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Lontara (25 Marks)
Lontara (25 marks) Buginese is a language of the southern region of Sulawesi, the third largest island of Indonesia. It is written using a script called Lontara. The script's name comes from the Malay word for palm, lontar . The long, thin leaves of the palm were once used to create scroll-like manuscripts. What you see below is a passage from the epic Indonesian creation myth Sureq Galigo, written in Buginese using the Lontara script. The same passage: English translation There is no one to call the gods Lord, or to offer praise to the underworld. Why Lord don't you have one of your children descend, and incarnate him on the earth; do not leave the world empty and the earth uninhabited. You are not a god, Lord, if there are no humans under the heavens, above the underworld, to call the gods Lord. Buginese with the Latin alphabet, scrambled The Buginese text of this passage is shown again below, but this time written in the Latin alphabet instead of the Lontara script. Unfortunately, it has also been chopped up into ten pieces and scrambled up. Notes about spelling: • e is a vowel (/ ə/), pronounced u as in mud. • é is a vowel (/ ɛ/), pronounced e as in bed. • q is the glottal stop (/ ʔ/), the sound in the middle of uh-oh. a. ajaq naonro lobbang linoé b. lé namasuaq mua na sia c. makkatajangeng ri atawareng. d. mappaleq wali ri pérétiwi. e. mattampa puang lé ri batara, f. mattampa puang lé ri batara. g. ri awa langiq, lé ri ménéqna pérétiwié, h. -
Handwriting Recognition in Indian Regional Scripts: a Survey of Offline Techniques
1 Handwriting Recognition in Indian Regional Scripts: A Survey of Offline Techniques UMAPADA PAL, Indian Statistical Institute RAMACHANDRAN JAYADEVAN, Pune Institute of Computer Technology NABIN SHARMA, Indian Statistical Institute Offline handwriting recognition in Indian regional scripts is an interesting area of research as almost 460 million people in India use regional scripts. The nine major Indian regional scripts are Bangla (for Bengali and Assamese languages), Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Gurumukhi (for Punjabi lan- guage), Tamil, Telugu, and Nastaliq (for Urdu language). A state-of-the-art survey about the techniques available in the area of offline handwriting recognition (OHR) in Indian regional scripts will be of a great aid to the researchers in the subcontinent and hence a sincere attempt is made in this article to discuss the advancements reported in this regard during the last few decades. The survey is organized into different sections. A brief introduction is given initially about automatic recognition of handwriting and official re- gional scripts in India. The nine regional scripts are then categorized into four subgroups based on their similarity and evolution information. The first group contains Bangla, Oriya, Gujarati and Gurumukhi scripts. The second group contains Kannada and Telugu scripts and the third group contains Tamil and Malayalam scripts. The fourth group contains only Nastaliq script (Perso-Arabic script for Urdu), which is not an Indo-Aryan script. Various feature extraction and classification techniques associated with the offline handwriting recognition of the regional scripts are discussed in this survey. As it is important to identify the script before the recognition step, a section is dedicated to handwritten script identification techniques. -
<1> Miwoc in California 12 Points
OzCLO2014 NATIONAL ROUND Marking Guide <1> Miwoc in California 12 points In general, the endings of each of these Miwoc words indicate information about who or what is doing something to whom or what, i.e., a combination of subject and object features — to use linguist speak. Before attempting the tasks assigned below, it may help you to fill out the following grid. Some cells are filled in as a guide, e.g., nixmaš on the end of a verb indicates that 'we' do something to 'you', while put indicates that 'they' do something to 'me', and š means that 'you' do something. HINT: In some cells you will have alternating endings, while the same ending may appear in more than one cell. A B C Subject → I we you you all he they Object ↓ me (k)mu (k)muč t put 1 us (k)mušme (k)mušmeč m pum you (k)muš (k)nixmaš n pun 2 you all (k)mutoš toknixmaš ton puton him m/k (k)maš š toš ∅ p 3 them m/k (k)maš š toš ∅ p 4 (none) m/k (k)maš š toš ∅ p Task 1: 2.5 points [0.5 for each correct] Write the five verb stems (i.e., minimal part of word expressing verb meaning without the Tense or Subject and Object endings) corresponding to bite, speak (to), catch, come (to) and watch. (Write the Miwoc verb stem below the corresponding English verb.) bite speak (to) catch come (to) watch yil kač lot xin šiyič Task 2: 1.5 points [0.5 for each correct] a. -
Proposal for a Gujarati Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)
