Historical !R,evie^w

The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI COVER DESCRIPTION: The front cover illustration is a reproduction of a 9"xl3" woodcut by Missouri artist, Fred Geary (1894-1946). Geary titled the woodcut "Winter Sport." Born at Clarence, Missouri, on May 19, 1894, Fred Geary attended William Jewell College at Liberty, Missouri, and studied at the Kansas City Art Institute. He also took classes at the Art Stu­ dents' League in New York City where he worked with Winold Reiss. Geary spent almost thirty years in the art department of the Fred Harvey system. He began to work in xylography while in his mid-thirties. Self-taught in this medium, Geary became noted for his excellent woodcuts and wood engravings. His work exhibited vitality and illu­ strated the artist's commitment to accuracy and detail. After several years of declining health Geary died on October 13, 1946, at his home in Carrollton. In 1948, Mrs. S.E. Geary, mother of the artist, pre­ sented sixty-six woodcuts and other items to the State Historical Society of Missouri. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

Copyright © 1983 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO. 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. VOLUME LXXVII Current REVIEWS are sent to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri during their term of member­ NUMBER 2 ship. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. JANUARY 1983 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978.

OFFICERS 1980-1983 LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President REVEREND JOHN F. BANNON, St. Louis, Second Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, $t. Joseph, Third Vice President MRS. VIRGINIA YOUNG, Columbia, Fourth Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Filth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City ELMER ELLIS, Columbia LEO J. ROZIER, Perry ville

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1983 CHARLES BLANTON III, Sikeston MRS. JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall MRS. SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelby ville R. I. COLBORN, Paris DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana STUART SYMINGTON, JR., St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1984 FRANCIS M. BARNES III, St. Louis W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1985 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville J. J. GRAF, Hermann RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City MRS. MARY BANKS PARRY, Columbia ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis ARVARH H. STRICKLAND, Columbia

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, President of the University of Missouri and Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Columbia constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the sixth member, compose the Finance Committee. WILLIAM AULL HI, Lexington, Chairman LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville A MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR

At the annual meeting of the Society on October 17, 1981, the members voted unanimously to increase the mem­ bership fees. This measure was taken to allow the Society to become more self-sufficient during these economically difficult times. Annual membership fees have been in­ creased to $5.00, and lifetime membership fees to $100.00.

In an effort to reduce the Society's expenses, the Missouri Historical Review no longer will be forwarded because of an incorrect address. To remail one copy of the Review returned by the post office because of an in­ correct address costs the Society $2.53. If you move a change of address should be sent promptly to: The State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Co­ lumbia, Missouri 65201.

Sincerely, Richard S. Brownlee THE FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER HISTORY AWARD The State Historical Society of Missouri takes pleasure in announcing the tenth round of compe­ tition for the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award. This $300.00 annual award was created by the late Mr. Shoemaker, the long-time secretary of the Society, for the advancement of Missouri history in the univer­ sities, colleges and high schools throughout the state. The annual award alternates every other year be­ tween junior class students in Missouri colleges and universities and senior high school students in Mis­ souri. The 1983 award of $300.00 will be presented for the best article written by a senior high school student. The award will be presented at the 1983 annual meet­ ing of the State Historical Society. Articles nominated for the award must relate to the history of Missouri, either to events or person­ alities. The maximum length of an article is 5,000 words and a bibliography must be included. Each high school must select a panel of judges to nominate its best article by a senior high student. Only one article may be submitted from each high school. Each article will be judged against other nomina­ tions by the Department of History of the University of Missouri-Columbia. Articles submitted for this award will become the property of the State His­ torical Society of Missouri. The prize-winning article will be considered for publication in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. The final date for submission of articles is July 1, 1983. The articles must be sent to the State Historical Society of Missouri, Room 2, Elmer Ellis Library, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. EDITORIAL POLICY

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter­ ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Mis­ souri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in foot­ noting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for publica­ tion. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a car­ bon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously pub­ lished in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publica­ tion may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be ad­ dressed to:

Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS

THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION'S SILENT PARTNERS: THE CHOUTEAU BROTHERS OF ST. LOUIS. By William E. Foley 131

ROBERT ORMSBY SWEENY: SOME CIVIL WAR SKETCHES. By James W. Goodrich 147

PATIENTS, POLITICS AND PHYSICIANS: THE STRUGGLE FOR CONTROL OF STATE LUNATIC ASYLUM NO. 1, FULTON, MISSOURI. By Donald H. Ewalt, Jr. 170

A CHINESE MEMOIR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, 1920-1923. Translated by David R. Knechtges. Annotated by Lewis O. Saum 189

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Society Holds Annual Meeting , 208

News in Brief 215

Erratum 215

Local Historical Societies 216

Gifts 230

Missouri History in Newspapers 234

Missouri History in Magazines 238

Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History 242

In Memoriam 243

BOOK REVIEW 245

BOOK NOTES 247 vi Artist Charles A. Morgenthaler depicted Lewis and Clark's departure from St. Charles, May 21, 1804, for a mural in the St. Charles Savings & Loan Company.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition's Silent Partners: The Chouteau Brothers of St. Louis

BY WILLIAM E. FOLEY*

The Lewis and Clark expedition remains one of the truly re­ markable feats of American history as well as one of the great ex­ ploratory ventures of all times. Even now, more than 175 years later, the exploring party's heroic exploits continue to excite the popular imagination. Who among us has not marveled at the dar­ ing performances of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark during their 7,000 mile, twenty-eight-month journey? And who does not

•William E. Foley, professor of History at Central Missouri State Univer­ sity, Warrensburg, presented this address at the annual meeting of the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, October 9, 1982. Professor Foley, a former contributor to the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, received the B.S. and M.A. degrees from Central Missouri State University and the Ph.D. degree in American History from the University of Missouri-Columbia. Research for this study was supported by a Central Missouri State Univer­ sity summer study leave. The author also gratefully acknowledges Professor C. David Rice's assistance in the preparation of the paper, portions of which have been drawn from their jointly authored book, The First Chouteaus: River Barons of Early St. Louis, scheduled for publication in the fall of 1983 by the University of Illinois Press. 131 132 Missouri Historical Review know about Sacajawea, the young Shoshone Indian girl who acted as an interpreter for them at one crucial point, or Clark's black servant York whose dark skin color so intrigued the Indians. Some of us have vicariously followed those venturesome explorers and their companions through the American wilderness, sensed the excitement of their encounters with the curious but mostly friendly Indians, the not so friendly grizzlies, wolves and rattlesnakes, and imagined being forced to subsist on a diet of dog or wolf meat. A few of the more adventureous of our numbers may even have left their armchairs to retrace the pathfinding duo's course across the continent albeit with the aid of an automobile. Books and articles covering virtually all facets of that monumental under­ taking continue to appear with regularity; and currently a new, comprehensive edition of the Lewis and Clark journals is being prepared under the auspices of the Center for Great Plains Studies at the University of Nebraska.1 The journey holds a special attraction for those of us from Missouri because of its close identification with our state's early history. Much has been written about the expedition and its Mis­ souri connections, but one important segment of that story remains to be told. The valuable contributions of Auguste and Pierre Chou­ teau, members of the prominent St. Louis trading family, have for the most part gone unrecognized. The time has come to remedy that oversight and to take note of the Chouteaus' significant roles as advisers, outfitters and behind the scenes facilitators for the his­ toric mission.2 Lest claims of the Chouteau brothers' importance seem exaggerated, consider William Clark's comments to his brother-in-law William Croghan written a few days before the "Captains of Discovery" embarked upon their famed trek: This will be handed you by Mr. Peter Chouteau, an in­ habitant of St. Louis, a gentleman deservedly esteemed among the most respectable and influential citizens of upper Louisiana. . . . The promptitude and fidelity with which Mr. Chouteau has fulfilled the wishes of the govern­ ment . . . intitle him in an emenant degree to the particu-

i See for example W. Raymond Wood's "William Clark's Mapping in Mis­ souri, 1803-1804," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXXVI (April, 1982) and the special Lewis and Clark issue of Gateway Heritage, II (Fall, 1981) . 2 Donald Jackson's skillfully edited Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedi­ tion with Related Documents, 1783-1854 (Urbana, 111., 1962), was one of the first works to call attention to the connection between the Chouteaus and the Lewis and Clark expedition. An expanded two-volume, second edition of that work was published in 1978. Chouteau Brothers of St. Louis 133

Jean Pierre Chouteau

Lib. of Cong., Did. of Amer. Ports.

lar attention and best services, not only of yourself but of his fellow Citizens generally. Besides Mr. Chouteau's personal merits and his claims to the attention of his fel­ low citizens, he has still a stronger claim upon my particu­ lar friends; arrissing from the mark[ed] politeness and attention displayed by himself, his Lady and family to­ wards Capt. Lewis and my self during our residence in this Countrey. On our several visits to St. Louis, in the course of the Winter and Spring, we have made the house of this gentleman our home.3 The collaboration between Captains Lewis and Clark and the Chouteau brothers began shortly after the two American military officers arrived in the western country late in 1803 to complete preparations for their forthcoming journey to the Pacific. When Lewis first visited St. Louis in December of that year, members of the close-knit, French-speaking community had scarcely re­ covered from the shocking news of the Louisiana Purchase that had so taken them by surprise a few months earlier. Although the Chouteaus had known for some time that Spain planned to return the Louisiana Territory to France, they, like all other St. Louisans,

3 William Clark to William Croghan, May 2, 1804, Clark Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, Missouri. 134 Missouri Historical Review had been unprepared for the announcement that the French in turn had sold the entire region to the United States.4 The American acquisition of Louisiana confronted Auguste and Pierre with new and difficult challenges. As the foremost traders and merchants in St. Louis, they naturally desired to retain their preeminent positions and well-established influence on the trans-Mississippi frontier, but as Frenchmen who had long ago become accustomed to the authoritarian Spanish regime, citizen­ ship in the American republic necessitated dramatic alterations in their life styles. To their credit, the Chouteaus exhibited re­ markable adaptability as they adjusted to the requirements of an alien culture, government and language. Meanwhile, as gentlemen renowned for their conviviality and as businessmen with an eye on the future, the Chouteaus lost no time in extending the hand of friendship to the incoming Americans. Since Lewis and Clark lacked Spanish passports and the formal ceremonies of transfer had not yet taken place in St. Louis, Upper Louisiana's Spanish Lieutenant Governor, Don Carlos Dehault De- lassus, declined to grant them permission to set off on their west­ ward journey. From their camp at Wood River, Illinois, opposite the mouth of the Missouri, the American explorers continued to make final arrangements for their expedition while they awaited the demise of Spanish and French authority across the Mississippi. During their stay at Camp Wood River, which lasted from De­ cember to May, both men often traveled to St. Louis where, as Clark noted, they passed many pleasant hours in the comfortable Chouteau homes. From the beginning, the association between the leaders of the exploring party and the members of St. Louis's first family was cordial and mutually beneficial.5 The Chouteau gentility and gracious hospitality favorably im-

4 St. Louisans had learned of the American acquisition of the Louisiana Territory in August 1803, when William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory, notified Upper Louisiana's Lieutenant Governor Don Carlos Dehault Delassus of the transaction. William Henry Harrison to Don Carlos Dehault Delassus, August 2, 1803, Delassus Collection, Missouri Historical So­ ciety. Auguste Chouteau subsequently confirmed this date in his testimony before Theodore Hunt in 1825. Theodore Hunt, comp., "Testimony Before the Recorder of Land Titles," St. Louis, I, 126 (commonly referred to as Hunt's Minutes) in Missouri State Archives, Jefferson City. 5 Don Carlos Dehault Delassus to Manuel de Salcedo and the Marquis de Casa Calvo, December 9, 1803, in Abraham P. Nasatir, Before Lewis and Clark: Documents Illustrating the History of Missouri, 1785-1804 (St. Louis, 1952) , II, 719-720; John L. Loos, "William Clark's Part in the Lewis and Clark Ex­ pedition," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, X (July, 1954), 490-511, and William Clark to William Croghan, May 2, 1804, Clark Papers. Chouteau Brothers of St. Louis 135 pressed the American officers. Besides providing a welcome di­ version from camp life, their visits with the Chouteaus also gave them an opportunity to learn more about the immense trans- Mississippi territory they were preparing to traverse. Few, if any, individuals had more experience in trade and Indian relations than Auguste and Pierre Chouteau, and certainly no one com­ manded more respect or honor in Upper Louisiana. In January, Captain Lewis presented Auguste Chouteau with a detailed set of questions about the region and its people.6 Of course, the American officers solicited similar information from other knowl- edgable St. Louis traders, but the Chouteaus made the most of their frequent contacts to acquaint Lewis and Clark with their personal views on matters ranging from appropriate forms of government—they preferred a military one—to Indian policy. The Chouteaus also took advantage of their new friendships to strike bargains for the sale of merchandise to outfit the upcoming ex­ pedition. Even before the Louisiana Purchase, President Thomas Jef­ ferson had proposed an exploratory expedition to the Pacific with two purposes in mind: to gather geographic and scientific informa­ tion and to foster trade and friendship with trans-Mississippi Indians.7 The president instructed Captain Lewis, whom he had selected to lead the mission, to convey his good wishes to the western tribes and to invite selected influential chiefs to visit Washington. Once the sale of the immense territory to the United States had been concluded, the mission took on added significance and the need to cultivate friendly relations with the western tribes­ men became an imperative.8 When Pierre Chouteau learned from Lewis of Jefferson's desire to confer with Indian leaders, he promptly volunteered to escort a delegation of Osage chieftains to the federal capital. Well aware of Pierre's long experience with the Osages and his influence in their camps, Captain Lewis did not hesitate to accept the offer. He knew that no other white person could serve so well in persuading the headmen from the powerful tribe to visit the president or to observe American au­ thority.9

6 Meriwether Lewis to Auguste Chouteau, January 4, 1804, in Jackson, Letters of Lewis and Clark, I, 161-163. Although no copy of Chouteau's re­ sponse has been found, in view of his close association with Lewis, it seems almost certain that he replied in some form to the inquiry. 7 Jefferson's Message to Congress, January 18, 1803, in ibid., I, 10-13. 8 Jefferson's Instructions to Lewis, June 20, 1803, in ibid., I, 61-66. 9 Meriwether Lewis to William Clark, February 18, 1804, Clark Papers. 136 Missouri Historical Review

Undertakings such as the Lewis and Clark trip and the Indian visits to Washington were understandably expensive, and the Chou­ teaus were sufficiently clever to garner for themselves a handsome share of the lucrative governmental expenditures for outfitting those ventures. The assistance which the Chouteau brothers provided in equipping and financing the "Corps of Discovery" is a prime instance of their aplomb in turning the American arrival to their profit. The expedition's financial records exhibit the extent of their local support. Lewis purchased gunpowder, blankets, bullets, knives, paint, clothing, vermilion, hair pipes and other goods from the Chouteaus and their agents. Equally important, the brothers extended the Americans credit for paying wages to workmen and soldiers and for outfitting the Osage delegation for its journey to Washington.10 While most of Lewis's drafts on the United States Treasury in favor of the Chouteaus were for Pierre's expenses in preparing for the Osage enterprise, it is significant that those funds were paid to the Chouteaus rather than to the proprietors of other trading houses. Although the Chouteaus' precipitance to capitalize on those opportunities provoked jealousy among rivals

10 Hair pipes were tubular cylinders the Indians wore in their hair. Finan cial Records of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, August 5, 1807, in Jackson, Letters of Lewis and Clark, II, 419-431. Jackson concludes that the expedition cost over $38,000—a considerable sum for the time.

Mo. Hist. Soc, St. Louis

Auguste Chouteau Chouteau Brothers of St. Louis 137 and later raised suspicions of impropriety, especially when Pierre was appointed United States Indian agent, their important financial assistance also contributed undeniably to the success of the new government's initial activities in Louisiana. That the brothers turned the business to their economic advantage was hardly a surprise. It was neither the first nor the last time they would mix official activity with personal gain. Under the preceding regime the com­ bination of public business and private enterprise had been viewed as a sensible method of operation. If this seemed reprehensible to some Americans, it simply indicated the gulf of misunderstanding that initially separated Louisiana's two white cultures. The formal transfer of Upper Louisiana to American control, in March 1804, paved the way for the Lewis and Clark expedi­ tion's long-awaited departure. A flurry of final preparations for both the eastward-bound Osage delegation and the westward- bound "Corps of Discovery" kept the Chouteaus in close contact with the American explorers. At the last minute, Captain Lewis informed his coleader that Mr. Chouteau had procured seven engages to accompany them as far as the Mandan villages on the Upper Missouri.11 With that important detail out of the way, Clark and the expedition members left Camp Wood River on May 16, 1804, and headed up the wide Missouri. Lewis tarried in St. Louis long enough to see Pierre Chouteau and the Osage chieftains off to Washington. Once that group was safely underway, he was ready to embark upon his own journey. On May 20, he bade fare­ well to his St. Louis hostess of the past several months, whom he referred to as "that excellent woman, the spouse of Mr. Peter Chouteau," and then in the company of Pierre's elder brother Auguste and several other local leaders, he set out to join his companion Clark who was waiting for him at St. Charles.12 They rendezvoused there late that afternoon in a driving rain, and the following day the two explorers and their party began the his­ toric trek to the cheers of the crowd of well-wishers who had gathered to see them off.13 As Auguste Chouteau and his French- speaking associates mingled freely with the Americans on the Missouri riverbank, the expeditions departure symbolized the true beginning of a long and successful partnership uniting the old

11 Meriwether Lewis to William Clark, May 2, 1804, in ibid., I, 177-178. 12 Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806 (New York, 1904), I, 22-23. is Ibid., 25. 138 Missouri Historical Review

French inhabitants and the American newcomers in a common effort to develop the trans-Mississippi frontier. While Lewis and Clark traveled up the Missouri, Pierre Chou­ teau was making his way to the American capital in the company of twelve Osage chieftains and two boys. Leading the delegation was the Chouteaus' protege and ally Chief White Hair. Tradition has it that White Hair received his name from a gray wig he had seized from the pate of an unfortunate American during a 1791 battle. The Osage leader allegedly had grasped the wig's tail as­ suming that it was the man's hair. When his intended victim escaped leaving him holding only the hair piece, the surprised chief concluded that the strange thing must be powerful medicine. Since the wig had saved its original owner, White Hair after­ wards took occasion to fasten it to his own scalp in the belief that the charmed thing would deliver its wearer from peril.14 Both Lewis and Clark had attempted to smooth the way for Chouteau and his Indian companions with letters of introduction to American officials along their route.15 But overland travel in the early nineteenth century was a tedious and sometimes danger­ ous business. Traveling by barge and on horseback, Chouteau's party did not reach Fredericktown until July 9, and an impa-

14 Timothy Flint, Recollections of the Last Ten Years (Boston, 1826), 155. 15 William Clark to William Croghan, May 2, 1804, Clark Papers and Meriwether Lewis to Major William Preston, May 3, 1804, in Jackson, Letters of Lewis and Clark, I, 179.

Old Chouteau Mansion SMlIlK Chouteau Brothers of St. Louis 139 tient Secretary of War Henry Dearborn sent word that the dele­ gation should make haste to arrive in the capital before the president left the muggy city for a vacation in Virginia.16 With­ in three days, Jefferson welcomed the visitors from Missouri in the federal city and exchanged greetings with them. In a formal address to the Osages, delivered on July 16, the president promised the visiting dignitaries American protection and assistance in return for friendship and trade. Reminding his guests that the power of France and Spain had been removed from Louisiana forever, the president stressed that as nations inhabiting the same continent, the Americans and the Osages shared a common destiny.17 On the following day, the secretary of war informed them of the happy news that their friend Pierre Chouteau had been appointed as Upper Louisiana's first United States Indian agent.18 The eastern journey made a great impression on both the visit­ ing Indians and their French escort.19 After the simplicity of life in St. Louis, Pierre Chouteau could not have failed to notice the energy and potential of the young nation whose cities he beheld in the early autumn of 1804. But if the strange sights of the East strirred the visitors from the West to wonder, the appearance of the "savages" from the plains also excited their American hosts. Enthusiastic citizens welcomed White Hair and his fellow chiefs in Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York and the other cities on their itinerary. Wherever they went, their encounters with both civil and military officials were uniformly friendly. Yet much of the praise and admiration heaped upon the Indians by their curious hosts was tempered with a sense of caution or even perhaps dread. Although an air of good will and comradery masked the cultural shock of both visitors and hosts, these initial encounters suggested that Jefferson's vision of a peaceful merging of the two peoples appeared a distant prospect indeed.20

16 Henry Dearborn to Thomas Cushing, July 9, 1804, in ibid., I, 198. 17 Jefferson's Greeting to White Hair and the Chiefs and Warriors of the Osage Nation, July 12, 1804; Jefferson's Address to White Hair and the Chiefs and Warriors of the Osage Nation, July 16, 1804; and White Hair's Reply to Jefferson's Address, July 16, 1804, all in Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 18 Henry Dearborn to Pierre Chouteau, July 17, 1804, in Clarence E. Carter, ed., The Territorial Papers of the United States, Vol. XIII, Louisiana-Missouri, 1803-1806 (Washington, D.C, 1948), 31-33. 19 For a discussion of this and other Indian delegations during the Jef­ ferson administration see, William E. Foley and C. David Rice, "Visiting the President: An Exercise in Jeffersonian Indian Diplomacy," The American West, XVI (November/December, 1979), 4-15 and 56. 20 Ibid. 140 Missouri Historical Review

President Thomas Jefferson

To the disbelief of most observers, neither the sight of Amer­ ica's most awesome frigates nor the sounds of their booming cannons made any discernable impression on the seemingly im­ perturbable Indians.21 Actually, some of the more commonplace aspects of life in the white man's world most surprised them. Jef­ ferson observed that the only time he saw them astonished was during a dinner when coolers filled with ice were brought to the table. "Ice in the middle of the summer," one chief exclaimed, "we now can believe anything."22 Chouteau's mission appears to have been completed without a hitch. Jefferson was informed in August that the delegation had been as far north as New York and had left Philadelphia enroute to St. Louis. All the chiefs were healthy, and "nothing happened to frustrate the object contemplated by the government."23 By October, Pierre Chouteau and the Osage leaders were safely back in St. Louis. In Chouteau's opinion, at least, the trip had been a success. To the president he reported that the Osages were well, favorably disposed toward the United States and convinced that many benefits would come from the experience.24

21 Baltimore American, July 31, 1804; New York Evening Post, August 13, 1804; and New York American Citizen, August 16, 1804. 22 Margaret Bayard Smith, The First Forty Years of Washington Society, Gaillard Hunt, ed. (New York, 1906), 402-403. 23 Hezekiah Rogers to Thomas Jefferson, August 21, 1804, in Jackson, Letters oj Lewis and Clark, I, 208-209. 24 Pierre Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, October 12, 1804, Jefferson Papers. Chouteau Brothers of St. Louis 141

Shortly after Pierre's return home representatives from other Indian tribes began arriving in St. Louis announcing their inten­ tions to visit the president. In November, Chouteau reported to Jefferson that dignitaries from the Iowa nation were in the city as a consequence of Captain Lewis's assurances that Chouteau would conduct them and a party of Sioux leaders to Washington. Although he had been back for only a month, Chouteau volunteered to lead them to the seat of government if the president wished. While he awaited further instructions, Chouteau constructed a building on his property to house the visiting Indians who con­ tinued to arrive at various intervals during the winter and spring of 1804-1805 in response to the invitations extended by Lewis and Clark.25 The steady stream of Indian delegations kept the American agent busy. In May, forty-five dignitaries from the Sioux and several other Missouri tribes reached St. Louis bringing with them various plant, animal and mineral specimens the "Captains of Discovery" had gathered for the president's inspection.26 Pierre coveted a second journey to Washington, but even before the Sioux contingent arrived, he had concluded that the Indian leaders con­ gregating in his town would fare poorly on such a difficult trip during the hot and humid summer months. With a wave of small­ pox sweeping the eastern states that spring and several of the chiefs in St. Louis already suffering from colds and dysentery, Chouteau's superiors wisely acquiesced in his appraisal and or­ dered a postponement of the journey.27 Having received suitable gifts from Chouteau, many of the tribal visitors left St. Louis promising to return in the autumn. Others, however, including several Oto, Sioux and Missouri Indians chose to remain in the city, requiring the harried agent to attempt to amuse them, which he did by outfitting a wagon to convey them on periodic hunting trips in the vicinity.28 When fall arrived,

25 Pierre Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, November 4, 1804, and Pierre Chouteau to Henry Dearborn, February 16, 1805, in Pierre Chouteau Letter- book, Missouri Historical Society. 26 Pierre Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, June 12, 1805, and Pierre Chou­ teau to William Clayborn [Claiborne], June 15, 1805, in ibid. 27 Pierre Chouteau to Henry Dearborn, March 2 and May 22, 1805; Pierre Chouteau to William H. Harrison, May 31 and June 12, 1805, all in ibid.; William H. Harrison to Henry Dearborn, May 27, 1805, and William H. Har­ rison to Pierre Chouteau, May 27, 1805, in Logan Esarey, ed., Governors Messages and Letters: Messages and Letters of William Henry Harrison (Indi­ anapolis, Ind., 1922), VII, 132-134 and 135-136. 28 Pierre Chouteau to William H. Harrison, May 31, 1805, Pierre Chouteau Letterbook. 142 Missouri Historical Review

American officials designated Captain Amos Stoddard, the army officer who had presided over the ceremonies in St. Louis trans­ ferring the Louisiana Territory to the United States, to accompany the second Indian delegation to Washington. Pierre Chouteau was understandably disappointed, but he continued with his important duties as United States Indian agent.29 All the while the American president was naturally hungry for any news on the progress of the Lewis and Clark mission. The Chouteaus did their best to keep him informed of the whereabouts of the explorers and served as a conduit for specimens of animal and plant life they sent to Jefferson. Even before the expedition left St. Louis, Captain Lewis obtained a variety of items from the Chouteau brothers for the president, including samples of silver, lead, rock crystal, salt, and cuttings of wild plum and Osage orange or bois dare trees.30 The plants, which Lewis considered extra­ ordinary, had come from Pierre's garden, and even today the Osage orange still thrives in the vicinity of Monticello.31 Those mineral and plant specimens only whetted Jefferson's well-known scientific curiosity, and he was grateful to Pierre for forwarding, by way of New Orleans, the items which Lewis had dispatched down river via the Sioux delegation.32 That shipment included several live animals—four magpies, a sharp-tailed grouse and a prairie dog. On his own initiative Captain Lewis had taken it upon himself to send Jefferson several living creatures from the American prairies.33 According to ac­ counts in their journals, members of the expedition had spent the better part of a day digging and pouring large quantities of water into the elusive prairie dogs' underground tunnels in an effort to flush them out, but their strenuous efforts yielded only a single live specimen. When that unfamiliar little critter, which Lewis aptly dubbed a "barking prairie squirrel," arrived in St. Louis along with its feathered traveling companions, Pierre Chou-

29 Henry Dearborn to James Wilkinson, August 5, 1805, and James Wilkin­ son to Henry Dearborn, October 8, 1805, both in Carter, Territorial Papers, XIII, 179 and 236. 30 Meriwether Lewis to Thomas Jefferson, March 26, 1804, and Meriwether Lewis to Thomas Jefferson, May 18, 1804, both in Jackson, Letters of Lewis and Clark, I, 170-172 and 192-194. 31 Donald Jackson, Jefferson and the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello (Urbana, 111., 1981), 161, n52. 32 Pierre Chouteau to William Claiborne, June 15, 1805, in Jackson, Letters of Lewis and Clark, I, 248-249. 33 Paul Russell Cutright, Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists (Urbana, 111., 1969), 375-383. Chouteau Brothers of St. Louis 143

Independence Nat. Hist. Park, Philadelphia William Clark, Above Meriwether Lewis, Right teau took charge of making arrangements for sending them on to Washington.34 Shipping live animals was no simple task, but mir­ aculously the prairie dog and one of the magpies managed to survive the ordeal of a four month, 4,000 mile trip from the Dakota plains to the federal capital. After the president had viewed the two hardy creatures, they were put on display in Charles Willson Peale's Museum in Philadelphia's Independence Hall.35 Fascinated as he was by the flow of new forms of minerals, and plant and animal life from the Upper Missouri, Jefferson no doubt was more immediately concerned with the disposition of the Lewis and Clark column. Here again, the Chouteaus proved to be his best source of information. Acquainted with Missouri River traders and Indians arriving in St. Louis at various intervals, the Chouteaus were in a unique position to send news of the ex­ plorers' progress. How delighted the president must have been to learn from Auguste, in November 1804, that Lewis and Clark had

