Cost Effectiveness of Replacing Fish Meal with Cirina Forda (Westwood) Larva in the Diets of Broilers Oyegoke O

Cost effectiveness of replacing fish meal with cirina forda (westwood) larva in the diets of broilers Oyegoke O. O1 Ayandiran T.A2 and Akintola A.J3 Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B. 4000, Ogbomoso. Nigeria. Corresponding author AYANDIRAN T.A e-mail: [email protected] TEL.+2348035327173

ABSTRACT

An experiment of eight-week duration was conducted on the cost effectiveness of replacing fish meal with Cirina forda larva as a protein source in the diet formulation of broiler birds. Forty-five day-old chicks of white leghorn breed were divided into three treatment groups namely A,B and C; each group containing 15 birds was further replicated three times with 5 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. Three diets tagged I,II and III were formulated. Diet I contained, 0% C. forda and 100% fish meal; Diet II contained 30% C. forda and 70% fish meal, while Diet III contained, 70% C. forda and 30% fish meal in that order. When broiler chicks were fed from starter to finisher stages on the three diets, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the cost of production of the broiler diets using C. forda larva and the conventional fish meal as sources of protein. However, the cost ofDIETsupplied to the broiler birds with lower content of C. forda ( Diet II) was marginally cheaper than the cost ofDietIIIonsumed by broiler birds with higher content of C. forda (Diet III); an indication that decreasing levels of C. forda incorporation in the diets of broiler birds may lead to lowering costs ofDIETproduction and hence, economically advisable in formulating diets of broiler birds.

INTRODUCTION especially poultry (Fajimi et al., 1993; Tewe, 1997). Consequently, the prices of protein concentrates like Poultry as an agricultural enterprise has been groundnut cake, soyabean meal and fish meal suggested as one of the better placed production conventional protein sources have continued systems possessing the potential to contribute to the continue to soar and it is becoming uneconomical to Nigeria GDP and employment opportunities creation use them in poultryDIET(Esonu et al., 2001). The (Oladokun and Johnson, 2012). In Nigeria, poultry need to look for locally available and cheap sources meat and eggs have been suggested as possessing ofDIET Ingredients particularly those that do not great potentials for bridging the protein associated attract competition between humans and livestock health deficiencies as high yielding exotic poultry are has not abated. easily adaptable to our environment and the technology of production is relatively simple with Class Insecta is the most species-rich taxon of all returns on investment appreciably high (Idufueko, animals, not only posting an enormous biodiversity 1984; Madubuike, 1992: Chilima, 2007). However, but also represent a colossal biomass in nature. the poultry industry in Nigeria is facing hard times Consequently, medicinal, commercial, agricultural with more than 50% of the country’s poultry farms and nutritional uses of insects abound. closed down and another 30% forced to reduce their Entomophagy, the nutritional habit in which insects production capacity due to shortage ofDIET(Esonu et are consumed as food has gained prominence al., 2001). (Abigail, 2008). In sub-Saharan Africa alone, approximately 250 highly nutritious, edible insect High cost of livestock production especiallyDIEThas species had been reported (Van, 2003; Mitsuhashi , been implicated as one of the factors responsible for 2008). Records of 14 edible insects have been the high unit cost of animal products. For example, established in Southwestern Nigeria and the list cost of feeding has been put at 60-80% of the total cost of production in intensively reared livestock Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2013, 3(4): 55-59