Proposal for a Gujarati Root Zone LGR Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel Proposal for a Gujarati Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR) LGR Version: 3.0 Date: 2019-03-06 Document version: 3.6 Authors: Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel [NBGP] 1 General Information/ Overview/ Abstract The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the proposed Gujarati LGR in the XML format and the rationale behind the design decisions taken. It includes a discussion of relevant features of the script, the communities or languages using it, the process and methodology used and information on the contributors. The formal specification of the LGR can be found in the accompanying XML document: proposal-gujarati-lgr-06mar19-en.xml Labels for testing can be found in the accompanying text document: gujarati-test-labels-06mar19-en.txt 2 Script for which the LGR is proposed ISO 15924 Code: Gujr ISO 15924 Key N°: 320 ISO 15924 English Name: Gujarati Latin transliteration of native script name: gujarâtî Native name of the script: ગજુ રાતી Maximal Starting Repertoire (MSR) version: MSR-4 1 Proposal for a Gujarati Root Zone LGR Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel 3 Background on the Script and the Principal Languages Using it1 Gujarati (ગજુ રાતી) [also sometimes written as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, Guujaratee, Gujrathi, and Gujerathi2] is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat. It is part of the greater Indo-European language family. It is so named because Gujarati is the language of the Gujjars. Gujarati's origins can be traced back to Old Gujarati (circa 1100– 1500 AD). -
Component-I (A) – Personal Details
Component-I (A) – Personal details: Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati . & Dr. K. Muniratnam Director i/c, Epigraphy, ASI, Mysore. Dr. Rajat Sanyal Dept. of Archaeology, University of Calcutta. Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. 1 Component-I (B) – Description of module: Subject Name Indian Culture Paper Name Indian Epigraphy Module Name/Title Evolution of North Indian Scripts from Brahmi Module Id IC / IEP / 12 Notion of early writing in India; The nature of early scripts; Pre requisites Reasons behind evolution of scripts Development from Early to Middle Brahmi; Regionalization and other Developments in Late Brahmi; Objectives Characteristics of Late Brahmi; Genesis of Proto-Regional Script; Siddhamatrka and its chronological varieties Early Brahmi; Regionalization; Middle Brahmi; Late Keywords Brahmi; Proto-Regional scripts; Siddhamatrka; Nagari; Gaudi E-text (Quadrant-I) : 1. Introduction According to D.C Sircar, the Brahmi script and the Prakrit language are the two salient features of Maurya inscriptions found outside the uttarapatha division of ancient Bharatavarsa (Kumaridvipa). The Brahmi script is read from left to right. According to earlty Indian literary traditions, Brahma, the brahmanical god of creation, is usually believed to be the creator of the speech and, thus, the script also. Scholars are of different opinions regarding the origin of Brahmi. According to some scholars, Brahmi is an indigenous script that developed in India. Others believe that it is an Indian modification of a foreign system of writing exactly like Kharosthi, the exact path which is still difficult to trace. Sircar suggests that the development of the Brahmi script can be assumed to be the result of an attempt to write the Middle Indo-Aryan languages in the alien script of the prehistoric peoples of India. -
MELESTARIKAN BUDAYA TULIS NUSANTARA: Kajian Tentang
MELESTARIKAN7 BUDAYA TULIS NUSANTARA: Kajian tentang Aksara Lontara ABD. AZIZ AHMAD Abstract The conservation of Indonesian Traditional Script is less seriously done. Therefore it needs to be encouraged especially for the traditional scripts because they are one of the national assets which need to be developed and kept. Lontara, traditional script in Indonesia, is the one which is still exist in use in South Sulawesi, although it is restricted in small areas. The term Lontara means history and science, and the second meaning is something written, or an article. Lontara script is also well known as Bugis Script or Makassar Script, but people prefer saying it as Lontara Script. The effort to introduce the Lontara is done in the following ways firstly by introducing the use and the benefit of the script. People are usually not interested to something because they do not know it. Second- ly, it is done by reading and writing. Thirdly is by promoting the people to use it in daily written communication. Fourth is by using it in a publication, or written media, because this script needs to be spread out through a latest modern technology. Fifth is showing the Lontara to the people in a form of Artistic Craft, or paintings. Keywords: script, lontara, traditional, communication, publication. PENDAHULUAN makan aksara Makassar, namun pada akhirnya Dalam upaya melestarikan budaya tulis di In- disepakati menjadi satu istilah yaitu aksara Lon- donesia yang saat ini kelihatannya kurang tara. mendapat perhatian serius, perlu digalakkan ter- utama dalam penggunaan aksara daerah. Aksara daerah merupakan salah satu aset nasional yang PEMBAHASAN perlu dipelihara dan dikembangkan. -
