Postmodern Free Expression: a Philosophical Rationale for the Digital Age Stephen M
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Marquette Law Review Volume 100 Article 3 Issue 4 Summer 2017 Postmodern Free Expression: A Philosophical Rationale for the Digital Age Stephen M. Feldman University of Wyoming Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, First Amendment Commons, and the Law and Philosophy Commons Repository Citation Stephen M. Feldman, Postmodern Free Expression: A Philosophical Rationale for the Digital Age, 100 Marq. L. Rev. 1123 (2017). Available at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol100/iss4/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marquette Law Review by an authorized editor of Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No. 5 Side A 07/17/2017 08:32:28 ͷͷ͵ͳǦͺ͵ǦͶ͵Ǧͻ ͳǦͶʹ͵ ͷͲ͵ͷͻͷȋȌ Ȁͳ͵ȀʹͲͳͺǣ͵ ͳͲͲ ʹͲͳ Ͷ POSTMODERN FREE EXPRESSION: A PHILOSOPHICAL RATIONALE FOR THE DIGITAL AGE Ǥ ȗ Three philosophical rationales—search-for-truth, self-governance, and self-fulfillment—have animated discussions of free expression for decades. Each rationale emerged and attained prominence in American jurisprudence in specific political and cultural circumstances. Moreover, each rationale shares a foundational commitment to the classical liberal (modernist) self. But the three traditional rationales are incompatible with our digital age. In particular, the idea of the classical liberal self enjoying maximum liberty in a private sphere does not fit in the postmodern information society. The time for a new rationale has arrived. The same sociocultural conditions that undermine the traditional rationales suggest a self-emergence rationale built on the feminist concept of relational autonomy. This novel rationale constitutionally protects expression that fosters the ongoing creative and dynamic process of self-emergence. As such, the rationale justifies protecting expression concerned with the emergent self’s struggle to define itself and 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No. 5 Side A 07/17/2017 08:32:28 the broader culture. The self-emergence rationale has important ramifications, especially for free-expression issues related to the Internet. The Roberts Court has invoked the traditional rationales in granting expansive first-amendment protections to corporations. Many Internet- related issues involve multinational corporations, such as Google, Verizon, and Facebook. But under the self-emergence rationale, publicly held business