Index Absorptions, 189, 374, 452 gap stability, 227 Acceleration, 164, 348, 414, 416, 417, 421, 425–9 water heat exchanger, 227 Acceleration equation, 348 Airy theory, 421, 422 Acceptance, 53, 54, 55, 57, 120, 121, 123, 124, 371 Allgaier, Erwin, 20 α-component, 321, 348 Alternative circuit diagram Acoustic level, 102 induction machine, 275, 284–300, 302–4, 318, 323–6 Acoustic power level, 101, 102, 104, 121 single-pole, 380 Acoustic wave propagation, 105 slip ring rotor, 295–303 Acoustic weighting, 101, 102 synchronous machine, 273, 275, 284, 297, 303–10, Active component of the current, 290 318, 326, 330, 331 Active space vector, 315 transformer, 92, 273, 275, 278–83, 286, 287, 298, Active stall blade, 140–141 304, 332, 334, 340, 342–4, 367, 368, 370–372, Actual value, 173, 182, 185, 320, 321, 327, 332, 343, 379, 381–3, 385, 386, 388, 389, 391–8, 400, 401 355, 364 Amin, Adnan, 62 Actuating activity, 321 Amortisation, 54 Actuating level, 342, 343 Amount optimum, 321, 324, 329 Additives, 188–92, 329 Amplitude and frequency conversion, 310 Aerodynamic damping, 180, 183 Anchor cables, 447, 448 Aerodynamic optimising, 139 Anchoring, 57, 115, 254, 255, 266, 267, 272, 441, 444, Aerodynamic profile, 8, 13, 127, 139, 147, 151 447, 448 Aerodynamic torque, 217 Andreau, 22, 23, 26 Aeroelastic, 29, 34, 133, 149–51 Angle of attack, 9, 18, 127, 144, 148, 151, 153, 332 Aeroman, 58 Annual energy yield, 97 Aeronautic obstructions,COPYRIGHTED 120 Apparent MATERIAL output, 427 Ageing of fibre-reinforced materials, 408–9 Application program, 81 Aims of extension, 41 Approval process, 49, 113–21 Air Aramid fibres, 189, 190 air heat exchanger, 226 Area designation, 106 gap, 227, 229–31, 234, 249, 284, 293, 308 Argentina, 20, 47, 68 Understanding Wind Power Technology: Theory, Deployment and Optimisation, First Edition. Edited by Alois Schaffarczyk. Translated by Gunther Roth. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 0002040307.INDD 455 3/19/2014 8:34:52 PM 456 Index Astronomical shadow casting, 107 Brazil, 47, 49, 53, 56, 59, 63, 65, 68, 70, 248 Asynchronous machine Breaking elongation, 189–91, 196 with squirrel cage motor, 225, 342 Breaking waves, 407, 428, 429 Asynchronous squirrel cage motor, 225, 342 Bretschneider, 433 Australia, 48, 70, 247, 248 Broadband supply, 53 Automatic operation, 359, 365 Brush, Charles, 11 Availability, 1, 11, 15, 27, 64, 203, 239, 253, 255, 365, BSH approvals, 409 371, 381–2, 440 Buckling fields, 183, 184, 197 Average load, 390 Buckling resistance, 180 AWEA, 42, 63 Bust, 58 Azimuth bearing, 213–15, 217, 250, 251 Butterfly form, 109 Azimuth drive, 209, 213–15, 344, 352, 353, 360, 363 BWE, 63 BZEE, 57 Background noises, 103 Balancing grids, 373–4 Cambel, Ali B., 27 Balsa wood, 191, 192 Camber, 149–51, 169, 178 Baltic Thunder, 156, 157 Camber moment, 178 Base load, 374–5 Campbell diagram, 149, 260, 261, 268, 270 Base space vector, 315, 316 Canada, 27–30, 48, 63, 66–67, 70, 143, 144, 155 β-component, 321, 348 Capacitor, 311, 312, 319, 326, 328, 331, 332, 385, 386 Beam theory, 178–80, 185 Capacity factor, 20, 59, 94, 98, 99, 122, 127, 144, 145 Bearing concept, 217–19, 229 Carbon, 296, 403 Bending lines, 178, 182 Carbon fibre, 