34 Thwaites, Journals of Lewis and Clark, 141-143, and Cutright, Pioneer­ ing Naturalists, 79-80. 35 ibid., 375-383. 144 Missouri Historical Review arrived "without accident" at the Mandan villages some 850 miles above the mouth of the Missouri where they were wintering safely and that the Indian nations along the way had received them warmly.36 And, after several more months of waiting, the president was relieved to be informed by Auguste Chouteau, in March 1805, that the American force was still safe and at least fifty miles north of the Mandan towns.37 In late 1805, Pierre communicated to Jefferson that Indian reports placed Captain Lewis near the "Southern Sea" or Pacific Ocean.38 Since the bearers of good news are always welcome, it is safe to assume that the Chouteaus' assistance in providing reports of the project he so earnestly wished to succeed only enhanced Jef­ ferson's regard for them. It was only fitting that when Lewis and Clark finally returned to St. Louis in late September 1806, the Chouteau brothers once again hosted their stay. Actually, two weeks earlier while the returning party was still enroute to St. Louis, Auguste Chouteau indirectly had helped launch a cele­ bration of sorts when one of his traders heading upriver treated the weary expedition members to a gallon of whiskey—the first that any of them had tasted for well over a year.39 Following the party's arrival in St. Louis on September 23, the Chouteaus undoubtedly saw to it that there was no shortage of spirits for toasting the returning heroes. On their first day in the city, Clark recorded in his journal: ... we accepted the invitation of Mr. Peter Chouteau and took a room in his house. We payed a friendly visit to Mr. August Chotau and some of our old friends this eve­ ning.40 The next day they again dined with the Chouteaus and after seeing that their skins had been sunned and stacked safely away in Pierre's storeroom, the captains joined their French hosts for a gala dinner and ball that evening.41 The conversations must have been animated as the triumphant pathfinders related tales of the things they had seen and done during their nearly two- and-one-half-year absence. For Pierre Chouteau the occasion was

36 Auguste Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, November 20, 1804, Jefferson Papers. 37 Jackson, Letters of Lewis and Clark, 219-220n. 38 Pierre Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, December 1, 1805, Pierre Chouteau Letterbook. 39 Thwaites, Journals of Lewis and Clark, V, 378. 40 Ibid., 394. 41 Ibid., 394-395. Chouteau Brothers of St. Louis 145 doubly enjoyable because, at the invitation of federal officials, he was preparing to escort a second Osage delegation to Washington. Another celebrant eagerly awaiting the trip east was the talkative Mandan chief Shahaka. He had joined the American explorers on their homeward trek and planned to go with them to the capital.42 By October 21, Chouteau and the Osage chiefs, Lewis and Clark, and Shahaka and his party had all taken leave of St. Louis and headed eastward to the warm greetings of well-wishers who turned out to salute the returning explorers. Jefferson, obviously delighted with his countrymen's achievements, sent word ahead that he anxiously awaited his friends and the Mandan chief whom he invited to pay a visit to Monticello while enroute to the federal city.43 Chouteau and the Osages separated from the others at Frank­ fort, Kentucky, in order to take the more direct route through Lexington to Washington. Consequently the St. Louis trader and the Osage delegation had already reached the capital when Lewis's seasoned wayfarers arrived there on December 28.44 The ringing celebrations which greeted the travelers from the Missouri added to the normally festive holiday season in Washington. On New Year's Eve, the president formally received Chouteau and the visiting Osage leaders. During the round of official receptions, dinner parties and special theatrical performances that followed, Pierre Chouteau had an opportunity to mingle with some of the most powerful persons in America. On January 14, he attended a jubilant banquet honoring Captain Lewis where he joined in the round of toasts celebrating the "Corps of Discovery's" safe re­ turn.45 Once the festivities had been concluded Pierre and his Osage friends headed back to St. Louis. While enroute they stopped in Philadelphia where the French emigre artist Charles Balthazar Julien Fevret de Saint-Memin painted the Indians' portraits. Dur­ ing their brief sojourn in the "City of Brotherly Love" the visiting chieftains also found time to pay a call upon "the women of bad

42 For the story of Shahaka's journey to Washington and the difficulties American authorities encountered in securing his safe return to his village see, William E. Foley and C. David Rice, "The Return of the Mandan Chief," Montana, the Magazine of Western History, XXIX (Summer, 1979), 2-15. 43 Thomas Jefferson to Meriwether Lewis, October 26, 1806, in Jackson, Letters of Lewis and Clark, I, 350-351. 44 ibid., 325, n7. 45 Foley and Rice, "Return of the Mandan Chief," 5-6, and National In­ telligencer and Washington Advertiser, January 16, 1807. 146 Missouri Historical Review fame in the lower part of town," as one presidential correspondent so discretely phrased it.46 Understandably Pierre Chouteau's re­ ports of the trip made no mention of the incident nor of the venereal diseases which his traveling companions allegedly contracted as a result. Although the association between the Chouteau brothers and Meriwether Lewis and William Clark continued long after the final shouts of celebration had died out and Pierre had returned to St. Louis, the trading family's participation in the joyous observ­ ances in St. Louis and Washington provided symbolic recognition of their crucial involvement with the great expedition and its leaders.47 The Lewis and Clark mission had been a resounding triumph for the United States, but it also constituted an important achievement for the St. Louis Chouteaus.

46 Charles Willson Peale to Thomas Jefferson, February 10, 1807, in Jackson, Letters of Lewis and Clark, I, 373-374. 47 Subsequently both Meriwether Lewis and William Clark served as gov­ ernors of the Missouri Territory. During their respective administrations they often worked closely with the Chouteau brothers. In addition to their official dealings, Lewis, Clark and the Chouteaus were all involved in the founding of the St. Louis Missouri Fur Company in 1809. The full story of those post- expedition associations can be found in Foley and Rice's forthcoming The First Chouteaus.

Pistol-Packin' Pussy

Forsyth Bull Shoals Gazette, September, 1951. No creature that walks has the easy-going, devil-may-care manner of the skunk. Combine the arrogance of a mule with the courage of a jet pilot, and you have the skunk's personality. Intensify a thousand times a liquid stench of burning glue, condensed sewer gas and essence of garlic, capable of being sprayed ten feet with deadly aim, and you have the reason. The mere sight of a skunk apparently strikes terror in the hearts of bird and beast. A dog. for instance, may be brave in the face of a bull, bear or lion but will likely tuck-tail and slink shamelessly away from the little stink-kitty. Should YOU meet Mr. Skunk on any warm, sunlit day, you will marvel at his nonchalance, his swaggering insolence as he waddles about his business. . . . Aside from its trigger-happy tendencies, the skunk is a lovable and use ful creature. Not only is it a valuable furbearer, "Alaska Sable" to the ladies, but rids the land of many harmful insects. It is particularly fond of wasps, crickets, grasshoppers and beetles—actually, such citizens of the crawly-clan make up 40 percent of its diet. . . . Contrary to popular belief, few skunks venture to raid the farmer's poultry. . . . —Frank Pogue, The Noel (Mo.) Ozark Press Minnesota Historical Society Robert Ormsby Sweeny in 1857

Robert Ormsby Sweeny: Some Civil War Sketches

BY JAMES W. GOODRICH*

During the winter of 1861-1862 Robert Ormsby Sweeny left St. Paul, Minnesota, and journeyed to the war-ravaged state of Missouri. A man of many talents and an insatiable curiosity, Sweeny spent at least a portion of his time graphically sketching the Civil War in Missouri and Arkansas. Two 6" x 4M" sketchbooks by Sweeny remain extant. One, in the holdings of the Minnesota His­ torical Society, contains the following inscriptions on the inside front cover: "Scraps Sketches etc., etc. by Robert Ormsby Sweeny" and "Sketches and Scraps in Camp and on the March in Missouri

* James W. Goodrich is the associate director of the State Historical Society of Missouri and an associate editor of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. He re­ ceived his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in American History from the University of Missouri-Columbia. 147 148 Missouri Historical Review

Robert Ormsby Sweeny

Minnesota Historical Society

and Arkansas Campaigns of 62 and 63 Curtis' division."1 The other sketchbook plus an ink wash drawing of Tipton, Missouri, are the property of the State Historical Society of Missouri. Sweeny's granddaughter, Mrs. Donald T. Alexander, donated the items to the two historical societies. Included in the sketchbooks are figures and caricatures, pre­ pared with pen and ink in various combinations, mostly narrative and genre in nature. Officers, soldiers, civilians, military life, battle scenes, towns, buildings, houses, still lifes and boats are the sub­ jects of his drawings. Although lacking in polish, most of the sketches nevertheless provide a visual and social history through a degree of specificity and realism. Examples, which follow, of Sweeny's drawings from his sketchbook in the State Historical Society of Missouri illustrate the importance of the visual record he made. 1 Thomas O'Sullivan, curator of art, Minnesota Historical Society, to the author, September 28, 1982; Sweeny's son, Robert Ormsby Sweeny, Jr., in 1940 donated numerous "sketches, watercolors, oil paintings, diagrams, manuscripts, and other items" of his father's to the Minnesota Historical Society. A brief description of the collection appears in "Accessions," Minnesota History, XXI (March, 1940), 84. Mrs. Donald T. Alexander, the daughter of Robert Ormsby Sweeny, Jr., gave a Civil Wrar sketchbook each to the Minnesota Historical So­ ciety and the State Historical Society of Missouri. The latter gift occurred in 1964. Robert Ormsby Sweeny 149

Robert Ormsby Sweeny was born in Philadelphia, Pennsyl­ vania, in 1831. His father, Francis Morgan Sweeny, had emigrated from Sligo, Ireland, to the Quaker state where he married M. Rachel Ormsby.2 Rachel Ormsby Sweeny gave birth to at least three children, Mary, Catherine and Robert. All three were reared in the Quaker religion.3 During their son's early years, the Sweenys moved to Louis­ ville, Kentucky, only to return to Philadelphia in 1836 where Robert began his education.4 In 1841 Rachel Ormsby Sweeny died, fol­ lowed by her husband four years later.5 Where the children lived after their father's death has not been ascertained; perhaps they resided with relatives. Fortunately for Robert, a local minister named Wurtz helped him obtain an education.6 In 1850, a Phila­ delphia census taker recorded that Robert lived at the West Chester Hotel and that he was employed as a clerk. He had been clerking at Abbott, Johns and Company, a wholesale silk house, since the age of seventeen and continued in that occupation into his twenty- first year.7 When not earning a living, the young Pennsylvanian pursued a variety of interests including pharmacy and art. Just when Sweeny became interested in pharmacy cannot be documented. However, he must have begun his study for this pro­ fession while living in Philadelphia. He probably apprenticed him­ self to a druggist, a common occurrence for the time. Although he could have enrolled in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, no record remains to show that he ever attended school there.8 During his Philadelphia years Sweeny also developed a keen interest in art. He purportedly even became a member of the Penn­ sylvania Academy of Fine Arts, located in the culturally rich city. No record of his membership in the academy remains, nor of his studying art, and he never exhibited any artwork at the academy.9

2 Robert Q. Sweeny to the author, September 20, 30, 1982. 3 Mary Dunning Nagle, "A Sweeny Sampler," Minnesota History, XLI (Spring, 1968) , 29. 4 Edward D. Neill, History of Ramsey County and the City of St. Paul (Minneapolis, 1881), 618. 5 Sweeny to the author, September 20, 30, 1982. 6 Neill, Hist, of Ramsey Co. and St. Paul, 618. 7 U.S. Census, 7th Report, 1850, "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"; Neill, Hist. of Ramsey Co. and St. Paul, 618; T. M. Newson, Pen Pictures of St. Paul, Minne­ sota (St. Paul, 1886) , I, 350. 8 Richard C. Kent, registrar, The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, to the author, September 20, 1982. 9 Nagle, "Sweeny Sampler," 30; Catherine Stover, archivist, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, to the author, February 9, 1977. 150 Missouri Historical Review

->*—*—^

fW^y€p4^ aft*. thJhMs f '*!•//.. O4^ While in Tipton, Sweeny sketched R. T. Greene (Green), Co. I, 6th Missouri Volun­ teer Infantry. A native of Kirkbeam, Scot­ land, and a coppersmith by trade, Green en­ listed in Cook County, Illinois, on May 29, 1861, and was mustered in at St. Louis, on June 17, 1861.

Whether self-taught or not, the young Pennsylvanian's artistic tal­ ents would become well-known and historically important, espe­ cially in Minnesota. In 1852 Sweeny moved from Philadelphia to Minnesota Terri­ tory and established a residence in St. Paul. Apparently he quickly gained employment in one of the drugstores that served the com­ munity. When not working, learning or reading about the many subjects that fascinated him, the industrious young man traveled through the territory or walked the streets of St. Paul, sketching people, buildings and other subjects that piqued his interest. In 1852, for example, he drew numerous sketches, among them the Falls of St. Anthony and Moffat's Temperance House, located on the corner of Forest and Jackson streets in St. Paul. During the same year he painted the Chapel of St. Paul, the namesake of Robert Ormsby Sweeny 151

Minnesota's capital. His many drawings and paintings visually preserved much of the early history of the community.10 In 1855 Sweeny was gladdened by the arrival in St. Paul of his sisters and their husbands. Both of his brothers-in-law became prominent Minnesotans. Dr. Jacob H. Stewart had married Sweeny's sister, Catherine. A surgeon, and "one of the most popular and suc­ cessful practitioners" in St. Paul, Dr. Stewart became Minnesota's first surgeon general, served four terms as city mayor, won election to a term in the state senate and also was the local postmaster for five years. William L. Banning, the husband of Sweeny's sister, Mary, had served in the Pennsylvania legislature before settling in St. Paul. He became a successful banker there, won election to the state legislature, promoted the construction of the Superior Rail­ road and served seven years as its president. Banning actively par­ ticipated in the St. Paul Chamber of Commerce "where his views on political economy and public matters . . . had great influence."11 Sweeny's accomplishments during his own lifetime mirrored the successes of his sisters' husbands. Throughout his life Sweeny traveled widely, exhibiting a vo­ racious appetite for learning and for preserving what he witnessed by means of collecting, writing, drawing or painting. He moved freely among Minnesota's Indian tribes, learned to speak Chippewa, Ojibwe and Dakota and studied and sketched the Indians and their customs. He also collected and drew Indian artifacts and utensils. In 1856 he painted Minnehaha Falls, made famous by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha.12 The St. Paul city directory for 1856-1857 listed Sweeny as a "designer" and an 1857 census identified him an "artist."13 To label Sweeny as a "designer" was especially apropos in 1857. During the 1857 constitutional convention the Minnesota legis­ lature could not agree on the design for an official state seal. A special committee of the Republican membership considered sev­ eral designs, among them one by Sweeny which in September 1858

io Nagle, "Sweeny Sampler," 30, 31; Jennifer Buechler, "Robert O. Sweeny Minnesota History," unpublished manuscript, 1977, 3, appendices. Copy in pos­ session of the author. 11 J. Fletcher Williams, "A History of the City of Saint Paul and the County of Ramsey, Minnesota," Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society (St. Paul, 1876), IV, 360,367,368. 12 Nagle, "Sweeny Sampler," 30; Sweeny to the author, September 20, 1982. Copies of Sweeny's painting of Minnehaha Falls, owned by the Minnesota His­ torical Society, were printed and sold by that society beginning in 1963; see Minnesota History, XXXVIII (December, 1963), back cover; "Accessions," 84. 13 Nagle, "Sweeny Sampler," 29. 152 Missouri Historical Review received endorsement by a senate committee. Both houses at the adjourned session in June passed a bill accepting Sweeny's design but this never became law.14 Also noted as a caricaturist, Sweeny in 1858 contributed this talent to an attempt to defeat a "Five Million Loan" for railroad construction. A constitutional amendment had been passed per­ mitting issuance of such bonds provided a majority of the voters approved. St. Paul opponents of the loan, Sweeny being one of them, lithographed his caricature, and its distribution prompted much comment and hilarity. However, the caricature obviously failed to persuade voters to reject the loan since it passed state­ wide. Even in St. Paul the "yes" votes surpassed the "noes" by 4,051 to 183.15 Sweeny's career as a St. Paul artist and designer was interrupted by the coming of the Civil War. Although he would not bear arms, possibly because of his Quaker upbringing, he did want to observe the effects of warfare and perhaps offer his services as a noncom- batant. Family recollections suggest that he served as a Union pharmacist without pay working with his brother-in-law, Dr. Ste­ wart.16 Though surgeon general of Minnesota at the commence­ ment of hostilities, Dr. Stewart accepted appointment as chief surgeon for the First Minnesota Infantry Regiment organized in August 1861.17 Sweeny may have accompanied Dr. Stewart when the volunteer regiment left Minnesota to join General Irvin Mc­ Dowell's Army of Northeast Virginia. The First Minnesota fought in the Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, and suffered the highest casualty rate of any Union regi­ ment involved.18 During the Union retreat Dr. Stewart elected to stay with the regiment's wounded, enabling the victorious Con­ federates to capture him. He received a conditional parole, left Richmond, Virginia, in mid-August 1861 and returned to Minnesota where he became the acting surgeon for Union troops stationed at Fort Snelling. In early August 1862, Dr. Stewart was sent as a

14 William Watts Folwell, A History of Minnesota (St. Paul, 1961), II, 357- 360; W. H. C. Folsom, Fifty Years in the Northwest (St. Paul, 1888), 658-659; Robert M. Brown, "The Great Seal of the State of Minnesota," Minnesota His­ tory, XXXIII (Autumn, 1952), 126-127. 15 Theodore C. Blegen, Minnesota: A History of the State (Minneapolis. 1963), 252; Williams, "Hist, of St. Paul and Co. of Ramsey," 384. 16 Nagle, "Sweeny Sampler," 29. 17 Minnesota History Bulletin, II (November, 1918), 577; Williams, "Hist, of St. Paul and Co. of Ramsey," 399; Frederick H. Dyer, Compendium of the War of Rebellion (Des Moines, Iowa, 1908), III, 1296. 18 Ibid.; Blegen, Minnesota, 242. Robert Ormsby Sweeny 153 paroled prisoner to Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis only to be ordered to return to Fort Snelling on August 26.19 Sweeny may have assisted his brother-in-law at Fort Snelling but no record remains of him doing so. From his sketchbooks it can be concluded that Sweeny arrived in Missouri sometime during the winter of 1861-1862. He probably decided to make the trip because his other brother-in-law, William L. Banning, was stationed there. Banning had volunteered for ser­ vice on August 24, 1861, and received assignment as a commissary captain in General John C. Fremont's command.20 Early in 1862 Captain Banning began carrying out his commissary duties in the District of Southwest Missouri and participated in General Samuel R. Curtis's 1862-1863 campaign against the Confederates. On April 9, 1862, for example, Colonel Clark Wright of the Sixth Missouri Cavalry mentioned in a despatch that his command including "Captain Banning, and train loaded with subsistence, and some 65 head of cattle," had arrived at Cassville, Missouri. There Banning planned to turn over the supplies which he had commandeered,

19 United States Adjutant General's Office, "Compiled Military Service Record, Jacob H. Stewart" and "Medical Officers File, Jacob H. Stewart," Rec­ ord Group 94, National Archives, Washington, D.C. 20 Francis B. Heitman, comp., Historical Register of the United States Army (Washington, D.C, 1903), I, 189; Williams, "Hist, of St. Paul and Co. of Ram­ sey," 368.

Sweeny captioned this caricature "Missourians Suffering for their Country—we wont get home tiU morning." - ,v A.-..

Ac*-^ 154 Missouri Historical Review

have them sent to the main army, and then reload his wagons which Wright's troops would escort to Forsyth, Missouri.21 Whether Sweeny assisted Union doctors in Missouri and Ar­ kansas while his brother-in-law procured needed supplies cannot be documented. Only one sketch of a bandaged soldier appears in either sketchbook. None of the other drawings remotely relate to anything medical. Some caricatures which Sweeny penciled in his sketchbook now located at the State Historical Society of Missouri provide a possible clue as to what really prompted him to come to the border states, other than Banning already being in the area. Three carica­ ture sketches suggest that he may have followed Union troops as a working artist. One sketch shows an artist-photographer named Toplight sitting in his studio talking to a man in military regalia. The caption which accompanies the caricature states: "Business being dull Mr[.] Toplight is informed by a friend in the Military line that the way to coin money is to follow the army and make military portraits[.]" A second sketch includes the caption: "Top- light locketh his door & moveth his traps towards the seat of war[.]" The final Toplight sketch shows the artist standing with his baggage at a railroad siding with troops and tents in the back­ ground. If Toplight was actually Sweeny, then the Minnesota artist may have arrived in Missouri simply to execute military portraits and sketch other subjects that interested him. Sweeny's sketchbooks include dated drawings that place him in Missouri in January 1862, more specifically at Tipton, an im­ portant terminus on the Pacific Railroad line. Union troops, in­ cluding the volunteer infantry regiments of the Forty-third Illi­ nois, Sixth and Eighth Iowa and the Sixth Missouri had been ordered to guard the rail line and towns along it from Syracuse to Jefferson City, the state capital.22 During January and February Sweeny drew scenes of Tipton, portraits of Union officers and soldiers, noncombatants, and of camp life while he stayed in the Moniteau County town. The artist then traveled with contingents of Union soldiers attached to General Samuel R. Curtis's military expedition to south­ western Missouri and eastern Arkansas. On the way he did a pen

21 War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C, 1883), Series 1, Volume VIII, 363. Hereafter cited as O.R. See also United States Adjutant General's Office, "Appointment, Commis­ sion and Personal Branch, B-332 (CB) —1863," Record Group 94, National Arch­ ives. 22 Dyer, Compendium, III, 1065, 1167, 1168, 1325. Robert Ormsby Sweeny 155

,.,.V)' f ill ^ ".'"*' >:nA* '.'' • /j

v->

^S~JjU- i <*

These caricatures of Toplight the artist-photographer are included in Sweeny's sketchbook, located at the State Historical Society of Missouri. 156 Missouri Historical Review and ink sketch of the house of a Mrs. Harrison located twelve miles southwest of Rolla. As the troops continued to move westward, Sweeny sketched the house of "Uncle Billy Cossy" and depicted the camp site of Colonel John B. Wyman's Thirteenth Illinois In­ fantry. Both subjects were drawn near Springfield. By March Sweeny had arrived in Arkansas where he witnessed the Battle of Pea Ridge. The March 7-8 battle certainly would have given him an opportunity to use any pharmaceutical training he possessed. He sketched two battle scenes and also Elkhorn Tavern which he captioned "Battle Ground of Pea Ridge Ark." On May 21 he sketched General Eugene A. Carr's "pioneers" at work. (General Carr commanded Curtis's second brigade). A day later he drew the top of an Arkansas sweet gum tree. On June 2, Sweeny com­ pleted a pen and ink drawing of General Carr's headquarters near the Little Red River. Three other sketches depicted a July 12 (actually a July 8) Confederate attack against the Fifth Kansas Cavalry which occurred at the Black River,23 although it seems doubtful that Sweeny actually witnessed the skirmish. Instead, he probably reconstructed it from eyewitness reports since he dated one of the sketches incorrectly. On August 17, from the east bank of the Mississippi River, Sweeny sketched Union gunboats and the town of Helena, Ar­ kansas. Since July, General Curtis's Army of the Southwest had occupied that Phillips County rivertown and county seat, where Union troops would be stationed throughout the remainder of the war.24 Shortly after producing the Helena sketch, Sweeny, on August 26, received an army pass to leave the "St. Louis Dis­ trict . . . Lost left eye."25 This unfortunate injury, according to family recollections, oc­ curred when a powdered drug damaged his eye. If this was an apothecary's concoction, then perhaps Sweeny did serve as a Union pharmacist, at least while in Missouri and Arkansas. However, a photography accident could have impaired his vision by a powder flash exploding in his face. Sweeny did use a camera during the war years as evidenced by his photograph in 1863 of the steamboat Chattanooga, which had been commandeered by the Union army to transport supplies on the Tennessee River to and from Chatta-

23 John Francis, "An Incident of the War, in 1862," Transactions of tin- Kansas State Historical Society, 1901-1902 (Topeka, 1902), VII, 164-165; Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kansas, 1861-'65 (Topeka, 1896) , I, 67. 24 Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Eastern Arkansas (Chicago, 1890), 745. 25 Nagle, "Sweeny Sampler," 29. Robert Ormsby Sweeny 157 nooga. He also photographed the Howe Iron Railroad bridge which crossed the Tennessee River, dating one photograph October 1863.26 After his eye injury Sweeny left Missouri, perhaps with Dr. Stewart, for his Minnesota home. By early December 1862, he was able to sketch Fort Abercrombie located on the west bank of Minnesota's Red River "at the head of navigation." Earlier in the year a Sioux uprising had occurred in the state and a five-man mili­ tary tribunal had ordered the execution of 303 Indians and half- breeds who had taken part in the uprising. On December 6, Presi­ dent Abraham Lincoln approved death sentences for thirty-nine of the 303. Thirty-eight Dakota Sioux and half-breeds, some of whom Sweeny knew personally, were hanged at Mankato on December 26. Before the hangings, the artist sketched some of the condemned men.27 Sweeny's whereabouts for the rest of the war years, with the exception of his being near Chattanooga in 1863, remains undocu­ mented until August 1864. In that month he returned to Philadelphia and married Helen Benezet. The couple returned to St. Paul and established a residence on St. Peter Street. Despite his Quaker up­ bringing, on September 13, 1864, Sweeny accepted a commission as a first lieutenant in the Minnesota militia.28 Helen Sweeny gave birth to two children; only one, Robert Ormsby Sweeny, Jr., who was born in 1869 lived to adulthood.29 Exactly when Sweeny became a druggist cannot be established even though he has been considered one of St. Paul's pioneers in that profession. After returning to St. Paul in 1864, he worked with

26 Bertha L. Heilbron, The Thirty-Second State (St. Paul, 1958), 132; at least two other Sweeny photographs are located in the Audio-Visual Department of the Minnesota Historical Society. They were originally the property of Minne- sotan William G. LeDuc. See Bonnie Wilson, special libraries, Minnesota His­ torical Society, to the author, October 28, 1982. In October 1863, LeDuc, a lieu­ tenant colonel in the Union quartermaster corps, performed his duties in the Chattanooga, Tennessee-Bridgeport, Arkansas areas. See O.R., Series 1, XXX, Pt. 4, 348; ibid., XXXI, Pt. 1, 844, 849. 27 Kenneth Carley, The Sioux Uprising of 1862 (St. Paul, 1976) , 6, 54, 72, 74, 75; Nagle, "Sweeny Sampler," 30; R. O. Sweeny to the editor of the Dispatch, March 27, 1886, undated newspaper clipping, in Buechler, "Robert O. Sweeny," appendices. One of the thirty-nine condemned to hang escaped the gallows. A black named Godfrey, who had aided the authorities in the apprehension of the Indians and the half-breeds, received a last minute reprieve. The military officers believed that Godfrey had been "compelled" by the insurgents to join in the uprising. See Sweeny to the editor, March 27, 1886. 28 Nagle, "Sweeny Sampler," 30. 29 U.S. Census, 9th Report, 1870, "Ramsey County, Minnesota"; ibid., 10th Report, 1880, "Ramsey Co., Minn."; Robert Q. Sweeny to the author, October 29, 1982. 158 Missouri Historical Review druggist W. S. Potts who had been a resident of the growing com­ munity at least since 1860. Sweeny bought out Potts in 1866 and opened his own drugstore on Third Street. Because of its owner's wide acquaintance throughout the state, "R. O. Sweeny and Com­ pany" became a popular meeting place and continued to be so until the late 1880s.30 His quest for knowledge and his pursuit of varied interests never diminished. Sweeny wrote accounts of his travels, mines and mining, Indian legends and governmental relations with the Indians. He often included drawings with his writings and frequently demo- strated his ability at caricature. When time permitted he collected historical artifacts. His collection of Indian relics, one newspaper noted, "is supposed to be the finest outside the Smithsonian Insti­ tute [sic'] in Washington."31 Still, his most important contributions were his sketches, drawings, paintings and watercolors which por­ trayed and recorded so many facets of the people of Minnesota and their history. Sweeny's drawings of Minnesota wildflowers, for example, proved to be an invaluable botanical record, just as his drawings and paintings of early St. Paul and Minnesota people and events provided a unique historical record. Sweeny also developed into an important leader in the state. In 1870 he provided the impetus for the founding of the St. Paul Academy of Natural Science, the predecessor of the St. Paul Science Museum.32 He joined and became an active member of the Minne­ sota Historical Society, serving as its president in 1875-1876 and as a member of its executive committee for thirty-three years (1867- 1900).33 Sweeny also helped to incorporate the Minnesota Pharma­ ceutical Association in 1883, served as its secretary for many years

30 Nagle, "Sweeny Sampler," 30; Herman W. Rietzke, The Early Pharma­ cists of Saint Paul (n.p., 1925) , 6, 9. Sources conflict as to when Sweeny actually began his career as a Minnesota druggist and also with whom he first worked in that occupation. Some sources state that Sweeny associated with W. S. Potts in the 1850s. However, Potts does not appear in the 1856, 1856-57, or 1858-59 citv directories, nor does he appear in the 1857 St. Paul census. The first extant list­ ing for Potts occurs in the 1860 federal census and his occupation is that of a druggist. In the 1863 St. Paul city directory Potts is listed as a druggist and Sweeny is not listed at all since he was out of the state. But in the 1864 St. Paul city directory the notation W. S. Potts & Co. lists Potts and Sweeny as druggists at the same address. Two years later Potts does not appear in the city directory but R. O. Sweeny & Co. does appear with Sweeny and Rollin W. DeLano listed as druggists and apothecaries. This same listing appears in the 1867 and 1869 70 St. Paul city directories. See Alissa Wiener, reference associate, Minnesota Historical Society, to the author, October 8, November 2, 1982. 31 Duluth Herald, September 8, 1902. 32 Nagle, "Sweeny Sampler," 30. 33 ibid.; Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society (St. Paul, 1905) , X, Part 2, 875. Robert Ormsby Sweeny 159 and because of his work at drafting the legislation, became known as the "father of the State Pharmacy Law."34 Icthyology was another subject that fascinated the conserva­ tion-minded Sweeny. In 1874 his interest in and knowledge about fish propagation led to his appointment to the first Minnesota Com­ mission of Fisheries.35 The Duluth Herald at the time of Sweeny's death mentioned that: "Not many in the state, and probably in the United States, knew more about fish or could discuss things pisca­ torial as interestingly as he could."36 When the Fish and Game Commission was established in 1891, Sweeny was elected as its first president.37 By this time he had sold his drugstore in St. Paul and had lived in Duluth for two years supervising the construction of the fish hatchery established there by Minnesota and the federal government. One newspaper account stated that the Duluth hatch­ ery became a reality largely through his efforts. He worked on this project until replaced by President Grover Cleveland's administra­ tion in 1893. He then operated a drugstore in Duluth until his death in 1902.38 Following Sweeny's death on September 6, 1902, a number of Minnesota newspapers carried his obituary. The Duluth Herald called him "one of the most distinguished of the early settlers of this state .... His paintings are greatly prized by those that [sic] have them. . . ,"39 Another Duluth newspaper, the Tribune, re­ marked that "his ability with the pencil proved an avenue through which to firmly establish his place in the history of the state."40 The St. Paul Pioneer Press labeled him as "a man of marked artistic talents."41 Sweeny had used his artistic talent, albeit in a primitive way, for approximately seven months while in Missouri and Arkansas, providing an important visual record of people and events affected by the Civil War. Some selections from his sketchbook in the col­ lections of the State Historical Society of Missouri follow. Captions set off by quotation marks are Sweeny's titles for those particular sketches.

