Index

Absorptions, 189, 374, 452 gap stability, 227 Acceleration, 164, 348, 414, 416, 417, 421, 425–9 water heat exchanger, 227 Acceleration equation, 348 Airy theory, 421, 422 Acceptance, 53, 54, 55, 57, 120, 121, 123, 124, 371 Allgaier, Erwin, 20 α-component, 321, 348 Alternative circuit diagram Acoustic level, 102 induction machine, 275, 284–300, 302–4, 318, 323–6 Acoustic power level, 101, 102, 104, 121 single-pole, 380 Acoustic wave propagation, 105 slip ring rotor, 295–303 Acoustic weighting, 101, 102 synchronous machine, 273, 275, 284, 297, 303–10, Active component of the current, 290 318, 326, 330, 331 Active space vector, 315 transformer, 92, 273, 275, 278–83, 286, 287, 298, Active stall blade, 140–141 304, 332, 334, 340, 342–4, 367, 368, 370–372, Actual value, 173, 182, 185, 320, 321, 327, 332, 343, 379, 381–3, 385, 386, 388, 389, 391–8, 400, 401 355, 364 Amin, Adnan, 62 Actuating activity, 321 Amortisation, 54 Actuating level, 342, 343 Amount optimum, 321, 324, 329 Additives, 188–92, 329 Amplitude and frequency conversion, 310 Aerodynamic damping, 180, 183 Anchor cables, 447, 448 Aerodynamic optimising, 139 Anchoring, 57, 115, 254, 255, 266, 267, 272, 441, 444, Aerodynamic profile, 8, 13, 127, 139, 147, 151 447, 448 Aerodynamic torque, 217 Andreau, 22, 23, 26 Aeroelastic, 29, 34, 133, 149–51 Angle of attack, 9, 18, 127, 144, 148, 151, 153, 332 Aeroman, 58 Annual energy yield, 97 Aeronautic obstructions,COPYRIGHTED 120 Apparent MATERIAL output, 427 Ageing of fibre-reinforced materials, 408–9 Application program, 81 Aims of extension, 41 Approval process, 49, 113–21 Air Aramid fibres, 189, 190 air heat exchanger, 226 Area designation, 106 gap, 227, 229–31, 234, 249, 284, 293, 308 Argentina, 20, 47, 68

Understanding Wind Power Technology: Theory, Deployment and Optimisation, First Edition. Edited by Alois Schaffarczyk. Translated by Gunther Roth. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

0002040307.INDD 455 3/19/2014 8:34:52 PM 456 Index

Astronomical shadow casting, 107 Brazil, 47, 49, 53, 56, 59, 63, 65, 68, 70, 248 Asynchronous machine Breaking elongation, 189–91, 196 with squirrel cage motor, 225, 342 Breaking waves, 407, 428, 429 Asynchronous squirrel cage motor, 225, 342 Bretschneider, 433 Australia, 48, 70, 247, 248 Broadband supply, 53 Automatic operation, 359, 365 Brush, Charles, 11 Availability, 1, 11, 15, 27, 64, 203, 239, 253, 255, 365, BSH approvals, 409 371, 381–2, 440 Buckling fields, 183, 184, 197 Average load, 390 Buckling resistance, 180 AWEA, 42, 63 Bust, 58 Azimuth bearing, 213–15, 217, 250, 251 Butterfly form, 109 Azimuth drive, 209, 213–15, 344, 352, 353, 360, 363 BWE, 63 BZEE, 57 Background noises, 103 Balancing grids, 373–4 Cambel, Ali B., 27 Balsa wood, 191, 192 Camber, 149–51, 169, 178 Baltic Thunder, 156, 157 Camber moment, 178 Base load, 374–5 Campbell diagram, 149, 260, 261, 268, 270 Base space vector, 315, 316 Canada, 27–30, 48, 63, 66–67, 70, 143, 144, 155 β-component, 321, 348 Capacitor, 311, 312, 319, 326, 328, 331, 332, 385, 386 Beam theory, 178–80, 185 Capacity factor, 20, 59, 94, 98, 99, 122, 127, 144, 145 Bearing concept, 217–19, 229 Carbon, 296, 403 Bending lines, 178, 182 Carbon fibre, 163, 188–91, 198, 223 Bending moment, 164, 172–5, 177–9, 182, 194, 218, Carter, 36, 38 222, 237, 245, 255, 257, 427, 428, 442, 444, 452 CCS technology, 61 Bending moment portion, 255 Centre of gravity, 167–70, 174, 176, 177, 448 Bending normal stress, 173, 174 Centre of gravity of a surface, 168, 174 Bending strength, 170, 183, 192, 197, 442, 443 Centre of lift, 448 Bernoulli equation, 413, 414 Centre of weight, 168, 169 Best-Romani, 23, 24 Centrifugal forces, 176, 177 Betz, Albert, 15, 18, 93, 94, 122, 126, 135, 143, 146 Ceramic bearing, 226 Betz’s limiting value, 130–132, 151 Certification, 106, 112, 113, 151, 242, 245, 255 Bilau, 15 CFK laminate, 187 BImSchG, 107, 114–16, 118–20 Chamber of Agriculture Schleswig-Holstein, 57 Binding soils, 437, 450 Change management, 60 Bins, 95, 98, 100 Chile, 47, 68 Biomasses, 27, 51, 55, 59, 373, 403 China, 2, 40, 47, 48, 51, 53–5, 58, 65–6, 70, 71, 247 Birol, Fatih, 55, 61 China Development Bank, 54, 66 Blade Chinese Renewable Industry Association (CREIA), 63 adjustment angle, 17, 33, 34, 351, 352, 358, 361, 362 Circulation, 84, 133, 134, 144, 147 bearing, 217 Citizen’s network, 52 depth, 133 Citizen’s wind farms, 52, 57, 59 element method, 127, 137, 140–142, 145, 150, 153 Classic laminate theory, 195 root, 243 Climate debate, 45, 46 tip braking, 26 Climate protection agreement, 49 tip velocity, 104, 106, 123 Cloud generating, 51 Blind comparison, 142 Coaxial drive, 221, 222

Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 62 CO2 content, 54

BLT, 54 CO2 emissions, 51, 55, 61 Blyth, James, 11 Coercive field strength, 308 BMFT, 58 Cohesion factor, 450 BNSDE, 56 Coil, 273, 274, 278, 282–6, 296, 297, 303–5, 311, 326, Boom, 58, 370, 404 332, 333, 392, 394 BOOT, 54 Collision protection, 409 BOT, 54 Communication model, 367 Brandt report, 62 Communication profile, 367

0002040307.INDD 456 3/19/2014 8:34:52 PM Index 457

Communication structure, 366 Damage, 52, 55, 185, 195, 203, 214, 217, 219, 220, Complete blade angle adjustment, 26 223, 226, 240–241, 244, 245, 258, 260, 262, 330, Completion tolerance, 386 363, 374, 375, 440, 444 Complex AC current calculation, 276 accumulation method, 448 Concrete, 18, 26, 54, 79, 151, 257, 260, 263, 264, 267, sum, 449 268, 271, 428, 444, 446, 447 Danish concept, 33, 273 Concrete aggregate, 264 Danish Government, 53 Consolidation process, 56 Danish Wind Industry Association (DWIA), 63 Constant ocean flow, 409 Darrieus-Rotor, 28, 31, 132, 158, 164 Construction dimension, 228 DC/three-phase converter, 312, 314, 315, 351 Consumables, 277, 376 Decarbonising, 51 Contact corrosion, 440 Decentralising, 51, 54, 60, 63, 113, 330, 367, 370, 380, Continuity equation, 79, 84, 413, 414 402, 405 Control(s) Deep water, 407, 415, 417–19, 421–4, 428, 430 double-fed asynchronous machine, 325–6 Deflections, 147 double redundancy, 224 Deformations, 164, 165, 169, 170, 172–6, 178, 179, energy, 373, 374, 401 181, 218, 222, 229, 231, 245, 259, 442, 452, 453 installation, 249, 318, 377 Deformation vector, 172, 173 of the intermediate circuit voltage, 355, 356 Delta circuit, 282 level, 341, 343 Demographic change, 55 performance, 8 Denmark, 13, 14, 18, 22, 25–32, 36, 39, 40–42, 46, 47, power, 353, 374, 376–8 57, 60, 65, 67, 70, 83, 119, 151, 155, 156, 406, 441 pyramid, 341 Depth-dependent, 416 structure, 325–7, 338 Design error, 240 synchronous machine, 309, 326, 338 Detail categories, 449 system, 107, 317–19, 330, 340, 341, 344, 352–8, Det Norske Veritas (DNV), 255, 269, 413, 362, 364, 366, 388 440, 444, 449 volumes, 132 Development aid, 58 Controllable performance semiconductor, 313 Development banks, 54, 56, 65 Control law, variable speed operation, 293, 309 Development rules for blades, 139–40 Conventional fuels, 48 Deviation moment, 170, 171 Converter transformers, 283 Diffraction, 423 Cooling, 208, 217, 226, 227, 241, 389 Diffraction theory, 426 Coordinate system Diffuser, 141, 155 rotating, 321–3 Diodes, 311–13, 317 rotor-flow oriented, 324 Direct current, 2, 11, 14, 18, 20, 36, 297, 303, 305, 307, Corrosion, 188, 263, 271, 408, 428, 437–41, 312, 315, 342, 343, 351, 383, 403 445, 446 Direct drive, 206, 225–32, 237, 239, 247, 308 protection, 439–41, 446 Direct-driven wind turbine, 229 resistance, 188, 440 Direction of travel, 129 Coupling, 106, 194, 204, 205, 222–5, 234, 295, 319, Disaster beyond all expectations, 64 324, 328, 348, 385, 388 Dispersion equation, 416 Cover layer, 191–3 Diversity, 22, 48, 58, 60 (n-1) criterion, 382–3 DLR, 58, 64 Cross-sectional values, 167, 168, 178, 181 Doubled bearing, 218, 219, 229, 232–34 Cubitt, William, 13 Double-fed asynchronous machine, 295, 303, 397 Cultures, 56, 60 Doubling the noise level, 101–3, 123 Current Dq coordinate system, 321, 322, 326 acceleration, 426 Drag, 94, 127–30, 136–7, 140, 143, 154, 169, 176, 177, force, 411, 428 410, 411, 425, 426, 438 loading, 389, 390, 410–412, 428, 437 DRESP, 245 and loads, 409 Drive(s) Cutting force, 165–7 train, 22, 34, 98, 152, 155, 158, 202–51, 274, 275, Cutting loads, 165–7 308, 319, 324, 337, 342–4, 347–8, 363, 367 Cutting moments, 165 train concepts, 202, 215–40 Cylindrical rotor machine, 308 train matrix, 239

