries in pre-industrial Europe did leap the barrier set by current income to create a funded debt (Neal 2000). The usual explanation for this phenomenon is the rise of representative government, through which economic elites could control public 1 finance and secure prompt debt servicing (North and Weingast 1989; Dincecco 2009). This would appear to beg the question. -
A Short History of Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg
A Short History of Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg Foreword ............................................................................2 Chapter 1. The Low Countries until A.D.200 : Celts, Batavians, Frisians, Romans, Franks. ........................................3 Chapter 2. The Empire of the Franks. ........................................5 Chapter 3. The Feudal Period (10th to 14th Centuries): The Flanders Cloth Industry. .......................................................7 Chapter 4. The Burgundian Period (1384-1477): Belgium’s “Golden Age”......................................................................9 Chapter 5. The Habsburgs: The Empire of Charles V: The Reformation: Calvinism..........................................10 Chapter 6. The Rise of the Dutch Republic................................12 Chapter 7. Holland’s “Golden Age” ..........................................15 Chapter 8. A Period of Wars: 1650 to 1713. .............................17 Chapter 9. The 18th Century. ..................................................20 Chapter 10. The Napoleonic Interlude: The Union of Holland and Belgium. ..............................................................22 Chapter 11. Belgium Becomes Independent ...............................24 Chapter 13. Foreign Affairs 1839-19 .........................................29 Chapter 14. Between the Two World Wars. ................................31 Chapter 15. The Second World War...........................................33 Chapter 16. Since the Second World War: European Co-operation: -
Inland Waterway Seine-Scheldt
Priority axis No 30 – Ongoing Inland waterway Seine-Scheldt Improving the link between the Seine and Scheldt rivers will connect the Paris region and the Seine basin with the entire Benelux inland waterway network. What is the axis? What is its current status? The link between the Seine and Scheldt rivers forms part of a Preliminary studies on the new section of canal in France (North vital transport route in a highly-developed economic and Seine Canal, linking Compiègne with Cambrai) were launched in industrial region, connecting in particular the ports of Le Havre, 2004, under the direction of the French Inland Waterways Rouen, Dunkirk, Antwerp and Rotterdam. However, one obstacle Authority. Government approval to build the canal is expected to to promoting inland waterway transport between Benelux and be granted in 2007. the Paris region is the bottleneck to the north of Paris, between The French government is developing an innovative financing Compiègne and the Dunkirk–Scheldt canal. model for the project – through a transport infrastructure fund Navigability on that section is at the lower end of international managed by AFITF,the Financing Agency for transport infra- standards, with access restricted to vessels of no more than 400 structure, which was set up on 1 January 2005.The agency is to 750 tonnes on some stretches.The project centres on the managing an investment programme totalling EUR 7.5 billion for construction of a large-gauge canal, running for about 100 km, the period 2005-12, or almost EUR 1 billion per year. The allowing the passage of barges carrying up to 4 400 tonnes.The agency’s funds are essentially drawn from the dividends of the route selected is clear of valleys and inhabited areas, thus companies which hold motorway concessions.These currently limiting the impact of the project on the natural environment. -
Flanders Summary
Flanders Summary Flanders is the Dutch-speaking northern part of the Kingdom of Belgium. It is inhabited by two-thirds of the citizens of that country. The capital of Flanders is the city of Brussels, which is also the capital of the state of, the seat of the king and the authorities of the Kingdom of Belgium, as well as the North Atlantic Alliance and most of the institutions forming the European Union. Flanders draws the attention of world during the spectacular and lengthy negotiations in forming coalition governments after every parliamentary election in the Kingdom of Belgium. Mostly, however, what surprises outsiders is the sharpness of the confl icts between the two nations inhabiting the country. The disputes about the municipalities surrounding the capital city