DOCSLIB.ORG

The OECD's Disciplines on Tied Aid Financing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The OECD's Disciplines on Tied Aid Financing A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Fritz, Livia; Raza, Werner Working Paper Living up to Policy Coherence for Development? The OECD's disciplines on tied aid financing ÖFSE Working Paper, No. 49 Provided in Cooperation with: Austrian Foundation for Development Research (ÖFSE), Vienna Suggested Citation: Fritz, Livia; Raza, Werner (2014) : Living up to Policy Coherence for Development? The OECD's disciplines on tied aid financing, ÖFSE Working Paper, No. 49, Austrian Foundation for Development Research (ÖFSE), Vienna This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/102407 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu 49 Living up to Policy Coherence for Development? The OECD’s Disciplines on Tied Aid Financing Vienna, September 2014 Livia Fritz, Austrian Foundation for Development Research (ÖFSE) Werner Raza, Austrian Foundation for Development Research (ÖFSE) The ÖFSE Working Paper Series has the objectives to publish original research and initiate debates on international development issues and policies. Authors include ÖFSE employees as well as external researchers. The views expressed in the working papers are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of ÖFSE. For interest in publishing an ÖFSE Working Paper please contact [email protected] Download: http://www.oefse.at/Downloads/publikationen/WP49_policy_coherence.pdf IMPRINT Austrian Foundation for Development Research – ÖFSE A Austria, 1090 Vienna, Sensengasse 3, T +43 1 3174010, F -150 E [email protected], I www.oefse.at, www.centrum3.at, www.eza.at Research 1 Contents List of Abbrevations ............................................................................................................. 3 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 5 2. Policy coherence as analytical framework ............................................................. 6 3. Setting the stage: actors and international regulation ............................................ 8 3.1. The Participants Group and ‘their’ Arrangement ......................................................... 8 3.2. The role of the DAC .................................................................................................. 10 4. Assessment of the tied aid disciplines against DAC principles ............................ 11 4.1. In line with the Paris principles on aid effectiveness? ............................................... 11 4.1.1 Harmonisation ........................................................................................................... 12 4.1.2 Ownership ................................................................................................................. 12 4.1.3. Alignment .................................................................................................................. 14 4.2. Untying: mutual concern and ongoing struggle? ....................................................... 15 4.2.1 Provisions for LDCs .................................................................................................. 17 5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 17 References ........................................................................................................................ 19 Authors ............................................................................................................................. 23 Research 2 List of Abbrevations AQuA Aid Quality Assessment DAC Development Assistance Committee DAC/FA DAC Working Party on Financial Aspects of Development Assistance (OECD) DDR Differentiated Discount Rate ECG Export Credit Group EU European Union GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade HLF High Level Forum ICB International Competitive Bidding IMF International Monetary Fund LDCs Least Developed Countries MDGs Millennium Development Goals ODA Official Development Assistance OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ORIO Facility for Infrastructure Development PCD Policy Coherence for Development PG Participants Group PSD Private Sector Development SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SDR Special Drawing Right UN United Nations WB World Bank WTO World Trade Organization Research 3 Abstract With tied aid credits donors aim at boosting the international competitiveness of domestic enterprises while simultaneously contributing to development in recipient countries. Though regulated through the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits, tied aid credits claim a place amongst the instruments of development policy and are eligible as Official Development Assistance (ODA). This begs the question whether the international regulatory framework is equipped to safeguard the presumed development goals. This paper examines the consistency of the tied aid disciplines of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) with the development principles coined by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Thereby, the