0002040307.INDD 457 3/19/2014 8:34:52 PM 458 Index

Due diligence, 56 Fatigue behaviour, 190, 191, 263, 267 Duration of increased subsidy, 99–101 Fatigue loading, 253, 255–8, 262, 263 Dynamic equivalent circuit diagram, 324 FCKW, 55 Dynamic grid support, 379, 387, 388 Federal Emission Law, 73 Dynamic operation, 329, 331 FEM buckling calculation, 185–6 Dynamic stall, 145, 147, 149, 151 FEM modelling, 453 FEM vibration calculation, 186–7 Ecology, 49, 73–121 Ferritslev, 13 Economy, 15, 25, 48, 49, 52, 57, 59, 61, 64, 69, Fibre 70, 100 bonding materials, 195 Effective power, 334 layers, 195, 198, 199 Effective power reduction, 342, 343, 387, 401 volume content, 163, 193–5, 198, 199 Egypt, 47, 69 Field current, 303 Eigen-frequency, 164, 182, 183, 185–7, 260, 261, 268, 270 Field-oriented control, 295, 319, 320, 325, Eigen weight, 176 326, 338 El-Ashry, Mohamed, 62 Field weakening region, 325 Elastic centre, 164, 167, 169, 173, 176, 177 Filler materials, 191 Elastic restraint, 176 Financial crisis, 65 El Dorado, 59 Financial market, 49, 54, 65 Electric grids, 273, 283 Finite element calculation, 184–7 Electrification, 16, 50, 58, 65 Finite element method (FEM), 29, 184–6, 222, 241, Elementary wave, 433 245, 259, 261, 262 Elongation stiffness, 170 Finite number of blades, 133–4 Emergence, 50 Fixed calliper brake, 224, 225 Enercon, 26, 30, 36, 38, 40, 56, 228, 229, 247 Fixed foundation, 442–7 Energy debate, 45–8 Fixed price system, 54, 57 Energy-equivalent average value, 103 Flag settings, 11 Energy spectral density, 433 Flat water, 40, 417 Engineering constants, 173 Flexpin support, 222 ENTSO-E, 53 Floating calliper brake, 224, 225 Environmental friendliness testing, 49 Floating foundation, 441, 447–8 ÉOLE, 30, 143, 144, 146 Flow control, 401 EP resins, 163, 190, 191 Flow-producing current, 313, 319 EU Commission, 49, 54, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64 Foam materials, 191, 192 EU Common Market, 59 Force flow, 227, 260 EUGH, 54 Frequency converter, 222, 238, 248, 249, 275, 283, 284, Euler’s motion equation, 414 294, 295, 302, 310–318, 330, 352 European conferences, 60 Frequency distribution, 82, 85, 88, 95–6, 99 European Economic Union, 60 Frequency stability, 375–6, 384, 386, 387 European Parliament, 61 Frequency-variable torque, 238 European Renewable Energy Council (EREC), 61 Fukushima, 45, 64 European Union, 55, 67, 115, 241, 242, 401 Full converter, 275, 318, 319 European WEA, 92 Full load, 295, 352, 353, 358, 360–362, 382 European wind atlas, 75–80, 82, 83 Full-load hours, 20, 98, 99 European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), 43, 53, Full load converter, 295 58, 60–65, 407 Funds, 52, 54, 57 Exciter, 227, 326, 333 Fuse, 275, 401 Exit from nuclear energy, 57 Exponential wind profile, 75 Gain scheduling, 354 External capital provider, 54 Gaussian distribution, 430, 431 External load capacity, 260 GE, 56, 216, 229, 230, 236, 238, 248 Extreme loads, 95, 216, 243, 245, 257–8, 262 Gedser, 18, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33 Extreme waves, 436 Generation, 1, 2, 10–16, 18, 22, 25, 27, 34, 39, 42, 46–51, 54, 55, 61, 69, 71, 113, 146, 164, 202, 203, Fabric, 189, 195, 197, 198 286, 304, 324, 376, 377, 381, 387, 402, 404 Farmer, 54 Generation contract, 55

0002040307.INDD 458 3/19/2014 8:34:52 PM Index 459

Generator H-Darrieus rotor, 147 conversion system, 29, 34 Heidelberg motor, 143, 230, 231 counter arrow system, 380 Heidelberg-WT, 31 coupling, 348 Height exponent, 75–7, 81, 121, 123 operation, 292, 301, 302, 306, 309, 348–50 Height lines, 79 Generator-side converter, 311, 318, 320, 330, 338, 356 Height profile, 74–7, 81, 92, 164 Geostrategic environmental danger, 55 Heyland diagram, 288–91, 334, 335 Geostrophic wind, 75, 82, 85 HGÜ, 405 Germanic Lloyd, 165 High-speed machine, 26 Germany, 7, 13, 15, 18, 19, 22, 25–30, 33, 36, 40, 42, High-voltage DC transmission (HDT), 403, 404 45–7, 50–53, 55, 57–60, 64, 67, 70, 82, 87, 89, Hindrances, 68, 113, 114 99, 108, 114, 115, 119, 143, 247, 248, 266, 276, Holme, 146, 147 332, 370, 374, 375, 382, 387, 403, 404, 406 Honnef, Hermann, 18, 19, 26, 27 Gerstner, 413, 421, 422 Horizontal acceleration, 426 GFK laminate, 185, 187 Horizontal velocity, 75, 77, 110, 426, 429 Glass fibres, 163, 188, 189, 191, 195, 197, 198, 367 Horizontal windmills, 2–5 GL Garrad Hassan, 124, 251 Horns Rev, 40, 42, 406 Globalisation, 51 Hub, 22, 29, 36, 76, 81, 82, 93–5, 97, 99, 102–5, 107, Global link, 50, 51 109, 135, 137, 138, 167, 169, 176, 178, 184, 196, Global Wind Day, 62–3 197, 204–8, 216, 217, 219, 228, 229, 231, 232, Global Wind Energy Outlook, 65–70 237, 241, 243, 249, 251, 264, 352, 353 Global wind system, 73–5 Hub height, 76, 81, 82, 93, 94, 102, 103, 105, 107, 109, Goldwind, 56 253, 264 Good Governance, 55, 56 Husum, 57 Grandpa’s Knob, 21, 22 Hütter, Ulrich, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26–8 Gravitation foundations, 267, 437, 441, 442, 446, 452 Hybrid construction, 233 Gravity waves, 413 Hybrid drives, 207, 222 Great Britain, 13, 47, 60 Hybrid drive train, 234 Greenpeace, 63, 64 Hydrodynamic compact, 425, 426 Grid connection guidelines, 357, 363, 387 Hydrodynamic converter, 222, 239 Grid connection requirements, 329, 332 Hydrodynamic mass, 426, 427, 438 Grid control system, 341 Hydrodynamic transparent, 425 Grid expansion, 401–4 Grid filter, 275, 327, 332 Iberdrola, 59 Grid flicker, 384–6 Ice formation, 408, 446 Grid frequency, 225, 273, 275, 302, 310, 312, 336, 344, Ice load, 408, 439, 441 356, 363, 375, 377, 378, 385 Ice temperature, 439 Grid operation, 50, 53, 203, 357, 372, 380, 382, 384, Ideal short-circuit current, 290 385, 387, 398 Idling current, 289 Grid power regulation, 372 Idling machine, 292 Grid quality, 384–7 Idling machine plant, 209 Grid-side converter, 319, 326–30, 337, 356, 358 Impedance, 281, 282, 299, 334, 360, 379, 383, 385, Grid support, 329, 379, 387, 388 386, 391, 393, 396–8 Grid theory, 351 Implementation, 13, 27, 41, 56, 57, 67, 87, 114, 127, Grooves, 262, 284 139, 140, 186, 219, 228, 233, 234, 236, 237, 239, Ground anchor, 267 294, 317, 324, 370, 396, 401, 436, 444 Group velocity, 419 Impregnation behaviour, 190 Grouted joint, 443–4 Impulse theory, 137 Grouting material, 444 Independent power producers, 53, 58 GROWIAN, 30, 31, 33, 58, 266 India, 47, 51, 53, 58, 63, 68–71, 248 GWEC, 61–4, 68, 69 Individual layers, 193–5 Industrial production, 55 Hand lamination, 198–9 Inertia, 170, 171, 179, 217, 243, 245, 268, 324, 347 Harmonics, 248, 249, 282, 283, 327, 329, 331, 332, Inertial torque, 167 384, 385, 388, 413, 418, 419, 430 Infeed supply law, 56 Havinga, 15 Information model, 367, 368

