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Interaction of Purple Deadnettle, Lamium Purpureum, Soybean

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Interaction of Purple Deadnettle, Lamium Purpureum, Soybean INTERACTION OF PURPLE DEADNETTLE, LAMIUM PURPUREUM, SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE, HETERODERA GLYCINES AND ITALIAN RYEGRASS, LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Bruce Austin Ackley Graduate Program in Horticulture and Crop Science The Ohio State University 2013 Committee: Dr. Kent Harrison, Advisor Dr. Mark Sulc, Advisor Dr. Emilie Regnier Copyrighted by Bruce Austin Ackley 2013 Abstract Soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) causes more economic damage to U.S. soybean producers than any other soybean pathogen. Greenhouse and field studies have shown that the winter annual weed purple deadnettle (PDN) is an alternate host of SCN. Previous work has shown that Italian ryegrass significantly reduced SCN populations in soil under greenhouse and field conditions, but the nature and extent of this suppressive effect on SCN is not well understood. My research focused on investigating the nature of the Italian ryegrass x SCN interaction and the effectiveness of Italian ryegrass as a winter cover crop to suppress SCN and PDN. The first study was conducted in the greenhouse and consisted of a replacement pot experiment in which plant biomass and SCN reproduction was measured from pots containing various ratios of Italian ryegrass (IR) and PDN, +SCN. The second study was conducted at Waterman Agricultural and Natural Resource Laboratory of The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH in SCN infested field microplots and was designed to duplicate treatments investigated in the greenhouse with the addition of other forage species. The studies focused on the dual ability of Italian ryegrass to provide suppression of PDN and reduce SCN populations. A primary objective of the research was to quantify the pest suppressive effects of Italian ryegrass and propose methods by which to integrate it into a typical Ohio crop rotation. Dry shoot biomass of IR or PDN did not differ between SCN-inoculated and non-inoculated treatments. PDN had the competitive advantage over IR under greenhouse conditions. ii SCN reproduction generally occurred to a similar extent regardless of the PDN:IR ratio. Overall results of the field study showed that after two years of growing susceptible soybean in heavily SCN-infested plots, all winter annual cover crops tested were generally effective in preventing an increase in SCN population growth. Furthermore, my research indicated that an IR cover crop planted in early autumn after soybean significantly reduced SCN population density in soil and was significantly more effective in reducing SCN egg population densities than oat or rye cover crops. Thus incorporation of IR into soybean cropping systems as a winter annual cover crop has the potential to be a useful SCN management tactic for producers. iii Dedicated to my wife Marta and my daughter Iris, the ones who inspire and love. To my father Bruce, who always gave me support and the gift of hard work. To my mother Dara, the one who showed me how to dream. Life is the slow change of perspective over the long course of time. iv Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my advisors Dr. Kent Harrison and Dr. Mark Sulc for their patience, encouragement, and guidance. Both have provided valuable time, effort, and energy helping me throughout the journey that was my research and is this thesis. v Vita 2001 – 2005.…………………………………………..B.S. Agriculture, The Ohio State University 2006 – 2008…………………………………………...Graduate Research Associate, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University 2008 – Present……………………………………….Extension Program Specialist, Weed Science, The Ohio State University FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Horticulture and Crop Science Weed Science vi Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………ii Dedication……………………………………………………………………...…………iv Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………........v Vita…………………………………………………………………………………..........vi List of Figures………………………………………………………………………..…viii Chapter 1: Literature Review.….