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A Historical and Legal Study of Sovereignty in the Canadian North : Terrestrial Sovereignty, 1870–1939
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2014 A historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939 Smith, Gordon W. University of Calgary Press "A historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939", Gordon W. Smith; edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2014 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/50251 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL STUDY OF SOVEREIGNTY IN THE CANADIAN NORTH: TERRESTRIAL SOVEREIGNTY, 1870–1939 By Gordon W. Smith, Edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer ISBN 978-1-55238-774-0 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at ucpress@ ucalgary.ca Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specificwork without breaching the artist’s copyright. -
Using a Geospatial Approach to Evaluate the Impacts of Shipping Activity on Marine Mammals and Fish in Arctic Canada
Using a Geospatial Approach to Evaluate the Impacts of Shipping Activity on Marine Mammals and Fish in Arctic Canada Thesis Master of Science in Geography with Specialization in Science, Society and Policy Jenna Joyce April 2018 Submitted to: Dr. Jackie Dawson, Supervisor, Department of Geography, University of Ottawa Dr. Luke Copland, Department of Geography, University of Ottawa Dr. Michael Sawada, Department of Geography, University of Ottawa Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics University of Ottawa © Jenna Joyce, Ottawa, Canada, 2018 Abstract A loss in sea ice cover, primarily attributed to climate change, is increasing the accessibility and navigability of the Arctic Ocean. This increased accessibility of the Canadian Arctic, and in particular the Northwest Passage, presents important global and national shipping and development opportunities. However, increased shipping in the region also present challenges related to the environmental sustainability, sovereignty and safety, and cultural sustainability. The Low Impact Shipping Corridors (the Corridors) is currently the foundational framework for governing ship traffic within the Canadian Arctic. However, the Corridors were largely established based on historic traffic patterns and thus they do not fully consider important areas for marine mammals and fish in the region. This research addresses this important research gap by spatially identifying important areas for marine mammals and fish in the Kitikmeot region of Nunavut using both Traditional Knowledge and western science, evaluating ship tracks from 1990-2015, and geospatially identifying and evaluating areas of potential disturbance for marine mammals and fish related to vessel noise from different ship types transiting the Corridors within the study region. The results of this study indicate that all vessel types have the potential to cause behavioural disturbance to marine mammals and fish when navigating through these important wildlife areas, and that louder vessels (i.e. -
Transits of the Northwest Passage to End of the 2020 Navigation Season Atlantic Ocean ↔ Arctic Ocean ↔ Pacific Ocean
TRANSITS OF THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE TO END OF THE 2020 NAVIGATION SEASON ATLANTIC OCEAN ↔ ARCTIC OCEAN ↔ PACIFIC OCEAN R. K. Headland and colleagues 7 April 2021 Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 1ER. <[email protected]> The earliest traverse of the Northwest Passage was completed in 1853 starting in the Pacific Ocean to reach the Atlantic Oceam, but used sledges over the sea ice of the central part of Parry Channel. Subsequently the following 319 complete maritime transits of the Northwest Passage have been made to the end of the 2020 navigation season, before winter began and the passage froze. These transits proceed to or from the Atlantic Ocean (Labrador Sea) in or out of the eastern approaches to the Canadian Arctic archipelago (Lancaster Sound or Foxe Basin) then the western approaches (McClure Strait or Amundsen Gulf), across the Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea of the Arctic Ocean, through the Bering Strait, from or to the Bering Sea of the Pacific Ocean. The Arctic Circle is crossed near the beginning and the end of all transits except those to or from the central or northern coast of west Greenland. The routes and directions are indicated. Details of submarine transits are not included because only two have been reported (1960 USS Sea Dragon, Capt. George Peabody Steele, westbound on route 1 and 1962 USS Skate, Capt. Joseph Lawrence Skoog, eastbound on route 1). Seven routes have been used for transits of the Northwest Passage with some minor variations (for example through Pond Inlet and Navy Board Inlet) and two composite courses in summers when ice was minimal (marked ‘cp’). -