0002040307.INDD 459 3/19/2014 8:34:53 PM 460 Index

Information technology, 50, 51 Lateral forces, 164, 166, 169, 172, 174, 175, 177–9, Infrastructure investments, 50 182, 196, 427 Initial symmetrical short-circuit alternating current, 399 Law of elasticity, 172 Injection process, 199 LCL filter, 327, 329, 332 Insolvency, 58 Leakage inductance, 279, 286, 287, 292, 298, 335 Institut fur Solare Energieversorgungstechnik Lee side, 8, 120, 363, 452 (ISET), 54 Legal instrument, 53, 56 Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), 311, 312, 317 Length of life, 120, 181, 206, 257, 431, 435, 443, 449 Integrated gate commutated thyristors (IGCT), 310 Level of tolerance, 103, 386 Intermediate circuit, 313, 317, 327–9, 343, 344, 351, L-filter, 332 358, 383 Lift, 9, 127, 129–30, 133, 137, 140, 143, 148, 151, Intermediate circuit voltage, 343, 351, 355, 356, 363 155, 169, 176, 177, 260, 410, 411, 436, Internal friction angle, 450 447, 448 Internal load-bearing capacity, 259, 260 coefficient, 129, 130 International Atomic Energy Organization (IAEO), 61 forces, 129–30, 151, 176, 177, 410 International Energy Agency (IEA), 28, 39, 41, 42, 55, Limiting criteria, 442 61, 62, 64, 65 Linz, Christine, 62 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 46, 61, Load-bearing properties, 451–4 62, 71 Load calculation, 170, 242, 243, 257 International Ship Structure Conference (ISSC) spectrum, Load change number, 245, 407 433, 434 Load collective, 147, 181, 195, 243–5, 449 Inverter, 98, 311, 316, 328, 335–7, 342–4, 350, 351, Load concentration, 262 355, 383, 385 Load displacement, 404 Investments, 50, 52–6, 64, 208, 403, 406, 407 Load dwell time, 244 Investment site, 56 Loading history, 449 IPCC, 64 Load level, 164, 254, 259, 369 Iron core, 278, 283, 285 Load result, 255, 426 Iron losses, 287, 291, 298, 334 Load side, 258 Iron resistance, 298, 334 Load time series, 243, 256 Island grids, 51 Lobby groups, 63 IWTA, 63 Local content, 55, 56 Local optimising, 134–7, 148 Jacket foundation, 445, 452 Logarithmic decrement, 181 Jackets, 226, 283, 441, 444–6, 452 Logarithmic wind profile, 75 Jacobs, Marcellus and Joseph, 20 Long crest swell, 430, 432, 433 John Brown Company, 22 Long-term excess probability, 436 JONSWAP spectrum, 434, 435 Long-term statistics, 436 Loss of stability, 183 Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog, 30, 31, 33, 57, 58, 120 Loss of vortex, 136 Kenya, 69 Luff side, 452 Keulegan-Carpenter number, 425 Lykkegaard, La-Cour, 14 Key energy, 50 Kinetic energy, 2, 92, 152, 182, 202, 344, 345, 420 Machine model, 321 Kloss’ formula, 291, 293 Magnetic excitation, 308 Knowledge management, 62 Magnetic saliency, 308 Koker windmill, 5, 7 Main coordinate system, 171, 174 Kutta-Joukovski theorem, 133 Main inductivity, 286 Main loading direction, 194 Lack of quality, 240 Main moment of inertia, 171 La Cour, Poul, 13, 14 Main wind direction, 90, 91 Lagerweij, Henk, 36 Management, 42, 60, 62, 63, 340, 343, 344, 362, 365, Laminate properties, 192–5 380, 382, 384, 387, 401, 405 Laminate resins, 163, 180, 188, 191 Management culture, 56 Laminating process, 198 Management or planning level, 343 Lanchester, 15 Management system, 59, 107, 340, 342, 343, 358–63, Lanchester-Betz process, 15 367, 368, 401

