Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará
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International Expert Symposium - “Coping with Droughts” Building a Community of Practice on Drought Management Tools 19th – 21 th November 2014, Santiago, Chile Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto Eduardo Martins FUNCEME Research Institute for Meteorology and Water Resources Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] Context Monthly Climatology of Precipitation JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Climatology of Precipitaion in Ceará Seasonality of rain determined by N-S migration of the ITCZ Rain Start: ITCZ reaches Southernmost (February) Rain End: ITCZ migrates North of Equator (June-July) Seasonality of Orós Inflow Annual Precipitation Annual Evaporation 400 350 Mean 300 Median Shalow soils, cristaline embasement which can frequently ) Quantile 250s / 3 (75) ^ be seen at the surface, higher evaporation, a highly 200m ( w concentrated rainfall regime 150o l F 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month Ephemeral rivers: run during few months of the first semester Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] Context High Variability of Rainfall Regions Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] Monitoring Network FUNCEME Monitoring Center METEOSAT Satellite Reception (FUNCEME) S Band and X Band Meteorological Radars (FUNCEME) Meteorological DCPs (84 stations) 550 Raingage Stations (FUNCEME) (FUNCEME) 149 Reservoirs Data Tropical Atlantic Buoys Data (COGERH) (Pirata Project) Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] Climate Forecast System 4 Regional Climate Models The state climate forecast includes: (dynamical/statistical) + 1 (WRF 3.5) 1.Global Climate Models ECHAM 4.6, MRM CFSv2 +1 (CAM3) Multi-ensemble: CPTEC/INPE (3GCMS), INMET & FUNCEME (ECHAM4.6) March AMJ Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] Water Forecasting System RESERVOIR INFLOW FORECASTS & WATER ALLOCATION Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] Water Forecasting System RESERVOIR INFLOW FORECASTS – DYNAMICAL MODELS Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] Water Allocation Demand/Supply Scenarios Runs SIGA - Integrated System for Management of Water Allocation Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] GCMS RESULTS FOR NE BRAZIL Precipitation Evapotranspiration Aridity Index 2000 - 1971 2070 - 2041 Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] WATER ALLOCATION IMPACTS Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] Application on Rainfed Agriculture 40°0'0"W 39°0'0"W Assaré Farias Brito Granjeiro Campos Sales Altaneira Aurora 7°0'0"S 7°0'0"S Caririaçu Pedoclimatic Suitability Potengi Nova Olinda Barro Juazeiro do Norte Santana do Cariri Crato Salitre Araripe Milagres Abaiara Barbalha Missão Velha Mauriti Porteiras Brejo Santo Jardim Legend Legenda Jati C1 - Plena (sem limitações climáticas) C1 - Full (without climatic limitation) Penaforte C4 - C4Moderada - Moderate (por deficiência (due to water Hídrica) deficiency) C5 - Inapta (por severa dificiência hídrica) Dry Dry Years C5 – Unsuitable (due to severe water deficiency) Crop 8°0'0"S 8°0'0"S 40°0'0"W 39°0'0"W 40°0'0"W 39°0'0"W Restrictive and/or Assaré Farias Brito Granjeiro potential factors of soil Beans Campos Sales Altaneira Aurora 7°0'0"S 7°0'0"S Caririaçu and climate Potengi Nova Olinda Barro Juazeiro do Norte Santana do Cariri Crato Salitre Araripe Milagres Abaiara Barbalha Missão Velha Mauriti Porteiras Brejo Santo Jardim Legend Legenda Jati C1 - Plena (sem limitações climáticas) C1 - Full (without climatic limitation) Penaforte Regular Years Regular C2 - Plena (com excesso hídrico) Map of pedological Map of climatic C2 - Full (with excess of water) C4 - Moderada (por deficiência Hídrica) C5 – Moderate (due to water deficiency) suitability suitability 8°0'0"S 8°0'0"S 40°0'0"W40°0'0"W 39°0'0"W39°0'0"W Assaré Farias Brito Granjeiro Campos Sales Altaneira Aurora 7°0'0"S 7°0'0"S Caririaçu Potengi Nova Olinda Map of pedoclimatic Barro Juazeiro do Norte Santana do Cariri Crato suitability Salitre Araripe Milagres Abaiara Barbalha