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Superconducting Quantum Circuits Theory and Application UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, MERCED Superconducting quantum circuits theory and application by Xiuhao Deng A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics Committee in charge: Professor Kevin Mitchell, Chair Professor Raymond Chiao Professor Jay Sharping Professor Chih-Chun Chien Professor Boaz Ilan Spring 2015 c 2015 Xiuhao Deng All rights are reserved. The dissertation of Xiuhao Deng is approved: Kevin Mitchell, Chair Date Raymond Chiao Date Jay Sharping Date Chih-Chun Chien Date Boaz Ilan Date University of California, Merced c Spring 2015 To my parents iv Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to sincerely thank my advisor Professor Raymond Chiao. Two years ago, when I was very frustrated, he gave me a lot of helpful advice and inspiration. He encouraged me to do what I am interested in. His enthusiasm in scientific research is like a lighthouse guiding me. Finally I am finishing this Ph.D. program, I have so many thanks to give for all of his help. Wish Ray sincerely for the best and a good health. Thank professor Chih-Chun Chien for advising me. He is always nice and patient for discussion and answering my questions. He also gave me a lot of thoughtful suggestions for my career and study. I enjoy a lot working with him for recent projects. Thank all the committee. Especially, professor Kevin Mitchell has been my committee member since 2010. I am so glad to have him as my committee chair for knowing my stories and what I have been working on since the beginning. Thank professor Jay Sharping for being so patient and considerable. Whenever there is a chance we have group meeting together, he can give detailed advice for me. I learned a lot from him about organizing details with notes, tables and spreadsheet. Thank professor Boaz Ilan for encouraging me on the thesis. This dissertation for me personally is some kind of legacy that can be saved for the future and as a summary of my work during these years. Thank my group members. It was so enjoyable to have discussion with them. Wish the best for our future career! Thank all my friends and the people that have been helping! Most specially, thank my parents. My doctoral degree would be a gift for them two, particularly, my father who didn’t get a chance to pursue a Ph.D. when he was quite capable for research. v Curriculum Vitae Education: Ph.D. in Physics, School of Natural Science. University of California, Merced (UCM). Merced, CA, USA. Sep. 2009-Aug. 2015 Ph.D. candidate in Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). Hefei, Anhui, China. Sep. 2006-Jun. 2009 B.S. in Theoretical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) Sep. 2001-Jul. 2005 Publications: [1] Xiu-Hao Deng, Chunjing Jia, Chih-Chun Chien, Sitewise manipulations and Mott insulator-superfluid transition of interacting photons using superconducting circuit simulators, Physical Review B 91, 054515 (2015) [2] RY Chiao, XH Deng, KM Sundqvist, NA Inan, GA Munoz, DA Singleton, BS Kang, LA Martinez, Observability of the scalar Aharonov-Bohm effect inside a 3D Faraday cage with time-varying exterior charges and masses, arXiv:1411.3627 [3] XH Deng, Y Hu, L Tian, Protecting superconducting qubits with a universal quantum degeneracy point, Superconductor Science and Technology 26, 114002 (2013) [4] AV Sharypov, X Deng, L Tian, Parametric four-wave mixing toolbox for supercon- ducting resonators, Physical Review B 86 (1), 014516 (2012) [5] Y Dong, X Deng, M Jiang, Q Chen, S Yu, Entanglement-enhanced quantum error- correcting codes, Physical Review A 79, 042342 (2009) Honors and Awards: Jan. 2014 UC Merced Graduate Student Fellowship Jun. 2009 China Scholarship Council (CSC) scholarship for studying abroad. Oct. 2001 USTC Freshmen Scholarship. vi Contents List of Figures x 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Background . .3 1.2 Cooper pairs Tunneling: The Josephson Relations . .4 1.3 Gauge Invariant phase: Effect of a Magnetic Field . .9 2 Superconducting quantum circuits 12 2.1 Introduction of Superconducting quantum circuits and superconducting quan- tum bits . 12 2.1.1 Circuit Model of Josephson junction . 12 2.1.2 Hamiltonian of Josephson junction . 14 2.1.3 Coulomb blockade and charge qubit . 15 2.1.4 Large junction and phase qubit . 16 2.1.5 SQUID and tunable qubits . 18 2.2 Observability of the scalar Aharonov-Bohm effect inside a 3D Faraday cage with time-varying exterior charges and masses . 20 2.2.1 Introduction . 20 2.2.2 An electric scalar AB effect via Josephson interferometry . 22 2.2.3 A gravitational AB phase shift observable as a time-dependent gravita- tional red shift . 