0002040307.INDD 460 3/19/2014 8:34:53 PM Index 461

Man-machine interface, 366 Noise level when ramming, 443 Map of wind turbines, 59, 61, 84–7, 127 Non-binding types of soil, 437, 450, 451 Marine growth, 408, 438–9 Non-linear wave theory, 421–3 Markov matrixes, 245, 257 Non-salient pole rotor, SM, 308 Material damping, 180, 181 Non-uniform torsion, 174, 179 Matrix, 173, 188, 190, 191, 194, 195, 228, 239, 245 Normal forces, 166, 170, 173–7, 194 Mats, 188, 189, 437 Normal voltages, 284, 386 Mead, Thomas, 10 Notification, 58, 116, 119, 121 Mechanical performance, 29 NREL, phase II, III, IV turbines, 36 Meikle, Andrew, 10, 13 Nuclear energy, 25, 45, 46, 57, 61, 64 Mesh, 206, 217 Nuclear risks, 46, 54 Mesh grids, 371, 372, 382 Mesoscale models, 84–90 Objects of funding, 52 Mexico, 30, 48, 49, 63, 70, 241 Ocean currents 25 m HAT, 30, 31, 36 constant, 409 Microcontroller, 314, 317 wind induced, 409, 410 Middelgrunden, 40 O’Connor, Eddy, 50 Milborrow, David, 40 Oettinger, Günther, 61 Minute reserves, 377 Offshore market, 53, 65 MKS Software, 246 Offshore structure, 411, 421, 422, 425, 427, 435, MOD, 30, 32, 33, 36 437, 439 5′MOD-0, 30 Offshore wind energy plants, 39–42, 406–54 Modular form, 235 Oil, 1, 8, 22, 25, 48, 55, 59, 64, 208, 217, 225, 343, Moment, 133, 134, 137, 148, 167, 169, 171, 176–9, 426, 441, 442, 444–6, 448 182, 204, 225, 253, 255, 257, 259, 267, 268, Oil price crisis, 19, 20, 22, 25, 28, 36, 43, 324, 347, 375, 427, 428, 432, 442, 447, 45, 61, 247 448, 452 Onshore market, 53, 54, 65 Moment of inertia, 170, 171, 179, 268, 324, 347 OPEC, 48 Moment of torque, 164, 292, 320 Operating characteristics, 292, 351–2, 359 Mongolia, 58 Operating condition monitoring system, 363 Monopile foundation, 452 Operating conditions, 57, 164, 176, 243, 245, 297, 343, Monopiles, 428, 441–5, 452 359, 360, 362, 364, 365, 371, 373, 380, 384 Monopolies, 25, 49, 53 Operating load, 143, 144, 243, 245 Morison process, 425–30 Operating point, 98, 288–90, 293, 300, 302, 304, 309, Morocco, 47, 69 331, 335–7, 392 Motor operation, 285, 292, 301 Operating results, 57 Multinational companies, 56 Operating strength, 243, 245, 443, 448–9 Multiple sites, 111 Operating strength verification, 243 Multiple stream tube, 145–6 Optimum point, 290 Multiple types, 52 Oriented to the grid voltage, 327 Multiple users, 123 Orography, 80, 84, 85, 87, 88 100 MW programme, 58 Oscillation resonances, 412 Overload, 210, 223, 352, 356, 361, 362, 374, 385, 398, NASA, 28, 142 399, 401, 412, 451, 452 National economy, 52, 55, 64, 65, 69 Overmodulation, 314, 337 National Renewable Energy Action Plan, 61 Own capital, 54, 56, 57 Natural environmental turbulence, 110 Oxidation, 440 Natural gas, 404, 405, 441 Ozone hole, 55 Natural swell, 430, 431 NCEP/NCAR data, 84, 85 Palmgren-Miner rule, 195, 449 Neodymium-iron-boron, 308 Parameter adaptions, 346, 353, 354 Neutral-point-clamped (NPC) circuit, 317 Participatory energy policy, 52 New Zealand, 13, 28, 48, 70 Particle size, 110, 428, 450 Nibe, 29, 30, 32 Part integration, 235 Nieuhoff, Jan, 2, 3 Part load, 295 NIMBY effect, 52 Part performance converter, 34

0002040307.INDD 461 3/19/2014 8:34:53 PM 462 Index

Part security factors, 358 efficiency, 9, 18, 25, 57, 301, 333, 335, 340, 404 Passing through a grid undervoltage, 363 grid, 11, 16, 20, 27, 28, 34, 36, 50–53, 69, 370, 371, Patent claims, 247, 249–51 375, 401, 404 Patent Office, 247 grid configuration, 52 Patents, 10, 13, 26, 227, 242, 246–51 grid operation, 52 Path curve, 416, 417, 421 loss, 291, 300–302, 390 Peak load, 374–5, 404 management, 340, 342–4, 358–63, 367, 387 Peak oil, 64 markets, 65 Peak pressure, 452 mechanical, 272, 275, 283, 291, 299, 301, 306, 335, Penetration depth, 443, 450 343, 345, 348 Performance coefficient, 17, 18, 129, 130 overall drawn from the grid, 380 Performance factor, 17, 136 production costs, 446 Performance flow diagram provided from the converter into the rotor, Performance frequency control 302, 310 Performance optimum, 9, 134, 136, 156 provided via the current converter, 301 Performance reduction, 34, 146 sector, 61 Performance revolution, 9, 204 stations, 11, 16, 52, 54, 295, 303, 340, 373–8, 380, diagram, 17 386, 402 Performance semiconductor, 310–313, 315, 317, 318 supplier, 373 Periodic shadow casting, 120 supply grid, 369, 370, 372 Permanently excited synchronous generator, 225, 226 transport, 275, 374 Permanently excited synchronous machine, 227, 284, Precious earths, 50 308–9, 318, 326, 330, 331 Prefabrication, 263, 266, 270–272 Permeability, 451 Prepregs, 190 Phase displacement, 276, 277, 282–4, 304, 315 Prestressed bolts, 253, 261–3, 266 Phase effect, 430 Primary coil, 278, 394 Phase-locked loop, 327 Primary control, 360, 376–8 Phasor calculation, 276 Principle of annularity, 54 Phasor diagram, asynchronous machine, 306 Priority, 343, 359 Phillips constants, 435 Private investor, 52 Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum, 433–5 Production Tax Credits (PTC), 66 PI flow regulator, 320 Profile drag, 136–7 PI regulator, 320, 321, 329, 353, 355 Programmable circuit, 314 Pitch and yaw moments, 203, 360 Proinfa, 59 Pitch angle, 203–5, 274, 332 Project financing, 54 Pitch drive, 332, 354 Promotion institutes, 53 Pitch system, 155, 203–5, 207–8, 218, 221, 240, Proof of stability, 255, 259 245, 343 Protection, 49, 54, 57, 66, 70, 107, 113–15, 117–20, Planning safety, 382 191, 198, 210, 223, 275, 356, 372, 380, 387, 395, Plant-specific turbulence, 109 397–401, 409, 437, 439–41, 443, 445, 446 Plant transformer, 332 Protective arrangement, 372 Point noise source, 103–5 Protective rights, 118, 246, 247 Polar, 74, 127, 128, 145, 147, 284, 285, 310, 349, 430 Puck, 192, 195 Pole, 74, 225, 285, 296, 297, 308, 334, 380–381 Pulsation of the three-phase current, 312 Pole pair numbers, 308, 334, 336, 337 Pulse converter, 335, 338 Pole pairs, 285, 296, 297, 302, 304 Pulse frequency, 317, 324, 336, 338 Political consultation, 62 Pulse period duration, 315, 317, 338 Political risks, 54 Pulse width modulation, 311–17, 320, 327, 331, 332, Porewater pressure, 451 343, 351 Portfolio, 54 Putnam, Palmer C., 21 Positive form, 55, 197 P-y curves, 453 Post mill, 3 Potential energy, 182, 420 Quality seal, 62 Pot time, 191, 199 Quantity regulation, 54 Power Quick-stop, 360 carrier, 50 Q-z curves, 453