corporations should not have free-speech rights for two reasons. ȗ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ȁ Ǥ ǡǤ ʹͲͳͷ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ C M Y K 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No. 5 Side B 07/17/2017 08:32:28 ͷͷ͵ͳǦͺ͵ǦͶ͵Ǧͻ ͳǦͶʹ͵ ͷͲ͵ͷͻͷȋȌ Ȁͳ͵ȀʹͲͳͺǣ͵ ͳͳʹͶ MARQUETTE LAW REVIEW ȏͳͲͲǣͳͳʹ͵ First, they have fixed rather than emergent natures. Second, they manipulate and limit the sociocultural space available for the autonomous self- emergence of individuals. Ǥ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳʹͶ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ͵ʹ Ǥ ǦǦǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ͵ʹ Ǥ Ǧ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ͵ͺ Ǥ Ǧ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͶʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤͳͳͶͺ Ǥ ȋȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͶͺ Ǥ Ǧ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͷͷ Ǥ Ǧ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳʹ Ǥ Ǧ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳʹ Ǥ Ǧ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͳ ͳǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͳ ʹǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͷ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͺͺ Ǥ 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No. 5 Side B 07/17/2017 08:32:28 Ǥͳ ǦǦ ǦǦ ǤǦ ǤǦ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ͳ.See Ǥǡ ȂȋͳͻͲȌȏ Ȑȋ ȌǤ C M Y K 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No. 6 Side A 07/17/2017 08:32:28 ͷͷ͵ͳǦͺ͵ǦͶ͵Ǧͻ ͳǦͶʹ͵ ͷͲ͵ͷͻͷȋȌ Ȁͳ͵ȀʹͲͳͺǣ͵ ʹͲͳȐ POSTMODERN FREE EXPRESSION ͳͳʹͷ Ǥʹ Ǥ Ǥ͵ Ǧ ǣ Ǣ Ǣ ǤͶ ǡǡ ǤǤͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ ǡͳͲǡʹͲͳͶǡ ȋ Ȍ Ȅ Ȅ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ǡ ȋȌ ǡ ǡƬǡ Ǥͺ ͶǡʹͲͳͷǡ 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No. 6 Side A 07/17/2017 08:32:28 ʹ. See, e.g.ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋͳͻͺȌ ȋ ȌǢ Ǥ ǡ Ț ͳǤͲͶ ȋͳͻͺͶȌ ȋ Dzdz ȌǤ ͵.See Ǥ ǡ ǣ ȋʹͲͲͺȌ ȋ ȌǤ ͶǤ Ƭ ǡ ͳȂ͵ȋʹͲͳͷȌǢ ǡ ǡ ͵ͲȂ͵͵ȋͳͻͻͷȌǢ ǡ ͳͶ͵ȂͻͺȋͳͻͺͻȌǤ ͷ.See infra Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǣͳȂͶͳȋͶǤʹͲͳͶȌǤ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ȋʹͲͲͻȌ ȋ ȌǤ Ǥ ǡObama Urges FCC to Adopt Strict Rules on Net NeutralityǡǤǤ ǡǤ ͳͲǡʹͲͳͶǤ ͺ.See ǡ ʹͲǡʹͺȂͺȋʹͲͳͳǤȌȋ ȌǤ C M Y K 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No. 6 Side B 07/17/2017 08:32:28 ͷͷ͵ͳǦͺ͵ǦͶ͵Ǧͻ ͳǦͶʹ͵ ͷͲ͵ͷͻͷȋȌ Ȁͳ͵ȀʹͲͳͺǣ͵ ͳͳʹ MARQUETTE LAW REVIEW ȏͳͲͲǣͳͳʹ͵ ǡ ǡ Ǥͻ ʹǡʹͲͳͷǡ ǡ ͳʹǡʹͲͳͷǤͳͲ ǡ Ǥͳͳ ǡ ǡ ǯǦǤͳʹ Ǥͳ͵ǡǦ ǤͳͶ ǡ ǡǡ Ǥͳͷǡǡ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ Ǥǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ͻǤ ǡ ǣ ȋ Ǥ Ͷǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǢ ǡ This Is How We Will Ensure Net Neutralityǡ ȋ ǤͶǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ ͳͲǤ ǡ Open Internetǡ ǣȀȀǤ ǤȀȀǦȏǣȀȀǤ ȀͶ ʹǦȐǤ ͳͳ.E.g.ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ͳͷǦ͵ͻʹͳȀͳͷǦ͵ͷͷͷ ȋ Ǥ ʹͳǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǢ ǤǤ ǤǤ ǡǤͳͷǦͳͲ͵ȋǤǤǤǤʹ͵ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ ǡǤǤ 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No. 6 Side B 07/17/2017 08:32:28 Ǧ ǡ ǤU.S. Telecom Assoc. v. FCCǡͺʹͷ Ǥ͵ͶȋǤǤǤʹͲͳȌǤ ͳʹǤ ǡHow Net Neutrality Violates the First Amendment (According to One ISPȌǡ ȋ Ǥ ǡ ʹͲͳͷȌ ǣȀȀ Ǥ Ȁ Ǧ ȀʹͲͳͷȀͳͲȀǦǦ ǦǦǦǦ ǦǦǦȀ ȏǣȀȀǤ Ȁ͵ǦȐǢ ǡ AT&T Argues Net Neutrality Violates Its First Amendment Rightsǡ ȋ ʹǡ ʹͲͳͷȌ ǣȀȀǤ Ǥ ȀȀȀ ȀʹͲͳͷͲͷʹȀͲͶͷͲ͵ͳͳͲͳȀǦ ǦǦǦǦǦǦǤȏǣȀȀǤ ȀͺǦȐǤ ͳ͵Ǥ Verizon v. FCCǡ ǦǤ ǯǡ ǡ ǡ ǤͶͲ Ǥ͵ʹ͵ǡ͵Ͷ ȋǤǤǤʹͲͳͶȌǢseeǡFirst Amendment Common Senseǡͳʹ ǤǤǤʹ͵Ͷ͵ǡ ʹ͵ͶȂͻͳȋʹͲͳͶȌȋ Verizon ȌǤ ͳͶ.E.g.ǡǤǡ͵Ͳ Ǥ͵͵ͺǡ͵ʹȂͺȋͶǤʹͲͳ͵Ȍȋ Dzdz ǯ ȌǤ ͳͷǤ Ǥ ǡͶͲ Ǥ͵ʹ͵ȋǤǤǤʹͲͳͶȌǢǡ ǤǤ Ǥǡʹ ǤǤ͵ ͷ͵ǡͷȋǤǤǤʹͲͳͶȌǢǤ ǡ ǤǡͻͲ ǤǤʹͳͳͳͲȋǤǤǤʹͲͳͳȌǤ C M Y K 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No. 7 Side A 07/17/2017 08:32:28 ͷͷ͵ͳǦͺ͵ǦͶ͵Ǧͻ ͳǦͶʹ͵ ͷͲ͵ͷͻͷȋȌ Ȁͳ͵ȀʹͲͳͺǣ͵ ʹͲͳȐ POSTMODERN FREE EXPRESSION ͳͳʹ Ǥͳ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥͳ ǣ Ǥ ǡͳͺ ǯ ǣDz ǡȏȐ Ǥdzͳͻ ǯ ǯ ǤʹͲ ǯ ǡǤ Ǥǡ Ǥʹͳ ȋȌ Dz ǡǡ ǡǡ Ǥdzʹʹ Dzdzǡ Ǥʹ͵ ǡ ͳ.See ǡ ͳͷȂͳͲ͵ȋʹͲͳͷȌȋ Ǧ ȌǤ ͳǤ Ƭ²Ǥ²ǡFree Speechǡ ͳͲͲ Ǥ Ǥ ͷͲͳǡ ͷͲȂͲ ȋʹͲͳͷȌ ȋ ȌǤ ͳͺǤ ǤSeesupraͶǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǣ ͳͷȂʹͺǡͺ͵Ȃͳ͵ȋʹͲͲͲȌȏ ǡ ȐǤ 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No. 7 Side A 07/17/2017 08:32:28 ͳͻǤ ± ǡMeditationsǡin ͵ǡͻǡͳͳʹȂʹȋ Ǥǡ ͳͻͶȌȋͳͶͳȌȋ ǯcogitoȌǤ Ǥ ǡ ǣ ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ ǤǤƬ Ǥ ǡ ʹͲȂͳͲȋͳͻͻȌǤ ʹͲǤ ǡ ȋͳͻͲȌǡ reprinted in ʹ͵ͺȋǤǤǡͳͻ͵ͻȌǤ ʹͳ.See ǡ ͶȂͳͳ ȋ Ǥ Ǥǡ ͳͻͷʹȌȋȌǤ ǡDzǡ Ǥdz Ǥ ǡ Political Liberalismǡ ͳͲ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͷǡ ͳͻ ȋͳͻͻͶȌ ȋ ǡ ȋͳͻͻ͵ȌȌǤ ʹʹǤ Ƭ Ǥ ǡ Critical Engagements with Culture and Selfǡ ͳͷ Ƭ ͶͳͻǡͶʹͲȋʹͲͲͷȌǤ ʹ͵Ǥ Ƭ ǡBetween the Modern and the Postmodern: The Possibility of Self and Progressive Understanding in Psychologyǡͷͷ ͵ͻǡ͵ͻȋʹͲͲͲȌǢ ƬǡsupraʹʹǡͶʹͲǤ C M Y K 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No. 7 Side B 07/17/2017 08:32:28 ͷͷ͵ͳǦͺ͵ǦͶ͵Ǧͻ ͳǦͶʹ͵ ͷͲ͵ͷͻͷȋȌ Ȁͳ͵ȀʹͲͳͺǣ͵ ͳͳʹͺ MARQUETTE LAW REVIEW ȏͳͲͲǣͳͳʹ͵ ǡ ǡ ǤʹͶ ǡȄ subject ȄǤʹͷ ǡ Ǥʹ ǡ ǡ Ǥʹ ǡ ǡ Ǥʹͺ Ǥʹͻ ǡǡ Ǣ͵Ͳ ǡ͵ͳ ǡ ǫ Ǥ͵ʹ Ǥ ǡ ǫ ǡ ǫ ʹͶǤ Dzǡ ǡǤdz Ǥ ǡ ͳ͵ʹ ȋʹͲͳʹȌȏ ǡ ȐǢsee ǡNarration and Postmodern Mediations of Western Selfhoodǡin ͳͺͻǡͳͺͻȋ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌȋȌǤ ǤǡWhat Privacy is Forǡͳʹ ǤǤǤͳͻͲͶȋʹͲͳ͵ȌȏǡPrivacyȐǤ ʹͷǤ ǡ ȋ Ȍ ȋ ȌǤ ʹ.SeeǡIntroduction, in ȋǤǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǤ 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No. 7 Side B 07/17/2017 08:32:28 ʹǤ Ƭ ǡ ȂͳͳȋʹͲͲͳȌǢsee ǡ ǡǡ ʹ ȋͳͻͻͳȌ ȋ ȌǤ ʹͺǤ Ǥ ǡ ǣ ͳͷȂͳͺȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ ʹͻǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǧ ͳȋͳͻͻȌǢǡsupra ʹǡǡȂǤ ǡ ǡ ǡsupraͳͺǡ͵ȂͶͷǡͳ͵ȂͺǤ ͵Ͳ. See ǡAfterword: The Subject and Power, in Ǥ Ƭ ǡ ǣ ʹͲͺǡ ʹͳͳȂͳʹ ȋʹ Ǥ ͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ ͵ͳǤ Ǥ Ƭ ǡ ǣ ͳʹͲ ȋʹ Ǥ ͳͻͺ͵ȌǢ ǡ supra ͵ͲǡʹͳͳȂͳʹǢ ǡ Introduction ǣ ͳǡͶȂͷȋ ǤǡͳͻͺȌǤ ͵ʹ.SeeƬ ǡsupraͳͻǡ͵Ͳ͵ȋ ȌǤ C M Y K 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No. 8 Side A 07/17/2017 08:32:28 ͷͷ͵ͳǦͺ͵ǦͶ͵Ǧͻ ͳǦͶʹ͵ ͷͲ͵ͷͻͷȋȌ Ȁͳ͵ȀʹͲͳͺǣ͵ ʹͲͳȐ POSTMODERN FREE EXPRESSION ͳͳʹͻ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǣ ǡǡǤ͵͵ ǡ Ǥ͵Ͷǡ Ǥ͵ͷ ǡ ǡ Ǥ͵ ȋ Ȍǡ Ǥ͵ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡǦ ǡ Ǥ͵ͺ Ǧ ͵͵Ǥ ǡ ȋʹǤͳͻͻͻȌǢ ǡ ȋͳͻͺʹȌǢsee ǡPolitical Philosophy and the Patriarchal Unconscious: A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Epistemology and Metaphysicsǡin ʹͶͷǡ ʹͷͲ ȋ ƬǤ Ǥǡͳͻͺ͵Ȍȋ ȌǤ ǡ ȋ ǤǡͳͻͻȌǤ ͵Ͷ.See ǡ Subjectivity, Historiography, and Politics: Reflections on the ‘Feminism/Postmodernism Exchangeǡǯin ͳͲǡͳͲͺȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ ͵ͷǤ ǡPast as Prologue: Old and New Feminismsǡͳ Ǥ Ǥ ƬǤͳͷǡ 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No. 8 Side A 07/17/2017 08:32:28 ͳͻȂͲ ȋʹͲͳͲȌ ȋ ȌǢ Ǥ ǡ Autonomy? Or Freedom? A Return to Psychoanalytic Theoryǡ inǡ ǡ ͳǡ ͵ ȋ Ƭ Ǥǡ ʹͲͳͶȌ ȋDz dzȌǢ see ǡ Foucault, Feminism, and the Self: The Politics of Personal Transformationǡin ʹ͵ͷȋƬ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲͶȌ ȋ ȌǢ Ǥ ǡ Foucault and Feminism: Power, Resistance, Freedomǡ in ʹͳͶǡ ʹͳͷȂͳͻ ȋ Ƭ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲͶȌ ȋ ȌǤ ͵.See Ƭ ǡ Introduction: Autonomy Refiguredǡ in ͵ǡ͵ȂͶȋ ǤǡʹͲͲͲȌȋ ȌǤ ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ ͳͷ͵ȂͷͻǡʹʹͲȂʹͳȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ ͵ͺǤ ǣ ǡ ǯ ȋʹͲͳͳȌǢ ǡ ǡ ǡ ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǢ ǣ ȋǤǤ Ǥǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǢ ǡ ǡ ȋƬǤǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǢ ǡsupra͵Ǥ C M Y K 39332-mqt_100-4 Sheet No.