Lakagigar: Catastrophe and Climate Change
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VOL. 11, NO. 4 – 2014 GEOSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINED geoexpro.com GEO Profile: Dr. Robert E. Sheriff GEO TOURISM Photo Competition Winner Lakagigar: Catastrophe and Climate Change GEOPHYSICS Reservoir Rocks Behaving Differently EXPLORATION Mongolia: Potential in an Emerging Economy GEOLOGY GEOPHYSICS RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT Previous issues: www.geoexpro.com 48 GEOSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINED CONTENTS Vol. 11 No. 4 PetroMatad This edition of GEO ExPro Magazine focuses on Oil shale outcrops in Mongolia Asia and the FSU and Geophysics FEATURES 22 Cover Story: GEO Tourism: COLUMNS Lakagigar – Catastrophe and Climate Change 5 Editorial 28 Technology: Technology Driving Unconventional Exploration 6 Market Update 36 Seismic Foldout: Hoop Basin, Barents Sea 8 Update 48 Exploration: 16 Licensing Opportunities Mongolia – Potential in an Emerging Economy 18 A Minute to Read 54 Technology: 32 GEO Profile: Dr. Robert Sheriff – “Never Hold Back” 3D Seismic Data and Geohazard Analysis 42 GEO Education: Fracture, Fracture Everywhere, Part 2 58 Seismic Foldout: 68 Recent Advances in Technology: Frontier Exploration in the Middle Caspian Basin IsoMetrix – Isometric Sampling 64 Technology: 78 What I Do: The Chief Explorer Three Disappointments in the Barents Sea 90 History of Oil: 72 Geophysics: Reservoir Rocks Behaving The PESGB Celebrates Its 50th Birthday Differently 98 GEO Cities: Khanty Mansiysk – 80 Seismic Foldout: Offshore Greece – Imaging the Oil, Sport and Woolly Rhinos Next Hydrocarbon Province 100 Exploration Update 86 Exploration: Unveiling Oil Targets in Colombian Amazonia 102 GEO Media: The Secret World of Oil 94 Industry Issues: 104 Q&A: Delighting in Geophysics The Fracking Debate in Europe 106 Hot Spot: Offshore Canning Basin, Australia 108 Global Resource Management Using 3D seismic for 54 geohazard analysis 36 dGB 22 98 90 18 94 16 58 48 18 80 32 6 14 100 16 86 16 12 100 101 106 www.polarcus.com ARE YOU READY FOR NEW HORIZONS? We are. With a wealth of operational experience and a passion for geophysical excellence, Polarcus takes on the most complex of 3D projects, delivering outstanding quality every time. We give the highest priority to safe working practices that combined with our commitment to minimize our environ- mental footprint, enables us to offer our clients an unrivalled world-class service from Pole to Pole. Editorial A Disturbing World GEOSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINED We live in troubling times. After www.geoexpro.com the so-called ‘Arab Spring’ began in December 2010 in Tunisia, unrest GeoPublishing Ltd spread westwards through Libya, 15 Palace Place Mansion Lucidwaters/Dreamstime.com where the toppling of dictator Kensington Court © Muammar Ghaddafi has not stopped London W8 5BB, UK the turbulence and bloodshed. +44 20 7937 2224 To the east, civil unrest in Egypt Managing Director culminated in the overthrow of two Tore Karlsson governments and the reintroduction of military rule, while further east again there are ongoing disturbances in Yemen and Editor in Chief Jane Whaley Bahrain and ruling elites are getting rattled. Meanwhile, Syria has collapsed into full scale [email protected] civil war, and the very young and fragile democracy of Iraq looks increasingly unstable and undemocratic as the fundamentalist fighters of ISIS spread their hold on the oil-rich regions Contributing Editors of northern Iraq and Kurdistan. To the north, Gaza and Israel continue their uneven trade Thomas Smith [email protected] of shooting missiles at each other. The Middle East and North African regions have been at the center of world energy Ken White [email protected] supplies for nearly a hundred years, accounting for over half of global proved reserves and almost a third of production. The rest of the world looks on aghast and helpless at the Halfdan Carstens [email protected] violence and horror, but also with concern over security of energy supply and the effect of these upheavals on the oil market and ultimately the wider global economy. If ISIS forces Rasoul Sorkhabi consolidate their hold in Iraq and Syria, they could control a large slice of the region’s [email protected] reserves; it is estimated that they are already adding about two million US dollars a day to Paul Wood their coffers through selling oil from captured Iraqi fields on the black market. [email protected] Further north again, over 2,000 people have been killed in eastern Ukraine in a civil war that is as much about wealth and power struggles between Europe, the US and Russia as it is Editorial enquiries GeoPublishing about territorialism in Eastern Europe. Sanctions on Russia have so far had little impact on Jane Whaley either the price or