0002040307.INDD 462 3/19/2014 8:34:53 PM Index 463

Racing Aeolus, 151 Ripples, 385, 388, 430 Radial grids, 371, 372 Risk assessment, 56 Rainflow methods, 449 RIX index, 80 Ram loading, 442, 443 Roadmap 2050, 61 Ramming, 443 Romani, L., 23 Ramming analysis, 443 Rotating portion, 324 Rating instruments, 56 Rotation operation, 354 Raw materials resources, 54 Rotation vibration simulation programe, 245 Rayleigh function, 95–99, 102 Rotor brake, 204, 205, 224, 225, 233, 362, 363 Rayleigh quotient, 182 Rotor bearing, 164, 217, 250, 251 Reactive component, 350, 357 Rotor blade, 3, 9–11, 18, 20–23, 26, 31, 33, 34, 36, 81, Reactive current control, 326 94, 104, 106, 113, 114, 121, 162–200, 203–8, 216, Reactive power, 277, 301, 303, 306, 310, 327, 333, 334, 251, 253, 254, 257, 259–61, 265, 268, 269 336, 337, 343, 344, 348–50, 352, 357–8, 364, 369, Rotor current, 286, 287, 291, 298–300, 305, 325, 333, 378–80, 387, 388, 390–392, 394, 400 337, 348 Reactive power calculation, 325, 357 Rotor displacement angle, 305–8 Real shadow casting, 108 Rotor flux interlinking, 320, 322 Reanalysis data, 73, 84–90 Rotor performance factor, 17, 136 Rectifier, 343, 344, 351, 355, 358, 361, 385, 404 Rotor resistor, 330 Reduction factor, 133, 389, 390 Rotor rotating arrangement, 216–17 Reference arrow system, 380, 381 Rotor shaft, 11, 205, 217–20, 222, 229, 230, 233–5, Referenced to the primary side, 279 237, 243 Reference velocity, 75, 82, 103, 122 Rotor torque, 142, 346, 347 Reference voltage, 313, 317, 320 Rotor voltage, 286, 287, 298–303, 305, 309, 323, 325, 337 Reference yield, 99–101, 112 Roughness classification, 110, 121 Reflection, 102–5, 114, 121, 423 Roughness length, 75–9, 81, 82, 94, 110, 121–3 Refraction, 422 standard values, 77 Regular swell, 428, 430–432 Rovings, 189, 196 Regulatory framework requirements, 63 Rural electrification, 65 Remote operation and monitoring, 340, 343, 365–6 REN 21, 62 Safety systems, 362–3 Renewable energies, 46, 50, 54, 55, 59–62, 64, 139, Sailing boat, 128, 129, 266 197, 198, 330, 370, 373–5, 379 Salient pole machine, 308 Renewable energy law (EEG), 59, 99, 373–5, 387, Salt content, 439 397, 406 Samarium-cobalt, 308 Repair costs, 240 Sandwich materials, 188–92 REpower, 207, 236, 237 Sandwich structure, 167, 184, 189 Repowering, 52, 57, 101, 387 Saturation, 190, 278, 284, 308 Research programs, 27, 28, 60 Saving power, 57 Resins, 163, 180, 188–92, 194, 199, 200 Savonius rotor, 127, 143 Resistance SCADA, 341, 365, 367 coefficient, 225 Scenarios, 27, 45, 55, 61, 64, 69 forces, 180 Scheer, Hermann, 62 side, 258, 259 Schleswig-Holstein, 46, 57, 65, 74, 76, 77, 107, 372 Resonance, 164, 181, 260, 269, 398, 412 Schuhmacher, E.F., 27 Restoring, 245 Scouring, 408, 437–41, 445, 446 Revolutions, 11, 17, 33, 98, 106, 107, 123, 143, 147, Scouring depth, 437, 438 149, 176, 204, 205, 220, 222, 225, 238, 239, 260, Scouring protection, 437, 446 261, 268, 270, 273–5, 284–7, 291, 292, 297, 302, Scouring protection surface, 445, 446 308, 336, 345, 347, 348, 352–5, 362 Seabed layers, 451–3 moment characteristics, 204 Seabed load, 427, 428, 442 Reynolds number, 75, 148, 411, 412 Seabed properties, 437, 441 Ridges, 422 Secant line module, 451 Right-hand rule, 165 Secondary coils, 278, 282 Rigidity, 36 Secondary controls, 376–8 Ring grid, 372, 399 Secondary current control, 320