extent to which the OECD lives up to its own promise of Policy Coherence for Development (PCD) is scrutinised. Key Words: policy coherence for development, tied aid, export promotion, OECD/DAC Research 4 1. Introduction With the 2015-deadline for achieving the landmark Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) approaching at a fast pace, debates in the United Nations (UN) on a post-2015 framework that ‘goes beyond aid’ have gained momentum. Though it remains to be seen if agreement on a new framework with binding commitments will be achieved, the thrust of the discussion so far suggests that the post-2015 development agenda will probably be substantially widened, as suggested by the outcomes of the Rio+20 Summit. The latter resulted in agreement among the participating states to set-up Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which shall feed into the post-2015 process. Associated with the discussions on a post-2015 agenda are considerations over the types of resources that public and private actors should provide in support of the international development policies, with the relative importance of ODA possibly further diminishing as private sources are being tapped. Amongst the many instruments that are currently reviewed, range soft loans. Originally conceived as a tool of export finance, tied soft loans have from the 1980s onwards successively been brought under regulation through the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits (the Arrangement) as part of the OECD’s export promotion framework. These institutional roots in the export promotion field notwithstanding, tied soft loans claim a place amongst the instruments of ODA. Resulting from the officially stated motivation to contribute to economic development and welfare in the recipient country and conveying the 25 % grant element required by the DAC, the concessional part of such loans is ODA-eligible and contributes to a donor’s overall ODA- performance. While tied aid credits may be a ‘hybrid’, they endeavour to contribute to development, are included in ODA-statistics and might use resources from the aid budget. Therefore, their appropriateness to finance development should be expected to be subjected to the same criteria as any other ODA-flow. This calls for an assessment of the extent to which the corresponding international framework for tied aid financing provides the means to safeguard coherent policies. By drawing on qualitative content analysis of OECD archive footage1, expert interviews (50 interviews in five countries) as well as on an analysis of policy documents, this paper seeks (i) to trace the role which development policy aspects and interests have played in the evolution of the Arrangement and upon that basis (ii) to assess the extent to which the resulting tied aid disciplines are coherent with the OECD’s standards for development policy. For that purpose three highly intertwined and largely DAC-driven debates have been identified: the aid effectiveness agenda as reflected in the Paris Declaration, the idea of PCD as well as the long-lasting call for aid untying. This assessment of the tied aid disciplines of the Arrangement against the backdrop of the DAC’s ideas on effective
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tied Aid, Trade-Facilitating Aid Or Trade-Diverting Aid?
    Working Paper 2009:5 Department of Economics Tied Aid, Trade-Facilitating Aid or Trade-Diverting Aid? Lars M. Johansson and Jan Pettersson Department of Economics Working paper 2009:4 Uppsala University March 2009 P.O. Box 513 ISSN 1653-6975 SE-751 20 Uppsala Sweden Fax: +46 18 471 14 78 TIED AID, TRADE-FACILITATING AID OR TRADE-DIVERTING AID? LARS M. JOHANSSON AND JAN PETTERSSON Papers in the Working Paper Series are published on internet in PDF formats. Download from http://www.nek.uu.se or from S-WoPEC http://swopec.hhs.se/uunewp/ Tied Aid, Trade-Facilitating Aid or Trade-Diverting Aid?∗ Lars M. Johanssonyand Jan Petterssonz March 9, 2009 Abstract Donor aid is often regarded as being informally tied (aid increases donor- recipient exports) and this effect is, in general, interpreted as being harmful to aid recipients. However, in this paper, using a gravity model, we show that aid is also positively associated with recipient-donor exports. That is, aid increases bilateral trade flows in both directions. Our interpretation is that an intensified aid relation reduces the effective cost of geographic distance. We find a particularly strong relation between aid in the form of technical assistance and exports in both directions. When we disaggregate aid to specif- ically study the effects from trade-related assistance (Aid for Trade) the effect is small and fully accounted for by aid to investments in trade-related infras- tructure. Our sample includes all 184 countries for which data is available during the period 1990 to 2005. JEL Classification: F35; O19; O24 Keywords: Foreign Aid, International Trade, Exports, Gravity, Aid for Trade ∗The authors wish to thank Harry Flam and Pehr-Johan Norb¨ack for insightful comments.