163, 188–91, 198, 223 Bending moment, 164, 172–5, 177–9, 182, 194, 218, Carter, 36, 38 222, 237, 245, 255, 257, 427, 428, 442, 444, 452 CCS technology, 61 Bending moment portion, 255 Centre of gravity, 167–70, 174, 176, 177, 448 Bending normal stress, 173, 174 Centre of gravity of a surface, 168, 174 Bending strength, 170, 183, 192, 197, 442, 443 Centre of lift, 448 Bernoulli equation, 413, 414 Centre of weight, 168, 169 Best-Romani, 23, 24 Centrifugal forces, 176, 177 Betz, Albert, 15, 18, 93, 94, 122, 126, 135, 143, 146 Ceramic bearing, 226 Betz’s limiting value, 130–132, 151 Certification, 106, 112, 113, 151, 242, 245, 255 Bilau, 15 CFK laminate, 187 BImSchG, 107, 114–16, 118–20 Chamber of Agriculture Schleswig-Holstein, 57 Binding soils, 437, 450 Change management, 60 Bins, 95, 98, 100 Chile, 47, 68 Biomasses, 27, 51, 55, 59, 373, 403 China, 2, 40, 47, 48, 51, 53–5, 58, 65–6, 70, 71, 247 Birol, Fatih, 55, 61 China Development Bank, 54, 66 Blade Chinese Renewable Industry Association (CREIA), 63 adjustment angle, 17, 33, 34, 351, 352, 358, 361, 362 Circulation, 84, 133, 134, 144, 147 bearing, 217 Citizen’s network, 52 depth, 133 Citizen’s wind farms, 52, 57, 59 element method, 127, 137, 140–142, 145, 150, 153 Classic laminate theory, 195 root, 243 Climate debate, 45, 46 tip braking, 26 Climate protection agreement, 49 tip velocity, 104, 106, 123 Cloud generating, 51 Blind comparison, 142 Coaxial drive, 221, 222 Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 62 CO2 content, 54 BLT, 54 CO2 emissions, 51, 55, 61 Blyth, James, 11 Coercive field strength, 308 BMFT, 58 Cohesion factor, 450 BNSDE, 56 Coil, 273, 274, 278, 282–6, 296, 297, 303–5, 311, 326, Boom, 58, 370, 404 332, 333, 392, 394 BOOT, 54 Collision protection, 409 BOT, 54 Communication model, 367 Brandt report, 62 Communication profile, 367 0002040307.INDD 456 3/19/2014 8:34:52 PM Index 457 Communication structure, 366 Damage, 52, 55, 185, 195, 203, 214, 217, 219, 220, Complete blade angle adjustment, 26 223, 226, 240–241, 244, 245, 258, 260, 262, 330, Completion tolerance, 386 363, 374, 375, 440, 444 Complex AC current calculation, 276 accumulation method, 448 Concrete, 18, 26, 54, 79, 151, 257, 260, 263, 264, 267, sum, 449 268, 271, 428, 444, 446, 447 Danish concept, 33, 273 Concrete aggregate, 264 Danish Government, 53 Consolidation process, 56 Danish Wind Industry Association (DWIA), 63 Constant ocean flow, 409 Darrieus-Rotor, 28, 31, 132, 158, 164 Construction dimension, 228 DC/three-phase converter, 312, 314, 315, 351 Consumables, 277, 376 Decarbonising, 51 Contact corrosion, 440 Decentralising, 51, 54, 60, 63, 113, 330, 367, 370, 380, Continuity equation, 79, 84, 413, 414 402, 405 Control(s) Deep water, 407, 415, 417–19, 421–4, 428, 430 double-fed asynchronous machine, 325–6 Deflections, 147 double redundancy, 224 Deformations, 164, 165, 169, 170, 172–6, 178, 179, energy, 373, 374, 401 181, 218, 222, 229, 231, 245, 259, 442, 452, 453 installation, 249, 318, 377 Deformation vector, 172, 173 of the intermediate circuit voltage, 355, 356 Delta circuit, 282 level, 341, 343 Demographic change, 55 performance, 8 Denmark, 13, 14, 18, 22, 25–32, 36, 39, 40–42, 46, 47, power, 353, 