Who Discovered the Northwest Passage? Janice Cavell1
ARCTIC VOL. 71, NO.3 (SEPTEMBER 2018) P.292 – 308 https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4733 Who Discovered the Northwest Passage? Janice Cavell1 (Received 31 January 2018; accepted in revised form 1 May 2018) ABSTRACT. In 1855 a parliamentary committee concluded that Robert McClure deserved to be rewarded as the discoverer of a Northwest Passage. Since then, various writers have put forward rival claims on behalf of Sir John Franklin, John Rae, and Roald Amundsen. This article examines the process of 19th-century European exploration in the Arctic Archipelago, the definition of discovering a passage that prevailed at the time, and the arguments for and against the various contenders. It concludes that while no one explorer was “the” discoverer, McClure’s achievement deserves reconsideration. Key words: Northwest Passage; John Franklin; Robert McClure; John Rae; Roald Amundsen RÉSUMÉ. En 1855, un comité parlementaire a conclu que Robert McClure méritait de recevoir le titre de découvreur d’un passage du Nord-Ouest. Depuis lors, diverses personnes ont avancé des prétentions rivales à l’endroit de Sir John Franklin, de John Rae et de Roald Amundsen. Cet article se penche sur l’exploration européenne de l’archipel Arctique au XIXe siècle, sur la définition de la découverte d’un passage en vigueur à l’époque, de même que sur les arguments pour et contre les divers prétendants au titre. Nous concluons en affirmant que même si aucun des explorateurs n’a été « le » découvreur, les réalisations de Robert McClure méritent d’être considérées de nouveau. Mots clés : passage du Nord-Ouest; John Franklin; Robert McClure; John Rae; Roald Amundsen Traduit pour la revue Arctic par Nicole Giguère. -
The Final Days of the Franklin Expedition: New Skeletal Evidence ANNE KEENLEYSIDE,1 MARGARET BERTULLI2 and HENRY C
ARCTIC VOL. 50, NO. 1 (MARCH 1997) P. 36–46 The Final Days of the Franklin Expedition: New Skeletal Evidence ANNE KEENLEYSIDE,1 MARGARET BERTULLI2 and HENRY C. FRICKE3 (Received 19 June 1996; accepted in revised form 21 October 1996) ABSTRACT. In 1992, a previously unrecorded site of Sir John Franklin’s last expedition (1845–1848) was discovered on King William Island in the central Canadian Arctic. Artifacts recovered from the site included iron and copper nails, glass, a clay pipe fragment, pieces of fabric and shoe leather, buttons, and a scatter of wood fragments, possibly representing the remains of a lifeboat or sledge. Nearly 400 human bones and bone fragments, representing a minimum of 11 men, were also found at the site. A combination of artifactual and oxygen isotope evidence indicated a European origin for at least two of these individuals. Skeletal pathology included periostitis, osteoarthritis, dental caries, abscesses, antemortem tooth loss, and periodontal disease. Mass spectroscopy and x-ray fluorescence revealed elevated lead levels consistent with previous measurements, further supporting the conclusion that lead poisoning contributed to the demise of the expedition. Cut marks on approximately one-quarter of the remains support 19th-century Inuit accounts of cannibalism among Franklin’s crew. Key words: Franklin Expedition, skeletal remains, oxygen isotope analysis, lead poisoning, cannibalism RÉSUMÉ. En 1992, on a découvert un site non mentionné auparavant, relié à la dernière expédition de sir John Franklin (1845- 1848) dans l’île du Roi-Guillaume, située au centre de l’océan Arctique canadien. Les artefacts récupérés sur ce site comprenaient des clous en fer et en cuivre, du verre, un fragment de pipe en terre, des morceaux de tissu et de cuir de chaussure, des boutons et de multiples fragments de bois éparpillés, qui pourraient venir d’un canot de sauvetage ou d’un traîneau. -
