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Avocado Oil Supplementation Modifies Cardiovascular Risk Profile Markers in a Rat Model of Sucrose-Induced Metabolic Changes

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Avocado Oil Supplementation Modifies Cardiovascular Risk Profile Markers in a Rat Model of Sucrose-Induced Metabolic Changes Hindawi Publishing Corporation Disease Markers Volume 2014, Article ID 386425, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/386425 Research Article Avocado Oil Supplementation Modifies Cardiovascular Risk Profile Markers in a Rat Model of Sucrose-Induced Metabolic Changes Octavio Carvajal-Zarrabal,1 Cirilo Nolasco-Hipolito,2 M. Guadalupe Aguilar-Uscanga,3 Guadalupe Melo-Santiesteban,4 Patricia M. Hayward-Jones,1 and Dulce M. Barradas-Dermitz5 1 Biochemical and Nutrition Chemistry Area, University of Veracruz, SS Juan Pablo II s/n, 94294 Boca del R´ıo, Ver., Mexico 2 Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, University Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia 3 Food Research and Development Unit, Veracruz Institute of Technology, Calz. M.A. de Quevedo 2779, 91860 Veracruz, Ver., Mexico 4 Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Veracruz, SS Juan Pablo II s/n, 94294 Boca del R´ıo, Ver., Mexico 5 Biological-Chemistry Area, Veracruz Institute of Technology, Calz. M.A. de Quevedo 2779, 91860 Veracruz, Ver., Mexico Correspondence should be addressed to Octavio Carvajal-Zarrabal; [email protected] Received 27 June 2013; Revised 16 December 2013; Accepted 17 December 2013; Published 25 February 2014 Academic Editor: Fabrizia Bamonti Copyright © 2014 Octavio Carvajal-Zarrabal et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of avocado oil administration on biochemical markers of cardiovascular risk profile in rats with metabolic changes induced by sucrose ingestion. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups: a control group (CG; basic diet), a sick group (MC; basic diet plus 30% sucrose solution), and three other groups (MCao, MCac, and MCas; basic diet plus 30% sucrose solution plus olive oil and avocado oil extracted by centrifugation or using solvent, resp.). Glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL, HDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), lactic dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration were analyzed. Avocado oil reduces TG, VLDL, and LDL levels, in the LDL case significantly so, without affecting HDL levels. An effect was exhibited by avocado oil similar to olive oil, with no significant difference between avocado oil extracted either by centrifugation or solvent in myocardial injury biochemical indicators. Avocado oil decreased hs-CRP levels, indicating that inflammatory processes were partially reversed. These findings suggested that avocado oil supplementation has a positive health outcome because it reduces inflammatory events and produces positive changes in the biochemical indicators studied, related to the development of metabolic syndrome. 1. Introduction diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and dyslipidemia (low HDL-cholesterol and high triglycerides), Food is a factor that plays a key role in life style, a determining among others [2, 3]. Although there are many factors that influence on health and quality of life. It is known that popula- contribute to its development, one of the main causes that tions with a high consumption of meat, dairy foods, and sugar lead to these conditions is the diet that is consumed. A diet have a higher mortality rate than those that feed mainly on containing a great amount of nutrients produces a strong fruits, vegetables, fish, and unsaturated oils1 [ ]. Undesirable impact on structure, physiology, and cellular metabolism. effectsonhealthareassociatedwithanexcessiveintake In recent years, the increase in these diseases has become a of carbohydrates (sugars) and fats. Manifestations of health global public health problem inspite of the increasing medical disorders in people with metabolic implications are related knowledge for their prevention and treatment; consequently, to the incidence and prevalence of chronic and degenerative the nutritional aspect seems to remain vital. 