34 Rietzke, Early Pharmacists, 6. 35 Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society (St. Paul, 1912), XIV, 761. 36 Duluth Herald, September 8, 1902. 37 Minnesota Legislative Manual (St. Paul, 1893), 286. 38 Duluth Tribune, September 9, 1902. 39 Duluth Herald, September 8, 1902. 40 Duluth Tribune, September 9, 1902. 4i St. Paul Pioneer Press, September 8, 1902. Sweeny was buried in St. Paul's Oakland Cemetery on September 10, 1902. No services were held. Since Sweeny had been a "prominent" Mason, the rites of that fraternal organization had been observed in Duluth. Sweeny used an 18'' x 23^" ink wash drawing (above) to record a "Fire in Tipton." His captioned sketchbook drawing (below) "Triumphal Reception of Paymaster [T. J.] Saunders— Tipton." ly[ >-{ ^^ if J 7i t

W^

'JH**^**" S*,t^w- S«t«*£k ««r 't*«j?1««* i,£6«£*- "Mo. Snow Squall at Tipton—1.20.62"

'Mule Tangle at RR Station Tipton Mo"

aM\m w~ y- ^1

Ci*^? &***i'**r . fe«* 6 ****** 'Nef f s Cook 'Mouth Almighty' " "Cap [James B.] Adams Mo 6th Co. C." Commissary" 'One of the 43» Illinois"

"Capt Vance 6th Mo Infantry Jan 1862." "Killed at "Lt Vohres [Symmes Vicksburg" This sketch (below right) by Sweeny and Vorhees] of 6th Missouri "Adjt. Vance 6th Mo Inftry" (below center) depicted Inftry" Robert S. Vance, a native of Mount Vernon, Ohio.

'./•. -.**.

ifl^s^il BP S&'-^V?

'J "ffifs 0 ••--'••I* >&& i

^^^^^^^

^^mmg^:. •'•••••;•- Kl.,,|:,:,:;,,

si*, /#•<£* "Cavalry picket Secesh laying in wait for a scout"

^

f*

V \ « < \ff : •>.*>

^r^

^IC^VJL- _ ~~*~ -SFff* C53JV (rtrft w 1*U.j>| ^ u4v Vu.ft^* Swfe ^'fcwv^ji <*&!•* * il^^*> *»^-* >"M

Sweeny captioned the top left sketch "Old Missouri" and the top sketch "Col [F. S.] Peyton prisoner from Booneville." He captioned the sketch at right "a pair of "Butter­ nuts9 who 'only want to be left alone'." Sweeny sketched "Pioneers From [Eugene A.] Carrs Division—May 21.1862" (top); "General Carr" on horseback; and "Gen1 Carrs Head- Quarter Camp near Little Red River [Arkansas] June 2nd 1862." Wounded three times during the Battle of Pea Ridge, Carr received a Medal of Honor for gallantry in that battle.

u if it ' t::r .: r ~ •»

^^mmimtm- ^^M^^^Hfe**

"Water Carriers at Cistern Helena, Arkansas"

"Helena—AUK 17th 1862" m%mm wimimsm mcmmk 'mm>mmmMym:mm ii':;:\«is lllllll 111! w-mmm lllllllBlil lllllll lii-f.-',"-..«;•:•;•«•*«! ii^iii^:flr^iiiii iliif MMI^:':[§MtMSMi:M WVrwggm |g|fa:SS|» WiiVMSKiiS ^^^^^ I'l^trtllK WB^WSIwi u BiMMByMM-MBB? mm^Mi&M-: a »4%^M : : 1V^VA*S#; par:3S°B liiMfM''Md'yWy y M i&lf*?^l^Si^ ^^fejf^%^^p^ :wmmmmWiK§mmM WlmmlMM Infill S^^.v^^B fSmmi^ 11111111111 filiill W&MSMB:0Mi ; liilB :r^f\^x^m^ *Wwmm/:m:«JXv

BY DONALD H. EWALT, JR.*

In 1897, following his election as governor of Missouri, Lon Vest Stephens, a Silver Democrat, affected a revolutionary change in the state's health care for the insane. He secured for the homeo­ pathic school of medicine, for the first and only time in Missouri's history, the superintendency of one of the state's lunatic asylums. Stephens, a country banker from Boonville, had attracted the attention of Governor David R. Francis by his successful handling of the receivership for the failed Fifth National Bank of St. Louis in 1888. Circumstances allowed Governor Francis in 1890 to appoint Stephens as state treasurer. Stephens subsequently was elected state treasurer in 1892. During his tenure as treasurer, he authored a weekly column, "Silver Nuggets," which appeared in most of

* Donald H. Ewalt, Jr., is employed at the Southwestern Portland Cement Company, Odessa, Texas. He has the U.S. Ed. from Lincoln I'niversitY, Jeffer­ son City, and the M.A. in History from Penn>\ hania State I'niversit). I'niver sity Park. The author read a shorter version of this paper at a session of tin- Missouri Conference on History at the Iniversity of Missouri-Columbia. April 1981. 170 Patients, Politics and Physicians 171 the rural Democratic newspapers. By advocating the free coinage of silver at a ratio of sixteen to one, he became the darling of rural Democrats. He successfully used the silver issue to rally support and win the office of governor in 1896.x With political patronage the order of the era, the position of asylum superintendent became one of the choicest Missouri politi­ cal plums bestowed upon a practitioner of the medical arts. Three schools of medicine competed and made claims of superior treat­ ment and legitimacy in Missouri at the turn of the century. These included the regular school, homeopaths and eclectics. Each vigor­ ously disagreed over how to best treat disease. The regular school of medicine, variously called the "old school," the "big pill" men or the allopaths, had the largest number of practitioners.2 Its doctors provided medical treatment in all the state controlled institutions and dominated Missouri's State Board of Health.3 To oversimplify, allopaths prescribed inordinantly large doses of drugs or other agents in their attempts to cure disease and restore patients to health. Homeopathic treatment was markedly different. The homeo­ paths adhered to the principle that "like cures like." For instance, if a healthy individual developed a high fever and rash after taking a specific drug, the homeopaths believed that a very minute or extremely diluted quantity of this same drug would cure a patient who exhibited a similar rash and high fever. Homeopaths con­ sidered themselves the "new school" of medicine; they also were known as the "little pill" men and the allopaths referred to them pejoratively as the irregulars. Approximately one in twenty doc­ tors affirmed the homeopathic approach in Missouri at this time.4 This broad distinction between the allopaths and homeopaths began to blur in the 1860s and diminished significantly by the

i Sarah Guitar and Floyd C. Shoemaker, eds., The Messages and Proclama­ tions of the Governors of the State of Missouri (Columbia, Mo., 1926), VIII, 280-281. 2 Both homeopaths and eclectics referred to the regular doctors as "allo­ paths." Samuel Hahnemann, founder to the medical system known as homeo­ pathy, coined the term "allopath" in the early 1800s. Martin Kaufman, Homeo- patliy in America (Baltimore, 1971), 27. Regular doctors in Missouri found the term particularly repugnant. At the Missouri State Medical Association meeting of 1883, the members passed a resolution condemning the use of the word because it implied they were merely a medical sect when in fact they represented true medical science. Harold W. Eickhoff, "The Organization and Regulation of Medicine in Missouri, 1883-1901" (unpublished Ph.D. disserta­ tion, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1964), 62, n21. 3 Fulton Daily Sun, February 5, 1897. 4 Lester S. King, The Medical World of the Eighteenth Century (Chicago, 1958) , 165, 168; Fulton Daily Sun, March 13, 1897. 172 Missouri Historical Review

1880s. However, much antipathy remained between the two schools as they competed for patients.5 Far fewer numbers claimed to be followers of the eclectic school of medicine. The eclectics, as their name implied, availed themselves of both types of treatment depending upon the diseases.6 Stephens's victory raised the hopes of Missouri's homeopaths. The homeopaths had unsuccessfully petitioned previous adminis­ trations to give their school an opportunity to provide medical treatment at one of the state's lunatic asylums. According to the homeopaths, patrons of their school paid one third of the taxes in the cities and one fourth of the taxes statewide.7 Because the governor and most of his family patronized the homeopaths, they correctly surmised that the governor's medical biases would work to their advantage.8 Governor Stephens did not have to look far to find a suitable candidate. Dr. James T. Coombs, the brother-in-law of Stephens's private secretary Colonel Paul B. Moore, practiced homeopathic medicine.9 Missouri's homeopaths also supported Coombs's appoint­ ment and they submitted their endorsements for the governor's file.10 Coombs, a competent young physician from Kansas City, Missouri, had graduated from the Chicago Homeopathic College in 1890. He had worked as an assistant surgeon at the Lincoln Park Sanitarium before opening an office in Kansas City. His numerous clientele helped him acquire more than a local repu­ tation as a surgeon.11 Governor Stephens had the option of appointing Coombs to any one of the three state asylums. The oldest, Asylum No. 1 in Fulton, had opened in 1851, followed by No. 2 in St. Joseph and No. 3 in Nevada. Early in February 1897, the governor made a routine tour of the asylums. While in Fulton he hinted that the Nevada asylum would be given over to the homeopaths.12 However, he merely employed this stratagem to allay the fears of the Fulton asylum management. A month or two earlier Stephens had promised

5 Kaufman, Homeopathy in America, 113, 116, 121, 122-124. 6 Howard L. Conard, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri (St. Louis, 1901) , IV, 306; see also Eickhoff, "Medicine in Missouri." 42. 7 Fulton Daily Sun, February 5, 1897. 8 Fulton Weekly Gazette, February 12, 1897; see also Fulton Daily Sun February 5, 1897. 9 Nevada Daily Mail, February 4, 1897. io Kansas City Star, February 25, March 7, 1897. ii Fulton Weekly Gazette, December 17, 1897. 12 Nevada Daily Mail, February 4, 1897. Patients, Politics and Physicians 173

Governor Lon V. Stephens

ex-Governor William J. Stone that he could name the new super­ intendent at Nevada. Stephens reminded Stone, in February 1899: You will remember before my inauguration you stated that you desired me to allow you to name the Superintendent at Nevada. I did not care who it was. Your choice would be my choice, and I promised you that I would certainly meet your wishes in this respect.13 Stephens fulfilled his commitment to Stone. Alternatively, placing Dr. Coombs at Fulton would end a months long power struggle between regular doctors for the position.14 Coombs's appointment would also deny Dr. D. H. Young, a political antagonist, the position. Dr. Young, the leading candidate and a Gold Democrat, chaired the board of managers of the Fulton asylum.15 While Coombs's selection resolved this

13 Stephens to William J. Stone, February 17, 1899, and September 22, 1897, in Lon Vest Stephens Papers, Ravenswood Farm, Bunceton, Missouri. 14 Paul S. Adams to Stephens, January 23, 1897, Stephens Papers. Adams was president of the Callaway County Savings Bank as well as some other busi­ nesses. His letter does not mention the names of the contending parties. 15 Fulton Daily Sun, March 19, 1897. 174 Missouri Historical Review power struggle, it certainly contained the potential of creating a much larger and potentially politically damaging controversy7. Stephens ran this risk knowingly. The governor discussed this very issue with Dr. Willis P. King of Kansas City in February. Dr. King, a member of the regu­ lar school, served as secretary of Missouri's State Board of Health.16 In a post-meeting letter of clarification to Stephens, King's assess­ ment of the doctors' reaction to a homeopath's appointment as superintendent appeared prophetic and bears repeating in part. King wrote that he believed, as a matter of right, that the homeo­ paths should acquire control of one of the asylums. Would the governor want to make this change, however, if he "could forsee the amount and character of the opposition it would provoke?" He reiterated: [the regular doctors] can not understand how the Gover­ nor can recognize these people without giving official sanc­ tion to what they believe to be arrant humbug. It makes them mad to think about it. These men will not stop at opposition merely—they will become your bitter personal enemies.17 The Fulton asylum's board of managers meeting on March 9, 1897, ended in an uproar when it became apparent that Stephens in­ tended to appoint Dr. Coombs as superintendent. Following this stormy meeting, Dr. D. H. Young and Dr. M. O. Biggs, another board member, spearheaded a campaign to thwart the governor's plans.18 They coauthored a March 10 letter "To the Medical Pro­ fession of Missouri." Seven other regular doctors from Fulton signed their names endorsing the position of Drs. Young and Biggs.19 From the contents of the letter, the doctors clearly saw the asylum as within their private medical domain. Their letter argued that the institution had been in the hands of the regular school since its inception and could not be removed from their control without just cause or good reason. While unjust to the profession, it furthermore would be wrong to the 651 unfortunate insane. Not

16 King had been president of the Medical Association of the State of Missouri in 1882. 17 King to Stephens, February 13, 1897, Stephens Papers. Emphasis King's. 18 Fulton Weekly Gazette, May 21, 1897. 19 Dr. R. V. Bonham to Stephens, March 13, 1897, Stephens Papers. Bon- ham enclosed a copy of the circular and said he did not support the sentiments contained therein, though an allopath himself. Patients, Politics and Physicians 175 more than 3 percent of them believed in the efficacy of homeo­ pathic medicine. Therefore, the doctors reasoned, if a demand for homeopathic treatment existed, let the state construct a separate institution for this purpose. Lastly, the doctors stated their willing­ ness to fight the governor as a matter of scientific principle.20 They included with the letter a remonstrance to be signed and sent im­ mediately to the legislature.21 According to Young and Biggs, six hundred letters were distributed throughout the state accompanied by fifteen hundred remonstrances.22 Meanwhile, the doctors attempted to mobilize Fulton's citi­ zens in opposition. On March 13, Young and Biggs published their letter on the front page of the Fulton Daily Sun. Accompany­ ing this letter appeared a statement signed by seven regular doc-

20 Eickhoff found the regular doctors' opposition to the homeopaths on the grounds of their being unscientific surprising since the trend in Missouri, he believed, seemed to be moving towards a greater acceptance of the homeopaths. A closer examination of the evidence reveals only a slight shift towards greater acceptance of the homeopaths. For instance, in 1895, J. M. Richmond, president of the Medical Association of the State of Missouri, in the "President's Address.' expressed the sentiments of a majority of the members when he railed against those regulars who want to be able to consult with anyone passing "as some kind of 'pathist'." J. M. Richmond, "President's Address," Transactions of the Medical Association of the State of Missouri (Columbia, 1895) , 35-36; see also "Minutes," Transactions of the Medical Association of the State of Missouri (St. Louis, 1894), 7. 21 Dr. R. V. Bonham to Stephens, March 13, 1897, Stephens Papers. 22 Fulton Weekly Gazette, May 21, 1897. 176 Missouri Historical Review tors attacking homeopathy as an "ism."23 The doctors summarized their arguments: All things being equal, six thousand regular doctors outnumbered a mere three hundred homeopaths. Secondly, no civilized nation had recognized or appointed a homeopath to any army, navy or government hospital. No "old line" life insurance company had ever appointed a homeopath to judge an application. In one or two eastern states where homeopaths managed a state medical institution, they were allowed to do so only after they had undergone an examination in scientific medicine.24 Further­ more, the doctors stated, the homeopathic school offered nothing original in pathology and did not accept the pathology of the scientific world. Homeopathy, they maintained, opposed vaccina­ tion, the use of diptheria toxin, anesthetics and rejected the germ theory of disease. As an "ism," understandably, the regular doctors noted, homeopathy seemed weakest in the eastern states where the light of science shone brightest. They deemed it truly de­ moralizing that the governor would sacrifice the welfare of the pa­ tients to pay a political debt. In conclusion, they opposed the changeover not out of jealousy, but as scientists.25 Two days later in the Fulton . \:. , Daily Sun, the homeopaths pub-

23 By "ism," the regular doctors im­ plied that homeopathy was based upon the medical doctrines or dogmas of exclusiveness enunciated by Hahne­ mann and did not conform with scien­ tific medicine derived from evidence and scientific experimentation. 24 Actually, the homeopaths man­ aged state asylums in five states: the Middletown State Homeopathic Hos­ pital in New York, the Western Illinois Hospital for the Insane at Watertown, the Westboro Hospital for the Insane in Massachusetts, Fergus Falls State Hospital in Minnesota, and the Michi­ gan Asylum for the Criminal Insane. Just placed in the hands of the homeo­ paths in March 1897, the Southern California State Hospital in San Ber­ nardino County would make six. J. Rickey Horner and Selden H. Talcott, "Progress in the Establishment and Growth of Homeopathic Hospitals for the Insane Throughout the United States During the Year," Transactions of the 53rd Session of the American Institute of Homeopathy (New York, 1897), 563-566. 25 Fulton Daily Sun, March 13, 1897. Patients, Politics and Physicians 177 lished a lengthy front page rebuttal to the doctors "malicious as­ sault" and their "unfounded accusations." The homeopaths pointed out that, except for bodily ailments, the asylum patients received no treatment at all, only fresh air, some exercise and a bit of amusement. Additionally, they informed their readers, the cure- rate at lunatic asylums under homeopathic control rated better than that of the regular school. Statements that homeopathy did not recognize any pathology, opposed vaccination, anesthesia, and disavowed the germ theory represented base fabrications. If home­ opathy constituted only an "ism," they asked why had it survived so long. Ultimately, the ability to cure illness remained paramount, and the homeopaths claimed they had a much better record.26 The regular doctors allowed this rebuttal to stand and did not publish a reply. Newspaper editorials largely ignored the medical aspects of the furor and focused on the possible economic impact of the governor's action. Clearly from newspaper coverage, the regular doctors were not content to rest their case solely on its scientific merits. Word-of-mouth reports circulated that the changeover would affect adversely the town's economy. The March 12 Fulton Weekly Gazette reported the regular doctors' prediction that friends and loved ones would remove 150 private patients from the asy­ lum.27 According to W. D. Thomas, editor of the Fulton Daily Sun, some local residents believed this potential economic blow could be averted by defeating the appropriation bill for the asylum. Thomas wrote on March 13, "the assertion that the asylum would be depopulated is all bosh."28 He provided the rationale for the doctors' predictions three days later: "[T]he bugaboo that the asylum would be depopulated is all started to try to scare our merchants."29 Thomas, as well as the regular doctors, correctly perceived the town's indifference towards the issue of medical treatment, but its great concern over the predicted economic im­ pact. John B. Rice, a Fulton businessman, likewise laid aside the medical arguments and publicly addressed the economic aspects of the affair in the March 15 Fulton Daily Sun. He wrote: "That by far the greater part of the funds appropriated for the mainte-

26 Ibid., March 15, 1897. 27 Fulton Weekly Gazette, March 12, 1897. 28 Fulton Daily Sun, March 13, 1897. 29 Ibid., March 16, 1897. 178 Missouri Historical Review nance and support of this Asylum is appropriated by the county courts. ..." Furthermore, he expressed concern: That the majority of the physicians who are known to county courts and to the friends of patients might use their influence to have patients removed from the Fulton Asylum and to prevent other patients from being sent to it.30 Fulton's citizens need not have to choose between the loss of pa­ tients or the state's appropriation. Rice offered a compromise solu­ tion. He proposed transferring one of the buildings on the grounds to the homeopaths. This done, the friends and family of the pa­ tients could choose the treatment they preferred for their loved ones. The remaining buildings would stay under the control of the regular doctors. An asylum in Chicago, Illinois, employed such a practicable arrangement. If his plan was not adopted, Rice "fear[ed] that the Governor's action, . . . will prove disastrous." Therefore, he urged all citizens and property owners to support his petition.31 Fulton's papers provided ample coverage of the controversy. Thomas's Sun printed the most complete coverage, and he attempted to support the governor's designs as best he could.32 Fulton's residents, a majority of whom were Democrats, found their loyal­ ties being pulled in two directions. Stephens's actions made it dif­ ficult to remain a loyal Democrat. During the heat of the contro­ versy, on March 15, Thomas wrote the governor that, "Nine-tenths of our people really favor the 'old school' .... The loyalty of your friends is severely tested and a few are falling by the way­ side."33 Thomas tried to calm the situation by characterizing the dispute as merely a doctors' squabble. He argued in the March 13 Sun that, "When doctor's disagree, let'em fight it out. We would regret to see the patients suffer for want of attention because of the doctors [sic] quarrel." He continued, "The effort on the part of some of Fulton's citizen's to defeat the Asylum appropriations because their particular school of medicine may not profit thereby, is extreme selfishness." Therefore, he empathized with the regular doctors when he editorialized, "We would regret to see a change

so ibid., March 15, 1897. 3i Ibid. 32 W. D. Thomas, a Silver Democrat, had strongly supported the governor. Thus, Stephens appointed him to the asylum board of managers where he served as treasurer. It should be noted that pertinent issues of the Fulton Telegraph. for this period, are not available. The Telegraph's role in this episode, if anv. and its type of coverage remain unknown. 33 Thomas to Stephens, March 15, 1897, Stephens Papers. Patients, Politics and Physicians 179 from the 'old School' to the homeopath, . . . [but] The man who fights against the institution fights to the injury of Fulton."34 The message rang clear. Fulton's economic basis should not be jeop­ ardized by supporting the doctors and their attempts to put re­ strictions on the appropriations bill. In his eyes, the asylum appro­ priation meant much more to Fulton than the type of medical treatment meted out to the patients. Coverage more supportive of the regular doctors and their exertions appeared in J. I. Nichols's Fulton Weekly Gazette. Nichols, too, argued for the asylum's prosperity, but also ex­ pressed concern for the unfortunates entrusted to the state for their well-being. Concerning the patients, Nichols argued in re­ sponse the asylum's prosperity meant that which insured their welfare not the town's economic betterment. He found Thomas's logic curious: The Fulton Sun's reply to the Doctors seems jejune or inane, after saying that ["]the effort on the part of some of Fulton's citizens to defeat the Asylum appropriation be­ cause their particular school of medicine may not profit thereby, is extreme selfishness. . . . We would regret to see their zealous work for a particular school of medicine re­ sult in reducing the appropriation for the Asylum. We should be united in our desire to see the institution pros­ per. ["] That is just what we are all after the good conduct and general prosperity of Asylum No. I.35 Nichols protested: the asylum existed for the patients, not the town. Their best interests would not be served by turning control of the asylum over to a sectarian school of medicine. "It is non­ sensical gooseiness to have the efficiency of one of the leading eleemosynary institutions of this state marred or tarnished by an embroglio over the management."36 In theory the asylum benefited the patients, but in reality, Nichols aside, the local citizens proved the real beneficiaries. Within a week, the regular doctors had organized their forces and prepared to broach the legislature.37 On March 17, 1897, they presented their remonstrances to the senate protesting the gover­ nor's plans. Senator William R. Goodykoontz, a regular doctor

34 Fulton Daily Sun, March 13, 1897. 35 Fulton Weekly Gazette, March 19. 1897. 36 ibid. 37 Eickhoff s account, drawn solely from the Fulton Daily Sun, plays down the seriousness of efforts to amend the appropriations bill. With the additional information from the Gazette, it appears that their exertions to amend the bill continued up to the eleventh hour. 180 Missouri Historical Review and chairman of the Committee of Eleemosynary Institutions and Public Health, received their protests. Later that evening, a citi­ zens' meeting occurred in Fulton. The Gazette described "the pro­ ceedings [as] verging on a riot." N. D. Thurmond, a prominent lawyer in Fulton, introduced a resolution that was adopted by fifty-three citizens. Succinctly, the resolution condemned the narrow and partisan spirit that prostituted the institution to personal ends and the furtherance of party politics. Those in attendance ordered the resolution printed and a copy sent posthaste to the legislature.38 These efforts by Fulton's residents certainly complemented the ef­ forts of Dr. Goodykoontz and his fellow cohorts. On March 18. Goodykoontz attached a rider to the eleemosynary appropriation bill which the Senate approved. This amendment stipulated: that no part of the money appropriated by this section shall be paid to any officer or assistant of said institution in case the managers or officers of said institution shall be changed from the school of medicine which now has con­ trol of said asylum.39 The Missouri house, however, refused to concur with the senate's amendment to preclude payment for any homeopathic practitioner at a state institution. A house and senate conference committee soon met and agreed to delete this restrictive measure.40 Legislative action failed to thwart Governor Stephens's plans, but Drs. Young and Biggs remained determined to harass and em- barass the governor.41 Stephens requested the resignations of Young and Biggs from the board of managers. Both doctors publicized their refusal to do so in the local papers, whereupon the governor vacated the positions and installed individuals willing to appoint Dr. Coombs as superintendent.42 Followers of the regular school remained dismayed, but not inactive. Young, who had worked unabashedly to secure his own appointment as superintendent, continued to lead the fight. The battleground shifted from the legislature to the county and state medical associations. Regular doctors, in attendance from over ten counties including the asylum's home county of Callaway, met during the first week in May for the annual Linton District Medical Society meeting in Mexico. An unusually large meeting.