of Brussels and the government crises in this affl uent country are full of emotions. To understand their source, it is necessary to return to the most important historical events in the lands stretching from the Dover Strait to the mouth of the Scheldt estuary. Flanders has a long and turbulent history. Its name comes from the County of Flanders, of the 9th century. As a result of many administrative divisions over the centuries, caused mainly by the succession wars of neighboring states, the lands of the former Flanders county now form part of the French Republic, the Kingdom of Belgium and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The western part of the historic county of Flanders is part of France, until recently the name Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardie (now Hauts- 552 Summary -de-France). -
Modelling Faecal Contamination in the Scheldt Drainage Network
Journal of Marine Systems 128 (2013) 77–88 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Marine Systems journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmarsys Modelling faecal contamination in the Scheldt drainage network Nouho Koffi Ouattara a, Anouk de Brauwere b,c,d, Gilles Billen e, Pierre Servais a,⁎ a Ecologie des Systèmes Aquatiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus plaine, CP 221, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium b Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering (IMMC), 4 Avenue G. Lemaître, bte L4.05.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium c Université catholique de Louvain, Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research (TECLIM), 2 Chemin du Cyclotron, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium d VrijeUniversiteit Brussel, Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium e UMR Sisyphe, Université Pierre & Marie Curie/CNRS, 4 place Jussieu, 75005Paris, France article info abstract Article history: This study developed a model simulating the seasonal and spatial variations of microbiological water quality Received 31 October 2011 (expressed in terms of Escherichia coli concentrations) in rivers. The model (SENEQUE-EC) consists of a Received in revised form 7 May 2012 microbiological module appended to a hydro-ecological model describing the functioning of the entire Accepted 8 May 2012 Scheldt drainage network. The microbiological module describes the sources of E. coli, their transport and Available online 15 May 2012 the processes responsible for the fate of E. coli once released into the natural environment (mortality, settling and resuspension). This model differentiates the dynamics of three types of E. coli: free-floating E. -
Burgundian/Habsburg Mint Policies and World Bullion Flows: a Monetary Interpretation of the Rise and Fall of Antwerp, 1400-1600
The Hilltop Review Volume 2 Issue 1 Spring Article 3 April 2006 Burgundian/Habsburg Mint Policies and World Bullion Flows: A Monetary Interpretation of the Rise and Fall of Antwerp, 1400-1600 Shawn Adrian Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/hilltopreview Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Adrian, Shawn (2006) "Burgundian/Habsburg Mint Policies and World Bullion Flows: A Monetary Interpretation of the Rise and Fall of Antwerp, 1400-1600," The Hilltop Review: Vol. 2 : Iss. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/hilltopreview/vol2/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Hilltop Review by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact wmu- [email protected]. The Hilltop Review 1 2006, Volume 2 Burgundian/Habsburg Mint Policies and World Bullion Flows: A Monetary Interpretation of the Rise and Fall of Antwerp, 1400-1600 SHAWN ADRIAN Department of History Western Michigan University uring the first half of the sixteenth century, the city of Antwerp (located in present-day Belgium about thirty miles north of Brussels) was one of the most significant entrepôts of the nascent D modern world economy. A transcontinental clearinghouse, Antwerp served as a center for the redistribution of commodities from the Baltic and Mediterranean regions of Europe as well as from Africa, Asia, and the New World, and, as such, was the nexus of a trade network that encompassed the entire globe. -
Long-Term Subsidence Monitoring of the Alluvial Plain of the Scheldt River in Antwerp (Belgium) Using Radar Interferometry