includes Cirina forda (Westwood) (Banajo et al., of microorganisms and later milled at a localDIETmill 2005). located in the town. OtherDIET Ingredients used in the experiment were supplied by AdekesDietsInd The nutritional value of C. forda (Westwood) larva Farmers services store located at Ogbomoso. has been documented (Ande, 2003). It is rich in crude protein ranging between 46.5 and 79.6% Diets: 45 day old chicks of white leghorn breed were (Malaisse and Parent, 1980). As a result of the high purchased from a local commercial hatchery in protein quality and other nutritional values of insects Ibadan, Oyo State and divided into three treatment in general and C. forda in particular, it has been used groups namely A,B and C; each group containing 15 as supplementaryDIET In place of the commonly birds was further replicated three times with 5 birds used fish meal in various compoundedDietsfor per replicate. Three-food rations were formulated for aqualcultural and poultry organisms like Clarias the starter (0-4 weeks) and finisher stages (5-8 weeks) gariepinus and even domestic fowls (Teugels et al., respectively. The first ration group tagged I, 1990; Akintola and Oyegoke, 2002; Oyegoke, et al., contained 0% C. forda and 100% fish meal; the 2006). With its proven levels of acceptance in poultry second ration group tagged II, contained 30% C. birds, it is important to investigate the cost effectiveness forda and 70% fish meal; while the third ration group of replacing fish meals with C. forda larva in the diets of taggedIII, contained 70% C. forda and 30% fish broiler birds. meal. MATERIALS AND METHODS DATA COLLECTION This experiment was carried out at a poultry cage 0 Feed intake: Feed intake values were taken weekly house located at Saja area of Ogbomoso (8 15ʹ N and recorded; these were done by subtracting left - and 4015 ʹ E), Oyo State, Nigeria. The cage house 3 overDietsfrom the measuredDietsgiven to the birds has a dimension of 3.6 x 2.7 x 2.1 m . daily. Site preparation: The cage house was cleaned in preparation for deep litter system. The cage house Weekly Weight Gain (g): The weekly gains of the was disinfected with Commercial Izal once every chicks were taken and recorded by subtracting the week for two weeks. The cage house was then left initial live weight at the end of a previous week from the for some days to remove possible side effects of the live weight at the end of the following week. disinfectant. Cost ofDIET Intake: The cost of each bag ofDietsI, II Birds Maintenance: Before the arrival of the chicks, and III were calculated by summing up the cost of eachDIET Ingredient.DIETI did not include C. forda larva the poultry and equipment used were washed and while C. forda larva was included inDIET II and III at disinfected properly with Izal. A heating system was put in readiness for breeding. 15 chicks were 30% and 70% respectively. allocated to each DietIry treatment group. The The cost ofDIET Intake per week was then calculated chicks were housed in deep litters with wood using the formula: shavings as litters. Flat tray feeders and tube drinkers were used at starter stage (0-4 weeks) and later Cost ofDIET Intake per week in Naira = Price of 100 kg replaced with hanging feeders and bowl drinkers with ofDIETxDIET Intake for the week/100kg wire guards at the finisher stage (5-8 weeks). Food All results obtained were subjected to statistical and water were given to the chicks ad libitum while analysis using one way analysis of variance (Steel and necessary routine vaccination and veterinary Torie, 1980). attention were provided. The chicks in each group were weighed individually at the beginning of the RESULTS experiment and thereafter on a weekly basis during The percentage crude protein contents in the the eight-week duration of the experiment. The diets of the starter birds designated as I, II and III birds were weighed using a beam balance (Harvard I,II and III were 20.80%, 20.60% and 20.40% in Trip Model). that order; the metabolizable energies in Feed processing: Dried forms of matured larva of Kilocalories derived for the same diets were Cirina forda were purchased at a local market in 2823.90, 2789.58 and 2743.82. This is shown in Ogbomoso. The larva samples were oven-dried at Table 1. about 42° C for seven days to eliminate the presence 56

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Premix(kg) 0.350735 0.35 0.35 Fishmeal(kg) 4.00 2.80 1.20 Table 1: Gross Composition of Diet For The C. forda (kg) 0.00 1.20 2.80 Starter Phase (0-4 Weeks) Total MEKcal 2804.38 2770.06 2724.30 Total Crude 17.63 17.47 17.24 INGREDIENTS DIET I DIET II DIET III protein (%) (control The energy levels of all food rations were calculated Bone meal (kg) 2.0 2.0 2.0 using standard values ofDIET Ingredients from Pfizer Nutrient Master Plan (1992). Maize (kg) 45.00 45.00 45.00 Table 3: Cost effectiveness and Performance PKC (kg) 20.00 20.00 20.00 Characteristics of Broilers at Starter Phase (0 -4 weeks) Soybean (kg) 2.00 2.00 2.00 DIET GROUP/ DIET I DIET II DIET III PARAMETERS (control) GNC(kg) 18.00 18.00 18.00 Initial weight at 51.45a 49.21a 48.46a the beginning of Oyster shell (kg) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1st week (g) Final live weight 352.14a 330.67a 342.86a Maize bran (kg) 8.00 8.00 8.00 at the end of 4th week (g) Lysine (kg) 1.00 1.00 1.00 a a a Weight gain per 75.17 70.37 73.60 week (g) Methionine (kg) 0.45 0.45 0.45 Diet intake per 376.99a 372.43a 365.97a Salt (kg) 0.35 0.35 0.35 week (g) Cost of diet 13.85a 15.79a 15.75a Premix (kg) 0.35 0.35 0.35 Intake per week (n) Fishmeal (kg) 4.00 2.80 1.20 Means within rows with the same superscript are not significantly different (P > 0.05) C. forda (kg) 0.00 1.20 2.80

Total MEKcal 2823.90 2789.58 2743.82 Table 4: Cost effectiveness and Performance Characteristics of broilers at Finisher phase (4 -8 Total Crude 20.80 20.60 20.40 protein (%) weeks) DIET GROUP DIET I DIET II DIET III PARAMETERS (control) The energy levels of all food rations were calculated Initial weight at 390.00a 404.00a 405.00a using standard values ofDIET Ingredients from Pfizer the beginning Nutrient Master Plan (1992). of 5th week (g) The percentage crude protein contents in the Final live 818.57a 718.66a 739.28a finisher diets tagged I, II and III were 17.63%, weight at the 17.47% and 17.24% in that order; the resultant end of 8th week metabolizable energies in Kilocalories for the three (g) diets were 2804.38, 2770.06 and 2724.30 in that Weight gain per 116.61a 96.97a 99.11a order (Table 2). week (g) Diet intake per 759.165a 758.340a 757.860a Table 2: Gross composition of diets for Finisher week (g) phase (5-8 weeks) Cost of diet 21.17a 22.69a 24.73a INGREDIENTS DIET I DIET II DIET III Intake per (control Bone meal(kg) 2.0 2.0 2.0 week (n) Maize(kg) 47.00 47.00 47.00 Means within rows with the same superscript are not PKC(kg) 20.00 20.00 20.00 significantly different (P > 0.05) Soybean(kg) 1.00 1.00 1.00 GNC(kg) 10.00 10.00 10.00 Oyster shell (kg) 2.00 2.00 2.00 DISCUSSION Maize bran(kg) 14.00 14.00 14.00 Lysine(kg) 1.00 1.00 1.00 The rations were formulated according to Pfizer Methionine(kg) 0.45 0.45 0.45 Nutrient Master Plan Specification (1992) which Salt (kg) 0.35 0.35 0.35 stipulates that the energy level in the diets of 57