38 Fulton Weekly Gazette, March 19, 1897. 39 Journal of the Senate, Mo. 39th General Assembly (Jefferson Citv, 1897) . 640, 642. 40 ibid., 662, 730, 737. 41 Fulton Daily Sun, March 19, 1897, see also May 19, 24, and June 3, 1897. 42 Fulton Weekly Gazette, April 2, 6, 9, 1897. Patients, Politics and Physicians 181

Senator William R. Goodykoontz

twenty-nine members attended and expressed much interest in the proceedings.43 The society denounced the governor with sev­ eral vituperative resolutions. Members regretted his "infatuation" with and "hallucinations" regarding this "unscientific imagery." Society members described Stephens as unworthy of their respect and his actions manifested his deficient mental condition. They believed it truly deplorable that the insane would be subjected to an "inexperienced corps of experimentors who lurk44 upon his favor for reward."45 A week later, the Central District Medical Society endorsed and adopted without change the Linton District's resolutions.46 Stephens responded quickly. The doctors reminded him of a group of people who met and resolved that the land belonged to

43 Fulton Telegraph, May 11, 1897. 44 This would appear to be a typographical error. The Hahnemannian Monthly for June 1897, in its editorial "Forbearance is Forarmed," 406, com­ mented on the use of the term as follows: ". . . , even if they 'lurk' upon his favor for reward. That 'lurk' we think, is good—something like Tony Weller's 'circumwented;' it means so much, but what it means, Heaven only knows." 45 Fulton Weekly Gazette, May 7, 1897. 46 Fulton Daily Sun, May 13, 1897. 182 Missouri Historical Review the Lord's people; therefore, as the Lord's people, they possessed the land and the fullness thereof and they should govern them­ selves accordingly. He remarked that the allopaths did not speak about him any more bitterly than they did about themselves; if they could take it, so could he. Stephens defended his actions in the press. He did not believe in taxation without representation and since the homeopaths paid between one-fourth and one-third of the taxes they deserved recognition. By law, their representative served on the State Board of Health. If, however, the allopaths continued to pass slanderous resolutions, the governor said he would be forced to turn over every institution in the state to the homeopaths.47 D. H. Young, undeterred by threats from the governor, took steps to insure discussion of the issue at the upcoming state medical convention. Prior to the May 18, 1897 meeting, he privately printed and circulated a pamphlet titled, "An Address to the Members of the Missouri Medical Profession and the Regular Profession."48 Members in attendance adopted a committee report that expressed regret concerning the governor's unjust decision and the asylum board's unwarranted action. According to the doctors, actions bv Governor Stephens and the asylum board caused "a stain upon the fair escutcheon of the State, a detriment to the best interests of society, and a crime against the unfortunate inmates of the institution."49

47 ibid., May 7, 1897. 48 Eickhoff, "Medicine in Missouri," 179. 49 Transactions of the Medical Association of the State of Missouri (Kansas City, 1898), 335-336.

Ladies9 Convalescent Ward at Fulton Asvhim No. 1 Patients, Politics and Physicians 183

As expected in the annual address, Dr. John H. Duncan, president-elect of the association, denounced the governor's actions. More importantly, he described at length the insults suffered by the medical profession and the lessons they should have learned. Because the doctors had excluded themselves from politics and held aloof from their business and civic concerns, they naturally wielded little influence in the political decision-making process. Rather than ignoring their civic concerns, he admonished them to become more engrossed. Henceforth, he reiterated, they should become more professional and businesslike.50 W7hile the regular doctors still smarted from the rebuff suf­ fered at the hands of Stephens, Coombs assumed control on April 13, 1897, and the homeopaths enthusiastically went about their task of managing the institution. Published reports from visitors indicated that the asylum appeared well-managed and the patients benefited from the change. General Richard C. Home, editor of the Marshall Democrat-News and chairman of the board of managers of the Fulton asylum, wrote in May 1897: No one was more upset than we when the change was announced as probable; it meant turning out personal friends and installing perfect strangers in lucrative and responsible positions. But the change was made and it has not resulted in evil to the inmates nor depopulated the buildings. . . . On the contrary there are thirteen more patients in the asylum than ever before, more money has been paid in advance by the friends and relatives of pay patients than for any quarter for the past three years, and more patients are taken out riding each day than was ever known in the history of the asylum.51 Two members of Missouri's State Board of Charities and Cor­ rections visited the asylum in June 1897. Mrs. F. H. Ingalls of St. Louis spoke glowingly about: a great improvement in the management as well as in the methods employed in treating the insane. . . . Since Dr. Coombs took charge punishment has been abolished, and the inmates are controlled by kindness and persuasive methods. The [c]rib, leather hand cuffs [sic] and belt have been used at times, but under no circumstances can they be resorted to except in the presence and under the personal direction of Dr. Coombs. It was thought impos-

50 John H. Duncan, "Annual Address to the Missouri State Medical As­ sociation," in ibid., 340-355; see also Eickhoff, "Medicine in Missouri," 179, 183-184. 51 Fulton Daily Sun, May 15, 1897. 184 Missouri Historical Review

sible to control the inmates if the former severity was re­ laxed, but the new system has been found to work ad­ mirably.52 According to the Fulton Daily Sun, Ingalls acknowledged that she preferred homeopathic methods of treatment and chose a homeopath as her family physician. Dr. R. E. Young, a regular doctor from Jefferson City and former superintendent of the Nevada asylum for six years, concurred with Ingalls's assess­ ment. In an unsolicited opinion, Dr. Young described the manage­ ment as "the best it has ever been, and there has been a great improvement over any previous administration."53 Likewise, the Fulton Daily Sun editorialized: Dr. Coombs is making improvements all over the institu­ tion. . . . The popularity of the institution is growing. Thirteen patients were received last week and everyone who has taken the pains to investigate the management is loud in their praise.54 The high point in newspaper publicity came in a full-page article on December 17, 1897. The Fulton Weekly Gazette lavished praise on Dr. Coombs and his management of the asylum. It noted positively that more patients resided at the asylum than ever before.55 Custodial care for the insane became the norm by 1890, according to the noted historian of asylums, David Rothman. Rothman characterized custodial care as including the following: institutional overcrowding accompanied by a breakdown in the classification of patients, the demise in work therapy and increased recourse to mechanical restraints and harsh punishment.56 In comparison, the Fulton asylum represented an exception to cus­ todial care. No one complained of overcrowding at Fulton; on the con­ trary, Coombs welcomed more patients and heralded their arrival as a victory for the homeopathic method of treatment.57 Under homeopathic management a number of changes in medical treat-

52 ibid., June 19, 1897. 53 ibid. 54 ibid., June 16, 1897. 55 Fulton Weekly Gazette, December 17, 1897. 56 David Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Dis­ order in the New Republic (Boston, 1971), 264; see also Rothman's Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (Bos­ ton, 1980), 293-294. 57 Coombs to Stephens, "June 14, 1897, Stephens Papers. Patients, Politics and Physicians 185 ment were introduced. Within days of assuming control of the institution, the homeopaths eliminated the position of asylum druggist.58 Reportedly, they never resorted to "hypnotics," such as morphine, chloral hydrate and paraldehyde.59 Homeopaths claimed to have abandoned the "constant use of purgatives and laxatives in large quantities. . . ."60 Coombs also employed drastic measures such as brain surgery in treating insanity. The Fulton Daily Sun allowed that "Since Dr. Coombs has been in charge of the Asylum [three and one half months] there have been 20 operations, all with good results."61 Coombs introduced changes in the weekly dances at the asylum. As described in the Sun: ... No one is allowed to take part in the square dances unless he or she dances with a patient, and in this way the superintendent has headed off a monopoly from town who formerly monopolized the floor on dance nights, and it is now enjoyed by the patients and attendants for whose benefit the dances are given.62 Whereas other asylums resorted more often to mechanical re­ straints and harsh punishments, the homeopaths restricted the use

58 Fulton Weekly Gazette, April 16, 1897. 59 "Twenty-Fourth Biennial Report of State Lunatic Asylum No. 1, Fulton, Missouri for the Years 1899-1900 to the 41st General Assembly," Journals of the Senate and House, Mo. 41st General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1901) , Appen­ dix, 19. 60 ibid. 61 Whether all these operations involved brain surgery was not indicated, but the Sun reported this information in reference to a patient's death follow­ ing a brain operation, Fulton Daily Sun, July 29, 1897; see also Coombs to Stephens, July 27, 29, 31, 1897, Stephens Papers. 62 Fulton Daily Sun, February 11, 1898.

Rear view of Fulton asylum shows patients out walking. 186 Missouri Historical Review of such restraints and abolished punishment.63 Other institutions applied work therapy less and less; the homeopaths attached greater importance to work therapy and expanded its use. ". . . [P]revious to his [Dr. Coombs] assuming charge about 20 patients were employed around the institution," the Fulton Weekly Gazette pointed out, "100 are now employed."64 Coombs compiled more impressive statistics. A comparison of results for the first ten months with the corresponding period of the previous administra­ tion demonstrated that cures rose 20 percent and deaths declined 25 percent. In addition, these improvements came about at less expense to the state.65 Notwithstanding the reported improvements in treatment and the statistics to support better results at less cost, homeopathic control of the asylum proved short-lived. Unfortunately for the homeopaths, a scandal rocked the asylum in February 1898. The allegation that Coombs made two late night visits to a female attendant's room served as a basis for the board of manager's charge against him of sexual misconduct. Coombs resigned im­ mediately, incensed by the board's willingness to rely on incon­ clusive evidence.66 Opinions divided over whether Coombs was guilty, or a victim of a conspiracy to discredit him.67 The State Board of Charities and Corrections, chaired by Governor Stephens, investigated the matter and took the latter view.68 As a result. Coombs was reinstated on March 8, 1898. The investigation, how­ ever, failed to end the controversy. A broadside, entitled "The Asylum Investigation," appeared shortly thereafter and called the investigation a whitewash.69 On the other hand, the Jefferson City Daily Tribune boldly declared that "The charges were the result

63 ibid., June 19, 1897. 64 Fulton Weekly Gazette, December 17, 1897. 65 Ibid.; see also Jefferson City Daily Tribune, February 11, 1898. 66 Ibid., February 26, 1898. 67 Colonel Bob Yost, a reporter from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, went to Jefferson City to examine the recorded testimony first hand. He then talked with Coombs and N. D. Thurmond, attorney for the prosecution. In his opinion, missing links in the story created uncertainties about the evidence. Even after talking with both parties, he remained uncertain wrhether Coombs wras guiltv or the victim of conspiracy. See Fulton Weekly Gazette, March 18, 1898. An attempt to locate the early records of the State Board of Charities and Corrections proved unsuccessful. 68 Fulton Weekly Gazette, March 11, 1898. 69 J. R. Brandon, a resident of Fulton, signed his name to the broadside, therein admitting that he had written the anonymous letter to General Richard C. Home which brought about the Board's inquiry. See W. T. English Papers, Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript C.ollcc tion-State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts-Columbia. Patients, Politics and Physicians 187

Governor Alexander Dockery

of a conspiracy of the enemies of Dr. Coombs to get him out of the position as superintendent of the asylum."70 The Fulton Tele­ graph reacted with, "If this was a political-professional scheme, and concocted to cast odium on the administration, it has failed of its purpose."71 Whatever the case, the scandal cast a shadow over the accomplishments of the homeopaths and certainly damp­ ened their hopes of retaining control of the institution. Although Coombs weathered the 1898 storm, he resigned for good in April 1900. His replacement, Dr. W. L. Ray, another homeopath, served until March 13, 1902, when Governor Alexander Dockery, a regu­ lar doctor himself, restored control of the asylum to the allopaths.72 Missouri's homeopaths had hoped to use Coombs's appoint­ ment to establish permanent control of the asylum and extend homeopathic influence statewide. Within two weeks after Coombs assumed control of the Fulton facility, the Missouri Institute of

70 Jefferson City Daily Tribune, March 6, 1898. 71 Fulton Telegraph, March 8, 1898. 72 u. S. Wright, "President's Address," Transactions of the Medical As­ sociation of the State of Missouri (St. Louis, 1901) , 25; "Twenty-Fifth Biennial Report of the State Hospital For Insane No. 1 Fulton, Missouri to the Forty- Second General Assembly for the Years 1901-1902," Journals of the Senate and House, Mo. 42nd General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1903), Appendix, 7. 188 Missouri Historical Review

Homeopathy launched several new campaigns. It created a com­ mittee to consider organizing Missouri's first homeopathic life insurance company. The institute also delegated another committee to broach the governor about greater representation on the State Board of Health.73 At least one homeopath, Edward F. Brady, general secretary of the Missouri Institute for Homeopathy, so­ licited support from Stephens for his candidacy in Missouri's Sixth District, located in St. Louis.74 Likewise, Stephens sought input from individual homeopaths about possible political appointees.75 Little came of these efforts, however. Ultimately, homeopathic con­ trol of the asylum did not mark the beginning of an era of in­ creased homeopathic influence and stature. On the contrary, it represented a brief moment of glory preceding homeopathy's de­ cline as a viable medical discipline.76 In the short run, the regular doctors faired poorly. Their attempts to generate a public outcry against Coombs's appointment backfired. Adverse publicity arose, but against the allopaths. The Fulton Daily Sun reprinted numerous excerpts, during May and June 1897, from other newspapers endorsing the governor's action.77 For the regulars, the importance of the controversy marked a turn­ ing point in the development of the Medical Association of the State of Missouri.78 The appointment of a homeopath to the Fulton asylum stung the doctors professional pride, but it helped unite the association, enabling it to get legislation passed improv­ ing the profession. By 1901, the doctors were united sufficiently7 to secure the passage of the Hall Medical Bill to upgrade the medical profession. In the annual address to the medical associa­ tion, Dr. U. S. Wright, in a congratulatory statement, mentioned events which had led to the unification of the association. He be­ lieved the appointment of a homeopath to be superintendent at the State Lunatic Asylum No. 1 in Fulton, had provided an im­ portant impetus for this action.79

73 Fulton Daily Sun, May 7, 1897. 74 Dr. E. F. Brady to Stephens, August 25, October 3, 1898, Stephens Papers. 75 Dr. George A. Dean to Paul Moore, July 10, 1897, Stephens Papers. 76 From 1900 to 1920 homeopathy clearly declined nationwide. Sec Kauf­ man, Homeopathy in America, 166, 77 Fulton Daily Sun, May 14, 19, June 3, 1897. 78 Wright, "President's Address," 25; see also Eickhoff, "Medicine in Mis­ souri," 179, 183-184. 79 Wright, "President's Address," 24. A Chinese Memoir of the University of Missouri, 1920-1923

Translated by DAVID R. KNECHTGES* Annotated by LEWIS O. SAUM*

After the founding of the Chinese Republic in 1911, increasing numbers of Chinese came to the United States for study. Most of these students received Chinese government scholarships funded from the Boxer Indemnity remainder the United States returned to China in 1908. To prepare students for study in the United States, the Chinese government established Tsing Hua College in Peking. Closely modeled on the American university, the school employed many Americans as teachers. Graduates received the equivalent of two years of American college work and usually could enter the junior class of most American universities. One American university with which Tsing Hua had a special relation­ ship was the University of Missouri. In 1918 Tsing Hua adopted a rigorous grading system reputedly based on that used at the Uni-

David R. Knechtges is professor of Chinese at the University of Washing­ ton, Seattle. He received the B.A. degree from the University of Washington the A.M. from Harvard, and the Ph.D. from the University of Washington Lewis O. Saum is professor of History at the University of Washington He received the B.A. degree from Minot State College, North Dakota, and the M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Missouri-Columbia. 189 190 Missouri Historical Review

K. C. Hsiao As He Appeared in the University of Missouri Savitar, 1923

versity of Missouri.1 Although Missouri's School of Journalism be­ came a prime attraction, the Tsing Hua students by no means limited their education majors to journalism. Indeed, they found the University of Missouri an excellent place to study science, engineer­ ing, agriculture and, most importantly, the liberal arts. One of the most illustrious of the Chinese liberal arts majors. Dr. K. C. Hsiao (1897-1981) attended the University of Missouri from 1920 to 1923. A Tsing Hua graduate of 1920, Dr. Hsiao came to Missouri intending to study journalism, but soon transferred to philosophy. After finishing his B.A. in 1922, he went on to study for an M.A. in philosophy, which he completed the following year. He then received a fellowship to study philosophy at Cornell Uni­ versity, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1926. Kegan Paul pub­ lished his dissertation, Political Pluralism, A Study in Contemporary Political Theory, in 1927. This work, a classic in its field, subse-

i The recent Draft History of Tsing Hua College and University (Ch'ing- hua ta-hsiieh-hsiao shih-kao) prepared by the History of Tsing Hua College and University Compilation Group (Peking, 1981), 33, describes this as a six-grade system: Excellent, Superior, Medium, Inferior, Low, Failing. Except for the grade of Low, it is identical to the five-grade system devised in 1908 at Missouri by the psychologist Max Meyer (see note 13) . See Jonas Viles, The University of Missouri: A Centennial History (Columbia, 1939), 289-290; Frank F. Stephens. A History of the University of Missouri (Columbia, 1962) , 404-406. A Chinese Memoir 191 quently became required reading in the Oxford University course on "Modern Greats." From 1926 to 1949, Dr. Hsiao taught at various universities in China. In 1949, he accepted an invitation to the University of Washington, where he taught until his retire­ ment in 1968. The world's foremost expert on Chinese political thought, Dr. Hsiao wrote in Chinese, History of Chinese Political Thought, which has been translated and recently published by Princeton University Press. In 1960, he received the $10,000 "Dis­ tinguished Scholarship in the Humanities Prize" awarded by the American Council of Learned Societies. After his retirement, Dr. Hsiao published his memoirs in Chinese. Titled Critical Reflections on My Pursuit of Learning (Wen hsiieh chien wang lu), this account of his scholarly career began with his boyhood education under private tutors and ended with his retirement in 1968. Originally serialized in the Chinese journal Biographical Literature (Chuan-chi wen-hsueh), it subse­ quently appeared in book form in 1972. One chapter of this book, most of which is translated here, concerns his years at the Univer­ sity of Missouri. The memoir, primarily important for the man who wrote it, concerns one of the leading Chinese intellectuals of the twentieth century. The author writes about his experiences with a trenchant wit that is tempered by his self-effacing manner of expression. He says little about his own accomplishments and, in typical Chinese fashion, lavishes great praise on his teachers, several of whom exerted a lasting influence on him. (A Chinese of his generation would consider its improper to make disparaging remarks about his professors.) One of the most striking features of Dr. Hsiao's narrative is the obvious affection he had for Colum­ bia, which he described as a most hospitable place to live. He gives the distinct impression that he and all the Chinese students received kind treatment at the university and in the town. Most of the Chinese who came to the United States in this period were well-educated, highly cultivated men and women. Serious scholars, they already had received a classical Chinese education, much more rigorous than the American university7 curriculum. Neverthe­ less, they eagerly sought to learn new things, and the young K. C. Hsiao embarked on his study of Western culture with unflagging energy and characteristic self-discipline. Although a man of his talent could have acquired this knowledge anywhere, it is a tribute to the L^niversity of Missouri that he received so sound a forma­ tive American nniversitv education. 192 Missouri Historical Review

Pursuit of Learning on a New Continent: Three Years at the University of Missouri

When the three of us arrived in Columbia,2 the university already was in session. Fortunately, the admission procedures had been taken care of earlier, and all we had to do was report our arrival and register. Li Kan majored in journalism. At that time the University of Missouri School of Journalism was first-rate. His younger brother majored in engineering. Although the College of Engineering was not particularly famous, still it was up to stand­ ard. I had two purposes in going to Missouri. One, I was interested in a career in journalism. Two, Hsiao Chii was there studying economics, and I wanted to study abroad with him.3 When he learned that I wanted to come to Missouri, he was very pleased and asked me to inform him in advance of our arrival time in Columbia. When our train came into the station, he had been on the platform for quite some time. He looked after us and took us to lodgings that he had prearranged for us. The afternoon of the next day he accompanied us to the campus to handle the procedures for reporting our arrival and selecting classes. Li Kan and I went together to see the dean of the School

2 Dr. Hsiao refers here to himself, Li Kan, and Li Kan's vounger brother. Li Mao. 3 Hsiao Chii was Dr. Hsiao's cousin.

Neff Hall housed the School of Journalism at the University of Missouri in 1920.

|^^V A Chinese Memoir 193 of Journalism, Professor Walter Williams.4 He indicated to us that besides the required journalism courses, we should as soon as possible take such courses as modern history, introduction to political science, principles of economics, sociology, and introduc­ tion to philosophy in order to expand our horizons and broaden our scope of knowledge. Journalism was a professional discipline, but it had to be supplemented with a "liberal arts" curriculum in order to avoid a narrowness of vision. We of course followed his advice. "Principles of Journalism" and "Elementary Reporting" were required courses, and we had no choice in the matter. Li Kan and I both elected "Modern European History." He also took economics and one other course. I took "Introduction to Philosophy" and "Sociology." (Later in my three years at the University of Mis­ souri I took history of philosophy, psychology, anthropology, politi­ cal science, education, botany, French, German, art, and other courses.) Our first class happened to be "Modern European History" taught by Professor Robert Kerner.5 Since we were new to the place, we spent some time before finding the classroom. The bell had already rung, and the classroom door was closed. After hesitating a moment, we plucked up our courage, opened the door and went in to find a large classroom filled nearly to capacity with sixty or seventy students. In lecturing about historical events Pro­ fessor Kerner drew such a vivid and interesting picture his courses were well-received by the students, and every year he had a large enrollment. At that time Professor Williams was the "doyen" of American journalism. His "Principles of Journalism" provided us with an endless array of profound ideas. Professor Jay William Hudson taught "Introduction to Philosophy" and was able to ex-

4 In his mid-fifties at this time, Walter Williams had moved the Univer­ sity of Missouri from pioneer to exemplar in the teaching of journalism. This noted editor and historian helped establish the School of Journalism at the university in 1908, the first separate school of journalism in the world. He served as first dean of the school from 1908 until his election as president of the university in April 1930. He remained as president until retirement in June 1935. He died the following month. Hsiao's references to Williams do not inflate the man's reputation. 5 Though still a young man, Robert J. Kerner was well on the way to developing a large reputation, not only as the dramatically effective classroom teacher depicted by Hsiao, but as one of the foremost scholars in East European and Russian history. A Harvard Ph.D. of 1912, he came to Missouri in 1914. At the conclusion of World War I he served with the Wilson Peace Commis­ sion. After the war he taught at Missouri until 1928 when he left for the Uni­ versity of California at Berkeley. He stayed there throughout the remainder of his long and notable career. 194 Missouri Historical Review

Walter Williams, Dean of the School of Journalism plain profound concepts in simple terms.6 Professor Charles Ell- wood taught "Sociology" and "Anthropology." Although he was a famous sociologist, he devoted much attention to educating the younger generation.7 For the most part we were satisfied with our courses. The course that gave me the most headaches was "Elementary Reporting." Besides classroom lectures on the tech­ niques of reporting, much of our time was spent at the railroad station interviewing arriving passengers. These men and women of all ages were in a hurry to get on with their business, and very

6 Another Harvard Ph.D., Hudson came to the University of Missouri in 1908, and, as a talented and interesting academician, he does not suffer by com­ parison with others under whom Hsiao studied during his Columbia stay. In World War I he served with the American Red Cross in France where, appar­ ently, he met and married his second wife. Here in the early 1920s Hudson was a promising, publishing scholar. Interestingly, one of his books, The College and New America (New York, 1920), contained a Foreword by Henry Suzzallo, the president of the University of Washington, to which Dr. Hsiao would come years later. In the 1920s Hudson also published novels. Unlike others with whom young Hsiao studied, Hudson stayed in Columbia until retirement and death in the 1950s. 7 Ellwood was the one man with whom Hsiao studied whose national reputation rivalled that of Walter Williams. He began his Missouri stay in 1900 and ended it to go to Duke University late in his career. His sociological writ­ ings were widely known and widely used, and three of them were translated into Chinese in 1923. A Chinese Memoir 195 few were willing to answer us "reporters'" questions. If by chance there were a few who were willing to respond, the reasons they gave for coming to Columbia were quite commonplace (e.g., to see friends or visit relatives) and had no "news value" or did not qualify for publication in the Missourian (a daily newspaper run by the School of Journalism to give students practical experience).8 When the first semester ended, though I somehow managed to pass, I abandoned my ambition to become an "uncrowned king." At the same time I had developed a strong interest in philosophy. In the second semester, contrary to my expectations, I became a student in the philosophy department. The philosophy department at that time had only two pro­ fessors, Hudson and George H. Sabine.9 The philosophy majors, including myself, totaled only four or five. This was a desolate department. The two professors still were not well known, but they were both learned scholars and profound thinkers who did their best to inspire the students. The two men rotated the duties and title of chairman and shared in the teaching of department courses. Both professors thought I had academic promise and gave me constant inspiration and encouragement. A year and a half passed. In June 1922 I completed my under­ graduate degree. Because my scholastic achievement was fairly good, I was selected for Phi Beta Kappa. . . . The term of my Tsing Hua government stipend for study in the United States was five years, and I still had three years of stipend left. Thus, I de­ cided to enter graduate school and continue my studies under the direction of the two philosophy professors. At the same time I chose psychology as my minor field. Most American graduate schools required that M.A. and Ph.D. students write a thesis in addition to fulfilling certain required courses. My two philosophy professors asked me if I wished to write an M.A. thesis concerning Chinese philosophy. I expressed the hope that they would give me a topic on Western philosophy.

