BIOLOGY Monday 30 Jan 2017

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BIOLOGY

Monday

30 Jan 2017

Entry Task

Find a seat. Take out your biology textbook & review Chpt 11.

Agenda

 Housekeeping
 Chpt 11 Introduction
 Chpt 11 Vocabulary
 Gregor Mendel Video

Housekeeping

Welcome to the new semester.

Chpt 11 Introduction
Introduction to Genetics

Essential Question:

How does cellular information pass from

one generation to another?

Chpt 11 Objectives

You will be able to answer the following questions. • What are the key vocabulary of genetics? • What is a Punnett square & how does it show the possible genotype & phenotype of offspring?

• What are other patterns of inheritance? • What is epigenetics & its relation to environmental factors & the nature vs. nurture argument?

Chpt 11 Vocabulary

Complete the vocabulary foldable within your notebook. • Definitions should be written behind each word tab. • Section 11 vocabulary foldable can be located @

http://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/5839

Complete the word association worksheet. • Fill in the circles with the appropriate word from the word list.

BIOLOGY

Tuesday

31 Jan 2017

Entry Task

What is the phenotype for the pea? • Round & Green What are the possible genotypes for seed shape & seed color of the

pea?

• Seed shape: RR & Rr • Seed color: yy

p. 310

Agenda

 Housekeeping
 Section 11.1 (The Work of Gregor Mendel)
 Amoeba Sisters Video
 Chpt 11 Workbook

Housekeeping

Chpt 11 exam scheduled for Friday, 10 Feb. • Kahoot review on Thursday, 9 Feb.

Gregor Mendel

Genes & Alleles: Dominant & Recessive Alleles:

p. 310

Gregor Mendel

Segregation:

p. 311-312

Video

Monohybrids and the Punnett Square Guinea Pigs (6:27):

• Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-0rSv6oxSY

Chpt 11 Workbook

Complete the workbook during the course of this unit. • Workbook will be collected on the day of the exam. • Chpt 11 workbook can be located @

http://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/5839

BIOLOGY

Wednesday

1 Feb 2017

Entry Task

What are the possible allele combinations for the parents of a short homozygous recessive (tt) pea plant?

• Both parents are homozygous recessive (tt) • Both parents are heterozygous (Tt) • One parent is homozygous recessive (tt) & the other is

heterozygous (Tt).

Agenda

 Housekeeping

 Section 11.2 (Applying Mendel’s Principles)

 Punnett Square Practice Worksheet
 Chpt 11 Workbook

Housekeeping

Chpt 11 exam scheduled for Friday, 10 Feb. • Kahoot review on Thursday, 9 Feb.

Mendel’s Principles

Segregation used to predict outcomes. • Allele segregation just as random as a coin flip.

F₂generation contains different combinations of alleles.

• Homozygous vs Heterozygous

p. 314

Recommended publications

Genetics and Inheritance

26/01/2018 Genetics and Inheritance Dr Michelle Thunders [email protected] Key terms • Gene • Chromosome • Locus • Allele • Homozygous • Heterozygous • Genotype • Phenotype • Dominant • Recessive Human Cells Nuclei contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs of homologous chromosomes) -- except gametes 44 = autosomes 2 = sex chromosomes XX= female guide expression of traits determineXY = male genetic sex 1 26/01/2018 Human chromosomes • number and size of chromosomes in a cell is the karyotype. • All somatic cells of an organism have the same karyotype. •Group A: Longest chromosomes with centromeres near middle (1,2,3) •Group B: Long chromosomes with centromeres toward one end. (4,5) •Group C: Medium sized chromosoems, meta- to submetacentric (6,7,8,9,10,11,12) •Group D: Moderately short, centromere to one end (an acrocentric may have a very short arm) (13,14,15) •Group E: Moderately short, metacentric to submetacentric (16,17,18) •Group F: Very short, metacentric (19,20) •Group G: Very short, acrocentric (21,22) •X: like the largest in group C •Y: very short, like a G group chromosome Complete Karyotype diploid onegenome from = eggtwo andsets ofone genetic from instructions sperm Marieb et al, 2007 2 26/01/2018 Gene Alleles • Chromosomes paired -- so genes paired (one from each parent) • Two matched genes at same location (locus)on chromosome = allele • Allele code for same or different form of trait • If two allele code for same trait = homozygous • If two allele different = heterozygous Alleles Example: Dimples determined by a dominant
Mendel's Laws of Heredity

Mendel’s Laws of Heredity Why we look the way we look... What is heredity? ● The passing on of characteristics (traits) from parents to offspring ● Genetics is the study of heredity Studying genetics... More than 150 years ago, an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel observed that pea plants in his garden had different forms of certain characteristics. Mendel studied the characteristics of pea plants, such as seed color and flower color Mendel used peas... ● They reproduce sexually ● They have two distinct, male and female, sex cells called gametes ● Their traits are easy to isolate Mendel crossed them ● Fertilization - the uniting of male and female gametes ● Cross - combining gametes from parents with different traits What Did Mendel Find? ● He discovered different laws and rules that explain factors affecting heredity. Rule of Unit Factors ● Each organism has two alleles for each trait –Alleles - different forms of the same gene –Genes - located on chromosomes, they control how an organism develops Rule of Dominance ● The trait that is observed in the offspring is the dominant trait (uppercase) ● The trait that disappears in the offspring is the recessive trait (lowercase) Law of Segregation ● The two alleles for a trait must separate when gametes are formed ● A parent randomly passes only one allele for each trait to each offspring PARENT OFFSPRING Law of Independent Assortment ● The genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other. Questions... ● How many alleles are there for each trait? ●Two alleles control each trait. ● What is an allele? ●Different forms of the same gene. Questions... ● How many alleles does a parent pass on to each offspring for each trait? ● A parent passses only ONE allele for each trait to offspring.
Basic Horse Genetics

ALABAMA A&M AND AUBURN UNIVERSITIES Basic Horse Genetics ANR-1420 nderstanding the basic principles of genetics and Ugene-selection methods is essential for people in the horse-breeding business and is also beneficial to any horse owner when it comes to making decisions about a horse purchase, suitability, and utilization. Before getting into the basics of horse-breeding deci- sions, however, it is important that breeders under- stand the following terms. Chromosome - a rod-like body found in the cell nucleus that contains the genes. Chromosomes occur in pairs in all cells, with the exception of the sex cells (sperm and egg). Horses have 32 pairs of chromo- somes, and donkeys have 31 pairs. Gene - a small segment of chromosome (DNA) that contains the genetic code. Genes occur in pairs, one Quantitative traits - traits that show a continuous on each chromosome of a pair. range of phenotypic variation. Quantitative traits Alleles - the alternative states of a particular gene. The usually are controlled by more than one gene pair gene located at a fixed position on a chromosome will and are heavily influenced by environmental factors, contain a particular gene or one of its alleles. Multiple such as track condition, trainer expertise, and nutrition. alleles are possible. Because of these conditions, quantitative traits cannot be classified into distinct categories. Often, the impor- Genotype - the genetic makeup of an individual. With tant economic traits of livestock are quantitative—for alleles A and a, three possible genotypes are AA, Aa, example, cannon circumference and racing speed. and aa. Not all of these pairs of alleles will result in the same phenotype because pairs may have different Heritability - the portion of the total phenotypic modes of action.
Module 2: Genetics

Genetics Module B, Anchor 3 Key Concepts: - An individual’s characteristics are determines by factors that are passed from one parental generation to the next. - During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. - Punnett squares use mathematical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic crosses. - The principle of independent assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. - Mendel’s principles of heredity, observed through patterns of inheritance, form the basis of modern genetics. - Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. Many genes exist in several different forms and are therefore said to have multiple alleles. Many traits are produced by the interaction of several genes. - Environmental conditions can affect gene expression and influence genetically determined traits. - The DNA that makes up genes must be capable of storing, copying, and transmitting the genetic information in a cell. - DNA is a nucleic acid made up of nucleotides joined into long strands or chains by covalent bonds. - DNA polymerase is an enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA. - Replication in most prokaryotic cells starts from a single point and proceeds in both directions until the entire chromosome is copied. - In eukaryotic cells, replication may begin at dozens or even hundreds of places on the DNA molecule, proceeding in both directions until each chromosome is completely copied. - The main differences between DNA and RNA are that (1) the sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose; (2) RNA is generally single-stranded, not double-stranded; and (3) RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.
Bikini Bottom Genetics