    [Show full text]
  • National Interests and the Paradox of Foreign Aid Under Austerity: Conservative Governments and the Domestic Politics of International Development Since 2010
    National interests and the paradox of foreign aid under austerity: Conservative governments and the domestic politics of international development since 2010 Keywords: foreign aid: DfID; Conservatives; austerity; Brexit; national interest Acknowledgments: the ideas underpinning this paper have been informally discussed with a wide variety of colleagues, and I am grateful for their insights, although none are implicated in the final product. I would particularly like to thank the organisers (Nadia Molenaers, Joerg Faust and Jeroen Joly) and participants at ‘The Domestic Dimensions of Development Cooperation’, a conference at the Institute of Development Policy and Management University of Antwerp, Belgium October 24–25, 2016 Abstract Since 2010, successive Conservative-led Coalition and Conservative governments in the UK have imposed domestic austerity while maintaining foreign aid commitments. They have done so in the teeth of considerable hostility from influential sections of the media, many Conservative MPs and party members, and large sections of the voting public. This paper explains this apparently paradoxical position by analysing these governments’ increasingly explicit stance that aid serves ‘the national interest’ in a variety of ways. While not a new message from donors, post-2010 Conservative governments have significantly strengthened this narrative, with the (uncertain) intent of legitimising foreign aid expenditure. Introduction In 2010 a Conservative-led coalition with the Liberal Democrats displaced ‘New Labour’ from government in the United Kingdom after 13 years in power. In 2014, the Conservative Party achieved a narrow electoral majority to become the sole party of government. In 2016, following the Brexit referendum, a new Conservative government was formed under Prime Minister Theresa May.
    [Show full text]
  • The Developmental Effectiveness of Untied Aid
    Evaluation of the implementation of the Paris Declaration The Developmental Effectiveness of Untied Aid (1) Thematic Study The Developmental Effectiveness of Untied Aid: Evaluation of The Developmental the Implementation of the Paris Declaration and of the 2001 DAC Recommendation on Untying ODA to the LDCs Effectiveness Phase I Report of Untied Aid (1) This report presents the results of Phase I of a thematic study being un- dertaken within the framework of the Evaluation of the Paris Declaration, and in response to the request for an evaluation in the 2001 DAC recom- mendation to untie ODA to the LDCs. A second phase comprising field studies will be conducted in 2009. October 2008 Ownership, Alignment, Harmonisation, Results and Accountability Evaluation of the Paris Declaration thematic-omslag.indd 1 26/11/08 17:31:26 THEMATIC STUDY THE DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTIVENESS OF UNTIED AID: EVALUATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PARIS DECLARATION AND OF THE 2001 DAC RECOMMENDA- TION ON UNTYING ODA TO THE LDCs Phase One Report ISBN: 978-87-7087-071-9 e-ISBN: 978-87-7087-072-6 © Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark Suggested citation: Clay, Edward J., Matthew Geddes, Luisa Natali and Dirk Willem te Velde Thematic Study, The Developmental Effectiveness of Untied Aid: Evaluation of the Implementation of the Paris Declaration and of the 2001 DAC Recommendation on Untying ODA To The LDCs, Phase I Report. Copenhagen, December 2008. Photocopies of all parts of this publication may be made providing the source is acknowledged. Graphic Design (Cover): ph7 kommunikation, www.ph7.dk Print: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Printing Office The report can be downloaded directly from http:///www.oecd.org/dac/evaluationnetwork and ordered free of charge online at www.
    [Show full text]
  • Revised Dac Recommendation on Untying Oda
    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development DCD/DAC(2018)33/FINAL For Official Use English - Or. English 24 January 2019 DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION DIRECTORATE DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE Cancels & replaces the same document of 21 December 2018 REVISED DAC RECOMMENDATION ON UNTYING ODA This document updates the DAC Recommendation on Untying ODA (hereafter the “Untying Recommendation”) to reflect the decision taken by the DAC in 2018 to i) renew the extension of the country coverage to non-LDC HIPCs for a further five years and ii) extend the country coverage also to Other Low-Income Countries (OLICs) and IDA-only countries and territories. Cancel and replace 24 January 2019: This version corrects an error in the original text which did not include Samoa as an IDA-only country Contacts: Jens Sedemund – [email protected] Aussama Bejraoui – [email protected] JT03442102 This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 2 │ DCD/DAC(2018)33/FINAL I. Objectives and Principles 1. Members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) agree to the objective of untying their bilateral Official Development Assistance (ODA) to the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs), Other Low-Income Countries (OLICs)1,2 and IDA-only countries and territories3 (hereafter referred to, collectively, as ‘countries and territories covered by the Recommendation’), as a means to: foster co-ordinated, efficient and effective partnerships with developing countries; strengthen the ownership and responsibility of partner countries in the development process; demonstrate responsiveness to the requests from partner countries and others to increase the use of untied aid in order to promote aid effectiveness; and contribute to broader efforts with partner countries to promote their integration into the global economy.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Report on the Dac Untying Recommendation