8 Originally the University Missourian, this paper became the Columbia Missourian. As envisioned by Dean Williams at the outset of the School of Journalism, it would act as "the laboratory, the clinic, the practice school of the School of Journalism. . . ." Viles, Centennial History, 428-430. The better to realize its goals, the Missourian acted as a general newspaper, not a campus newspaper. 9 A forty-year-old Cornell Ph.D. when Hsiao encountered him, Sabine had little of the reputation he would realize in twenty years. In 1923 he left for Ohio State University where he stayed until going to Cornell in 1931. His stature was assured by A History of Political Theory (1937) . 196 Missouri Historical Review

My reasons were: (1) we Chinese students in coming to the West to study ought to acquire as much knowledge of Western culture as we can. After returning to China it still would not be too late to set about studying Chinese culture. (2) To write in America a thesis on Chinese philosophy perhaps would serve to establish links between Western and Chinese culture, but I as a neophyte had no profound understanding of Chinese philosophy, and thus I had no ability to introduce Chinese philosophy to Westerners. (3) At that time most American university libraries did not have many Chinese books, and the University of Missouri library was especially deficient in this respect. If I were to write a thesis on Chinese philosophy, I certainly would have felt a keen lack of reference materials. (4) Most American university professors had never devoted themselves to studying Chinese culture, and it seemed that they could not really direct a student in writing a thesis on a Chinese topic. (Of course, I never mentioned the fourth reason to them. I later heard that there were a lot of Chinese students in America who wrote theses about China. Certainly some of them had scholarly value, but there is no lack of examples of those who deceived both themselves and others. One of the most ridiculous among the latter was the civil engineering student who wrote a thesis called "The Structure of the Yangtze River Bridge," and after "finishing his studies" returned to China. This manner of building a bridge from across the sea is even more in­ genious than the ancient who "built a cart behind closed doors.") My two professors agreed with my point of view. Professor Sabine said, "The pluralistic political theory recently advocated by the English scholar Harold J. Laski was quite worth investigating. Are you willing to do a thesis on this topic?"10 I immediately accepted his suggestion, and in eight months I completed a 20,000-word essay titled "The Pluralistic Theory of the State."11 In June 1923 I obtained my M.A. degree. My two professors knew that I wished to continue my studies and urged me to go to an eastern university rather than remain at Missouri any longer. Professor Hudson thought I should go to Harvard University (was a Ph.D. in philosophy from that university) and indicated his

io Young Laski only recently had come to the attention of the scholarly world with his Authority in the Modern State (1919) and The Foundation of Sovereignty and Other Essays (1921). ii In his Ph.D. work at Cornell, Hsiao built upon this M.A. thesis, and in time it emerged as one of* his best-known published works. A Chinese Memoir 197 willingness to recommend to the Harvard philosophy department that I be admitted to the graduate program and be given a fellow­ ship. Professor Sabine urged me to go to Cornell University (he was a Ph.D. in philosophy from that university). After some con­ sideration, I decided to go to Cornell. My reasons were: (1) Cor­ nell's philosophy department was the center of American idealistic theory at that time. Whether or not one accepted the idealistic theory, by studying this school of philosophy one could get train­ ing in precise thinking. (2) Professor Frank, Thilly of Cornell was well-versed in social and political philosophy.12 Through the en­ couragement and inspiration of Professor Sabine, I developed a strong interest in political thought, and I wanted to do further study of this subject under the di­ rection of Professor Thilly. Thanks to Prof. Jay William Hudson the recommendations of Professors Sa­ bine and Hudson, Cornell University admitted me to the graduate school and gave me a fellowship. Besides the two philosophy professors, who could be called my "mentors," there were among the Missouri professors

12 One might conjecture that Thirty's one­ time connection with the University of Missouri had at least some influence on Hsiao's decision to go to Cornell rather than Harvard. After completion of his Ph.D. at the University of Heidelberg early in the 1890s, Thilly joined the faculty of the University of Missouri and stayed there for eleven years. During that time he married the daughter of Professor H. G. Mathews. His enduring association with the University of Missouri is attested by his address to the opening of the year convocation of 1930. Newr President Walter Williams introduced him on that occasion. See Modern University Prob­ lems: An Address at a University of Missouri Convocation September 11, 1930 by Frank Thilly. Ellwood, too, had a Cornell connection; he com­ pleted his first degree, the Ph.B., there in 1896. It is idle but interesting to wonder how young Hsiao would have fared had he gone to Har­ vard. Alfred North Whitehead joined Harvard's philosophy department at mid-decade, but given Hsiao's interests, he most likely would have studied with Ralph Barton Perry or William Ernest Hocking. The latter, involved in politi­ cal philosophy per se, would have been kindlier disposed to Hsiao's quest for an "idealistic" version of political philosophy than Perry would have been. 198 Missouri Historical Review

Max Meyer, Professor of Psychology

the psychology professor Max Meyer,13 and the German professor Hermann Almstedt,14 who are the most memorable and to whom I owe the most gratitude. Professor Meyer was originally from Germany, and he still had a German accent. Because psychology was my minor field, I took two of his courses and also did some research under his direction. He did not agree with the old school of "introspective" psychology, but advocated analyzing the psyche from a physiological point of view. In his opinion all psychological phenomena are the result of stimulus and reaction, and all re­ actions are based on a physiological structure. He had a famous dictum: "Emotion is wasted reaction." He explained this by saying, "If a man sees that a wall is about to fall down, and without

13 Meyer, born in Danzig in 1873, received a Ph.D. from the University of Berlin, and began teaching psychology at the University of Missouri at the turn of the century. His published work seems to be a variant form of the behaviorism associated especially with John B. Watson and William McDougall. His departure from the university came as a result of a furor over a sex ques­ tionnaire emanating from a project in which he apparently had little direct involvement. During the controversy the American Association of University Professors investigated; President Stratton Brooks was removed from office; and Dean Walter Williams became president of the university. After this tempest of 1929-1930, Meyer remained on some kind of leave status from the univer­ sity for a while. Indeed, Who's Who in America showed him on "leave of absence" from 1932 until his death in Miami in the mid-1950s. For a succinct account of the episode, see Stephens, History, 523-527. 14 Almstedt does not emerge as clearly as others whom Hsiao encountered, perhaps because he was not a publishing scholar. Born in St. Louis in 1872, he did work leading to the Ph.D. at the University of Chicago. In 1901 he came to the University of Missouri where he stayed throughout his career and retirement. A Chinese Memoir 199 changing expression, immediately takes to his heels, he will not be crushed. This is a useful reaction. If he shakes with fear, be­ comes nervous and weak-kneed, so that he is unable to run away, this is wasted reaction." This school of psychology was taken quite seriously by some American scholars of that time. The late Tsing Hua University psychologist Sun Kuo-hua was influenced by it. Though I had no profound grasp of Professor Meyer's theory, he thought highly of me and let me perform a few psychological tests and experiments. Later, Sun Kuo-hua told me that Professor Meyer in a certain book he had written mentioned that I had assisted him with some experiments. His honest scholarly attitude, and his unwillingness to leave unacknowledged the most insig­ nificant work of a student merits both gratitude and emulation.15 I studied one year of German with Professor Almstedt. (An­ other professor taught Second-year German.) Professor Almstedt

15 This probably refers to one of the appendices to Meyer's "The Musi­ cian's Arithmetic: Drill Problems for an Introduction to the Scientific Stud\ of Musical Composition," The University of Missouri Studies, IV (Januarv, 1929). K. C Hsiao, "Chinese Scale Theories" comprises Appendix 6, 105-117. In a footnote at the outset, 105, Meyer noted the following by way of identifi cation: "This brief account of the history of Chinese music was written at mv request, to furnish me much desired information, by a Chinese gentleman who combines a profound knowledge of Chinese scholarship and life with an in­ timate knowledge of western science and western practices."

Prof. H. B. Almstedt 200 Missouri Historical Review used the "direct method" of teaching elementary German. From the first class he avoided speaking English (even though his English pronunciation was correct and he did not have Profes­ sor Meyer's heavy German accent). As he spoke German to us, he made all kinds of gestures to express his meaning. After a time all his students could more or less understand. The textbook he used was completely in German. Because his methods were good, and he taught with such enthusiasm, students naturally made rapid progress. Hsiao Chii had earlier been one of his favorite stu­ dents, and thus he also viewed me in a good light. He often in­ vited the two of us to his home for tea or dinner. I can say that he was our friend as well as our teacher. In the fall of 1921 the dozen or so Chinese students at Missouri held an expanded Double Ten (it was also Triple Ten) National Day memorial service.16 and we invited the American professors and classmates with whom we were close to participate. The program of course included the Chinese national anthem. None of us had received any voice training, and if on that day we sang any old way we would bring disgrace on our motherland. Fortunately, Professor Almstedt con­ sented to our request to practice the national anthem at his home. He was a good pianist and managed somehow to accompany our out-of-tune chorus.17 At that time the national anthem adopted by the Peking government was not the anthem later adopted by the Nationalist government, which goes "San-min chu-i,/Our aim shall be. . . ." but was one that went "China bravely stands in the universe, for ten thousand, and ten thousand years. . . ." The merits of the lyrics I won't discuss here, but it seems that the composer of the music was not concerned about cracking the singer's voice. The melody was abruptly high then low and was quite difficult to sing. Thanks to Professor Almstedt's patient coaching, on October 10 our performance was passable. After I went to Cornell Univer­ sity in the fall of 1923, I often corresponded with him. After returning to China in 1926, because I was busy with various matters, I never wrote to him. In the fall of 1949 I traveled again to the United States. He was already eighty and had retired lone before. He was delighted to receive my letter and invited me to

16 The "Double Ten," so-named because the celebration occurs on the tenth day of the tenth month, is China's national day. It commemorates tlr Wuhan uprising of October 10, 1911, regarded as the starting point of the Chinese republican revolution. 17 One can surmise Almstedt's musical proclivities from his membership in the American Guild of Organists. A Chinese Memoir 201 come and see him. I fully intended to revisit the University of Missouri where I had spent three years of study. Unfortunately, the next year he suddenly passed away, and I lost forever the oppor­ tunity to see him again. My studies of Latin, French, and German were quite super­ ficial (each language only two years). Nevertheless, the smattering of French and German I received gave me the facility to consult research works. I lack "linguistic aptitude," and during my student days I was unable to spare the time or spend more effort studying these two important modern languages. Thinking on it now, this was as regrettable as my failure to continue with Japanese when I was a child. I can take some consolation in the fact that I had some facility in English. It was a University of Missouri rule that all undergraduates, whether American or foreign, had to take in their junior year an English proficiency examination.18 Those who failed could not graduate. To our great surprise, Li Kan and I passed. (A small number of American students did not pass and had to retake the examination.) Language is an indispensable tool for the study of the humanities and social sciences, just as mathe­ matics is an indispensable tool for the study of physics, astronomy, or engineering. During the nineteen years I taught in the United States,19 I discovered many examples of unclear writing in the term papers and theses of undergraduate and graduate students, and thus I feel that there was a good reason for the English ex­ amination system adopted by the University of Missouri over forty years ago. I also discovered that a small number of Chinese stu­ dents who went to the United States to study, because their English proficiency was so bad, often put in much hard work with little result, even to the point of wasting time and money. Among my fellow Chinese students at the University of Mis­ souri from the fall of 1920 to the summer of 1923, my best friends were: Hsiao Chii (Hsiao Shu-yu, economics, Tsing Hua class of 1918), Tu Ch'in (Tu Shao-men, history and education, Tsing Hua class of 1919), Li Kan (Li Ch'i-chiin, journalism, Tsing Hua Class of 1920), and Ch'en Ch'in-jen (Ch'en Ch'ing-yun, journalism, Tsing Hua class of 1921). After graduating in 1920, Hsiao Chii entered

18 Hsiao refers here to the "junior English test," instituted in 1914. The exam proposed "to assure a reasonable degree of literacy in the holder of the bachelor's diploma." Viles, Centennial History, 291. Dr. Hsiao wrote elegant English prose, and in his later years became fond of writing humorous English poems. 19 Hsiao taught at the University of Washington from 1949 to 1968. 202 Missouri Historical Review graduate school, and the following year received his M.A. He then transferred to Harvard. Because his scholastic record was outstand­ ing, after receiving his B.A. he was appointed a teaching assistant in the economics department. For a Chinese student to serve as teaching assistant was a pioneering venture at the University of Missouri. After receiving his B.A. in journalism in 1922, Li Kan entered graduate school at Harvard where he specialized in eco­ nomics. He received his Ph.D. in 1925 and returned to China where he held positions at the Central Bank, the Tax Regulation Com­ mission, and other organizations concerned with economic activi­ ties. Upon completing his studies in 1923, Ch'en Ch'in-jen returned to China. After teaching at Northeastern University in Mukden. Nankai University in Tientsin, Peking University in Peiping, and other schools, he put his learning to practical use serving for many years as managing editor of English language newspapers in Han­ kow, Chungking, and other places, and he established a fine repu­ tation in this field. In 1922 Tu Ch'in received simultaneously the B.A. (in history) and the B.S. (in education) and directly entered graduate school to study history. The next year he obtained his M.A. and went to Harvard to continue his graduate work. Un­ fortunately, not long after he arrived in Cambridge he discovered that he had a serious case of pulmonary tuberculosis, which forced him to leave school for rest and recuperation. He immediately returned to China where he taught at Southeastern University in Nanking (the predecessor of Central University). Although he did not completely recover from his illness, he continued to teach in spite of it and worked extremely hard. Finally, on November 12, 1923, he died in his university residence. Tu Ch'in was from Kiu- kiang, Kiangsi. Having lost his parents when young, he spent a miserable childhood. Fortunately, he was gifted with uncommon intelligence and was an untiring student. His scholastic record at Tsing Hua was outstanding, and his professors in the United States held him in even higher regard. What was most commendable about him was that not only was he broadly7 conversant with ancient and modern learning, he was also quick on his feet and was an eloquent speaker. Thus, he was often invited to give public talks to various local organizations. As long as it did not interfere with his course work, he was happy7 to accept these invitations. Once a certain church group invited us Chinese students to hear a missionary recently returned from China report on the situation there. Tu Ch'in and I, along with several other Chinese classmates, A Chinese Memoir 203

Ch'en Ch'in-jen As He Appeared in the University of Missouri Savitar. 1924

went to hear the talk. It so happened that this missionary described Chinese society as blacker than black, virtually indistinguishable from a savage society, and moreover she indulged in a great amount of derisive ridicule. Some people in the audience who knew a little bit about China were quite outraged, and after the lady had finished her talk, they immediately suggested to the chair­ man that the Chinese students attending the meeting be invited to speak. We of course designated Tu Ch'in as our "spokesman." He stood up, and with great dignity and poise made a ten-minute speech that combined humor and solemnity. He did not directly refute the missionary's erroneous assertions; nor did he directly defend China. Rather, he asked everyone to keep in mind that anyone whose knowledge is not extensive enough, whose percep­ tion is not keen enough, and whose mind is not open enough, when he goes to a country whose cultural tradition is far different from his own social customs, it is quite easy for misunderstandings to occur, so that the "strange" becomes "inferior." When Chinese students first come to America, they also sometimes make this mis­ take. He himself had done so. He then enumerated several situa- 204 Missouri Historical Review

tions in American society that were universally regarded as detest­ able, shameful, or ridiculous. After citing each of these examples, he then asked, "Is this the true America?" He then paused and answered the question himself by saying, "I now know that it is not!" When Tu Ch'in finished speaking, the hall was filled with thunderous applause. The missionary, her face all red, was left speechless. After the meeting adjourned, many Americans crowded around Tu Ch'in to shake his hand and concur with what he had said. Later I thought that if Tu Ch'in had made a point by point rebuttal of what the missionary had said, or if he had tried to preach in behalf of Chinese culture, boasting about how perfect was "the way of Confucius and Mencius" or the glories of our "four thousand years of history," the audience might have found him dry and uninteresting. His verbal agility and quick wit made1 me feel an undying admiration for him. In addition to the dozen or so Chinese students, the students from the Far East attending the University of Missouri during the time I was there included even smaller numbers of Japanese, Indians, and Filipinos. The two or three Filipino students were mainly interested in making friends with American girls and scholastically did not seem to be particularly outstanding. The one student from India planned to study medicine. He liked to en­ gage in pompous talk, but what he said often had no point to it. The Japanese student whom I often saw was Aoki Iwai. He and I were both philosophy majors and lived for a year in the same

University of Missouri Library A Chinese Memoir 205 dormitory. He and two other Japanese students (I think one was in agriculture and the other in engineering) all concentrated hard on their studies and seemingly did not concern themselves with other matters. Their simple and honest attitude made a deep im pression upon me. While passing through Japan in 1920, I had already realized that for us to look down upon the "little devils of the Pacific" was a mistake. Now I realized even more that the Japanese students could not be regarded lightly. As I considered the matter, if most Japanese youth were like these Japanese for­ eign students in America, this island country had boundless pros­ pects. From our Chinese point of view this was truly frightening. My Chinese classmates laughed at me for always associating with the Japanese students, and they gave me the nickname "Japano- phile." Actually, I was not a Japanophile but somewhat fearful of the Japanese. As later historical events proved, my feeling at the time was not a mistake. To regard the Japanese lightly while fail­ ing to spur oneself on to better efforts was the true mistake. During the first year of my three years in Columbia, Hsiao Chii and I lived together in a private residence. ... By living in a private home, Chinese students who came to the United States could gain an intimate knowledge of American daily life, and that is in spite of the fact that the dormitory rent was quite a bit lower. In the summer of my second year, Hsiao Chii went to Harvard, and I moved to the Lowry Hall dormitory. This dormitory was on the second floor of the Missouri Bible College.20 (The class­ rooms were downstairs.) The students living in the dormitory were not all Christians, nor limited to Bible College students. Be­ sides me, other Chinese classmates such as Tu Ch'in, Jao Yin-chih, and Ch'en Ch'in-jen lived in this dormitory, which was adjacent to the University of Missouri campus. By living in such a small dormitory, one could have more contact with American students and thus avail himself of this opportunity to understand their way of life. One could at the same time avoid the noisy hubbub of the large dormitories run by the University of Missouri. In my third year I moved out of Lowry Hall and again lived in a private residence in order "to shut my door and study" (consult research

20 The Bible College was established near the University of Missouri campus with a reciprocal agreement whereby university students could elect religion classes and Bible College students could avail themselves of liberal arts and other university curricula for separate degree programs. In 1980 the Missouri School of Religion sold Lowry Hall to the university board of curators. It presently is being remodeled for classroom use. 206 Missouri Historical Review

Lowry Hall housed the Missouri Bible College in the 1920s.

materials, write papers, and work on my thesis). During the year I lived in Lowry Hall, I knew about a dozen American students, and we developed good friendships. The dean of the Bible College was Dean [G. D.] Edwards. When I first moved into the dormitory, he said to me, "Welcome! If you have any problems, please let me know." About two months later the lock on my room door would not work properly, and I went downstairs to his office to report it, fully expecting him to hire a repairman to come and fix it. In less than half an hour later, he himself came upstairs with tools, crouched down by7 the door, and quickly fixed it. (Among our deans in China, probably few would be willing to "stoop" to fix a lock. Nor would they necessarily have the skill to do it.) Columbia was a "college town." Among the more than ten thousand residents, many made their living supplying the neces­ sities of work and life for several thousand teachers and students of the University of Missouri. The dozen or so of us Chinese students were all prudent in our speech and behavior, and so the local residents did not treat us with "racial discrimination," but rather were favorably disposed toward us. When the Chihli-Fengtien hos­ tilities broke out in 1922-.21 there was political disruption in China, and the government was so busy it could not attend to the sending of funds to the United States, and so they transferred them to the Supervisory7 Office for Overseas Students in America in the

?i This refers to a civil war between warlord armies in north China. A Chinese Memoir 207

United States capital, Washington, D.C. (At that time our monthly stipend was 70 dollars U.S., which was used to pay for books, supplies, board and room, a little clothing, and various miscellaneous things. Tuition fees were directly sent to the school from the Supervisory Office. Prices in America at that time were much cheaper than they are now, and 70 dollars a month was quite adequate. If one made a special effort to be frugal, one could even have some left over.) The Supervisory Office informed us by letter that we must temporarily try to devise a way to pay for things on our own. At first those of us on government stipend borrowed ten or twenty dollars from good friends who were self- supporting. However, after waiting two months, the "yellow slips" (the light yellow bank drafts sent every month by the Supervisory Office) still did not arrive. We could not indefinitely keep borrow­ ing from the other students, and after some deliberation, we de­ cided to ask our bank where we usually did business if they7 would give us a small "credit" loan. We fully expected to be refused. After explaining the purpose of our visit, much to our surprise an employee of the bank asked how much we needed, had each of us write out an I.O.U\, and gave us a loan in the requested amount. Fortunately, not long afterward, the monthly stipends owed to us arrived from Washington. We immediately went to the bank and repaid the unsecured, interest-free loan. From this experience one can see the attitude of the local people to Chinese students. I lived in Columbia for three years, and when I first arrived I was a stranger to the people and the place. But within less than a year, whether in the downtown streets or the residen­ tial areas, people all greeted me When I left this hospitable and friendly "college town" in the summer of 1923, T could not help but feel some reluctance to say goodbye.

Nothing Doing, Charles!

Joplin News Herald, November 1, 1915. Chas. P. Steinmetz, the famous electrical expert of the General Electric Company, says that "we have solved the problem of transporting materials" and airily passes us to another problem unsolved. Think again, Charles! We have not solved the transportation problem by a long shot. The high cost of living is very largely the high cost of transpor­ tation . . . HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

ff^^^^T •~*Wk

Society Holds Annual Meeting

The 1982 Annual Meeting of the State Historical Society of Missouri was held October 9, at the Memorial Union of the Uni­ versity of Missouri-Columbia. Dr. Lewis E. Atherton, president of the Society, presided. Elected as trustees of the Society for a Dr. Lewis E. Atherton, President of the State His­ term ending at the 1985 Annual Meeting torical Society were: Mr. James W. Brown, Harrisonville; Judge Richard J. Chamier, Moberly; Mr. Ilus W. Davis, Kansas City; Dr. Alfred O. Fuerbringer, St. Louis; Mr. J. J. Graf, Her­ mann; Mr. John K. Hulston, Springfield; Mrs. Mary Banks Parry, Columbia; and Dr. Arvarh H. Strickland, Columbia. For a term ending at the 1983 Annual Meeting, to replace Mr. Samuel A. Burk, Kirksville, and Mr. W. W. Dalton, St. Louis, deceased, Mrs. Samuel A. Burk and Mr. Stuart Sym­ ington, Jr., St. Louis, were elected, respec­ tively. Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director and

208 His^onod Notes and Comments 209

Dr. Richard S. Brownlee (left) director Dr. Lewis E. Atherton, president of and secretary of the Society, presented the the Society, presented the best article Distinguished Service Award to The Honor­ award to Dr. Glen E. Holt, of the Uni­ able Robert Ellis Young, a member of the versity of Minnesota. Missouri House of Representatives.

secretary of the Society, presented a reading and disposition of the minutes of the previous Annual Meeting, held October 17, 1981. Mr. A. M. Price, treasurer of the Society, presented the financial report on the Society's annual balance sheet. Dr. Nobel Cunning­ ham read a statement on behalf of the audit committee, and Mr. Leo J. Rozier gave a report on behalf of the finance and executive committees. Dr. Brownlee then presented his 1982 Annual Report to the members of the Society. He outlined to the membership the amount and effects of the withholding of the Society's appropriated funds over the past two y^ rs. Dr. Brownlee then gave examples of in­ flationary costs which have accompanied reduced budgets. He also presented a comprehensive report of the workload of the Society and outlined the accomplishments of the past year by the staff of the reference and newspaper libraries, the editorial department and the joint manuscript collection. He also mentioned a gift from Dr. Irene Fitzgerald, professor emeritus of Education, University of Missouri-Columbia, of more than 300 books to establish the Fitzgerald Collection of Missouri's Literary Heritage for Children and Youth. Concluding his remarks Dr. Brownlee said that in his twenty- three years as director and secretary of the Society, "only the past 210 Missouri Historical Review

Dr. James C. Olson, President of the Chancellor Barbara Uehling of the University of Missouri System and Dr. University of Missouri-Columbia (left) Atherton and Mrs. James C. Olson

two have witnessed a decline in our state support. . . . WTe must live with the means available to us." He stressed that the Society "must demonstrate we can still perform a high level of service to the public, students, scholars and the University [of Missouri] we have so long been associated with." After the annual business meeting, more than 300 members and guests attended a luncheon in the Memorial Student Union of the University of Missouri-Columbia. President Atherton con­ ferred two Society awards during the luncheon. The Honorable Robert Ellis Young, state representative from the 136th District.

Dr. Elmer Ellis, President Emeritus of the University of Missouri and Past President of the Society, with Mrs. Elmer Ellis (left) and Mrs. Virginia Young (right), Fourth Vice President of the Society Historical Notes and Comments 211

(From left to right) Society Trustees Mr. Joseph Webber and Mrs. Jean Tyree Hamilton; Mr. Henry W. Hamilton; and Trustee Mr. Sheridan Logan received the Society's Distinguished Service Award and Medallion. Representative Young, an active participant in local history ac­ tivities, has been a member of the Missouri House since 1954. He is a member of the State Historical Society, the Jasper County Historical Society and the Carthage Preservation Commission. He served on the Missouri Civil War Centennial Commission 1958- 1965. Dr. Glen E. Holt, a member of the University of Minnesota's academic and administrative staff, received a citation and cash

Dr. William E. Foley, professor of History at Central Missouri State University, gave the Annual Meeting luncheon address. 212 Missouri Historical Review Historical Notes and Comments 213 214 Missouri Historical Review award for contributing the most scholarly and popular article to appear in the 1981-1982 issues of the Missouri Historical Review. His article entitled "St. Louis's Transition Decade, 1819-1830" ap­ peared in the July 1982 issue of the Review. Dr. William E. Foley, professor of American History at Cen­ tral Missouri State University, Warrensburg, was the featured speaker at the Annual Meeting luncheon. His address was entitled "The Lewis and Clark Expedition's Silent Partners: The Chouteau Brothers of St. Louis." A former contributor to the Review, Dr. Foley received his Ph.D. degree in American History from the University of Missouri-Columbia where he worked under the tute­ lage of President Atherton. Concerning the Chouteau brothers, he said: "Few, if any, individuals had more experience in trade and Indian relations than Auguste and Pierre Chouteau, and certainly no one commanded more respect or honor in Upper Louisiana." Dr. Foley's luncheon address is printed elsewhere in this issue. Before the luncheon meeting adjourned, Dr. Brownlee invited the members and guests to an open house in the Society's quarters. The newspaper library and reference library staffs prepared dis­ plays pertaining to the Chouteaus and the Lewis and Clark expedi­ tion. A special exhibit from the Fitzgerald Collection of Missouri's Literary Heritage for Children and Youth also was on display in the reference library. In the Art Gallery was featured a Fred Shane exhibit consisting of oil paintings, pencil drawings and lithographs, along with selected works by George Caleb Bingham, Missouri's most famous nineteenth-century artist. Mr. Shane, a professor emeri­ tus of Art, University of Missouri-Columbia, taught in the univer­ sity's art department for more than thirty years and served as its chairman from 1958 to 1967. He has been an important friend to the Society through his generous gifts. Woodcuts by Missourian Fred Geary were exhibited in the Corridor Gallery, as well as items selected from the Contemporary Artists Collection.

Convention Echoes

The T.P.A. News Letter, July 20, 1903. "Mr. Chairman!" called an excited member. "Please do not put the vote yet, our delegation is not quite full." "Well, hurry and get full," quickly replied the chairman, and the house fairly rippled with laughter at the chairman's double entendre. Historical Notes and Comments 215 NEWS IN BRIEF The Adair County Historical So­ book must be sent no later than Febru­ ciety has received a significant national ary 15, 1983, to the chairperson of award for its work in preserving and the selection committee, Professor promoting the county's history. A Neal Primm, Chairperson, History De­ Certificate of Commendation was con­ partment, University of Missouri, St. veyed to the Society by the American Louis, Missouri 63121. The article Association for State and Local His­ must have appeared in a journal de­ tory during its annual meeting held voted to some field of history dur­ in Hartford, Connecticut, September ing the year 1982. Three copies of 21-24. the article must be sent no later than The State Historical Society extends February 15 to Professor Charles its heartiest congratulations to the Nauert, History Department, Univer­ Adair County Historical Society for sity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri its attainment of this prestigious 65211. award. On August 10, following the 121st anniversary celebration of the Battle The 25th annual Missouri Confer­ of Wilson's Creek, interested persons ence on History will be held April met in the Visitor's Center at the 22-23, 1983, at Northeast Missouri park near Springfield and voted to State University, Kirksville. Confer­ reactivate the Wilson's Creek National ence sessions will feature all fields Battlefield Foundation. John K. Hul­ and aspects of history, including local, ston served as coordinating chairman regional and public history. To send for the organizational meeting. The proposals, inquiries or to receive a Foundation will provide a channel copy of the Conference program, hotel for contributions for projects and information and registration materi­ educational programs at the battle­ als, contact Dr. R. V. Schnucker, LB field park. Officers elected were Dr. 115, Northeast Missouri State Univer­ J. Calvin Holsinger, president; Dr. sity, Kirksville, Missouri 63501. Duane G. Meyer, vice president; Mrs. Awards for the Distinguished Book Carolyn H. Gerdes, secretary; J. Sam and Distinguished Article will be an­ Williams, treasurer; and Mrs. Lynn nounced at the annual meeting of the Livingston, historian. Conference. The following rules apply for the awards. The author must be a The State Historical Society's Floyd Missouri resident; coauthored books C. Shoemaker History Award has been or articles will be considered. The increased to $300. Senior high school book or article must be in some field students (grades 10 through 12) are of history. The book or article may eligible to compete for the 1983 award be nominated by anyone, including through their high schools. Detailed the author. The book must be copy­ information concerning the award ap­ righted in 1982. Three copies of the pears on page iv in this issue.