General Historical and Analytical / Writing Systems: Recent Script
9 Writing systems Edited by Elena Bashir 9,1. Introduction By Elena Bashir The relations between spoken language and the visual symbols (graphemes) used to represent it are complex. Orthographies can be thought of as situated on a con- tinuum from “deep” — systems in which there is not a one-to-one correspondence between the sounds of the language and its graphemes — to “shallow” — systems in which the relationship between sounds and graphemes is regular and trans- parent (see Roberts & Joyce 2012 for a recent discussion). In orthographies for Indo-Aryan and Iranian languages based on the Arabic script and writing system, the retention of historical spellings for words of Arabic or Persian origin increases the orthographic depth of these systems. Decisions on how to write a language always carry historical, cultural, and political meaning. Debates about orthography usually focus on such issues rather than on linguistic analysis; this can be seen in Pakistan, for example, in discussions regarding orthography for Kalasha, Wakhi, or Balti, and in Afghanistan regarding Wakhi or Pashai. Questions of orthography are intertwined with language ideology, language planning activities, and goals like literacy or standardization. Woolard 1998, Brandt 2014, and Sebba 2007 are valuable treatments of such issues. In Section 9.2, Stefan Baums discusses the historical development and general characteristics of the (non Perso-Arabic) writing systems used for South Asian languages, and his Section 9.3 deals with recent research on alphasyllabic writing systems, script-related literacy and language-learning studies, representation of South Asian languages in Unicode, and recent debates about the Indus Valley inscriptions. -
ICANN Registry Request Service
ICANN Registry Request Service Ticket ID: I4B7Q-9B6Q8 Registry Name: NIKON CORPORATION gTLD: .nikon Status: ICANN Review Status Date: 2015-09-11 16:42:55 Print Date: 2015-09-11 16:43:25 Proposed Service Name of Proposed Service: Second Level IDN Support Technical description of Proposed Service: .NIKON registry operator, Nikon Corporation is applying to add IDN domain registration services. .NIKON IDN domain name registration services will be fully compliant with IDNA 2008, as well as ICANN\\\\\\\'s Guidelines for implementation of IDNs. The language tables are submitted separately via the GDD portal together with IDN policies. NIKON is a brand TLD, as defined by the Specification 13, and as such only the registry and its affiliates are eligible to register .NIKON domain names.\\\\r\\\\nThe full list of languages/scripts is:\\\\r\\\\nAzerbaijani language\\\\r\\\\nBelarusian language\\\\r\\\\nBulgarian language\\\\r\\\\nChinese language\\\\r\\\\nCroatian language\\\\r\\\\nFrench language\\\\r\\\\nGreek, Modern language\\\\r\\\\nJapanese language\\\\r\\\\nKorean language\\\\r\\\\nKurdish language\\\\r\\\\nMacedonian language\\\\r\\\\nMoldavian language\\\\r\\\\nPolish language\\\\r\\\\nRussian language\\\\r\\\\nSerbian language\\\\r\\\\nSpanish language\\\\r\\\\nSwedish language\\\\r\\\\nUkrainian language\\\\r\\\\nArabic script\\\\r\\\\nArmenian script\\\\r\\\\nAvestan script\\\\r\\\\nBalinese script\\\\r\\\\nBamum script\\\\r\\\\nBatak script\\\\r\\\\nBengali script\\\\r\\\\nBopomofo script\\\\r\\\\nBrahmi script\\\\r\\\\nBuginese script\\\\r\\\\nBuhid -
Proposal to Encode the Kaithi Script in ISO/IEC 10646
Proposal to Encode the Kaithi Script in ISO/IEC 10646 Anshuman Pandey University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. [email protected] December 13, 2007 Contents Proposal Summary Form i 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Description ..................................... ...... 1 1.2 Justification for Encoding . ........... 1 1.3 Acknowledgments ................................. ...... 2 1.4 ProposalHistory ................................. ....... 2 2 Characters Proposed 3 2.1 CharactersNotProposed . ......... 4 2.2 Basis for Character Shapes . .......... 4 3 Technical Features 8 3.1 Name ............................................ 8 3.2 Classification ................................... ....... 8 3.3 Allocation...................................... ...... 8 3.4 EncodingModel................................... ...... 8 3.5 CharacterProperties. .......... 8 3.6 Collation ....................................... ..... 11 3.7 Typology of Characters . ......... 11 4 Background 13 4.1 Origins ......................................... 13 4.2 Name ............................................ 13 4.3 Definitions...................................... ...... 13 4.4 Languages Written in the Script . ........... 14 4.5 Standardization and Growth . .......... 16 4.6 Decline ......................................... 16 4.7 Usage ........................................... 17 5 Orthography 23 5.1 Distinguishing Features . ........... 23 5.2 Vowels.......................................... 23 5.3 Consonants ...................................... ..... 23 5.4 Nasalization................................... -