374, 376–8 57, 60, 65, 67, 70, 83, 119, 151, 155, 156, 406, 441 pyramid, 341 Depth-dependent, 416 structure, 325–7, 338 Design error, 240 synchronous machine, 309, 326, 338 Detail categories, 449 system, 107, 317–19, 330, 340, 341, 344, 352–8, Det Norske Veritas (DNV), 255, 269, 413, 362, 364, 366, 388 440, 444, 449 volumes, 132 Development aid, 58 Controllable performance semiconductor, 313 Development banks, 54, 56, 65 Control law, variable speed operation, 293, 309 Development rules for blades, 139–40 Conventional fuels, 48 Deviation moment, 170, 171 Converter transformers, 283 Diffraction, 423 Cooling, 208, 217, 226, 227, 241, 389 Diffraction theory, 426 Coordinate system Diffuser, 141, 155 rotating, 321–3 Diodes, 311–13, 317 rotor-flow oriented, 324 Direct current, 2, 11, 14, 18, 20, 36, 297, 303, 305, 307, Corrosion, 188, 263, 271, 408, 428, 437–41, 312, 315, 342, 343, 351, 383, 403 445, 446 Direct drive, 206, 225–32, 237, 239, 247, 308 protection, 439–41, 446 Direct-driven wind turbine, 229 resistance, 188, 440 Direction of travel, 129 Coupling, 106, 194, 204, 205, 222–5, 234, 295, 319, Disaster beyond all expectations, 64 324, 328, 348, 385, 388 Dispersion equation, 416 Cover layer, 191–3 Diversity, 22, 48, 58, 60 (n-1) criterion, 382–3 DLR, 58, 64 Cross-sectional values, 167, 168, 178, 181 Doubled bearing, 218, 219, 229, 232–34 Cubitt, William, 13 Double-fed asynchronous machine, 295, 303, 397 Cultures, 56, 60 Doubling the noise level, 101–3, 123 Current Dq coordinate system, 321, 322, 326 acceleration, 426 Drag, 94, 127–30, 136–7, 140, 143, 154, 169, 176, 177, force, 411, 428 410, 411, 425, 426, 438 loading, 389, 390, 410–412, 428, 437 DRESP, 245 and loads, 409 Drive(s) Cutting force, 165–7 train, 22, 34, 98, 152, 155, 158, 202–51, 274, 275, Cutting loads, 165–7 308, 319, 324, 337, 342–4, 347–8, 363, 367 Cutting moments, 165 train concepts, 202, 215–40 Cylindrical rotor machine, 308 train matrix, 239 0002040307.INDD 457 3/19/2014 8:34:52 PM 458 Index Due diligence, 56 Fatigue behaviour, 190, 191, 263, 267 Duration of increased subsidy, 99–101 Fatigue loading, 253, 255–8, 262, 263 Dynamic equivalent circuit diagram, 324 FCKW, 55 Dynamic grid support, 379, 387, 388 Federal Emission Law, 73 Dynamic operation, 329, 331 FEM buckling calculation, 185–6 Dynamic stall, 145, 147, 149, 151 FEM modelling, 453 FEM vibration calculation, 186–7 Ecology, 49, 73–121 Ferritslev, 13 Economy, 15, 25, 48, 49, 52, 57, 59, 61, 64, 69, Fibre 70, 100 bonding materials, 195 Effective power, 334 layers, 195, 198, 199 Effective power reduction, 342, 343, 387, 401 volume content, 163, 193–5, 198, 199 Egypt, 47, 69 Field current, 303 Eigen-frequency, 164, 182, 183, 185–7, 260, 261, 268, 270 Field-oriented control, 295, 319, 320, 325, Eigen weight, 176 326, 338 El-Ashry, Mohamed, 62 Field weakening region, 325 Elastic centre, 164, 167, 169, 173, 176, 177 Filler materials, 191 Elastic restraint, 176 Financial crisis, 65 El Dorado, 59 Financial market, 49, 54, 65 Electric grids, 273, 283 Finite element calculation, 184–7 Electrification, 16, 50, 58, 65 Finite element method (FEM), 29, 184–6, 222, 241, Elementary wave, 433 245, 259, 261, 262 Elongation stiffness, 170