0002040307.INDD 463 3/19/2014 8:34:53 PM 464 Index

Sensor-actuator level, 342–3 Spacing, 79, 82, 88, 92, 107, 409 Sequence control, 358–62 Spain, 28, 30, 46, 47, 60, 67, 70, 248 Shear centre, 169, 177 Spar buoys, 441, 448 Shear force, 93, 165, 166, 452 Specification, 242 Shear keys, 444 Spectral density, 433 Shear strength, 192, 450, 451 Speed control, 210, 284, 293–5, 302, 318, 320, 325, Shear stress, 75, 166, 167, 169, 173–5, 177, 178, 191, 326, 338, 354 194, 196, 450, 452 Speed double-fed asynchronous machine, 295, 303, 397 Sherwin, Bob, 36 Speed potential, 245 Shoaling, 422 Speed structure picture, 284–5 Short-circuit coil, 284 Spring characteristics, 453 Short-circuit current, 290, 343, 383, 396–9 Spur gear level, 220 Short-circuit equivalent circuit diagram, 281, 334 SRU, 64 Short-circuit power, 383, 384, 391, 396, 398 Stability, 5, 39, 52, 59, 85, 99, 111, 147, 149, 183–5, Short-circuit strength, 388, 396–9 227, 255, 259, 263, 271, 307, 329, 375–6, 378, Short-circuit voltage, 281, 282, 334, 391, 392 379, 384, 386–7, 395, 425, 437, 446–8, 450 Short crest swells, 430, 433 Staking claims, 49 Shrinking, 190, 191 Stall control, 26, 33 Siemens, 56, 228, 236, 238, 247, 248 Stall effect, 145, 151, 203 Significant wave height, 434, 436 Standard thickness, 263 Simplified control law, 293, 309 Star connection, 282 Simplified equivalent circuit diagram, 281–2, 298, 299, Starting current, 290 349, 350, 388 State Committee Imission Protection, 107 Simulations, 29, 84–7, 134, 151, 241, 245, 255–7, 379 State debt crisis, 67 Sine-triangle modulation, 312–17, 320, 327, 329, 331, Static stability, 307 332, 343, 351 Stator Single-blade rotor, 24, 26, 32 circuit frequency, 298 Single-pole equivalent circuit diagram, 380 current, 287–91, 293–5, 298, 300, 305, 309, 320, Single streamtube, 144–5 322–5, 333, 335, 337 Sinovel, 56 flow chaining, 335 Site concrete, 263 voltage, 286, 287, 290, 291, 293, 294, 298–300, 305, Skin effect, 403 309, 320, 325, 336, 337, 348 Slamming, 429, 430 voltage equation, 286, 305 Slip, 216, 221, 223, 285, 286, 290, 292–4, 304, 335, 337 Stator and rotor spread inductivity, 229, 285, 286, 292, Slip ring, 11, 221, 225, 227, 275, 295–304, 307, 318, 298, 301, 302 319, 333 Stator-referenced main inductivity, 286, 298 Slip ring rotor, 318 Stator-referenced system, 323 Smartgrid, 50, 369, 401 Steel plates, 263, 265 Smart home, 50 St. Florian’s principle, 82 Smart metering, 50 Storage capacity, 50, 404 Smeaton, John, 7, 9, 10 Storing power, 404 Smidth, F.L., 18 Streamtube, 144–6 Social balance, 55 Stringer, 183, 197, 198 Soft start, 443 Stroking duration, 207 Soil deformation, 451–3 Stroking length, 205 Soil mechanics, 450–453 Strouhal number, 412, 413 Soil preparation, 440 Structure answer, 181, 435 Solar energy, 27, 41, 51, 54 Styrol, 190 Solidity, 140, 145–51 Suction buckets, 441, 445, 447, 452 Sound protection measures, 409 Suddenly-forming current, 357 Sound reduction, 106–7 Supergrid, 50, 51, 360, 403 Source noise level, 103–5 Superimposition drives, 374 Source of error, 240 Superimposition process, 374 South Africa, 20, 48, 69, 248 Superposition principle, 164, 174 South Korea, 47, 69 Supply quality, 379, 382 Space vector, 314–16, 321–3, 328, 329, 335–6, 348–50 Supply reliability, 371, 372, 382, 401

0002040307.INDD 464 3/19/2014 8:34:53 PM Index 465

Surface roughness, 428 Triaxial apparatus, 451 Surface waves, 413, 421 Tripile, 445 Suzlon, 56 Tripods, 441, 442, 444–5, 452 Swell, 419, 421, 422, 428, 430–437, 442, 444, 448 asymmetric, 445 frequency, 432, 433 Trochoids, 421, 422 loadings, 435 Tunisia, 48 spectra, 432–6, 442 Tuno Knob, 39 statistics, 431–2 Turbo-machine, 252 Switching conditions, 314, 315, 336 Turbulence, 29, 39, 77, 80, 84, 92, 94, 95, Switch plant, 360, 380 109–12, 114, 120, 141, 164, 205, 407, Symmetrical optimum, 321, 325, 328, 329 412, 413, 430 Synchronous internal voltage, 305–9 Turbulence intensity, 110, 111 Synchronous machine, 273, 275, 284, 297, 303–10, Turkey, 47, 69–70, 86 318, 326, 330, 331, 337, 338 Twist, 9, 22, 138, 139, 154, 155, 179, 205 Synchronous speed, 285, 286, 292, 297, 302, 304, 337 Two-step converter, 233 System services, 101, 372, 378, 379, 387 Types of loading, 164 Types of soil, 450 Tacke, 237 T-z curves, 453 Tandem wind turbine, 141 TA noise, 105, 119 UD Open Air Facility, 36 Tapes, 189 Uncoupling protection, 398–400 Technical connection conditions, 387, 398 Under-load, 361 Technical guidelines, 73, 99, 112–13, 380 Uninterruptible operation, 329 Technology platform wind, 60 United Nations Convention on the Law of Teetering hub, 31, 34, 36 the Sea, 49 TELLUS, 36 Uniwecs, 36 Tempering, 199 Up front costs, 52, 55 Tension legs, 441, 447–8 UP resins, 190 Terna, 59 Uranium, 48, 55, 69 Test borehole, 451 User counter system, 317 The limits to growth, 22, 25, 45 THERMIE, 30, 34, 37 Vacuum injection process, 199 Three-dimensional flow simulation, 127 Vadot, Louis, 23 Three-phase coil, 284, 285, 294, 296, 304 Value-added chain, 53–5, 63 Three-phase converter, 312, 314, 315, 351 Valves, 208, 314, 315, 317 Three-phase/DC converter, 311, 312, 314, 315 Van der Hoeven, Maria, 62 Three-phase system, 276, 282, 285, 311, 315, 321, 327, Variable frequency of the generator, 310 333–4, 342, 370, 384 Variable speed generators, 274, 275, 295, 310, Three-point support, 219, 228 311, 318 Throttling, 375 Variable torque converter, 238 Thrust coefficient, 93, 94 VDMA, 61 Time series, 84, 85, 87–9, 243–5, 256, 257, 365 Vector transformer Time series, wind speed, 84, 85, 88, 89 VE resins, 190, 191, 199 Tipping slip, 210, 260 Vertical axis rotor, 149–50 Tip speed ratio, 20, 111, 126, 127, 135–7, 143, 145–7, Vertical plant, 142–51 149, 151, 153, 345, 346 Vestas, 30, 36, 38, 40, 53, 56, 58, 208, 236, 238, 239, Torque 247, 248, 265, 266 machine, 293, 324, 335 Vibration amplitude, 181, 363 Towers, 5, 18, 22, 33, 55, 92, 106, 150, 151, 162, 164, Vibrations, 106, 114, 120, 163, 164, 180–184, 186–7, 203, 209, 213–15, 217, 218, 220, 229, 233, 235, 195, 205, 245, 260, 269, 348, 360, 363, 427, 435, 237, 242, 243, 249–51, 253–72, 352, 363, 367, 438, 440, 451 368, 407, 437, 441–5, 447 Vindeby, 39 Tower section, 253, 263, 265, 266 Viscosity, 75, 92, 190, 191, 199, 411, 413 Transformer, 92, 273, 275, 278–83, 286, 287, 298, 304, Vitruvius, 2 332, 334, 340, 342–4, 367, 368, 370–372, 379, Voltage 381–3, 385, 386, 388, 389, 391–8, 400, 401 amplitude, 294, 320, 407