Canada Topographical
University of Waikato Library: Map Collection Canada: topographical maps 1: 250,000 The Map Collection of the University of Waikato Library contains a comprehensive collection of maps from around the world with detailed coverage of New Zealand and the Pacific : Editions are first unless stated. These maps are held in storage on Level 1 Please ask a librarian if you would like to use one: Coverage of Canadian Provinces Province Covered by sectors On pages Alberta 72-74 and 82-84 pp. 14, 16 British Columbia 82-83, 92-94, 102-104 and 114 pp. 16-20 Manitoba 52-54 and 62-64 pp. 10, 12 New Brunswick 21 and 22 p. 3 Newfoundland and Labrador 01-02, 11, 13-14 and 23-25) pp. 1-4 Northwest Territories 65-66, 75-79, 85-89, 95-99 and 105-107) pp. 12-21 Nova Scotia 11 and 20-210) pp. 2-3 Nunavut 15-16, 25-27, 29, 35-39, 45-49, 55-59, 65-69, 76-79, pp. 3-7, 9-13, 86-87, 120, 340 and 560 15, 21 Ontario 30-32, 40-44 and 52-54 pp. 5, 6, 8-10 Prince Edward Island 11 and 21 p. 2 Quebec 11-14, 21-25 and 31-35 pp. 2-7 Saskatchewan 62-63 and 72-74 pp. 12, 14 Yukon 95,105-106 and 115-117 pp. 18, 20-21 The sector numbers begin in the southeast of Canada: They proceed west and north. 001 Newfoundland 001K Trepassey 3rd ed. 1989 001L St: Lawrence 4th ed. 1989 001M Belleoram 3rd ed. -
Transits of the Northwest Passage to End of the 2016 Navigation Season Atlantic Ocean ↔ Arctic Ocean ↔ Pacific Ocean
TRANSITS OF THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE TO END OF THE 2016 NAVIGATION SEASON ATLANTIC OCEAN ↔ ARCTIC OCEAN ↔ PACIFIC OCEAN R. K. Headland revised 14 November 2016 Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 1ER. The earliest traverse of the Northwest Passage was completed in 1853 but used sledges over the sea ice of the central part of Parry Channel. Subsequently the following 255 complete maritime transits of the Northwest Passage have been made to the end of the 2016 navigation season, before winter began and the passage froze. These transits proceed to or from the Atlantic Ocean (Labrador Sea) in or out of the eastern approaches to the Canadian Arctic archipelago (Lancaster Sound or Foxe Basin) then the western approaches (McClure Strait or Amundsen Gulf), across the Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea of the Arctic Ocean, from or to the Pacific Ocean (Bering Sea) through the Bering Strait. The Arctic Circle is crossed near the beginning and the end of all transits except those to or from the west coast of Greenland. The routes and directions are indicated. Details of submarine transits are not included because only two have been reported (1960 USS Sea Dragon, Capt. George Peabody Steele, westbound on route 1 and 1962 USS Skate, Capt. Joseph Lawrence Skoog, eastbound on route 1). Seven routes have been used for transits of the Northwest Passage with some minor variations (for example through Pond Inlet and Navy Board Inlet) and two composite courses in summers when ice was minimal (transits 154 and 171). These are shown on the map following, and proceed as follows: 1: Davis Strait, Lancaster Sound, Barrow Strait, Viscount Melville Sound, McClure Strait, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, Bering Strait. -
Paper 02 (Final).Vp
Report of field activities for Ordovician stratigraphy, Boothia Peninsula, Nunavut – part of the GEM-2 Integrated Geoscience of the Northwest Passage: Boothia Peninsula–Somerset Island Activity S. Zhang1 1Canada-Nunavut Geoscience Office, Iqaluit, Nunavut, [email protected] This work is part of the Geo-Mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM-2) Integrated Geoscience of the Northwest Passage: Boothia Penin- sula–Somerset Island Activity, led by the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) in collaboration with the Canada-Nunavut Geoscience Of- fice (CNGO). It is supported logistically by the Polar Continental Shelf Program (PCSP). The focus of the activity is on bedrock geology mapping, surficial geology studies and Paleozoic stratigraphy. The goal is to increase the level of geological knowledge and better evalu- ate the natural resource potential in this frontier area. Zhang, S. 2017: Report of field activities