ERRATUM A printing error occurred in the "Missouri History in Magazines" section of the July 1982 REVIEW, page 471. The first listing for the Maramec Miner should have been the Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, April, 1982: "Mt. Pleasant Township: The Twelve Pioneer Families . . . ," by Fred G. Mieswinkel. 216 Missouri Historical Review

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Affton Historical Society cerning new car dealers in Baden The Society held its October 28 throughout the years. quarterly meeting at the Affton Pres­ The September 11 meeting featured byterian Church. Fran Montgomery's a program on old businesses of Baden fashion show of authentic dresses from by Ross Durbin. 1840 to 1920, worn by 20th-century On October 9, the Society held its models, highlighted the evening. annual luncheon meeting at the B and J Restaurant in Baden with 45 Audrain County Historical Society members in attendance. Cyril Gough. The executive and advisory boards general superintendent of American of the Society met on October 11 at Commercial Terminals, Inc., was the 7 the museum in Mexico. Dr. James W . guest speaker. The company transports Goodrich, associate director of the coal by freight car from Wyoming to State Historical Society of Missouri, St. Louis where it is transferred to and Nancy Lankford, associate direc­ barges for shipment down the Mis­ tor of the Joint Collection, University sissippi River. Officers elected for of Missouri, Western Historical Manu­ 1982-1983 were Steve Smith, president: script Collection-Columbia, and State Rev. Dr. Robert M. Zorn, vice presi Historical Society of Missouri Manu dent; and Ross Durbin, secretary- scripts, spoke on the importance of treasurer. preserving manuscripts. Society projects include compiling On November 9, the Society held its old photographs, letters and news­ annual banquet meeting at the Air paper articles for the archives and a Park Concourse Room in Mexico. Dr. proposed book on the history of Baden James W. Goodrich presented an ad­ and taping oral history with older dress entitled, "A View of South Cen­ residents. tral Missouri and Missourians, 1867: The Daniel Fogle Letters." Barnard Community Historical Society Aurora Missouri Historical Society The Society held its annual meeting, During the Aurora Fall Festival, October 7, in the American Legion October 20-23, photographs were on Hall, Barnard. Warren Denney dis display featuring all facets of life in cussed and answered questions regard­ Aurora in 1960. Professor emeritus of ing Proposition C on the November the University of Missouri-Columbia ballot. Members made plans for a Clifton C. Edom had charge of the work day at the depot on October 23. exhibit. The photographs were taken during Professor Edom's 1960 pho­ Barton County Historical Society 7 tography workshop. Edom taught pho The Society met in Law Memorial tography at the University of Missouri Chapel of the United Methodist for 30 years. Now living in Forsyth, Church in Lamar on October 10. Mrs. he conducts annual photography work­ Charles Young presented the program shops in Missouri communities. on the Brown and Avery's Opera House and the plays, performances Baden Historical Society and school activities held there. Lo­ On August 14, the Society met at cated on the second floor over busi­ the Baden Branch Public Library. Ross ness establishments on the north side Durbin presented the program con­ of the public square, the opera block Historical Notes and Comments 217 was destroyed by fire in 1943. A dis­ Blue Springs Historical Society play featured two chairs from the old Officer Rogers of the Blue Springs opera house. Police Department discussed neighbor­ hood crime prevention at the August Bates County Historical Society 3 meeting in the museum. On June 6, the Butler Business and Professional Women's Club sponsored At the September 7 meeting, Mrs. an open house at the Bates County Pauline Herrington spoke on quilt Museum of Pioneer History Complex making and displayed some of her in Butler. Mr. and Mrs. Gene Wilson work. provided carriage rides for children In conjunction with the annual in attendance. Blue Springs Fall Fun Fest, the So­ The Society met on June 10 at the ciety held an old-fashioned ice cream Stagecoach Depot in Butler. Wilbur and cake social, September 18, on the Hastin showed movies of events in lawn of the museum. The Society Butler during the 1960s including also sponsored two booths downtown parades, open house festivities at with baked goods and other items for Butler airport and dedication of the sale. municipal swimming pool. Mrs. Vera Baker discussed Haviland Wilbur A. Zink, of Appleton City, china and displayed some of her col­ spoke on "Outlaws of Missouri" at lection during the October 5 meeting. the July 8 meeting. The talk featured his research on the Younger brothers, Bollinger County Historical Society the James brothers and others. The Society met on July 11 at the On September 8, C. A. Moore pre­ courthouse in Marble Hill. Mrs. Jane sented a program entitled "Let's Read Stacy, director of Alumni Services at the Newspaper." He reviewed events, Southeast Missouri State University, places and people in the news as re­ Cape Girardeau, was the guest speaker. corded in the Butler Weekly Times She gave a slide presentation and of­ for 1947. fered ideas and suggestions on starting Melvin Rice spoke on "Sea Shells- and maintaining a museum. Mrs. Near and Far" at the October 14 Pauline Sanders loaned the Society meeting. He also displayed specimens a 42-star flag made in 1890. Larry from his shell collection and answered VanGennip presented a history of the questions from the audience. American flag and Don James gave Belton Historical Society a musical narration of "Old Glory." The Society met on October 10 at Professor Robert White, of the His­ the Belton Museum. The guest speaker, tory Department, Southeast Missouri Mrs. Ada Akers shared her memories State University, Cape Girardeau, pre­ and pictures of Carrie Nation. Officers sented the program at the Society's elected for 1982-1983 were Ruth A. annual meeting on October 10. He Graham, president; Walter Killalae, gave a slide show on the value of first vice president; A. L. Dodson, local heritage. The Society announced second vice president; Betty Tanquary, the purchase of land adjacent to the secretary; Janelle Harris, recording courthouse. The former site of the secretary; and Thomas Keeney, trea­ old Jameson House hotel, the prop­ surer. erty will be the site of the future Beginning November 1, an exhibit Bollinger County Museum. Officers in the museum featured dolls and reelected for 1982-1983 were Linda antique toys. Zimmer, president; Larry VanGennip, 218 Missouri Historical Review vice president; and Norma Elfrink, re­ historic markers on two buildings in cording secretary, the Carondelet area of St. Louis. The Rock House, 7012 Minnesota, a former Boone County Historical Society home of prominent Carondelet fam­ The Society held a regular meeting, ilies, and the Henry Bolte Home, 212 November 14, at the Columbia Pub­ Robert Avenue, the former carriage lic Library. Mrs. Midge Crawford gave house of the First District Police Sta­ the program on the subject "Genealogy tion, received plaques during the cere­ Can Be Fun!" monies. Boonslick Historical Society of Members celebrated the Society's Howard and Cooper Counties 15th anniversary with a dinner party The Society met on October 28 in on October 23 at Braswell's Restau­ the parish house of Linn Memorial rant in St. Louis. Methodist Church in Fayette. Mary Carroll County Historical Society Ellen McVicker, museum curator at On September 23, the Society met Central Methodist College, Fayette, at the Bosworth Community Hall. The presented the program, "Pride, Pres­ program featured slides taken on a tige, and Privilege; Central Methodist trip to the Holy I and by Mr. and Mrs. College Historic District." She showed Arthur Voglesmeier of Carrollton. slides and discussed the history of the campus buildings and their diverse Cass County Historical Society architectural styles. The Society held its annual meet­ ing at Bowiler's Restaurant in Har­ Brush and Palette Club, Inc. risonville on October 23. Nancy Riggs, The Club held its annual Art Fair of Pleasant Hill, presented a program and Bazaar on October 9 and 10 at on churches in Missouri. the Hermann City Park. Cedar County Historical Society Cabool History Society Over 30 persons attended the annual The October 7 meeting at Cabool meeting, July 26, in Fred's Cafe in Citv Hall featured Mrs. Millie Preis- El Dorado Springs. Officers reelected sle from Houston as the guest speaker. were Mrs. Velma Eslinger, president; She spoke on the formation of Mis­ Dallas Dale, vice president; Mar­ souri counties beginning with the guerite Brandom, secretary; and Viola Louisiana Purchase. Robison, treasurer. Mrs. Margaret Camden County Historical Society Landreth installed the officers. Officers of the Society are Lucille One of the oldest citizens of the Harpbam, president; Dorothy Chand­ county, Clarence Samsel attended the ler, first vice president; Dr. Frank August 30 meeting in the Stockton Ward, second vice president; Thelma Methodist Church. Mrs. Katie Grif­ Parrish, treasurer; Ruby Chandler, fin gave the program. She related her secretary; and Mabel McDonald, cor­ experiences as a rural school teacher responding secretary. at the age of sixteen. J. B. Mitchell also gave a short talk on rural schools. Carondelet Historical Society The Society held the September 27 Forty members attended the August meeting in the Jerico Springs Com­ 29 meeting at the Carondelet Historic munity Hall with 37 persons present. Center. Mary Seematter presented the Quinten Walsh, a conservation agent, program on "Germans in St. Louis." showed a film and made a short talk On September 19, the Society placed on wildlife in Missouri. Historical Notes and Comments 219

Chariton County Historical Society Clark County Historical Society Thirty-three members traveled by The Society met on October 26 at chartered bus for a tour on September Sever Library in Kahoka. Dr. James 19. They visited the Benjamin House Paulding, of Kirksville, presented the in Shelbina, the Johnson Farm at program on migration into Missouri Marceline and other points of his­ from the British Isles. torical interest in mid-Missouri. On October 17, the Society held a Clinton County Historical Society carry-in dinner and the annual meet­ The Society met September 11 at ing at the museum in Salisbury. A the museum in Plattsburg. Mrs. Lela report noted that burials in 116 May Young, of Kansas City, Kansas, Chariton County cemeteries have been presented the program on old cook­ catalogued and placed on file in the books. She showed her collection which museum library. Dr. James W. Good­ included several from foreign coun­ rich, associate director of the State tries. Historical Society of Missouri, pre­ Visitors toured the museum during sented the program. He spoke on the Plattsburg Fall Festival, October "The Preservation and Conservation 15 and 16. of Important Historical Documents Cole County Historical Society and Records." Nancy Lankford, as­ The Society has been remodeling the sociate director of Western Historical Upschulte House, located directly be­ Manuscript Collection-Columbia, as­ hind the museum in Jefferson City. sisted with the program. Originally built on the site of the Civil War Round Table of Truman State Office Building, the Kansas City house was moved two years ago. To Round Table members met on Sep­ benefit its on-going projects, the So­ tember 28 at Twin Oaks Restaurant ciety has opened "Another Era Gift in Kansas City. Samuel T. Gill gave and Craft Shop" in the Upschulte a program on Jo Shelby's raid into House. The shop features high quality Missouri in 1863. handmade items by Missouri artists Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director and craftspeople. of the State Historical Society of The November 7 annual meeting Missouri, Columbia, was the guest at the Country Club in Jefferson City speaker at the October 26 meeting. He featured a slide program. Mrs. Eliza­ spoke on "General Ewing and Order beth Rozier gave the presentation, Number Eleven." "The Missouri State Capital—Historic District." Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks Crawford County Historical Society The September 8 meeting at the The Burlington Northern Railroad, 89er Restaurant in Springfield fea­ through Richard Grayson a native of tured a talk by member John D. Gif- Cuba, has donated a former Frisco ford. He spoke on "Man, Metals, and caboose to the Society. The caboose Missouri." will be placed on a panel of track Gene Lee Beauchamp, a member located on Smith Street in Cuba. and past president of the Round Table, addressed the group on Sher­ Dallas County Historical Society man at the October 13 meeting. He The Society met in the O'Bannon reviewed both the strong and weak Community Building in Buffalo on points of the Union commander. August 6. Lawrence Holt presented a 220 Missouri Historical Review program honoring Vest Davis, one of Dent County Historical Society the Society's oldest members. A Rhodes On September 10, the Society met scholar and retired teacher, Mr. Davis at the Dent County Community Cen­ has published two books, a booklet of ter in Salem. Mr. and Mrs. Phil Askey poems and several musical numbers. presented a program entitled "Amer­ At the September 3 meeting, Miss ica the Beautiful." They showed slides Mary McKown gave a slide and narra­ of beautiful and historic scenes from tion program of her travels in the across the country. United States, Alaska and Europe. Members held their October 1 meet­ Ferguson Historical Society ing in the Eberhart log cabin, Buf­ Members celebrated the Society's falo. Rev. Earl Sechler, of Springfield, 10th year at the November 4 general presented President Abraham Lincoln meeting in the First Presbyterian memorabilia for the program. Church of Ferguson. Dr. Charles Moore, of Buffalo, pro­ Florissant Valley Historical Society vided a show and tell program at the Members held the October 24 quar­ November 5 meeting in the O'Bannon terly meeting at Taille de Noyer. Mrs. Community Building, Buffalo. The Robert Little, vice president of the program featured the culture and arti­ University City Historical Society, gave facts of the Indians native to that a slide presentation on the history of area of Missouri. Mrs. Patsy Viets en­ University City. tertained with vocal solos. Randy Gamel, a local antique dealer, Fort Osage Historical Society has donated a very old buffalo head The Society held a picnic and meet­ skull to the Society. It will be used ing on October 3 at Fort Osage in to designate the trail of the first set­ Sibley. Lorine Morrow gave the his­ tlers in Dallas County. tory of the old Johnson house east of Sibley. DeKalb County Historical Society Over 250 people attended the David Foundation for Restoration C. Crabaugh Memorial Art Show, of Ste. Genevieve September 25, at the First Christian A dinner meeting on October 22 at Church of Maysville. The Society the American Legion Hall in Ste. sponsored the event. Between 50 and Genevieve featured a program on "Ste. 75 pieces of art were made by Cra­ Genevieve: Past, Present & Future." baugh using a process called "Intar- Three speakers gave a historic review, sia." Instead of painting or staining, current evaluation and forecast of the the artist used pieces of wood dis­ community's heritage of buildings dat­ colored by nature. A resident of Mays­ ing from French colonial days. The ville, Crabaugh was electrocuted by speakers were Dr. Ernest Allen Con- a fallen power line at his home on nally, an authority on historic preser­ June 9, 1982. vation and former associate director Recently, the Society has maintained of the National Park Service; Dr. Os­ a historical display in the former mund Overby, professor of Art His­ Teter Building in Maysville. Exhibits tory and director of the Museum of have featured weddings, war memori­ Art and Archaeology, University of als and the Chautauqua. Missouri-Columbia; and Patrick H. Members of the Society are consider­ Steele, Sr., executive director of Mis­ ing the purchase of a building to souri Heritage Trust, Inc. house a museum. On October 23, a seminar at the Historical Notes and Comments 221

County Services Building, Ste. Gene­ Dr. James W. Goodrich, associate di­ vieve, related to "Historic Ste. Gene­ rector of the State Historical Society vieve and Its Environment/* Dr. Su­ of Missouri, presented the program san L. Flader, Dr. Chad K. McDaniel, on "A View of South Central Missouri Dr. Susan C. Boyle and Mary Susan in 1867." Green, all of the University of Mis­ Dr. Robert Flanders spoke on "Pi­ souri-Columbia, presented papers at oneer Greene County: A Frontiers­ the morning session. Speakers for the man's Frontier" at the Society's an­ afternoon session included Anna Price nual meeting on October 28. Dr. and Margaret Kimball Brown, both Flanders is with the Department of with the Illinois Department of Con­ History and the Center for Ozarks servation, Dr. Carl J. Ekberg,. Illinois Studies at Southwest Missouri State State University, Normal, and Dr. Wil­ University in Springfield. liam E. Foley, Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg. Dr. Ernest Grundy County Historical Society Allen Connally served as moderator At a board of directors meeting, for both sessions. A grant from the October 5, in the Grundy County Missouri Committee for the Humani­ Museum, Trenton, James Denny was ties, Inc., supported the project. the guest speaker. Mr. Denny, who is with the Missouri Department of Na­ Franklin County Historical Society tural Resources, spoke to the direc­ The Society held the June 20 quar­ tors and members of the Harris family terly meeting at the museum near about preserving the 150-year-old Washington. The following officers Harris log house. Plans are to move were elected: Leonard Stroup, presi­ the house from its present location dent; Marjorie Bleckman, vice presi­ near Jamesport to a park in Trenton. dent; Carol Bell, secretary; and Helen Mr. Denny showed slides of log houses Vogt, treasurer. and cabins along the Missouri River On October 10, the Society and the and in the Ozarks. Phoebe Apperson Hearst Historical The Society sponsored the second Society jointly sponsored a tour to annual October Festival, October 16- Maramec Spring Park and Museum 17, at the Museum. The Country Store during the "Old Iron Work Days" and Rock Island Caboose displayed celebration. jams, jellies, farm produce and pas­ Grand River Historical Society tries for sale. Folk and organ music The Society held a carry-in dinner entertained the crowd, as did demon­ and its quarterly meeting on October strations of rug weaving, chair caning, 12 at the Chillicothe Community Cen­ basket weaving, hat making, tatting ter. Dr. James W. Goodrich, associate and crocheting. Slides were shown director of the State Historical Society featuring the Trenton centennial cele­ of Missouri, and Mrs. Nancy Lank- bration of 1957. ford, associate director of the West­ ern Historical Manuscript Collection- Henry County Historical Society Columbia, presented the program on On October 4, members of the Clin­ the collection, use and care of his­ ton Study Club entertained guests with torical manuscripts. a fashion show in the courtyard ad­ joining the Henry County Museum Greene County Historical Society and Cultural Arts Center in Clinton. The Society met on September 23 A collection of Victorian gowns, pre­ at Calvert's Cafeteria in Springfield. sented to the museum by Mrs. Frank 222 Missouri Historical Review

Roberts of Windsor, was unveiled fol­ on how to harvest and dry herbs and lowing the show and refreshments. their simple culinary uses at a work­ shop on October 23. The genealogy Hickory County Historical Society workshop on October 30 featured Newly elected officers of the So­ Genrose Welsh as the instructor. Addi­ ciety are Eugene Harryman, president; tional events during the month in­ Marie Klindsworth, vice president; cluded the annual dried herb sale and Flavis Taylor, treasurer; and Ruby demonstrations of fireplace cooking Troxel, secretary. techniques.

Historical Association of Johnson County Historical Society Greater Cape Girardeau More than 200 persons attended the Donald Boyd, a Civil War historian, dedication ceremonies of the Johnson presented the program for the Sep­ County Historical Society, Inc., Mu­ tember 13 meeting at the Chateau seum and the Mary Miller Smiser Girardeau, Cape Girardeau. Heritage Library during the Society's fall meeting, held September 12, in Historical Society of Polk County Warrensburg. The new building is The Society held the September 30 located adjacent to the Old Court­ meeting in the Gold Room, Main and house on North Main Street. A con­ Locust, in Bolivar. Mrs. Ken Legan tribution of over $100,000 from Mr. gave a talk and slide presentation on and Mrs. Sam Smiser, of San Marino, Ozarks history. California, paid for the 40/xl00' struc­ ture. Mr. Smiser is the son of Mary Jackson County Historical Society Miller Smiser who was a charter Some 250 members and guests at­ member of the Johnson County His­ tended the Society's annual picnic and torical Society and served as its chief festival on August 8 at the Bingham- librarian for many years. The Mary Waggoner estate in Independence. The Miller Smiser Heritage Library will event included refreshments, games, a occupy the eastern half of the main gift shop, horse and buggy rides and floor and the museum will be housed a tour of the mansion. in the western half plus part of the During October, the Society held a basement. A country store will be series of events at the Wornall House placed in the main floor foyer between in Kansas City to celebrate the the library and museum. house's tenth anniversary as a mu­ Mrs. Mary Miller Smiser performed seum. Throughout the month, a spe­ the ribbon cutting during the dedica­ cial photographic exhibit documented tion ceremony. She w^as joined in the the restoration of the house. On festivities by her son and his wife, October 9, a country fair featured Mrs. Sue Smiser, and two daughters, craftsmen demonstrating their skills, Mrs. Elizabeth Schwensen, Warrens­ fiddlers, the Veselo folk dancers and burg, and Mrs. Mildred Vyverberg, the Kansas City Chorale providing Gainesville, Florida. musical background for old-fashioned Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director games. At the Frontier Frolic on of the State Historical Society, was the October 16, five workshops were of featured speaker for the meeting. He fered for children. They included spoke about Johnson Countians and pioneer cooking, soapmaking, apple Johnson County at the time of the dolls, pioneer pastimes and folk sing­ Old Courthouse's construction. Row­ ing. Volunteers related information land L. West, president of the Johnson Historical Notes and Comments 223

Warrensburg Daily Star-Journal Mrs. Mary Miller Smiser cut the ribbon during the dedication ceremonies of the Johnson County Historical Society, Inc., Museum and the Mary Miller Smiser Heritage Library, September 12, in War­ rensburg. Among those in attendance were (left to right) : Dr. R. Lee Cooper, Mrs. Sue Smiser, Mr. Sam Smiser, Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Mrs. Elizabeth Schwensen and Mrs. Mildred Vyverberg, daughters of Mrs. Smiser.

County Historical Society, served as Kansas City Westerners the master of ceremonies. The Posse held its September 14 meeting at the Homestead Country Joplin Historical Society Club in Prairie Village, Kansas. Mil­ The Society held the September 26 ton Perry, superintendent of historic meeting at the Dorothea B. Hoover sites for Clay County and curator of Historical Museum in Joplin. Gregg the James Farm, presented a video Huff, a goldsmith, presented the pro­ program from the "In Search of . . ." gram, "Yesterday's Jewels—Tomorrow's television series. He also discussed the Treasures." historical accuracy of the program On October 12, over 60 people at­ which concerned the murder of Jesse tended the first of a series of three James in 1882. roundtable discussions at the museum. Mark Spangler served as the modera­ Mrs. Diana Duff, an archives tech­ tor on the topic, "Indian Artifacts." nician for the Federal Archives and He also provided items of beadwork Record Center, Kansas City, was the and basketry from his personal col­ guest speaker at the October 12 meet­ lection for display. Floyd Lyerla, of ing. She gave a program on Oscar Columbus, Kansas, spoke on "Prehis­ Harzell, a con man in the Midwest toric Man in this Area" and displayed from 1922 to 1933. projectile points from his collection. The November 9 meeting featured The series continued on November a program by Larry Larsen on the 9 with a discussion on dolls led by topic, "The Gate City, A History of Mrs. Paul Pearson. Omaha." Pruett Press of Boulder, 224 Missouri Historical Review

Colorado, has published a book with tion and future exhibition. Other So­ this title by the speaker and his wife, ciety projects include planning a his­ Barbara Jean Cottrell. torical publication and a Civil War reenactment in the area, and the sale Laclede County Historical Society of a reprint of an 1884 history of the The Society sponsored the annual county. After extensive repair and re­ ice cream social on the grounds of the painting, the Society's Molly Brown Old Jail Museum in Lebanon on Au­ Home in Hannibal opened to visitors gust 23. Proceeds from the event pro­ during the summer. Recently the So­ vide for upkeep on the museum. ciety inherited property adjacent to Members held the September 27 the home. meeting at the Wyota Restaurant in Esley Hamilton presented a slide Lebanon. Pat Honssinger gave a book lecture at the October 12 annual meet­ review on The Big Niangua River, by ing in the YMCA building in Hanni­ Glenn "Boone" Skinner of Conway. bal. Officers elected to serve through The October 25 meeting featured October 1984 were Helen Beedle, entertainment by the "Old Town Com­ president; Richard Schwartz and Doro­ munity Choir." thy Hahn, vice presidents; Chickie Danforth, secretary; and Frances Haf- Lawrence County Historical Society ner, treasurer. The Society met for a covered-dish luncheon, regular business meeting and Miller County Historical Society program on October 17 in the Jones The Society held an open house at Memorial Museum, Mt. Vernon. Earn­ the museum in Tuscumbia on June 2. est Walker, of Marionville, spoke on The museum continued to be open the history of McKinley, the small on Monday, Wednesday and Friday village located a few miles north of until late October. Marionville. Officers elected for 1983 On June 26, the Society sponsored were Fred Mieswinkel, president; Mrs. the first June Historical Fest at River­ Virginia Schmidt, vice president; Mrs. side Park in Tuscumbia. Activities Charles R. Stark, secretary-treasurer; included craft displays, a country store, and Mrs. Joy L. Brown, corresponding barbeque, dunking tank, wagon rides, secretary. turtle races, horseshoe pitching, danc­ Macon County Historical Society ing and music. Funds from the event Over 50 members and guests at­ will help support the museum. tended the meeting on September 28 Officers of the Society are Mrs. Edith at Don's in La Plata. Mr. and Mrs. W. Link, president; James Grantham, Burnell Lamb presented a slide pro­ vice president; Mrs. Lorraine Gass, gram entitled "America Mosaic." The secretary; and Freddie Blankenship, presentation featured photographs of treasurer. scenic America, with a narration and quotes from appropriate verses, and Mine Au Breton Historical Society concluded with scenes from rural Ma­ The Society's August 17 meeting con County. featured the history of the Potosi Presbyterian Church. Rev. Bert Bro- Marion County Historical Society naugh, pastor of the church, presented The Society has acquired a collec­ the slide-tape program. The meeting tion of photographs of early Hannibal. was held in the church's original build­ Esley Hamilton has been commissioned ing, constructed in 1832. The church to prepare the collection for preserva and the Society jointly have restored Historical Notes and Comments 225 the building to house a Christian book gave a slide presentation and talk on store and a museum. steam at the November 11 meeting. The September 21 meeting in the The program provided a nostalgic Washington County Courthouse in look at early-day steam trains in the Potosi included the program "Music opening of the West. of Mine Au Breton." Society presi­ dent George Showaiter presented a Newton County Historical Society recorded review of music from the The Society held its September 12 area, such as the early French songs, meeting at the City Hall in Seneca. a local folk song, ragtime music by The program featured a slide presen­ local composer Philip Lankford and tation on early Seneca. the current musical "Barnum." Old Mines Area Historical Society The Society meeting on October 19 The Society held its fifth annual featured "An Evening in the Archives" meeting, October 3, at St. Michael at the courthouse. Through the cour­ House at Fertile. Members heard re­ tesy of Circuit Clerk Leonard Boyer, ports of the past and made plans for County Clerk Theresa West and Pro­ future activities. bate Judge Larry J. Casey, the group On October 10, the Society spon­ held an open house in the archives in sored the second annual Fete De the county offices. Society members L'Automne at Noad Boyer's Log Cabin introduced researchers to research pro­ and Shop near Washington State Park. cedures and possibilities in the local The celebration attempts to make records which date from the formation better known the French heritage and of the county in 1816. history of the Old Mines area dating back to the early 1700s. Highlights of Moniteau County Historical Society the event included old and modern The Society met on July 19 for a music by Missouri-French musicians, carry-in supper and program at the homecooked food, domestic crafts, Christian Church Fellowship Hall in horticultural displays and muzzle- California. The program featured the loading and shake-making demonstra­ day-to-day life of a Civil War soldier. tions. At the September 20 meeting mem­ bers worked on mailings for the His­ Old Trails Historical Society tory of Moniteau County reprint proj­ The Society celebrated its 15th an­ ect. niversary on October 20 at the Bacon Log Cabin in Manchester. Members John G. Neihardt Corral of the Chesterfield-Creve Coeur His­ of the Westerners torical Society attended the meeting Wilbur Zink, of Appleton City, spoke as special guests. The program featured on "Missouri Outlaws" at the Septem­ a forum on forgotten towns such as ber 9 meeting in the Flaming Pit in Hathaway City, Quinette and Altheim. Columbia. His talk featured the Youngers, Daltons and Jesse James. Pioneer Heritage Association On October 14, Bob Priddy, direc­ The Association held the October tor of the news division of Missourinet 7 meeting at the museum in Bucklin. in Jefferson City, was the guest Green Thumb hostess Geneva Sulli­ speaker. He used slides and sound to van reported a successful summer sea­ report on "Cowboys and Indians on son at the museum. During the winter Radio." the museum will open by appoint­ Richard Mos, a Kansas City attorney, ment only. George Coulson spoke con- 226 Missouri Historical Review cerning his work in the area schools Inn, St. Charles. He spoke on "19th and colleges. He has given lectures Century Commercial Rivalry." Dr. and provided displays of artifacts and Primm is the author of the new St. archeological items of early Missouri Louis history, Lion in the Valley. history. Recent fund-raising projects for the Society have included a "silent auc­ Pony Express Historical Association tion" and cider stands at Frenchtown At the September 12 meeting in the Fall Festival, in St. Charles, October Patee House Museum's Blue Room, 16-31; and a fall Tabletop Show at the Association honored volunteers the Mother-in-Law House, October who had staffed Patee House and the 24, in St. Charles. Jesse James Home, St. Joseph, during the summer. Valetta Beach was named St. Francois County the outstanding teenage volunteer and Historical Society Mr. and Mrs. Russell Hall received The Society met August 25 in the recognition as outstanding adult volun­ Ozarks Federal Savings and Loan teers for 1982. Scott Joplin music high­ Building, Farmington. Mr. and Mrs. lighted the program. Martin K. Gierse told about their 100- Patee House Museum set new rec­ year-old family business, Gierse's Clean­ ord attendance this year. By October ers. The establishment began as a 10, over 30,000 people had visited tailoring shop. the museum since April 1982. Ted Barnhouse discussed the his­ tory of Doe Run at the September 22 Randolph County Historical Society meeting. On May 1, the Society held a "Fam­ On October 27, Dr. Mark C. Stauter ily History Fair" at the Moberly Area was the guest speaker. Associate direc­ Junior College. The event featured tor of the Joint Collection, University speakers from all over the state. of Missouri, W7estern Historical Manu­ The Moberly Railroad and His­ script Collection-Rolla, and State His­ torical Museum merged with the Ran­ torical Society of Missouri Manu­ dolph County Historical Society on scripts, Dr. Stauter told about the June 26. The Society now operates progress and activities of his office. the museum which is open on week­ Color slides illustrated his talk. ends in the summer or by special Officers for the coming year are appointment. Gertrude Zimmer, president; George The Society held its annual dinner Bohs, vice president; Thelma Bohs, meeting on September 28 at the Co­ treasurer; June Jones, recording sec­ lonial Inn, Moberly. Officers elected retary; and Ruth Womack, correspond­ for the coming year were Karl Rice, ing secretary. president; Thomas J. Marshall, vice president; Willmuth Baker Dougherty, St. Joseph Historical Society second vice president; Ralph Gerhard, The Society sponsored the 12th an­ secretary; and J. W. Ballinger III, nual Robidoux Festival, October 1-3, treasurer. at the Civic Arena in St. Joseph. Visi­ tors toured Robidoux Row, and mem­ St. Charles County bers of the Society served lunch on Historical Society Saturday and Sunday. The Festival has Dr. James N. Primm, professor of been a major fund-raising project for History at the University of Missouri- restoration of buildings erected by St. Louis, presented the program at Joseph Robidoux, founder of St. the October 28 meeting in Golf View Joseph. Historical Notes and Comments 227