26 2.2.4 Conclusions . 31 2.3 Some further discussion on Scalar AB Effect with Professor Walstad . 32 2.3.1 Where is the interference from? . 32 2.3.2 Is the apparatus classical or quantum mechanical? . 33 2.3.3 Cancellation of phase factor between electron and apparatus for mag- netic AB effect? . 34 2.3.4 Phase shift due to electric force? . 35 2.3.5 Quantum measurement theory of AB effect . 36 2.4 Decoherence in superconducting qubits . 39 2.5 Protect quantum coherence with Universal Quantum Degeneracy Point approach 40 2.5.1 Introduction . 40 2.5.2 Universal Quantum Degeneracy Point (UQDP) . 41 vii 2.5.3 The encoded qubit . 42 2.5.4 Proposed circuit for superconducting qubits . 43 2.5.5 Dephasing of the encoded qubit . 45 2.5.6 Protected Quantum Logic Gates for Encoded Qubits . 46 2.5.7 Discussions and Conclusions . 50 3 Circuit QED 53 3.1 Introduction of superconducting circuit quantum electrical dynamics . 53 3.2 Parametric four-wave mixing toolbox for Circuit QED. 55 3.2.1 Introduction . 55 3.2.2 Circuit . 56 3.2.3 Dispersive FWM scheme . 59 3.2.4 Realization of operations . 60 3.2.5 Error sources . 65 3.2.6 Conclusions . 66 3.3 Three wave-mixing scheme with phase qubit . 67 3.3.1 Parametric three-level artificial atom . 67 3.3.2 Phase qubit coupled to a resonator . 72 3.3.3 Three wave-mixing approach . 73 3.3.4 Electricmagnetical Induced Transparence(EIT) . 74 4 Quantum simulation using superconducting quantum circuits 76 4.1 Introduction of quantum simulation . 76 4.2 Sitewise manipulations and Mott insulator-superfluid transition of interacting photons using superconducting circuit simulators . 77 4.2.1 Introduction . 77 4.2.2 Architecture of the simulator . 79 4.2.3 Single-site manipulations of the MI-SF transition . 84 4.2.4 Implications for experimental realization . 91 4.2.5 Conclusion . 94 4.3 Side-band cooling of an array of TLRs . 95 4.3.1 Motivation and circuit . 95 4.3.2 Cooling Cavity directly coupled to on-site TLRs . 96 4.3.3 Cooling Cavity capacitively coupled TLRs via on-site SQUID . 103 4.3.4 Work To Do for the next step . 112 4.4 Simulator of a spin-1 array . 112 4.4.1 XX coupling . 112 4.4.2 XXZ coupling . 114 5 Superconducting resonator coupled to other oscillators 115 5.1 Parametric oscillator in superconducting cavity . 115 5.2 Superconducting cavity coupled to mechanical oscillator . 118 5.2.1 Quantum LC circuit coupled to acoustic mode . 118 viii 5.2.2 General theory of Superconducting cavity coupled to mechanical oscil- lator . 119 5.3 Superconducting cavity coupled to EM wave via SQUID . 122 6 Summary and Future Work 125 7 Appendix 127 7.1 Bloch’s theorem for scalar potentials that are periodic in time . 127 7.2 Basic quantum operations for the photon modes . 130 7.2.1 Bogoliubov-linear operations . 130 7.2.2 Cross-Kerr nonlinearity . 131 7.3 Acknowlegements . 131 Bibliography 132 ix List of Figures 1.1 (a) I-V characteristic of a tunnel junction at T = 0. (b) Temperature dependence of the maximum zero-voltage current from experiment. [11] (c) Dependence of the critical current Ic on the Josephson frequency. The peak occurs where the applied dc voltage is 2∆=e. [12] . .6 1.2 Integration path to relate flux in a junction and the phase difference along the junction. Current density in the bounding superconductors. [10] . .9 2.1 (a) Equivalent circuit model of a Josephson junction. Nonlinear inductor is connected parallelly with a capacitor. (b) Specific capacitance of Nb/AIOx/Nb Josephson junctions. [15] Inset in dashed box is the circuit used in the experi- ment. (c) Two wide superconductors (blue) are connected with a long barrier (orange). The integrated loop along the dashed line can be modeled as the cir- cuit in the inset of (b). 13 2.2 (a) A small superconducting island (small blue square) is connected to a big bulk of superconductor (blue) via a junction (Orange). Gate voltage Vg is used to bias the system energy. (b) Schematic circuit model of charge qubit. (c) Charge energy diagram. 15 2.3 (a) Schematic circuit of DC current biased Phase Qubit. Cross stands for Josephson nonlinear inductor. (b) Washboard-like potential energy diagram of Phase Qubit. By adjusting Ie one can engineer each local potential well to in- clude only three levels jgi, jai, jbi......................... 17 2.4 (a) A big superconductor loop (blue) embedded with a Josephson junction (or- ange). Magnetic flux Φe goes through the loop to adjust the phase difference across the junction. (b) Schematic circuit of one-junction SQUID. The super- conductor loop is treated as an inductor that is connected with Josephson junc- tion in series. (c) Potential energy diagram of the one-junction SQUID.
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