2 Disease Markers Statistics from the Secretary of Health in Mexico indicate Table 1: Composition of basal and experimental diets formulated that the incidence of cardiovascular diseases has increased according to AIN-76. in recent years, so that now they are the leading cause of Ingredients Basal diet (g) death worldwide (WHO, 2007). On the other hand, reports found in scientific literature about the health benefits of Cornstarch 65.8 the Mediterranean diet and olive oil have attracted interest Casein 44.0 in research on the effects and consumption of oils rich in Cellulose 4.0 monounsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic acid, and its Mineral mix AIN-76 8.0 relationship with metabolic syndrome, which predisposes the Vitamin mix AIN-76 2.0 individual to more serious complications, such as diabetes DL-methionine 0.32 and cardiovascular diseases [4–6]. Tert-butylhydroquinone 0.02 † Mexico is a major world producer of avocados; this Fat 10.0 fruit is a rich potential source of oil (15–30 g/100 g of fruit), † Corn-canola in the basal diet (CG and MC groups); experimental diets mostly monounsaturated [7], and a good source of linoleic (MCao, MCac, and MCas resp.) were formulated with olive oil or avocado acid [8]. It also contains high levels of antioxidants including oil, extracted either by centrifugation or solvent. polyphenols, proanthocyanidins, tocopherols, and caroten- oids which have shown positive health outcomes. It has also been established that soluble components of avocado oil 2.1.2. Avocado Oil Extraction by Solvent. Ahomogenatewas confer these antioxidant properties. Studies in human and made with a portion of the avocado pulp and two parts animal models have shown that this oil helps to control of a mixture of hexane-isopropanol (2 : 3 v/v) in separate weight, reduces the risk of diabetes [9], normalizes blood funnels, and the oil phase was collected. Subsequently, the cholesterol levels [10], is involved in liver metabolism [11], and solvent was removed in a rotary evaporator (Buchi R-215, ∘ helpsinskincare[12]. Other studies reported the presence Labortechnik AG, Switzerland) at 30 C and 500 mmHg of functional molecules such as glutathione [13], a molecule pressure. The remaining solvent was removed by entrainment related to decreased risk of cancer. On the other hand, the with nitrogen gas and then the oil was exposed to high unsaponifiable components, rich in antioxidant molecules vacuum in a freeze dryer for 24 h. Thereafter the oil was stored [14], have also shown beneficial effects on anti-inflammatory in refrigeration and protected from light until use. processes related to the development of cancer [15]. In the relevant literature, the benefits generated by including olive oil in the diet for cardiovascular disease risk 2.2. Experimental Animals and Diets. In this experiment 25 male Sprague-Dawley weaned rats (6 weeks old and weighing reduction are well documented. Due to similarities in lipid ± composition between olive oil and avocado oil, it may be 240 16 g) were purchased from Teklad, Co. (Mexico City), and caged individually in stainless steel boxes in a room assumed that the high concentration of monounsaturated ∘ fattyacidsinavocadooilcouldbeasadequateasoliveoilfor with controlled temperature (25 C) and a light-dark cycle lowering blood lipid levels. In addition, the phytochemical of 12 hours. The experimental protocol for the management components of avocado oil are also related to the disease of experimental animals was approved by the animal ethics manifestations associated with an altered metabolic profile; committee, Biochemical and Nutrition Chemistry Area, Uni- so overall, it is expected that all the beneficial properties of versity of Veracruz. The basal diet was prepared according avocado oil will achieve positive health effects. totheAmericanInstituteofNutrition[16]asshownin Table 1. A mixture of corn-canola oil (7.5 g/100 g diet) was used as a source of dietary fat (Patrona from the local 2. Material and Methods market). The experimental diet was prepared based on the composition of the basal diet plus oil (7.5%w/w): olive 2.1. Avocado Oil Extraction. There are different technologies oil (carbonell), avocado oil extracted by centrifugation or for extracting oil from the avocado and they can affect its solvent, respectively. Diets were prepared once a week and quality. The oil was obtained from Hass avocado purchased ∘ kept in powder form at 4 C until use. As part of this study, the from a local market in the Port of Veracruz, Mexico. When fatty acid composition of the oils used in preparing diets was edible maturity had been reached, the avocados were washed analyzed and it was found that all the oils had a rather similar and peeled and the seed was removed. Subsequently, the composition, mainly oleic and linoleic acids (Table 2). pulp was homogenized by adding tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) at 0.001% (w/w). 2.3. Sucrose-Induced Metabolic Changes Model. The animals 2.1.1. Oil Extraction by Centrifugation. The avocado pulp was were divided into two groups: a control group (CG, =5) mixed with water to achieve a 1 : 1 w/v and NaCl (7.5% w/w), receiving a basal diet and a group with sucrose-induced the pH was adjusted to 5.5 with ascorbic acid, and the mixture metabolic changes (MC, =20), which received the basal was homogenized in a blender (Black & Decker
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