On November 21, the Society met of Northeast Missouri State University, in Robidoux Row. Members heard re­ Kirksville, presented the program. The ports of the Robidoux Festival. second of a series on "Our European Cultural Heritage," the program con­ St. Louis Westerners sisted of some 80 slides and comments The Westerners met September 17 by Dr. Karel. Dr. Thomas then read at the Salad Bowl Restaurant, 3949 selections of poetry reflecting the atti­ Lindell Boulevard. Dr. James C. Aus­ tudes and mores for the period covered tin, long-time member of the West­ by the lecture. A grant from the Mis­ erners, presented the program on souri Committee for the Humanities "The American Character: American financed the program. Types in Cartoons and Illustrations." The treasurer reported that mem­ He explained that comics are receiv­ berships for 1981-1982 totaled 341. ing belated recognition as an extra­ Officers elected for the coming year ordinary vehicle that captures segments were Mildred Wheeler, president; Nelle of our country's historical character. George, vice president; Berniece Ford, Dr. Austin is professor of English at second vice president; Edna L. York, Southern Illinois University-Edwards- recording secretary; Frances Norman, ville. corresponding secretary; and Beulah Saline County Historical Society Tallman, treasurer. Members held their annual meeting Scotland County Historical Society and election of officers, October 24, The Society held its annual picnic at the Hayob High Rise Building, at Old City Lake, Memphis, on July 26. Marshall. Officers elected for the com­ Mrs. Madeline Hicks presented the ing year were Joseph A. Carroll, presi­ program at the August 23 meeting dent; Mrs. Billie Lowery, Dr. Hugh P. in Downing House, Memphis. She Callaway and Mrs. Mildred Ernst, vice showed pictures and photographs to presidents; Darla Ami, secretary; and illustrate her talk on various types of Gordon Buckner, treasurer. houses in the county, from earliest The Society officially accepted the times to the present. gift of a large Victorian home at 125 On September 18, members held N. Brunswick, Marshall, from Mr. and their annual Lawn Party and Open Mrs. Charles M. Buckner. The home House in conjunction with the An­ will be used for the Society's museum tique Fair in Memphis. and library. An endowment fund Dr. Leon Karel and Dr. Gary Gor­ drive is underway with a goal of don, of Northeast Missouri State Uni­ $30,000. By early November, members versity, Kirksville, provided the pro­ had raised nearly a third of that gram for the meeting on September 27. amount. Dr. Karel spoke on "A Twentieth Cen­ The Society has placed on the mar­ tury Comparison," and Dr. Gordon, ket, the Chicago & Alton Railroad who is with the Art Department, Depot. The depot, which the Society showed "Early Art Forms." The pro­ owns, is on the National Register of grams were given in cooperation with Historic Places. the Missouri Committee for the Hu­ Schuyler County Historical Society manities. Some 40 persons attended the 10th Many recent improvements of the annual meeting at the county court­ Downing House Museum have in­ house, Lancaster, on October 10. Dr. cluded new guttering, exterior paint­ Leon Karel and Dr. Paul J. Thomas, ing, new carpeting, papering and paint- 228 Missouri Historical Review ing primarily for the hallways, moved to the United Methodist Church stairways and the third story. for the business meeting and program. Bill Cameron spoke on early life in Shelby County Historical Society Ireland compared to life in the United Over 30 persons attended the Octo­ States. ber 12 meeting in the Shelbina Mer­ cantile Bank Community Room. A Sullivan County Historical Society second program of a series dealing The Society met October 4 at the with "Our European Cultural Herit­ Milan United Presbyterian Church. age" was presented by Dr. James E. Mrs. Gladys Crumpacker gave the Paulding. Dr. Paulding is professor of program on "The History of the Rail­ Fine Arts at Northeast Missouri State road." Officers elected for the com­ University, Kirksville. He was assisted ing year were Mrs. Frances Simpson, by Loring Ivanick, of the German president; John Lavelle, vice presi­ Department, who told about his trips dent; Mrs. Inez King, secretary; and to European countries. Mrs. Mary Ann Cowgill, treasurer. A social hour followed the meeting. Smoky Hill Railway and Historical Society Vernon County Historical Society On August 13, the Society held its Some 25 members and guests par­ meeting at Mid-America Car, Inc., 930 ticipated in a field trip, September North Olive, in Kansas City. Curtis 26, to the newly acquired portion of Blanc, president and general manager the Osage Prairie, the state wildlife of the company, guided members on a management area south of Nevada. tour of the shop buildings and some Tom Toney, of Lockwood, a prairie of the projects underway. He then biologist with the Missouri Depart­ discussed the firm's activities in car ment of Conservation, led the trip. and locomotive repair and rebuilding. He also discussed the history and na­ A film, on the recent trip of ex- tural history of Missouri prairies with Amtrak/ex-KCS Arthur Stilwell to special reference to the Vernon County Kansas City, highlighted the Septem­ ber 11 meeting at Capitol Federal Savings & Loan. Warren County Historical Society The Society held its annual meet­ October 24 marked the dedication ing, September 18. Work sessions, open and official opening of the Warren house and train rides were featured County Museum and Historical Li­ at Richards-Gebaur. The evening brary at South Market and Walton dinner and business meeting occurred streets, Warrenton. Patrick Steele, ex­ at nearby Belton Inn. ecutive director of the Missouri Herit­ J. Everett Mitchell, Director of age Trust, was the guest speaker. Railroads, Missouri Highway and Transportation Department, was the Members held their annual dinner guest speaker, October 8, at Capitol meeting, October 28, at Friedens Federal Savings. He spoke on "The United Church of Christ, Warrenton. Future of Railroads in Missouri." Guest speaker Dr. James E. Paulding gave the illustrated address on "A Stone County Historical Society 20th Century Comparison." This pro­ The Society held its September 5 gram was presented in conjunction quarterly meeting at Homestead Park with Northeast Missouri State Uni­ in Hurley with 25 members and guests versity, Kirksville, and the Missouri present. Following a picnic, the group Committee for the Humanities. Historical Notes and Comments 229

Webster Groves Historical Society thur Museum in Wilmington, Dela­ The Society met October 12 in the ware. A major piece of furniture was City Hall Council Chamber. Anne donated to the Society by Halls, and Kenney, associate director of the proceeds from the ticket sales were Joint Collection, University of Mis­ given to the Society for further restora­ souri, Western Historical Manuscript tion of Harris-Kearney House. Collection-St. Louis, and State His­ The Society, in conjunction with the torical Society of Missouri Manuscripts, Civil War Round Table of Kansas provided the program. She told about City, sponsored the 6th annual Battle the services of her office and what of Westport tour, October 23-24. Guns resources were available for historical and artifacts from the battlefield were and genealogical research. on display at the historic Harris- Kearney House. All-day or three-hour Wellington Historical tours enabled visitors to see the 26 Preservation Association battle sites. Trained Civil War guides Members held their October 31 recreated the drama of the battle. meeting in the American Legion Hall, A program on "Westport, Mo." Wellington. Mrs. Rhoda Wooldridge, highlighted the November 19 quar­ the noted author of popular children's terly dinner meeting in the Westport books, was the guest speaker. United Presbyterian Church. Jerry Weston Historical Museum Mclntyre of Mclntire Productions, On November 7, the Museum held Inc., gave the audio-visual presenta­ its annual covered-dish dinner in the tion which told the story of Westport Weston Christian Church. Dr. Benedict from its beginning through its an­ Zobrist, director of the Harry S. Tru­ nexation to Kansas City. He included man Library, Independence, provided views of some of the area's beautiful the program. He spoke on "The Cre­ neighborhoods and the revitalization ation of a Folk Hero." of Westport in the 1970s.

Westport Historical Society White River Valley An old-fashioned ice cream social, Historical Society sponsored by the Society, was held Over 40 members and guests at­ August 22 at the Harris-Kearney tended the Society's annual meeting, House, 4000 Baltimore, Westport. Flos­ June 13, in The School of the Ozarks sie Parsons, Kay Connell and Janet College Center Cafeteria, Point Look­ Garden had charge of the social and out. Society member Lynn Morrow the entertainment consisting of live showed a documentary film, "Shan­ outdoor music. Guests and members non County Home." Mr. Morrow is a also could tour the house and view research historian for the Center for the restoration work completed in the Ozarks Studies, Southwest Missouri south parlor. State University, Springfield. Officers Halls of Kansas City sponsored a elected for the coming year were Fred benefit showing in Crown Center to Hartman, president; James E. Powell, introduce Halls new line of antique vice president; and Kathleen Van- reproduction furniture from Winter- Buskirk, historian. 230 Missouri Historical Review

GIFTS

Leslie Anders, Warrensburg, donor: Heber M. Creel letter, 1880. M*

Robert F. Austin, Columbia, donor: Composite photograph of Representatives of 61st Missouri General As­ sembly. A Mrs. Rowena Ball, Springfield, donor: Material on the Maddox-Mattox family. R

Larry Bauman, St. Joseph, donor: Photographs of Union Station, St. Joseph. E

T. J. Beach, Weston, donor: The Noel Robinson Family, by donor. R

Bobby D. Bedsworth, Halls ville, donor, through Barbara K. Bedsworth: The Descendants of Noah Bedsworth (1799-1851), by donor. R

Irma Banks Bennett, Quincy, Illinois, donor: R. A. Finnell letter, 1861, and Henry Pritchett Banks diary, 1852. M

Mrs. Jordan R. Bentley, Salisbury, donor: Jordan R. Bentley Papers, loaned for copying. M

Jean Stratton Bird, Novato, California, donor: A Look Back: Jessup-Bird-Shideler, by donor. R

Rev. Maury Whipple Bishop, Seal Beach, California, donor: Material relating to William A. Blees. R

Helen A. Boswell, Moberly, donor: "The Genealogical History of Omar Nelson Bradley," by donor. R

Bernard M. Brown, Sullivan, donor: "Major General William S. Harney: A Man Time Has Forgotten," by donor. R Vaughn M. Bryant, Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas, donor, through Mrs. Meryl Leavell Simpson: Copy of Family Record of George Bryant and Keziah Bryant, compiled by Maria A. Gregg. R Kieth Buss, Gothenburg, Nebraska, donor: Atwell Bowcock Gatewood His Ancestry and Descendants, by Gorden Jef­ ferson Gatewood. R

Everett E. Carlson, Kirkwood, donor: Journal of the Engineers' Club of St. Louis, nine issues containing a history of the club. R *These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head­ quarters: M refers to Manuscripts Collection; R, Reference Library; E, Editorial Office; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room. Historical Notes and Comments 231

Mrs. William P. Cox, Clearwater, Florida, donor, through Helen Smither, Leawood, Kansas: Photograph of four school girls in Warrensburg, 1888 and postcards of public school, Odessa, Pertle Springs and Excelsior Springs. E Gordon K. Crump, Ashland, donor: Original plats of New Salem Cemetery, Boone County. R

Mrs. C. L. Dearth, High Hill, donor: Nebel and Son, High Hill, Missouri, Business Records, 1867-1895. M

E. William Decker, Jefferson City, donor: The Bruns Family. R

Mrs. Charles Dunbar, Wellsville, donor: Commencement programs from Lyndon, Silver City and Brazil high schools. R Mrs. James W. Earp, Kansas City, donor: James W. Earp Papers. M-KC-f- Mrs. Marjorie Edwards, Bowling Green, donor: Photographs of Jesse L. Murphy with team of mules. E Dr. Elmer Ellis, Columbia, donor: Books featuring the writing of J. Christian Bay. B

Walter Farwell, Tipton, Iowa, donor: Copies of articles on Major Stephen Cooper, by donor. R

Skip Gatermann, St. Louis, donor: "Soulard House Tour" guidebooks, 1979, 1980, 1981 and 1981 Historic Soulard Calendar. R

Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Gillette, Kimberly, Idaho, donors: Three photographs of University of Missouri cadets, 1897 and 1900, loaned for copying. E

Dr. James W. Goodrich, Columbia, donor: Map of Missouri, 1922. R

Elizabeth C. Harrison, Leavenworth, Kansas, donor: Material and photographs relating to Vinnie Ream. R & E

Mrs. Anna Hesse, Hermann, donor: Centenarians of Brick, Wood and Stone, Hermann, Missouri, by donor. R

Roy C. Hicklin, Chillicothe, donor, through Karen L. Hicklin: "A Place Called Poosey," by Anna Dockery Burgess. R

Connie Justice, Sandy, Utah, donor: Henry Terrell and Susan Phillips Terrell family chart. R

-{-Located in Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript Collection-State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts, Library, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110. 232 Missouri Historical Review

Elizabeth Kennedy, Columbia, donor: Six photographs concerning Joe Tapley of Bowling Green and University of Missouri fraternity and cadet groups. E

Marvin L. King, Jefferson City, donor: Material on the McAdams family. R

Wayne Kinion, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, donor: The Kinions of Lincoln County, Missouri, by donor. R

Barbara Klingelsmith-Geisert, Marietta, Georgia, donor: Lineage record of the Lemay family, compiled by Hilde Beaty. R

Mrs. Marie Ann McCollom, Columbia, donor: Genealogical periodicals from Missouri. R

David G. McDonald, Columbia, donor: Missouri Marriages Before 1840, by Susan Ormesher. R

Mary A. McGinnis, Rich Hill, donor: John G. Hudson Papers, 1850-1867. M

Marilyn Crosswhite McLaughlin, Cleveland Heights, Ohio, donor: "Independence, Jackson County, Missouri, ca. 1827-1844: With Emphasis on Independence as Staging Area for Westward Commercial Movements," M.A. thesis, by donor. R

Margaret W. McNaull, Charlotte, North Carolina, donor: William W. Garth Papers. M

Alberta J. Meyer, Jefferson City, donor, for Edna Gellhorn, deceased: Missouri Commission on the Status of Women Papers, 1964-1982. M

Mine Au Breton Historical Society, donor, through George W. Showalter, Potosi: Reprint of 1885 map of Washington County, R; prints of six historic sites in Potosi. A Missouri State Council of Carpenters, donor, through Bettye J. Carter, Jefferson City: A Tradition of Craftsmanship: The United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners in Missouri 1881-1981: A Brief History and Interpretation, by Rus­ sell J. Clemens. R

E. C. Morgan, Columbia, donor: Map of Missouri, 1930. R

Dale Walton Morrow, Center, donor: "Hannibal-Courier Post January 1, 1981-December 31, 1981 Index to Obit­ uaries," by donor. N

Joy N. Oldham, Columbia, donor: Photographs and clippings of Columbia area and residents. E & N

Ozark Mountain Historical Preservation Society, Reeds Spring, donor: Traces of Silver, by Artie Ayres. R Historical Notes and Comments 233

Gloria O. Palmer, Santa Ana, California, donor: Descendants of Spottswood James Omohundro, Sr., by donor. R Mrs. Authorene Phillips, Marshall, donor: Like The Sand Through The Hour Glass So Are The Years At MHS, by students at Marshall High School. R Mrs. John T. Ratliff, Kirksville, donor: The Descendants of Thomas Bragg, Sr., of Culpeper County, Virginia, com­ piled by Helen Curry Deveny. R Ebert J. Reiter, Canton, donor: "Pleasant Grove Grange," by Mrs. Raymond Hoffman. R Mrs. Mary D. Rose, Sacramento, California, donor: Material relating to James Shannon. R Margaret E. Ryles, San Jacinto, California, donor: W. H. Prewitt Papers, 1865. M St. Francois County Historical Society, donor, through Ruth Womack, Farmington: Material on the 150th anniversary of the Presbyterian Church, Farming- ton. R & N Lula F. Shelton, Phoenix, Arizona, donor: Joshua Reagan Ancestors and Descendants, compiled by donor. R John P. Skaggs, Fredericktown, donor, through Western Historical Manu­ script Collection-Rolla: Seven mounted photographs of mining and Mine La Motte, loaned for copying. E Mrs. Lola L. Sorensen, Salt Lake City, Utah, donor: Smith, Houston Families: Ancestry of John Frank Smith and Wife, Mar­ garet H. Smith, compiled by donor. R C. C. Tucker, Shawnee Mission, Kansas, donor: Diary of Sarah Ann Quarles Chandler, 1836. M Natalie Wehrman, Lockwood, donor: Material relating to the centennial of Immanuel Lutheran Church, Lock- wood. R Warren Arthur Welsh, Fulton, donor: William Welsh Scottish Immigrant 1815-1891, His Life, Times, and Family, by donor. R Mrs. John Werkley, Moberly, donor, for Marjorie Hunter, deceased: J. R. Lowell Papers, 1929-1932. M William R. Wolph, Avoca, Nebraska, donor: The Descendants of Peter Mauck 1708-1980, by donor. R Naomi Woods, Fortuna, and Omega Hutchison, Versailles, donors: Hutchison Family Genealogy, compiled by donors. R Ted Yeatman, Nashville, Tennessee, donor: Jesse James and Bill Ryan at Nashville, by donor. R 234 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Ash Grove Commonwealth August 5, 1982—Old area photograph. August 5—"A Haven to early pioneers," by Wilma McGilvry.

Blue Springs Examiner September 15, 1982—"[William] Frick Homestead [in] Oak Grove couple rescue home of founding family," by Rebecca Gants, photos by Teresa Heim.

Boonville Daily News August 5, 11, 18, 25, September 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, October 6, 13, 20, 27, 1982- "Remembrances from the Friends of Historic Boonville," a series, featured his­ toric sites, old photos and personalities of the area.

Brunswick Brunswicker July 29, 1982—"Civil War Recalled Young Schrader Escorts Rebel Captives to St. Louis," by W. H. Schrader. August 12—Old area photograph.

Buffalo Dallas County Courier August 12, 1982—Old area photograph.

Butler Bates County News-Headliner August 12, 1982—"Butler's Palace Hotel once a social center," by Reva Stub­ blefield.

Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian September 7, 1982—"Central Hotel still standing [in Lutesville], door still open to travelers," by Mark Bliss. September 20—"Plaque rests at Old St. Vincents [Church]."

Chaffee Signal August 4,1982—Old area photograph.

Clarence Courier August 11, 1982—Old area photograph.

Clinton Democrat October 12, 1982-Old area photograph.

Columbia Missourian August 11, 1982—"Heritage Restoration project started to preserve Boon­ ville [Hain] home built nearly 150 years ago," by Sabina Robinson, photos bv Adam Jahiel. October 23—"165th Anniversary Midway [Locust Grove United Methodist] church . . ." by Susan Bowles.

Crane Chronicle August 12,1982—Old area photograph.

Eldon Advertiser August 5, 1982—"Eldon scenes of late 1800s and early 1900s." August 12—"R. I. [Rock Island Railroad] celebrated 60 years ago," reprinted. Historical Notes and Comments 235

Festus Democrat-Rocket August 2, 1982—"Guibourd-Valle home: modern living in historic house [in Ste. Genevieve]." August 4—"Ste. Genevieve's Jour de Fete August 14-15." September 29—"1st Christian Church [in Festus] has 100th birthday."

Flat River Daily Journal August 26, 1982—"[Poston] House sees 150 years of history [in St. Francois County]," by Sherry Greminger.

Gainesville Ozark County Times August 5,1982—Old area photograph.

Hannibal Courier-Post September 11, 1982—"Bear Creek [Baptist] Church revitalized," by Mary Lou Montgomery.

Hermitage Index August 12,1982—Old area photograph.

Iberia New Iberian August 4,1982—Old area photograph.

Independence Examiner October 19, 1982—"Historic home may not house [Truman] family again," by Charles Burke.

Jackson Cash-Book Journal August 4, 1982—"Fly a kite in Jackson? You'd better not—in 1910 [city ordinances]," by Jackie Ruble.

Jefferson City News & Tribune August 22, 1982—"The Dauphine Hotel Standing the test of time [in Bon- nots Mill]," by Marian Fleischmann, photos by Chris Miller.

Kansas City Star September 14, 1982—"History in storage California film maker saves Younger home [in Lee's Summit] from wrecking ball," by Marge Holler Stephens.

Kansas City Times August 6, 13, 20, September 3, 10, 17, 24, October 1, 15, 1982-"Post Card From Old Kansas City," by Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively: Board of Trade Building, 8th and Wyandotte; Main Street, Smithville; interior of an Owl drug store; Snyderhof Hotel; Benton Boulevard, south from 9th Street; Central Pres­ byterian Church, 9th and Harrison; Rockhill Park; Gladstone Boulevard at Scarritt Point; and A-S-B bridge under construction in the early 1900s. October 28—"[American Royal Livestock, Horse Show and Rodeo] Aristo­ crat of cattle shows had simple origins," by Rosalind G. Truitt. Keytesville Chariton Courier October 7,1982—"The Hill Homestead sells." Kimberling City Table Rock Gazette September 9, 1982—"Yoachum Family Among Pioneers of [Stone County] Area," by Jim Lair. 236 Missouri Historical Review

Lilbourn Semo-News August 12, 1982—"Canalou's history termed as a 'wild and wooly' one," by Dan Whittle.

Linn Vnterrified Democrat August 11,1982—Old area photograph.

Louisiana Press-Journal August 12, 1982—"[Buffalo Presbyterian] Church Celebrates 150th Anni­ versary," by Oldean S. Lindsay.

Mansfield Mirror August 5,12, 1982—Old area photographs.

Maryville Daily Forum October 12,1982—Old area photographs.

Mexico Ledger October 1, 1982—"125th Anniversary For Sturgeon [United Methodist] Church."

Milan Standard August 12,1982—Old area photograph.

Moberly Monitor-Index October 10, 1982-" 'Fayette Fight' of 1864 Will Be Re-Enacted by [Civil] War Buffs." Mt. Vernon Lawrence County Record July 29, 1982—"Missouri State Chest Hospital opens 75 years ago to fight tuberculosis." August 5—"Millsap's store ends era," by Peggy Schoen. August 5—Old area photograph. August 12—"[Lawrence County] Courthouse views."

Neosho Daily News August 29, 1982—"Cardwell [Memorial Hospital in Stella] history compiled," by Mary Alice Campbell.

New London Ralls County Herald-Record October 28,1982—"History of settler William Jamison in New London found­ ing told," by Helen Betts.

Norborne Democrat-Leader August 12, 1982—"The Name 'Stet' Didn't Come From Anywhere: It Hap­ pened!" by J. H. Shirkey, reprinted.

Palmyra Spectator August 11,1982—"[Palmyra High] School once had an observatory," by Ruth Hastings. Paris Monroe County Appeal August 12,1982—Old area photograph.

Perryville Monitor August 12,1982—Old area photograph. Historical Notes and Comments 237

Pleasant Hill Times August 12, 1982—"Lone Jack museum acquires rifle that fired the first shot [in Battle of Lone Jack, August 16, 1862]."

Port age ville Missourian August 5,1982—Old area photograph.

St. Clair Chronicle August 11, 1982—A Special Centennial Edition featured several historical articles on the town.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat September 4, 1982—"Reconstructing history in governor's [Frederick Bates] home [in St. Louis County]," by Karen Marshall, photos by Dick Weddle.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch August 27, 1982-"Early Black Churches," by Julius Hunter. October 14—"Fee Fee Baptist Church [in Bridgeton] Marks 175th Year," by Pamela Schaeffer.

Scott City Jimplicute August 5, 1982—"Article on New Hamburg wins History Essay Contest," by Ramona Glastetter, photos by Pam Venable. August 12—Old area photographs.

Shelbina Democrat August 11, 1982—The Silver Centennial Edition featured "Reflections Of Shelbina's 125 Years Of History."

Shelbyville Shelby County Herald August 4,1982—"Historic sketches of Shelby County," by William J. Holliday.

Sullivan Independent News August 11,1982—An article on the one-room school at Anaconda in the 1930s.

Sullivan Tri-County News August 19, 1982—A supplement featured "General William S. Harney: The man time has forgotten," by Bernard M. Brown.

Trenton Republican-Times October 15, 1982—"Grundy County's One Hanging [of Joseph A. Howell in 1893] Was Carefully Photographed."

Vienna Gazette-Adviser August 4,1982—Old area photograph. September 2—"Wheeler School Restored [in Maries County]."

Washington Missourian August 4,1982—Old area photographs. August 4—Cracker Barrel News featured the "History of Matson," by Bill Schiermeier.

Waverly Times July 30,1982—Old area photograph. 238 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American Heritage, August/September, 1982: "Meet Me in St. Lewis, Louie, A collection of little-known early-twentieth-century photographs of St. Louis recalls the author's unfashionably happy childhood," by Emily Hahn.

Area Footprints, Genealogical Society of Butler County, May, 1982: "Recollec­ tions of the Poplar Bluff Tornado—May 9, 1927," by Mrs. Mary A. Casper.

Bulletin, Johnson County Historical Society, Inc., September, 1982: "Quick City- Then 1886 and Now 1982," by Cindy Higgins; "A Sketch of the Early Schools of Warrensburg, MO," by Lizzie Grover.

Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter, October, 1982: "The History Of Chariton County Courthouse," by Kyna Iman.

CMAA Bulletin, August and September, 1982: "History of Astronomy at the Uni­ versity of Missouri-Columbia," a series, by Dr. Charles Peterson.

DeKalb County Heritage, October, 1982: A history of the DeKalb County Ex­ tension Homemakers Council; "The Sherard Family—A Civil War History"; "Stewartsville Historic Home," by Mrs. Beulah Winger; "Pioneer [George] Kerns Family," by Glen L. Kerns.

Farm & Home Go-Getter, August, September, October, 1982: "Farm & Home [Savings Association] Legends," a series.

Florissant Valley Historical Society Quarterly, October, 1982: "Ferguson Boy­ hood," by Edward G. Cherbonnier.

Freemason, Fall, 1982: "Mark Twain—The Mason," by Harry Gershenson; "Cen­ tennial Lodges of Missouri 1882-1982," by John Black Vrooman.

Gateway Heritage, Summer, 1982: "St. Louis Women Artists 1818-1945: An Ex­ hibition," by Karen McCoskey Goering; "Entertainment on the Western Frontier," by Marion M. Huseas; "Antebellum Vigilantes: The Slicker War in Missouri," by Curtis H. Synhorst.

Historic Kansas City Foundation Gazette, September/October, 1982: "A Kansas City Architect: James Oliver Hogg," by Sherry Piland.

Interim, Midsummer, 1982: "St. Alban's: vital, growing [Episcopal] parish [in Fulton]," by Catherine Cooke Canitz.

., September, 1982: "Sister Miriam began Prince of Peace [Episcopal Church], Baden," by the Rev. Anne Scharon.