for Ordovician stratigraphy, Boothia Peninsula, Nunavut – part of the GEM-2 Integrated Geoscience of the Northwest Passage: Boothia Peninsula–Somerset Island Activity; in Summary of Activities 2017, Canada-Nunavut Geoscience Office, p. 13–20. Abstract The work presented here is a subactivity of the GEM-2 Integrated Geoscience of the Northwest Passage: Boothia Penin- sula–Somerset Island Activity. The aim of the subproject is to evaluate the Ordovician stratigraphy on Boothia Peninsula. Fieldwork on the Ordovician stratigraphy of Boothia Peninsula was carried out by the Canada-Nunavut Geoscience Office (CNGO) between July 17 and 30, 2017. It focused on sampling carbonate rocks within the Ordovician sequence at two sec- tions on the peninsula. This work will provide essential data for more detailed stratigraphic division, evaluating the ages of different stratigraphic units and making stratigraphic correlations with other Arctic islands. -
The Following Section on Early History Was Written by Professor William (Bill) Barr, Arctic Historian, the Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary
The following section on early history was written by Professor William (Bill) Barr, Arctic Historian, The Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary. Prof. Barr has published numerous books and articles on the history of exploration of the Arctic. In 2006, William Barr received a Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to the recorded history of the Canadian North from the Canadian Historical Association. As well, Prof. Barr, a known admirer of Russian Arctic explorers, has been credited with making known to the wider public the exploits of Polar explorations by Russia and the Soviet Union. HISTORY OF ARCTIC SHIPPING UP UNTIL 1945 Northwest Passage The history of the search for a navigable Northwest Passage by ships of European nations is an extremely long one, starting as early as 1497. Initially the aim of the British and Dutch was to find a route to the Orient to grab their share of the lucrative trade with India, Southeast Asia and China, till then monopolized by Spain and Portugal which controlled the route via the Cape of Good Hope. In 1497 John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), sponsored by King Henry VII of England, sailed from Bristol in Mathew; he made a landfall variously identified as on the coast of Newfoundland or of Cape Breton, but came no closer to finding the Passage (Williamson 1962). Over the following decade or so, he was followed (unsuccessfully) by the Portuguese seafarers Gaspar Corte Real and his brother Miguel, and also by John Cabot’s brother Sebastian, who some theorize, penetrated Hudson Strait (Hoffman 1961). The first expeditions in search of the Northwest Passage that are definitely known to have reached the Arctic were those of the English captain, Martin Frobisher in 1576, 1577 and 1578 (Collinson 1867; Stefansson 1938). -
Polynyas and Tidal Currents in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago Charles G
ARCTIC VOL. 62, NO. 1 (MARCH 2009) P. 83–95 Polynyas and Tidal Currents in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago CHARLES G. HaNNAH,1,2 FRÉDÉRIC DUPONT3 and MICHAEL DUNPHY1 (Received 17 September 2007; accepted in revised form 14 April 2008) ABSTRACT. A tidal model of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago was used to map the strength of the tidal currents, tidal mixing (h/U3), and the vertical excursion associated with the tidal currents that drive water upslope and downslope. The hot spots in these quantities correspond to the location of many of the small polynyas in the archipelago, supporting the idea that the tidal currents make an important contribution to the dynamics of many of these recurring polynyas. The potential link with tidal mixing means that these locations may have enhanced plankton production in the summer. Key words: Canadian Arctic Archipelago, polynyas, tidal currents, tidal mixing, tidal mixing fronts RÉSUMÉ. Un modèle des marées de l’archipel Arctique canadien a servi à mapper la force des courants de marée, le mélange de marée (h/U3) et l’excursion verticale associés aux courants de marée qui poussent l’eau en ascendant et en descendant. Les points chauds de ces quantités correspondent à l’emplacement d’un grand nombre des petites polynies de l’archipel, ce qui vient appuyer l’idée selon laquelle les courants de marée jouent un rôle important dans la dynamique d’un grand nombre de ces polynies récurrentes. Le lien susceptible d’exister avec le mélange de marée implique que la production de plancton à ces emplacements pourrait être rehaussée à l’été. -
Introduction Itinerary
ARCTIC - PATHWAYS OF FRANKLIN TRIP CODE ACTSPOF DURATION 10 Days LOCATIONS Arctic INTRODUCTION This voyage will appeal to both lovers of wildlife and the dramatic history of early polar exploration. We will trace the routes of the early explorers who sailed â and perished â in these waters as they sought a way through the fabled Northwest Passage. Our itinerary includes a visit to one of the largest migratory bird sanctuaries in the world, and we enjoy frequent sightings of seals as well as beluga whale. The mythical narwhal inhabits these waters, and we also hope to encounter polar bears at special locations that we have discovered over the years. ITINERARY DAY 1: Edmonton We depart Edmonton on our charter flight to Resolute, a remote outpost above the Arctic Circle. Located on the southern shores of Cornwallis Island, the town is named after the British ship HMS Resolute which was trapped in ice and abandoned here in 1850 while searching for the lost Franklin Expedition. A weather station and airstrip made it a strategic outpost during the Cold War. On arrival, we meet our expedition team and prepare for our zodiac ride to the ship. After a welcome cocktail, we weigh anchor and depart Resolute in the early evening. Copyright Chimu Adventures. All rights reserved 2020. Chimu Adventures PTY LTD ARCTIC - PATHWAYS OF FRANKLIN DAY 2: Beechey Island TRIP CODE Beechey Island holds great historic importance in the story of the Northwest Passage. It is here that ACTSPOF Sir John Franklin’s ill-fated expedition spent its last ‘comfortable’ winter in 1845 before disappearing DURATION into the icy vastness, sparking an incredible series of search expeditions. -
Across the Top of the World: the Quest for the Northwest Parted, with Six Officers and 54 Enlisted Men, Two Days Short of Her 60Th Birthday, in 2004, Passage
Across the Table of Contents Chapter 1.........................................................4 top of the Chapter 2.........................................................7 Chapter 3: The Cold War’s Impact........9 World Chapter 4.......................................................11 The U.S. Coast Guard’s 1957 Chapter 5.......................................................14 Northwest Passage Expedition Chapter 6.......................................................19 Written for the 50th anniversary Chapter 7: The Skippers...........................23 of the expedition and the occasion Chapter 8: The Cutters.............................25 of the decommissioning Bibliography.................................................30 of the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Storis By Senior Chief Petty Officer P.J. Capelotti, Ph.D., USCGR USCG Historian’s Office 2100 2nd St. SW., Washington D.C., 20593 (202) 372-4651/53 Layout and Design by PA2 Mike Lutz March 2007 and PA1 David Mosley Chapter 1 “We shall never cease from exploration And the end of all our exploring Will be to arrive where we started And know the place for the first time.” -T. S. Eliot (1888 - 1965) n the morning of Sept. 6, 1957, with the Coast Guard icebreaker Storis and the U.S. Coast Guard buoy tender Spar’s sister buoy tender Bramble. Depart- Spar reached the eastern side ing together from Seattle on July 1, 1957, of Bellot Strait. Lt. Charles V. the three cutters traveled through Unimak Cowing, Spar’s young skipper, Pass on their way to Point Barrow, Alaska, hadO a moment to write a special entry into the where they began their attempt to break vessel’s log. through the historic Northwest Passage. On 1320: Arrived eastern point Bellot Strait Sept. 4, as they passed through a series of having completed transit of Bellot Strait and straits and gulfs named for Norwegian and the Northwest Passage in company with CGC British explorers and royalty, they reached Storis (WAG 38) and CGC Bramble (WAGL the western edge of Bellot Strait, named for a 402) and the HMCS Labrador.