    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development DCD/DAC(2018)12/REV2 Unclassified English - Or. English 13 June 2018 DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION DIRECTORATE DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE 2018 REPORT ON THE DAC UNTYING RECOMMENDATION DAC Meeting, 11 June 2018 This document is submitted for APPROVAL under item 4 of the Draft Annotated DAC Agenda DCD/DAC/A(2018)8. This revision reflects updates as agreed at the DAC meeting of 9 April 2018. These include footnote 3 on the commitments of Hungary to begin reporting on the tying status of ODA starting from 2017 flows, and the revision of paragraphs 12 to 15 to include additional information on ex ante notifications and to inform DAC members about the consultation with the Export Credit Group in view of developing a joint proposal to improve ex ante reporting. Annex B, on the proposal to simplify the ex ante reporting, and Annex C, on the extension of the country coverage to non-LDC HIPCs were removed. Section 4, which referred to Annexes B and C, was also removed. Contacts: Jens Sedemund ([email protected]) Aussama Bejraoui ([email protected]) JT03433487 This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 2 │ DCD/DAC(2018)12/REV2 Table of contents Introduction and main findings ........................................................................................................... 3 1. Implementing the DAC Untying Recommendation ....................................................................... 4 1.1. Untying agreed forms of ODA ..................................................................................................... 4 1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • DAC Recommendation on Untying Official Development Assistance 8
    DAC Recommendation on Untying Official Development Assistance 8 OECD Legal Instruments This document is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. It reproduces an OECD Legal Instrument and may contain additional material. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in the additional material do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD Member countries. This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. For access to the official and up­to-date texts of OECD Legal Instruments, as well as other related information, please consult the Compendium of OECD Legal Instruments at http://legalinstruments.oecd.org. Please cite this document as: OECD, DAC Recommendation on Untying Official Development Assistance, OECD/LEGAL/5015 Series: OECD Legal Instruments © OECD 2021 This document is provided free of charge. It may be reproduced and distributed free of charge without requiring any further permissions, as long as it is not altered in any way. It may not be sold. This document is available in the two OECD official languages (English and French). It may be translated into other languages, as long as the translation is labelled "unofficial translation" and includes the following disclaimer: "This translation has been prepared by [NAME OF TRANSLATION AUTHOR] for informational purpose only and its accuracy cannot be guaranteed by the OECD. The only official versions are the English and French texts available on the OECD website http://legalinstruments.oecd.org" _____________________________________________________________________________________________OECD/LEGAL/5015 3 Background Information The Recommendation on Untying Official Development Assistance was adopted by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) on 25 April 2001.
    [Show full text]
  • The United Kingdom
    THE UNITED KINGDOM Development Assistance Committee (DAC) PEER REVIEW ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2 – DAC PEER REVIEW OF THE UNITED KINGDOM ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation's statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. © OECD (2010) No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Tied Aid from the Perspective of a Small Donor Country
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Andersson, Thomas; Johansson, Sara Working Paper Tied Aid from the Perspective of a Small Donor Country IUI Working Paper, No. 400 Provided in Cooperation with: Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm Suggested Citation: Andersson, Thomas; Johansson, Sara (1993) : Tied Aid from the Perspective of a Small Donor Country, IUI Working Paper, No. 400, The Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IUI), Stockholm This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/94691 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Industriens Utredningsinstitut THE INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCH A list of Working Papers on the last pages No.