,, October, 1982: "St. Stephen's [Episcopal Church, St. Louis] brings hope," by Mary Webber.

Jackson County Historical Society Journal, April-May-June, 1982: "Old Rail [road] Depots in Independence Represent Important Era of History," by Pat O'Brien; "Old Elmwood Cemetery Special, Burial Site Resting Place of Hundreds [in Kansas City]," by Wilda Sandy. Historical Notes and Comments 239

Kansas City Genealogist, Spring, 1982: "My Favorite Ancestor Dr. Josiah Gregg an Early Jackson County Pioneer," by Maude Lee (Burgess) Immele.

Keys to Springfield, August, 1982: "Stampin' Grounds, Daniel Boone Adopted Missouri," by Bob Hammack.

, September, 1982: "Stampin' Grounds, 19 Months and Gone [the Pony Express]," by Bob Hammack.

., October, 1982: "Stampin' Grounds, Farmboy, Artist [Walt Disney] He Belongs to the World," by Bob Hammack.

Kirksville Magazine, Summer, 1982: "The First School Of Osteopathy (The Be­ ginning) [in 1892]," by Georgia Walter.

Maramec Miner, September, 1982: "Maramec History," a series.

Missouri Alumnus, September-October, 1982: "A Museum [of Art and Archaeo­ logy] Piece [at the University of Missouri-Columbia]," by Larry Boehm; "Those Rollicking [Savitar] Frolics," by Mary Lee Fleschner.

Missouri Folklore Society Journal, Volume III, 1981: "Frog Jumping Contests," by James L. Evans; "The Ozark Hillbilly: A Vanishing American," by Charles R. Mink; "Traditional Ozark Entertainment," by Michael Patrick; "Folklore of the Precocious Canine: Jim the Wonder Dog," by John W. Roberts.

Missouri Life, September-October, 1982: "Missouri Homes The [Louis] Benoist House: Saved by a Suburb [Affton]," by Pat Treacy, photos by Bruce John­ son; "Army's Coach was a Lady [Dee Beckmann]," by June Wuest Becht; "St. Louis' Fabulous Fox [Theatre]," by Ron O'Connor; "Across our wide Missouri: How about St. Louis [as the site of the United States capital], D.C?" by Bob Priddy.

Missouri Municipal Review, September, 1982: "Mt. Vernon Community Profile," by Kathy S. Fairchild.

Muleskinner, Central Missouri State University, September 8, 1982: "CMSU [Central Missouri State University] 110 years old, but it's still healthy," by Scott Jennings.

, September 10, 1982: "Popular resort [Pertle Springs] famous for pure waters," by Sallie Minter.

September 17, 1982: "Warrensburg prospers despite past problems," by Lisa Ferguson.

Newsletter of the Phelps County Historical Society, September, 1982: "Two Civil War Letters Following the Battle at Wilson's Creek," submitted by John Bradbury.

Ozarks Mountaineer, July-August, 1982: "Civil War Era—The Diary of John W. Goddard," by Emma Comfort Dunn; "An Ozark Dream: [William] Ein­ stein's Silver Mine [in Madison County]," by Kathleen Van Buskirk. 240 Missouri Historical Review

, September-October, 1982: "At Powersite, Missouri's Cliff House Hotel: A Genteel Vacation," by Neal Edgar and Lynn Morrow.

Pemiscot County Missouri Quarterly, July, 1982: "Mayme Lucille Hamlett"; "Caruthersville 1917," by Josephine Van Cleve; "Names of Places in South­ east Missouri," by Mayme L. Hamlett.

Pioneer Times, July, 1982: "Defenders Of The Border: Missouri's Union Mili­ tary Organizations in the Civil War," by William Fannin; "[Battle of] Wilson's Creek," by Lew Larkin, reprinted; "The Wyrick Family," by Peggy (Smith) Warman-Hake; "A Century in the Big Richwoods [in Miller Coun­ ty]," by Lynn Morrow, reprinted; "Bray's Mill," by Peggy Smith Hake, re­ printed; "Jacob Shaw McComb [family]," by Peggy H. Gregory.

Platte County Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin, Summer, 1982: "The Elgin Family," by Dr. Betty L. Elgin.

Ray County Mirror, September, 1982: "Legends of Coon Hollow Relate to Early [Mallory] School Days," by Lee Meador; "Lexington Enjoyed Benefits As Ferry Boat Center," by Marilyn Mautino; "[Missouri] River Traffic Peaked 1850-70," by John A. Gueguen; "[Missouri] River Traffic Brought Settlers to Missouri," by Lee Meador; "Black History Vital to [Ray] County History," by Terri Cox.

Rural Missouri, September, 1982: "The Last Hurrah [Gen. Sterling Price's Civil War raid in Missouri in 1864]," by Martin Northway.

St. Louis Bar Journal, Summer, 1982: "The Case Of The Murdered Dandy [James P. McCann and the trial of Frederick Seymour Barrington in 1904]," by Joseph Fred Benson, edited by Keltner Locke.

Saint Louis Commerce, September, 1982: "The new Old Post Office," by George McCue; "[St. Stanislaus Museum in Florissant] storehouse of historic treas­ ures," by NiNi Harris.

October, 1982: "Webster Groves," by Wayne Leeman.

Saint Louis Rehabber, August, 1982: "Our City Churches," by NiNi Harris; "Landmarks: Liggett & Meyers Tobacco Co., 1900-12 Pine Street."

, September, 1982: "Landmarks: Murphy-Blair, 1100 Block Of Chambers in 1960"; "Our City Churches," by NiNi Harris.

_, October, 1982: "Landmarks: Former Temple Israel"; "Our City Churches," by NiNi Harris.

Springfield! Magazine, August, 1982: "The Two Battles of Wilson's Creek," by Margaret Norris, illustrations by Darrell L. Combs; "Your Neighbor's Faith: 'Mother, You Don't Mean You Want Us to Become Mormons?' " by Ruth Farthing.

, September, 1982: "Ash Grove Cement Company Isn't In Ash Grove And It Makes More Lime Than Cement," by Judith A. Er- mold; "The Two Battles Of Wilson's Creek (Part II)," by Margaret Norris. Historical Notes and Comments 241

., October, 1982: "At 65, Ozarker Laura Ingalls Wilder Launched Writing Little House Books," by Vicki Cox; "Your Neighbor's Faith: Reorganized Church [of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints] Preceded Mormons in Springfield Area," by Ruth Farthing; "The Two Battles Of Wilson's Creek (Part III)," by Margaret Norris.

Waterways Journal, August 7, 1982: "St. Louis [Engineer] District Celebrates Two Anniversaries," by James V. Swift.

, August 14, 1982: "Most Famous River Book [Life on the Mississippi by Mark Twain] Is 100 Years Old," by James V. Swift.

Webster County Historical Society Journal, August, 1982: "Hindoo Nation [school district]," by Crump McClure; "Webster County Sheriff [Isam Cunningham] Most Colorful in Ozarks [in 1950s]," by Joe Clayton, re­ printed; "Delmar Dallas Massey," by Gilbert Smith.

West Plains Gazette, July-August, 1982: "Thayer: 100 Years Old and Still on Track," by Clara Williams; "Picture Takin' Rob [Robert C. Crass]," by Clara Williams; "Miss Minnie [Cowan] The Lady With the Camera," by Annabelle Scott Whobrey; " 'Greater Than Riches. . .' [Mt. Pisgah Bap­ tist] Church, Community, Family in the Ozarks," by Katherne Bryan Cum­ mings; "One of the Last One Room Schools [Mt. Zion]," by Charlotte Sloan West.

_ , September-October, 1982: "Over Here! Howell Coun­ ty's Victory Girls [performed in 1918 and 1919]," with Linnie Arnold-Bohrer; "Siloam Springs Revival Pinebrook Inn Gets a New Lease on Life," by Jerry Dunn; "Byrd Church: The Old Order [in Oregon County]," by Clara Wil­ liams; "Jim The Wonder Dog," by Henry N. Ferguson.

Westminster College Report, Fall, 1982: "The Night Westminster Hall Burned [September 10, 1909]," by Henry W. Hamilton.

White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Summer, 1982: "Area History In Pic­ tures"; "The Bodenhammer Homestead [in Greene County]," by Neil Frost.

Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer, 1982: "Wisconsin at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904," by Marilyn Grant.

Ozarks vs. California Growers

Forsyth Bull Shoals Gazette, September, 1951. Ozarks and California tomato growers were bragging about their own respective products. Said the Californian: "Our tomatoes are so big that we have to squeeze them to get them into crates." Replied the Ozarkian: "When I get an order for one crate, I have to reject it. It's against my policy to cut my tomatoes in half." 242 Missouri Historical Review

GRADUATE THESES RELATING TO MISSOURI HISTORY

CENTRAL MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY, 1982 MASTER'S THESIS

Luce, Michael G., "A History of Standard Theatre, Kansas City, Missouri, 1900-1929."

NORTHEAST MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY, 1982 MASTER'S THESIS

Hunt, Larry Lando, "A Missouri Newspaper Views Progressivism: The Unterri- fied Democrat and Missouri Reform, 1904-1908."

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA, 1982 MASTER'S THESES

Carr, Barbara JoAnne Lowe, "Thomas Hart Benton's 'Year of Peril'. Tanner, Tamara, "Rowland H. Smith: The Story of a Reporter."

DOCTORAL DISSERTATION

Clemens, Russell Joseph, "A History of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners in Missouri, 1881-1981."

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-ST. LOUIS, 1982 MASTER'S THESIS

Miller, Robert E., "Missouri Secessionist: General Mosby M. Parsons.' Historical Notes and Comments 243

IN MEMORIAM

BESS TRUMAN CAPPS, MRS. ERNEST L., Liberty: Sep­ Former first lady Bess Truman, of tember 8, 1891-August 19, 1982. Independence, the 97-year-old widow of former President Harry S. Truman, COLGAN, R. C, Jefferson City: Sep­ died October 18, 1982. Born February tember 14, 1906-November 26, 1981. 13, 1885, to David Willock Wallace DAVIS, P. D., Carthage: November and Madge Gates Wallace of Inde­ 26, 1902-April 4, 1982. pendence, Elizabeth Virginia Wallace graduated from Independence High DYER, MRS. CLYDE P., Montecito, School and attended Barstow School California: January 20, 1893-July 15, for Girls in Kansas City, Missouri. She 1982. married Harry S. Truman on June HEFFRON, MRS. W. P., Marshall: 28, 1919. March 23, 1917-July 22, 1981. During her husband's term in the U.S. Senate, 1934-1944, Mrs. Truman HOBBS, E. W., Webster Groves: June worked on his office staff and edited 8, 1899-March 15, 1981. reports of the Committee on National KEITH, MARY E., Maryville: October Defense. She was a member of the 23, 1894-July 19, 1982. Congressional Club, Chapter S of the PEO Sisterhood, the H Street United LITTLEFIELD, ROBERT C, Monterey, Service Organization and the Senate California: January 18, 1930-October Wives Club. After Mr. Truman be­ 10, 1980. came president on April 12, 1945, she MCCALL, MRS. GEORGIA, Farmington: avoided publicity while personally di­ March 18, 1893-July 17, 1982. recting the planning for social events and official state receptions. As first MCGUIRE, J. C, Chester, Illinois: lady, Mrs. Truman served as honorary March 28, 1900-April 6, 1982. president and held memberships in many organizations, and acted as the MEISCH, CHARLES A., Williamsburg: president's hostess, helpmate and ad­ August 13, 1912-June 5, 1982. visor. The president did not seek a MEISNER, JOSEPH C, Columbia: third term and the Trumans returned March 2, 1928-October 26, 1980. home to Independence in 1953. An active member of Trinity Epis­ MOLER, MRS. W. E., Morton, Illinois: copal Church in Independence until Died July 6, 1982. declining health limited her activities, MUSCHANY, J. KARL, Chesterfield: Mrs. Truman is survived by her daugh­ February 13, 1902-January 13, 1982. ter, Mrs. Margaret Truman Daniel, of New York, and four grandsons. MYERS, W. W., Bethany: June 12, 1895-March 29, 1982.

ARNOLD, S. M., Ballwin: August 6, POAGUE, HAYSLER A., Clinton: June 1899-December 12, 1980. 15, 1898-January 31, 1982.

AYLWARD, JAMES P., Kansas City: RATHBUN, HUBERT H., Pacific: March September 10, 1885-July 22, 1982. 31, 1893-August 22, 1982. CAMP, J. R., Lincoln, Nebraska: May ROBINSON, JAMES F., St. Louis: Died 8, 1893-July 9, 1982. May 25, 1982. 244 Missouri Historical Review

RONE, SON, Portageviile: March 10, WINANS, MRS. RALPH B., Chillicothe: 1895-March 25, 1982, December 23, 1899-October 5, 1982.

SCHNEIDER, CYRIL A., St, Peters: WINTERHOFF, ELISABETH K., St. Louis: September 5, 1923-June 6, 1981. June 28, 1899-July 7, 1981.

SEWARD, KENNETH, Richmond: July WOOD, NEAL S., St. Louis: Septem­ 5, 1929-December 6, 1980. ber 21, 1902-February 12, 1982. Historical Notes and Comments 245

BOOK REVIEW

William Becknell: Father of the Santa Fe Trade. By Larry M. Beachum (El Paso, Texas: Texas Western Press, 1982). 89 pp. Notes. Map. Not indexed. $10.00 hardbound; $4.00 softbound. Larry Beachum's brief biography of William Becknell will be welcomed by students and scholars of the Santa Fe trail and trade. Beachum discovered, as others before him, that the source mate­ rials for such an undertaking are skimpy at best, and that supposi­ tion has to be used to "flesh out" the story. Even so, he has produced an informative and appropriate biography of the man properly called the "Father of the Santa Fe Trade." The author addresses questions that have concerned Beck- nellians for years. He believes in the veracity of the 1821 journal credited to Becknell; either the publisher of the Franklin Intelli­ gencer and Boons Lick Advertiser or some other more "literate" person probably transformed BecknelTs poorly written version into an important publishable piece. As Beachum points out: 'The journal is, after all, not that sensational [p. 24]." It certainly is not, and no clandestine attempt toward embellishment appears. Where it differs with Josiah Gregg's account in his Commerce of the Prai­ ries is dutifully brought to the attention of the reader. This monograph explores the usual topics found in a biography. Those who realized that Becknell, early in his life, experienced economically hard times will be pleased that his fortunes improved in later life. They also will be interested in his public service and the overall account of his Texas years. Texas Western Press also deserves comment. The monograph is tastefully printed and misspellings are unnoticeable. A map of 246 Missouri Historical Review the Santa Fe Trail provides a useful reference. While no bibli­ ography is included, the notes identify the sources consulted. Un­ fortunately no index is available but this should not detract from the usefulness of the study.

State Historical Society of Missouri James W. Goodrich

Hot (or Cold) off the wires!

Knob Noster Gem, February 23, 1922. Postmaster Fred D. Williams of Fulton has arranged with the government weather observatory to get weather reports every morning by wireless, the reports to be received at the station of Westminster College. These reports will be given out by rural carriers from 24 to 36 hours before it can reach them through newspapers.

Must Have Shoes Off To Work

Missouri Alumnus, February, 1927. Homer Croy, author of "West of the Water Tower" and "They Had to See Paris" is the man who takes off his shoes before he begins work. He ex­ plains it this way: I can't go out again until I put my shoes on. That is so much trouble, I stay there and work. I have to do it that way. For if for any reason I get my shoes on and get out of the room I never get back that day. Always there is some one to see, something to do, somewhere to go, and work is put off until tomorrow.

Prayers For A New Auditorium

Missouri Alumnus, June, 1926. The Jesse Hall auditorium was crowded to overflowing, discomfort, and stuffiness for the Commencement exercises. Members of the senior class occupied practically all of the seats on the first floor. Very few seats were available for the parents of the members of the senior class. Many parents were unable to even get in the auditorium to witness the graduation of their children. President Brooks remarked that he hoped and prayed that some friend of the University or that the state would provide an adequate auditorium on the campus before Commencement next year. His statement was loudly ap­ plauded. There is great need for an auditorium on the campus and let us all hope and pray that the hopes and prayers of Dr. Brooks bring results. Historical Notes and Comments 247

BOOK NOTES

Soldier, Doctor, Doctor. By Watkins A. Broyles (Bethany, Missouri: Bethany Printing Company, 1981). 179 pp. Illustrated. Appendices. Not indexed. $12.50. Watkins A. Broyles's autobiography covers over three quarters of a century. This hardback volume is the memoir of a man born at Table Rock, Nebraska, in 1894, who spent many years practicing medicine in the Eagleville and Bethany area. Previous to his prac­ tice of family medicine, Broyles had served his country during the Mexican border disputes in 1916-1917 and during World War I. He graduated from the University of Kansas Medical School in 1924, then interned in St. Louis before establishing his medical practice in Eagleville in 1925. Ten years later he moved to Bethany, where he practiced until 1976, except for the WW II years when he served overseas and at various military hospitals in the United States. Broyles's memoir will appeal to Harrison Countians and also to people interested in the practice of a country doctor. The author also describes the type of practice and the available medicines and treatments during his many years as a doctor. Soldier, Doctor, Doctor may be purchased for $12.50, plus $1.50 for postage and handling, from Dr. W. A. Broyles, P. O. Box 352, Bethany, Missouri 64424.

Sturgeon Missouri Then and Now, 1856-1981. Compiled by the History Committee (n.p., n.d.). 104 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $16.50. In order to celebrate the city's 125th anniversary, a history committee compiled this informative hardback volume which re­ lated the city's past. A railroad town on the Wabash line, it was named for Isaac H. Sturgeon, president and superintendent of the North Missouri Railroad. He is credited with having located a train depot on the site where the city now stands. In apprecia­ tion, residents named the town in his honor. Excellent sketches by artist Marian Beatty grace the front and back covers of the volume. The book relates the history of area businesses, churches, organizations and schools and notes outstanding events. Limiting the publication to about one hundred pages greatly restricted the 248 Missouri Historical Review history committee. Members realized they had "too much of a good thing for one book." However, their selections should pro­ vide entertaining and informative reading for persons interested in local history. The volume may be purchased for $16,50, from Mrs. Ruth Esteppe, Sturgeon, Missouri 65284.

Foley Centennial, 1881-1981. By the Foley Centennial Commit­ tee [1981]. 48 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $5.00. Located on the Burlington Northern Railroad, this Lincoln County town was named in honor of Mary Addison Foley. Platted in 1879, Foley was not officially recorded until 1881. On May 15, 1900, the town was incorporated. This illustrated volume presents the history of the people, homes, churches, schools and businesses. Various area contributors provided memories of the past, and minutes of the town board related interesting data. At the back of the booklet are listed the advertisers who helped make this book possible. A paperback, Foley Centennial may be ordered from Mrs. Sophie Stonebraker, Box 64, Foley, Missouri 63347. Checks for $5,00, plus $1.00 for postage and handling, should be sent to Sophie Stonebraker with notations at the bottom of the checks: "For Centennial Book."

The Aftermath of War: Experiences of a Quaker Relief Officer on the Polish-Russian Border, 1923-1924. By Henry W. Hamilton (Dayton, Ohio: Morningside House, Inc., 1982). 257 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Indexed. $25.00. A long-time friend of the State Historical Society of Missouri and a founder and past president of the Missouri Archeological Society, Henry W, Hamilton lives an active and varied life. In 1923-1924 he served as the chief of a Quaker relief outpost in famine-ravaged Poland (White Russia). The young Missouri farm­ er, who accepted this awesome responsibility, wrote often to his parents during this perilous time. Those letters played an important part in Hamilton's reconstruction of the period, and the people and problems he encountered in the aftermath of World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution. Adding to his intriguing and compassionate story are some 100 photographs which provide the reader with a detailed and unpretentious visual record. Historical Notes and Comments 249

A hardback copy of The Aftermath of War may be purchased from Morningside House, Inc., P.O. Box 1087, 260 Oak Street, Dayton, Ohio 45401.

Pike County, Missouri: People, Places i? Pikers. Compiled and edited by Karen Schwadron (Pike County Historical Society, 1981). 727 pp. Illustrated. Indexed. $40.00. This is the first history of Pike County published since 1883. It begins with the creation of the county, located in the northern section of Missouri and abutting both the Mississippi and Salt rivers. Pike County came into existence on December 14, 1818, almost three years before Missouri became a state. Carved from the Louisiana Territory as one of the original counties of the state, it included a large area that later formed nine entire counties and a portion of six other counties. Its name honored General Zebulon Pike, a noted explorer of the Upper Mississippi in 1805. Many families, businesses, clubs, churches and individuals contributed their histories and photographs. Over half the book contains family histories. In addition, the volume contains chapters on "The Cultural Piker," "Points of Interest in the County," news events 1880-1980, "Pikers in Battle," fairs and festivals and "Politi­ cians of Pike." The county boasts of many well-known public of­ ficials such as James O. Broadhead, James Beauchamp Clark, Ben­ nett Champ Clark, William L. Hungate, Edward V. Long, Elliott W. Major and Lloyd C. Stark. Several persons contributed and signed their names to sketches in the chapter entitled, "Pike Coun­ tians Remember." The hardback history sells for $40.00 and may be ordered from the Pike County Historical Society, c/o Mrs. Bryant Mackey, Route 1, Box 153, Clarksville, Missouri 63336.

Readin 'Ritin and 'Rithmetic: A History of Schools in Iron County Missouri, 1840-1981. By Clarence R. Keathley (Iron County Historical Society, 1981). 136 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Not indexed. $10.00. A publication of the Iron County Historical Society, this book is dedicated to all past and present school board members, school employees and pupils in Iron County. The earliest schools in Iron County were private, subscription 250 Missouri Historical Review and church sponsored. In 1857, upon its establishment, Iron County counted nine school districts and schoolhouses. By 1914, the county contained 50 school districts. Iron County superintendent of schools, Mrs. Lillian Allers Knudson, in the early 1930s, encouraged teachers and pupils of each school district to prepare a history of their school. Most re­ sponded. Fifty years later, the Iron County Register published those histories, and they are included in the chapter on the "History of Public School Districts in Iron County." Several teachers wrote about their teaching experiences for this publication. Dr. Loren G. Townsend, dean emeritus of the School of Education, University of Missouri-Columbia and a native of Iron County, also contributed the chapter on "The Development of Public School Districts in Iron County." Author Clarence Keathley, a native of the county and charter member of the Iron County Historical Society, conducted extensive and thorough research to make this publication possible. Some 185 interesting photographs enhance the work. This paperback booklet sells for $10, plus $1.00 postage and handling. It may be ordered from the Iron County Historical So­ ciety, Ironton, Missouri 63650.

Looking back over The First Century of Seligman, Missouri. 1881-1981. By Fanschon Mitchell, Zelda Relethford and Gwen Hil- burn (Cassville, Missouri, 1981). 456 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Not in­ dexed. $10.00.

Located in the extreme southwestern part of Barry County in extreme southwestern Missouri, Seligman can be called correctly a border town. The town was platted in 1880 about one mile from the Arkansas border, and some 50 miles from both the Kansas and Oklahoma lines. Its name honored Joseph W. Seligman, a wealthy financial investor who made a fortune in the dry goods business. The town grew rapidly with the development of the railroad and was incorporated on March 8, 1881. This centennial book relates the early history of the area. Pio­ neers first settled the region in the early 1830s and 1840s. The settlement acquired its original name, Roller Ridge, from the Roller family. Establishment of the railroad played a major role in Selig- man's history. The paperback volume includes a collection of re­ membrances and quotes from various sources, featuring businesses, Historical Notes and Comments 251 churches, community achievements, organizations, veterans, enter­ tainment, cemeteries, schools and family biographies. Many excellent photographs recall life and business in the area. Ads at the back of the book helped finance the project. The history of Seligman's first century may be purchased for $10, plus $1.50 for postage, from Fanschon Mitchell, P.O. Box 83, Seligman, N|issouri 65745.

Memories of Cape Girardeau and Old Man River. By Lee L. Albert [Cape Girardeau, Missouri, n.d.]. 60 pp. Illustrated. Not in­ dexed. $5.00. Lee L. Albert and his family were in business in Cape Gir­ ardeau for 120 years. They worked as agents for the packet boats traveling the river. Members of the family also served as official river observers for the U.S. Weather Bureau, beginning in 1880. Lee Albert inherited the job about 1900. When he retired from that position in 1969, he had not missed a day of work in almost 70 years. Due to his long business experience in Cape Girardeau, Lee Albert was considered an authority on the town's early history. He composed the narrative for this book in longhand on thin-lined notebooks, concluding it just two weeks before his death, September 26, 1972, at the age of 91. His daughter Virginia Lee Albert Mar- graf and her family completed the project for publication. The paperback book contains seven chapters featuring steam­ boats, transportation, Cape Girardeau businesses, schools, hospitals, churches and homes, recreation and "Remembrances." Reprints from the Southeast Missourian, August 18, 1956, and September 27, 1972, sketched the work of Albert and reported his death. Memories of Cape Girardeau and Old Man River may be pur­ chased for $5.00 from the Alumni Services Office, Southeast Mis­ souri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701.

Early Library Development in Missouri 1938-1943. By Hazel C. Page (Kansas City, 1981). 213 pp. Maps. Illustrated. Not indexed. $9.95. Teacher and librarian Hazel C. Page served as Missouri State Library supervisor of the WPA statewide library project (1938- 1943), sponsored by the Missouri State Library Commission. From 252 Missouri Historical Review her papers containing reports, statistics, programs, newspaper clip­ pings, magazine articles and photographs, she compiled this histori­ cal volume. The paperback includes specific details of the program to show how it was planned to give assistance and guidance for the development of library service in Missouri. In 1936, statistics revealed that 28 counties in the state had no public library service. When the project terminated seven years later, only 9 counties were without public library service. The author believes the statewide library project provided the groundwork and a foundation for many county and regional libraries functioning in Missouri in 1980. Early Library Development in Missouri may be ordered for $9.95 per copy from the Missouri Library Association, Parkade Plaza, Suite 9, Columbia, Missouri 65201.

Directory of Archival Collections for the Greater Kansas City Area. Compiled by the Kansas City Area Archivists (Kansas City, 1982). 57 pp. Indexed. $5.00. This 57-page publication includes 87 completed entries. Each entry provides information about area archival repositories includ­ ing days and hours of service, special services, restrictions to col­ lection use, guides to holdings, scope and content, as well as name, address, phone and contact person. Repositories have been included from a 60-mile radius around the Kansas City area and also Topeka, Kansas, and Columbia and Fulton, Missouri. In addition to in­ formation about the larger more; well-known institutions, the direc­ tory identifies the small repositories which are often overlooked in national directories. Entries are categorized according to educa­ tional institutions, religious institutions, businesses, federal, state, county, cities, museums, historical societies and others. An alpha­ betical index is provided. The paperback directory may be ordered from UMKC Ar­ chives, General Library, Room 203, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110. Each directory costs $5.00 and checks should be made out to the Kansas City Area Archivists. 1 lfllp-'y ^^H

mlife? * v

•|P|ii^^ fe KJF ^Mi^^ "#4r

&£^M^Sm^m^^^^ GOTTFRIED DUDEN'S REPORT ON A JOURNEY TO THE WESTERN STATES OF NORTH AMERICA AND A STAY OF SEVERAL YEARS ALONG THE MISSOURI (During the Years 1824, '25, '26, & 1827) JAMES W. GOODBICH, General Editor 400 pages 5% by 9 inches Appendixes, index $22.00 REVIEWERS' COMMENTS: ". . . readers will . . . find the intellectual company of Duden . . . stimulating and provocative." "... a serious rival (or complement) to Tocqueville's work." The Western Historical Quarterly Raymond F. Betts, University of Kentucky ". . . brings to English readers the foremost work of some 150 volumes of emi­ gration literature published in Germany between 1827 and 1856." Southwestern Historical Quarterly Glen E. Lich, Schreiner College ". . . editors did careful and extensive research which merits perusal ... by anyone interested in pioneer life." Indiana Magazine of History Elfrieda Lang, Indiana University, Bloomington A joint publication with THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI this book may be purchased from: University of Missouri Press P.O. Box 1644 Columbia, Missouri 65205 Missouri residents add $1.02 for state sales tax. Orders from individuals must include payment; the Press pays postage and handling.