Script Grammar for Gujarati Language
SCRIPT GRAMMAR FOR GUJARATI LANGUAGE Prepared by Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme Department of Information Technology, Government of India in association with Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) 1 Table of Contents 0. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 3 1. OBJECTIVES OF SCRIPT GRAMMAR .................................................................. 4 2. END USERS FOR SCRIPT GRAMMAR ................................................................. 5 3. SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 6 4. TERMINOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 7 5. PHILOSOPHY AND UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES................................................ 11 6. SCRIPT GRAMMAR STRUCTURE ...................................................................... 12 6.1. PERIPHERAL ELEMENTS OF THE SCRIPT GRAMMAR .............................. 13 6.2. CONFORMITY TO THE SYLLABLE STRUCTURE ........................................ 14 6.3 SCRIPT GRAMMAR PROPER ............................................................................. 18 6.3.1. The Character Set of Gujarati. ........................................................................ 18 6.3.2. Consonant Mātrā Combinations. ................................................................... 24 6.3.3. The Ligature Set of Gujarati. -
Gujarati Handwritten Character Recognition Using Hybrid Method
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 2 Issue 6, June - 2013 Gujarati Handwritten Character Recognition Using Hybrid Method Based On Binary Tree-Classifier And K-Nearest Neighbour Chhaya Patel Apurva Desai MCA Department Department of Computer Science, Anand Institute of Information Science , Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Anand, India Surat, India Abstract than handwritten form. A rich cultural heritage is available in Gujarati is a language used by more than 50 million handwritten form for this script. Being official language of people worldwide. Due to dissemination of ICT in India need state of Gujarat major correspondence within various for Optical Character Recognition (OCR) activities for Indian Government departments and other institutes is carried out script is in demand. One can obtain very less OCR related using Gujarati, either in handwritten or printed form. Many research work for Gujarati script, especially for handwritten OCR solutions are available for the other languages of Indian form. This paper describes a hybrid approach based on tree origin like Bangala, Devnagri, Gurumukhi but OCR solution classifier and k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) for recognition of for Gujarati handwritten form is not available. The optical handwritten Gujarati characters. Combination of structural character recognition of Gujarati script will definitely be features and statistical features is used for classification and helpful for developing a full-fledged OCR system for Gujarati. identification of characters. The features are relatively simple to derive. The structural features are selected by studying the This paper describes an approach to identify numerals and appearance of various handwritten characters. The moment characters of Gujarati script. -
Macknight 2016B.Pdf
IJAPS, Vol. 12, Supp. 1, 53–72, 2016 THE MEDIA OF BUGIS LITERACY: A CODA TO PELRAS Campbell Macknight* Australian National University, Australia email: [email protected] Published online: 15 September 2016 To cite this article: Macknight, C. C. 2016. The media of Bugis literacy: A coda to Pelras. In Orality, writing and history: The literature of the Bugis and Makasar of South Sulawesi, ed. Druce, S. C. International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 12 (Supp. 1): 53–72, http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2016.12.s1.4 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2016.12.s1.4 ABSTRACT The existence of literacy implies a range of practical questions about writing. While attention has been given to the form of Bugis writing, there are also issues around the mechanics of writing, that is, the ways in which marks have been made on various surfaces. Bugis literacy, which began with palm leaf manuscripts, has been overwhelmingly in the form of paper manuscripts, though examples of printing, inscriptions on silver and on earthenware are also discussed and illustrated. The relationship between medium and the function of writing is explored in particular cases. Keywords: Bugis writing, lontara', South Sulawesi manuscripts, South Sulawesi silver, South Sulawesi earthenware Christian Pelras' magisterial survey of orality and writing in Bugis culture is rightly famous among specialists (Pelras 1979; 2010; 2016). This paper, which assumes a prior reading of Pelras, should be seen as a more detailed investigation of one aspect of Bugis literacy, though perhaps with some wider implications too.