remote sensing Article Long-Term Subsidence Monitoring of the Alluvial Plain of the Scheldt River in Antwerp (Belgium) Using Radar Interferometry Pierre-Yves Declercq 1,*, Pierre Gérard 2 , Eric Pirard 3, Jan Walstra 1 and Xavier Devleeschouwer 1 1 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, O.D. Earth and History of Life, Geological Survey of Belgium, Rue Jenner 13, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; [email protected] (J.W.); [email protected] (X.D.) 2 BATir Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP194/02, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; [email protected] 3 Department ARGENCO/Gemme–GEO3, Université de Liège (ULg), Allée de la découverte, 9-Bat. B 52/, 4000 Liège, Belgium; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-2-788-76-56 Abstract: The coupled effects of climate change, sea-level rise, and land sinking in estuaries/alluvial plains prone to inundation and flooding mean that reliable estimation of land movements/subsidence is becoming more crucial. During the last few decades, land subsidence has been monitored by precise and continuous geodetic measurements either from space or using terrestrial techniques. Among them, the Persistent Scaterrer Interferometry (PSInSAR) technique is used on the entire Belgian territory to detect, map and interpret the identified ground movements observed since 1992. Citation: Declercq, P.-Y.; Gérard, P.; Here the research focuses on one of the biggest cities in Belgium that became the second European Pirard, E.; Walstra, J.; harbour with giant docks and the deepening of the Scheldt river allowing the navigation of the largest Devleeschouwer, X. Long-Term container vessels. -
Identification of the Natural Background of Phosphorus in the Scheldt River Using Tidal Marsh Sediment Cores
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-100 Preprint. Discussion started: 20 April 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. Identification of the natural background of phosphorus in the Scheldt river using tidal marsh sediment cores Florian Lauryssen 1, Philippe Crombé 2, Tom Maris 3, Elliot Van Maldegem 2, Marijn Van de Broek 4, Stijn Temmerman 3, Erik Smolders 1 5 1Division of Soil and Water Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 bus 2459, 3001 Leuven, Belgium 2Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium 3University of Antwerp, Ecosystem Management Research Group, Campus Drie Eiken, D.C.120, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 10 Wilrijk , Belgium 4Sustainable Agroecosystems group, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Correspondence to: Florian Lauryssen ([email protected]) Abstract. Elevated phosphate (PO4) concentrations can harm the ecological status in water by eutrophication. In the majority 15 of surface waters in lowland regions such as Flanders (Belgium), the local PO4 levels exceed the limits defined by environmental policy and fail to decrease, despite decreasing total phosphorus (P) emissions. In order to underpin the definition of currents limits, this study was set up to identify the pre-industrial background PO4 concentration in surface water of the Scheldt river, a tidal river in Flanders. We used the sedimentary records preserved in tidal marsh sediment cores as an archive for reconstructing historical changes in surface water PO4. For sediment samples at different depths below the sediment surface, 20 we dated the time of sediment deposition and analysed the extractable sediment-P. -
Vthe SCHELDT
104/06 4' 13' 14' 15' 16' 4' 17' 51 ' 51 ' 23' 23' Vij dtpolder 22' 22 ' ---- vTHE SCHELDT, I J 2 1' 21 ' : F rederik : : THE MARITIME ACCESS Doe I polder + Pro s p ~r TOTHEPORT ( ""'"'""""". OF ANTWERP K emenergiecentrafe 4' 13' EL Grccnwi~h 14' 15' 16' 4' 17' 104 / 06 THE SCHELDT, THE MARITIME ACCESS TO THE PORT OF ANTWERP by ir. L. MEYVIS 1. PREAMBLE The river Scheldt rises at a height of about lOOm in the d~partment of 1' Aisne near St. Quentin and drains a catchment basin of :t. 20.000 SQ km . It flows into the sea at Flushing in a large estuary after a course of 430 km. The drainage basin consists of low plains, mainly covered by quaternary sands and clays. The part of the river upstream of Ghent is the Upper Scheldt. Downstream of the city of Ghent the river is subject to the tides and is known as the Sea Scheldt and further downstream on Dutch territory as the Western Scheldt. 1.1. The Upper Scheldt The Upper Scheldt has only one important tributary : The Lys. The Lys and the Upper Scheldt form the water transport axis from the hinterlands : Northern France, the Borinage and the Centre to the seaports Ghent, Zeebrugge, Antwerp and Rotterdam. Both rivers have been regulated and canalized between the French border and Ghent. Modernisation works are in progress to make both navigable for standard European-type lighters of 1350 tonnes. On the Scheldt the programme is already completed. Prior to the excavation of the Belt canal or Ringvaart, the two rivers flowed together in Ghent.