0002040307.INDD 465 3/19/2014 8:34:53 PM 466 Index

Voltage (cont’d) Wind directions, 8, 63, 74, 84–6, 89–91, 120, 132, change, 369–72, 384–6, 388, 390–396 164, 203, 209–15, 250, 332, 342, 345, 353, control, 314, 329, 356, 395, 396 365, 402, 433 equation, 279, 280, 283, 286–8, 297–8, 304, 305, Wind direction tracking, 209–15, 250 308, 323, 324, 328 Wind driven vehicles, 151–7 increase, 309, 357, 369–71, 379, 388, 390, 392, 394, Wind economy, 57 395, 399 Wind energy association, 43, 53, 83, 102, 107 intermediate circuit, 328, 329, 343, 344, 351, 355, Wind energy use, 88, 101 356, 363 Wind farm, 8, 10–16, 21, 28, 34, 38–42, 49, 52, 57, 59, level, 11, 314, 318, 332, 369–71, 384–6, 402 68, 69, 73, 81, 82, 90–92, 100, 107, 108, 111–12, quality, 369, 380, 382, 384 114, 116, 117, 126, 164, 340, 343, 363–5, 377, range, 402 383, 384, 387–90, 392, 394–7, 399, 401, 403, 406, stress deformation characteristics, 453 409, 441, 450 support, 357, 390, 400 Wind farm control and automation system, 363–4 transmission, 278 Wind farmer, 81–3, 111 vector, 314, 336, 337 Wind flag, 11 Von Baumhauer, 15 Wind force, 129 Vortex Wind induced ocean currents, 409–11, 437 models, 146–9 Winding count relationship, 47–8 shedding, 408, 412–13 Wind made, 63 shedding frequency, 413 Wind mapping, 84–7 Wind measurement, 89, 111 Wake, 38, 92–4, 114, 120, 122, 139 Windmills, 1–11, 13, 15, 22, 43, 209 WAsP, 80–84, 111 Wind pioneers, 58 Water Wind planning, 65 cooling of the cover, 227 Wind potential determination, 57 depth, 40, 406, 407, 413, 415, 416, 418, 422, 427, Windpro, 80–83, 111 428, 438, 441, 443–6, 448, 449 Wind profile, 75, 82 particle, 413, 415–18, 420, 421, 426, 428 Wind resources, 74–124 permeability, 451 Windrose, 5, 7, 8 surface, 77, 79, 409, 415, 418, 432, 443 Windsea, 430, 432–5 Wave Wind speed measurement, 89, 111 advance velocity, 413 Wind turbine plant builder, 142, 149, 150, 255, 268, direction function, 433 371, 398, 399 effect, 416 Wind turbines, 1, 73, 127, 162, 203, 254, 273–338, 340, energy, 420–421, 425, 433, 441 369, 406 frequency, 413, 416, 418, 423 Wobben, Alois, 36 group, 419–21 Workplace, 366 height, 413, 415, 418, 419, 422, 424, 425, 428–32, World market leader, 58, 247 434, 436, 442 World trade organization (WTO), 56 length, 413, 421, 422, 425 WTS-3, 30 numbers, 408, 411 WTS-4, 30 period, 408, 413, 416, 426, 428, 429, 434, 436 WTS-75, 30, 31 profile, 422, 423 propagation speed, 416, 423, 433 Yaw, 5, 8, 10, 133, 155, 203, 209, 210, 213, 220, 245, steepness, 80, 112 342, 343, 345, 346, 352, 353, 360, 363 theories, 407, 414–23, 431 angle control, 352–3 velocity, 418, 422, 430 brakes, 209 WEGA, 30, 33, 34, 37 drives, 210, 360 Weibull function, 95, 96 mechanism, 5, 8 Weight portion, 255 system, 209, 213, 245 Wide test, 58 Yoke, 282 Wind atlas, 75–84, 87–8, 90, 110 Wind backup, 436 Zero space vector, 315, 336 Wind conditions, 203–5, 406, 442 Zervos, Arthouros, 60 Wind direction measurement, 332 Zhukowsky, 15

0002040307.INDD 466 3/19/2014 8:34:53 PM