    [Show full text]
  • Tied Aid and Concessional Credit Support
    Tied Aid and Concessional Credit Support 1 “Tied aid credits are official or officially supported Loans, credits or Associated Financing packages where procurement of the goods or services involved is limited to the donor country or to a group of countries. Tied aid therefore often prevents recipient countries from receiving good value for money for services, goods, or works” Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2 “Untying aid – removing the legal and regulatory barriers to open competition for aid funded procurement – generally increases aid effectiveness by reducing transaction costs and improving the ability of recipient countries to set their own course. It also allows donors to take greater care in aligning their aid programmes with the objectives and financial management systems of recipient countries.” Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 3 “[Concessional loans] are extended on terms substantially more generous than market loans. The concessionality is achieved either through interest rates below those available on the market or by grace periods, or a combination of these…” Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 4 Where exactly does Britain’s £12.2bn foreign aid go? “Britain is a significant contributor to helping developing countries. In 2015, for the third year running, the government met its commitment to spend 0.7 per cent of gross national income on foreign aid, with the official budget rising to £12.2bn.” 5 UK foreign aid spending in focus Official
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Aid: an Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy
    Foreign Aid: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy Updated April 16, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40213 SUMMARY R40213 Foreign Aid: An Introduction to U.S. Programs April 16, 2019 and Policy Marian L. Lawson Foreign assistance is the largest component of the international affairs budget and is viewed by Specialist in Foreign many as an essential instrument of U.S. foreign policy. On the basis of national security, Assistance Policy commercial, and humanitarian rationales, U.S. assistance flows through many federal agencies and supports myriad objectives. These include promoting economic growth, reducing poverty, Emily M. Morgenstern improving governance, expanding access to health care and education, promoting stability in Analyst in Foreign conflict regions, countering terrorism, promoting human rights, strengthening allies, and curbing Assistance and Foreign illicit drug production and trafficking. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, foreign Policy aid has increasingly been associated with national security policy. At the same time, many Americans and some Members of Congress view foreign aid as an expense that the United States cannot afford given current budget deficits. In FY2017, U.S. foreign assistance, defined broadly, totaled an estimated $49.87 billion, or 1.2% of total federal budget authority. About 44% of this assistance was for bilateral economic development programs, including political/strategic economic assistance; 35% for military aid and nonmilitary security assistance; 18% for humanitarian activities; and 4% to support the work of multilateral institutions. Assistance can take the form of cash transfers, equipment and commodities, infrastructure, or technical assistance, and, in recent decades, is provided almost exclusively on a grant rather than loan basis.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of the Netherlands' Humanitarian Assistance 2009-2014
    Review of the Netherlands’ Humanitarian Assistance 2009-2014 Commissioned by Policy and Operations Evaluation Department, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs Written by Glyn Taylor, Paul Harvey and Elisabeth Couture Humanitarian Outcomes April 2015 Disclaimer: The views presented in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Policy and Operations Evaluation Department, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Humanitarian Outcomes Contents Executive summary ....................................................................... 5 1: Introduction .................................................................................... 10 1.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 11 2: The international context for humanitarian action: a changing landscape? ............................................................................ 15 2.1 Trends in funding of humanitarian action ................................................... 15 2.2 ‘Mega-challenges’ for humanitarian action .................................................. 18 2.3 Innovation or transformation? ...................................................................... 26 2.4 Summary, conclusions and implications for humanitarian donors .......... 28 3 Dutch humanitarian assistance: policy and funding ..................... 29 3.1 Overview of the Netherlands’ Policy: funding levels and funding modalities ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • British Aid Policy Since 1997: Is DFID the Standard Bearer for Donors?
    _____________________________________________________________________ CREDIT Research Paper No. 02/23 _____________________________________________________________________ British Aid Policy Since 1997: Is DFID the Standard Bearer for Donors? by Oliver Morrissey _____________________________________________________________________ Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, University of Nottingham The Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade is based in the School of Economics at the University of Nottingham. It aims to promote research in all aspects of economic development and international trade on both a long term and a short term basis. To this end, CREDIT organises seminar series on Development Economics, acts as a point for collaborative research with other UK and overseas institutions and publishes research papers on topics central to its interests. A list of CREDIT Research Papers is given on the final page of this publication. Authors who wish to submit a paper for publication should send their manuscript to the Editor of the CREDIT Research Papers, Professor M F Bleaney, at: Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, School of Economics, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UNITED KINGDOM Telephone (0115) 951 5620 Fax: (0115) 951 4159 CREDIT Research Papers are distributed free of charge to members of the Centre. Enquiries concerning copies of individual Research Papers or CREDIT membership should be addressed to the CREDIT
    [Show full text]