Missão Velha Mauriti Porteiras Brejo Santo Jardim Jati LegendaLegend Penaforte C1 -C Plena1 - Full (sem (without limitações climatic climáticas) limitation) C2 - Plena (com excesso hídrico) Wet Years Wet C2 - Full (with excess of water) 8°0'0"S 8°0'0"S 40°0'0"W 39°0'0"W Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] Drought Impact on Rainfed Agriculture 2012 2012 2012 Jan to JanMay to Total duration (days) duration of Total dry spells - Crop loss (%) Jan to May Jan to - 102 days 73% 2013 2013 Jan to May Jan to - 2013 Total duration (days) duration of Total dry spells Crop loss (%) 92 days 64% Crop Loss (%) (%) Loss Crop 2014 2014 Total Duration of Dry Spells (days) of Dry Spells (days) Duration Total Total Duration of Dry loss Spells x Crop Duration Total 2014 Total duration (days) duration of Total dry spells Crop loss (%) 77 days 29% Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] Northeast Drought Monitor Risk management increases coping capacity, builds resilience. proactive reactive Crisis management treats the symptoms, not the causes. Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] Northeast Drought Monitor Three Pillars of Drought Preparedness 1. Monitoring and 2. Vulnerability/ 3. Mitigation and forecasting/early resilience and impact response planning and warning assessment measures Foundation of a drought Identifies who and what Pre-drought programs and actions to reduce risks plan is at risk and why (short and long-term) Indices/ indicators linked Involves monitoring/ to impacts and action archiving of impacts to Well-defined and triggers improve drought negotiated operational characterization response plan for when a Feeds into the drought hits development/ delivery of information and decision- Safety net and social support tools programs, research and extension Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] Northeast Drought Monitor METEOROLOGY INTEGRATION OF DATA BANK ANA CEMADEN CPTEC INMET STATE MET SERVICES • 5 categories of drought • Initial frequency: monthly • Integration of data: meteorological, hydrological and agricultural • Participatory and collaborative tool STATE MET SERVICES/ EMATERS SERVICES/ MET STATE • Local validation INTEGRATION OF DATA BANK OF DATA INTEGRATION EN INMET/ INMET/ CONAB+CEMAD AGRICULTURE ANA CEMADEN CPTEC STATE WATER AGENCIES 15 MAPA WATER RESOURCES INTEGRATION OF DATA BANK Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] Northeast Drought Monitor Main Indicators (12, 4 and 3 months): Information to support decision: • SPEI (Standardized Precipitation •Soil moisture (Calculated Soil Moisture Evapotranspiration Index) Ranking Percentile – Monthly CPC/NOAA) • SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) •Vegetation Index (Vegetation Health Index – VHA – NESDIS/NOAA) •Precipitation (accumulated and anomaly) Map generated with Map generated with SPEI12+ SPEI12+ SPI12 + SPI12 + SPEI 3 and 4 + SPI 3 SPEI 3 and 4 + SPI 3 and 4 and 4 + impact indicators Drought Monitoring and Forecasting in the State of Ceará Meiry Sakamoto and Eduardo Martins [email protected] Northeast Drought Monitor Planning for drought preparedness and how public policy actions and contingency are triggered by the categories indicated in the Monitor Normal or Immersed in Normal or Entering drought wet conditions extreme drought wet conditions - Constant monitoring and - Implement short-term - Implement emergency forecasting mitigation actions; indicators response actions; indicators - Back to emphasizing have associated triggers that have associated triggers that monitoring and forecasting - Implement long-term link with Drought Monitor link with Drought Monitor and implementing long-term mitigation actions outlined in categories to spur actions in categories to spur actions in structural activities in the the drought plan (e.g., vulnerable sectors pre-defined vulnerable sectors pre-defined drought plan infrastructure and research) in the drought plan in the drought plan International Expert Symposium “Coping with Droughts” Building a Community of Practice on Drough Management Tools 19th – 21 th November 2014, Santiago, Chile Thank you! [email protected] www.funceme.br .