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broiler chicks should range between 2600-2800 cost has been a perpetual one. For example, MEKcal; while protein level should range between Omoregie and Ogbemudia (1993), substituted fish 20-23% for the starter stage. This specification also meal with palm kernel meal at 15% level which greatly stipulates that the energy level in the diet of broilers reduce the amount of expensive fish meal in at the finisher stage should range between formulated diet for Oreochromis niloticus. In 2600-2800MEKcal and the protein level should comparable studies, Abiola and Tewe (1992), range between 17-19.5%. recorded a decrease in DIET cost when the level of cocoa pod husk was increased in cockerels' diets. Although, there was no significant difference (P>0) in the costs of all theDietsconsumed by broilers in the It can then be seen from this experiment that C. forda three diet groups at the starter phase, it is evident that the cost of Diets supplied to the broilers in group I ( larva can be used to substitute fish meal in the diets of broiler chicks, since the larva with its 57.96% Control diet) was cheaper than the costs of Diets crude protein gave a good and similar growth supplied to the two other groups (II and III ) (Table 3). response in the chicks just like the conventional Similar, but slightly different trend was obtained when fish meal with 72% crude protein. the costs of the three Diets were compared for the broilers at the finisher stage (Table 4); there was no REFERENCES significant difference (P>0) in the costs of all the Diets Abiola, S. S, and Tewe, O. O. (1992). Effects of cocoa pod consumed by broilers in the three diet groups at the husk on the performances of cockerels - Agric. Sci. Tech. finisher phase. However, a marginal difference J. 2 (2): 131-134. becomes apparent when the costs of the three DIET rations supplied to each of the feeding groups were Ande, A. T. (1991). Some aspects of the biology of Cirina forda ( compared. The marginal difference in the costs Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Ph.D. Thesis Department becomes significant when the Cirina forda protein of Biological Sciences, University if Ilorin, Nigeria. contents of the Diets are taken into consideration, Ande, A.T., 2003. Comparative studies of the mineral especially between Diets I and II and III which had composition of processed larva and protein contents of 30% and 70% inclusion levels prepupa of Cirina forda West wood (Lepidoptera: respectively. Saturnidae). Science Focus, 4: 11- 13. Another important observation in Table 4 is that, Annon (1933). Some large Nigerian moths. Nigerian Field despite the fact that there was no significant difference 8(2), 18-23. (P>0) in the costs of the three DIET formulations Akintola A.J. and Oyegoke, O.O. (2002). Feeding trials of provided to the birds at the finisher stage, the cost of the larvae of the edible insect, DIET supplied to the broiler birds with lower content of C. forda (Feed II) was cheaper than the cost of DIET Cirina forda (Westwood) on African Catfish, Clarias supplied to broiler birds with higher content of C.forda gariepinus (Geoffrey). World. J. Biotech. 3 (2): 487- 491. (Feed III). This observation may be indicative of the fact that decreasing levels of C.forda incorporation in Ashiru, M. O. (1988). The food value of the larvae of Anaphe the diet formulations of broiler birds may be lead to venata Buthc ( Lepidoptera: Notodontidae). Ecol. Food. further lower cost and economically advisable. Nur. 23, 313-320. It can then be seen from this experiment that C. Ayinla, O. A. (1991). Nutrition evaluation of Azolla and Tadpole forda larva incorporation into the Diets of broiler birds in Nigeria Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR) Annual report p93. can be cost effective at lower level of incorporation; moreover, the use of the insect larva despite its Bodenheimer, F. S, (1951). Insects as human food. W. Junk, lower protein C. forda content of 57.96% proved to The Hague, Netherlands. Boorman, J. P. T. (1978). West be more cost effective than the conventional fish African Butterflies and Moths. Longman Group Ltd. London meal with 72% crude protein content. This p279. investigation has further highlighted the increasing Chavunduka, D. M. (1975). Insect as a source of protein to attraction of C. forda larval utilization in DIET the Afri. Rhod. Sci. News. 9:217-220 formulation experiments. Chilima, D.M. (2007) Fish and Human Nutrition, WorldFish The need to develop and incorporate cheaper and Center, Zambia. quality DIET Ingredients which when used in Costal, M. A. (1981). The evaluation of compounding Diets will tremendously lower the DIET IndigenousDIETstuffs for the nutrition of swine and

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