……………………………………………………….....1 Chapter 2: Interactions of Purple Deadnettle, Lamium purpureum, Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines and Italian Ryegrass, Lolium multIflorum ……………18 Appendix A - Mean SCN egg population density change factor (Pf/Pi; final population/initial population) for various fall-seeded winter cover crops following summer cropping with susceptible ‘Resnick’ soybean across three sampling times. A Pf/Pi value more than 1 represents an increase in SCN population density, Pf/Pi of 1 represents no change in SCN egg population density, and Pf/Pi less than 1 represents a decrease in SCN egg population density. Vertical bars represent +/- S.E……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………35 Appendix B - Soybean cyst nematode egg population densities measured in spring in response to fall-seeded winter cover crops followed by SCN-susceptible ‘Resnick’ soybean in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Egg counts were measured after soybean removal but before cover crop seeding each year……………………………………………………..36 Appendix C - Soybean cyst nematode egg population densities measured in fall in response to fall-seeded winter cover crops followed by SCN-susceptible ‘Resnick’ soybean in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Egg counts were measured after soybean removal but before cover crop seeding each year………………………...…………………………...37 Appendix D - SAS Program Statement Used To Test SCN Egg Counts……………………………………………………………………………….…...38 Appendix E - SAS Program Statement Used To Test Plant Shoot Biomass and SCN Egg Counts…………………………………………………………………………………………………………39 References……………………………………………………………………………......40 vii List of Figures Figure Page 1.1 Shoot dry weights in pots containing various species mixtures of Italian ryegrass and purple deadnettle in a greenhouse experiment conducted in Spring 2008. The dotted lines represent theoretical yields of constituent monocultures at different species mixtures. Vertical bars represent +/- S.E………………………………..28 1.2 Shoot dry weights in pots containing various species mixtures of Italian ryegrass and purple deadnettle in a greenhouse experiment conducted in Fall 2008. The dotted lines represent theoretical yields of constituent monocultures at different species mixtures. Vertical bars represent +/- S.E………………………………..29 1.3 Soybean cyst nematode egg population densities in pots containing various species mixtures of Italian ryegrass and purple deadnettle in greenhouse experiments conducted in Spring and Fall of 2008. Means accompanied by different letters within each experiment were significantly different according to Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (P<0.05)………………………………….30 1.4 Mean SCN egg population density change factor (Pf/Pi) over three years in response to various fall-seeded winter cover crops following summer cropping with susceptible ‘Resnick’ soybean. A Pf/Pi value more than 1 represents an increase in SCN population density, Pf/Pi of 1 represents no change in SCN egg population density, and Pf/Pi less than 1 represents a decrease in SCN egg population density. Vertical bars represent +/- S.E……34 A.l Appendix A - Mean SCN egg population density change factor (Pf/Pi; final population/initial population) for various fall-seeded winter cover crops following summer cropping with susceptible ‘Resnick’ soybean across three sampling times. A Pf/Pi value more than 1 represents an increase in SCN population density, Pf/Pi of 1 represents no change in SCN egg population density, and Pf/Pi less than 1 represents a decrease in SCN egg population density. Vertical bars represent +/ S.E……………………………………………………35 B.1 Appendix B - Soybean cyst nematode egg population densities measured in spring in response to fall-seeded winter cover crops followed by SCN-susceptible ‘Resnick’ soybean in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Egg counts were measured after soybean removal but before cover crop seeding each year……………..………..36 C.1 Appendix C - Soybean cyst nematode egg population densities measured in fall in response to fall-seeded winter cover crops followed by SCN-susceptible ‘Resnick’ soybean in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Egg counts were measured after soybean removal but before cover crop seeding each year……………………………......37 viii CHAPTER 1 Literature Review 1.1 Introduction The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) consistently ranks as the most economically important soybean pathogen in the United States and is responsible for greater annual losses in U.S. soybean yield than any other pathogen (Wrather and Koenning 2006; Wrather et al. 2003). Yield reductions caused by SCN can be as high as 30%, and vary widely depending on SCN population density, crop cultivar, alternate hosts, soil moisture, and temperature (Riedel et al., 1998; Schmitt, 1992, Schmitt and Riggs, 1989). The first detection of SCN in an Ohio soybean field was reported in 1987 (Riedel and Golden et al., 1988), and 25 years later, 68 of Ohio’s 88 counties contained fields infested with SCN (Dorrance et al. 2012). SCN is a microscopic, poikilothermic roundworm approximately 0.4 mm long that feeds on roots of soybean or other compatible host plants. Encysted eggs of SCN can remain dormant and viable for at least five years in the absence of a compatible host, and SCN populations below the damage threshold can return to economically damaging levels in a single year when a susceptible soybean variety is grown (Long and Todd et al., 2001; Porter 2001). It has been recognized since the 1950s that variability in virulence
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