the flow of oil and gas from Russia, but if the situation continues, that is +44 7812 137161 likely to change. [email protected] Despite this, the search for hydrocarbons goes on, and technological improvements will www.geoexpro.com continue to unlock hitherto untouchable resources. Worries about energy security may indeed Marketing Director push some of these developments forward, and without easy access to Russian supplies, Kirsti Karlsson Europe may open up to shale gas; trouble and conflict always bring a gain to someone. But it is +44 79 0991 5513 still a very disturbing world, and all we can do is hope that peace will soon prevail. [email protected] Subscription GeoPublishing Ltd +44 20 7937 2224 15 Palace Place Mansion Kensington Court London W8 5BB, UK [email protected] VOL. 11, NO. 4 – 2014 GEOSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINED geoexpro.com GEO EXPro is pub lished bimonthly for a base subscrip tion rate of GBP Jane Whaley GEO Pro le: Dr. Robert E. Sheri 60 a year (6 issues). Editor in Chief GEO TOURISM We encourage readers to alert us Photo Competition Winner Lakagigar: to news for possible publication Catastrophe and and to submit articles for publication. Climate Change LAKAGIGAR: Catastrophe and Climate Change Cover Phtograph: The eruption of the Laki Fissure in Iceland in 1783 caused this spepctacular 25 Main Image: Miguel Ángel Caja km-long row of craters – but also killed 10,000 Icelanders and had a disastrous Reservoir Rocks BehavingGEOPHYSICS Di erently Inset: Thomas Smith effect on the world’s climate. Mongolia: Potential in an EmergingEXPLORATION Economy Layout: Bookcraft Ltd. inset: Geophysicist Dr. Robert (Bob) Sheriff is best known for his seminal work, G E O L O G Y G E O P H Y S I C S Print: NXT Oslo Reklamebyrå R E S E R V O I R the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics. M A N A G E M E N T issn 1744-8743 © 2014 GeoPublishing Limited. Copyright or similar rights in all material in this publication, including graphics and other media, is owned by GeoPublishing Limited, unless otherwise stated. You are allowed to print extracts for your personal use only. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photographic, recorded or otherwise without the prior written permission of GeoPublishing Limited. Requests to republish material from this publication for distribution should be sent to the Editor in Chief. GeoPublishing Limited does not guarantee the accuracy of the information contained in this publication nor does it accept responsibility for errors or omissions or their consequences. Opinions expressed by contributors to this publication are not necessarily those of GeoPublishing Limited. GEOExPro September 2014 5 BBB BBB B BBB B B BB B BBB B BB B B B BB B B BBB BBB B B B B B AAPG ICE, Istanbul Market Update visit us at Booth B SEG, Denver B ABBREVIATIONS Booth #1020 Libya’s Missing Barrels B Barents Sea #554 Numbers B Libya turns on the taps – but for how long? (US and scientific community) New 2D Multi-Client Seismic and Induced Polarization M: thousand = 1 x 103 The Brent oil price continues to slide as Libyan oil is expected to gradually return to MM: million = 1 x 106 the market after two key export terminals, which had been blocked for almost a year B: billion = 1 x 109 by rebels, return to use. T: trillion = 1 x 1012 Libya’s hydrocarbon production and exports have been substantially affected by 7425/9-U-1 civil unrest over the past few years. In the wake of the civil war in 2011 resulting Liquids B! B in the fall of Col. Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi’s regime and the gradual consolidation of barrel = bbl = 159 litre B control over most parts of the country, oil production collapsed, although around boe: barrels of oil equivalent B bopd: barrels (bbls) of oil per day BB B B 85% of it resumed within a fairly short time in the autumn and early winter of 2012. BB BBB Protests at oil fields escalated in June 2013 and crippled the oil sector for a second bcpd: bbls of condensate per day BB BB B bwpd: bbls of water per day BB time since the Arab Spring, leading to a near-halt in production from the oil fields B B linked to ports after most storage tanks became full. Libya produced around 1.4 B Gas B D84-45/1 MMbopd before the protests started, but blockades and strikes reduced the output 3 ! 7325/1 MMscfg: million ft gas B B 7320/3-U-1BB #z 3 B! Atlantis to a meager 150,000 bpd. Now production has increased somewhat to around MMscmg: million m gas B Q! ! 325,000 bpd, which is still only 23% of the post-2011 civil war production level. The Tcfg: trillion cubic feet of gas 7324/2-1B Æ3 X B Legend Æ3 Q deal to reopen the terminals presents a major breakthrough as the export capacity is a B FH2D-14 Phase 1 Ma: Million years ago FH2D-14 Phase 2 #z expected to rise to 500,000 bpd, but it is still a long way from the pre-protests level.