Bikini Bottom Genetics Students will apply their understanding of genetics to analyze the genotypes of different sea creatures living in SpongeBob Square Pants’ community and make predictions about what traits these creatures and their offspring might have using Punnett squares. Suggested Grade Range: 6-8 Approximate Time: 1 hour Relevant National Content Standards: Next Generation Science Standards 1-LS3-1 Make observations to construct an evidence-based account that young plants and animals are like, but not exactly like, their parents. Science and Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions • Make observations to construct an evidence-based account for natural phenomena. Disciplinary Core Ideas: LS3.A Inheritance of Traits Young animals are very much, but not exactly like, their parents. Plants are also very much, but not exactly, like their parents. Disciplinary Core Ideas: LS3.B Variation of Traits Individuals of the same kind of plant or animal are recognizable as similar but can also vary in many ways. Common Core State Standard: 7.SP.C.6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency, and predict the approximate relative frequency given the probability. Common Core State Standard: 7.SP.C.7.A Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes, and use the model to determine probabilities of events. Common Core State Standard: Mathematical Practices 4. Model with mathematics
Punnett Squares

What is Genetics? Genetics is the scientific study of heredity What is a Trait? A trait is a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another. Examples: Brown hair, blue eyes, tall, curly What is an Allele? Alleles are the different possibilities for a given trait. Every trait has at least two alleles (one from the Examples of Alleles: A = Brown Eyes mother and one from the a = Blue Eyes father) B = Green Eyes b = Hazel Eyes Example: Eye color – Brown, blue, green, hazel What are Genes? Genes are the sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait. Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics 1st important studies of heredity Identified specific traits in the garden pea and studied them from one generation to another Mendel’s Conclusions 1.Law of Segregation – Two alleles for each trait separate when gametes form; Parents pass only one allele for each trait to each offspring 2.Law of Independent Assortment – Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other Dominant vs. Recessive Dominant - Masks the other trait; the trait that shows if present Represented by a capital letter R Recessive – An organism with a recessive allele for a particular trait will only exhibit that trait when the dominant allele is not present; Will only show if both alleles are present Represented by a lower case letter r Dominant & Recessive Practice T – straight hair t - curly hair TT - Represent offspring with straight hair Tt - Represent offspring with straight hair tt - Represents offspring with curly hair Genotype vs. Phenotype Genotype – The genetic makeup of an organism; The gene (or allele) combination an organism has.
Biology Daily Lesson Log Week of 3/30/2020 - 4/3/2020

Biology 3-30 thru 4-3 2020 Biology Daily Lesson Log Week of 3/30/2020 - 4/3/2020 Each day 1. Check out the lesson for the day 2. Complete the activities listed 3. Complete a learning log entry for the day. The learning log must be completed each day (even if you don’t finish all the work, still state what you learned), make sure to write the date and activities completed, and what you learned from them. Lesson # Materials Due @ the end of the lesson - check each item off as you complete it! 6 ❏ Traits and probability reading ❏ Worksheet and practice problems (Monday 3-30) ❏ Punnett Squares (MonoHybrid Practice) ❏ Word problems ❏ Punnett squares word problems ❏ Answer box 2 of the Learning Tracker ❏ Learning Log (you should be on the back now) row 6 7 ❏ Breast Cancer Fact Sheet ❏ Read breast cancer info sheet and mark (Tuesday) ❏ Genetics vs. Environment the text ❏ Complete CER on Genetics vs. Environment (Breast Cancer Risk) Learning Log row 7 8 ❏ Identifying DNA as genetic material ❏ Read identifying DNA and answer (Wednesday) ❏ Structure of DNA questions ❏ Read structure of DNA and answer questions ❏ Learning Log row 8 9 ❏ DNA Double Helix pages 1 & 2 ❏ Read & Mark text DNA Double Helix (Thursday) ❏ Construct a DNA Model pages 1 & 2 ❏ Scissors ❏ Complete modeling activity ❏ Coloring utensils (crayons, markers, etc) ❏ Learning log row 9 10 ❏ Lesson 10: 2 Week Assessment of Learning ❏ Complete one-pager (go back through (Friday) - One Pager instructions your previous assignments to do this!) ❏ Coloring/writing Utensils ❏ Do your LAST learning log row, yay! You’re all done! Below are some video resources that you may find helpful.
Mendelian Genetics ARC Workshop for Biology By: Miriam Schmid Agenda

Mendelian Genetics ARC Workshop for Biology by: Miriam Schmid Agenda • Mendel's Experiments • Mendel's Conclusions • Dominance and Recessiveness • Principle of Segregation • Independent Assortment • Terms to Know • Genotype vs Phenotype • Homozygous vs Heterozygous • Gamete Formation • Punnett Squares o Single Trait Crosses o Dihybrid Crosses • References Mendel’s Experiments Mendel’s Conclusions • Dominance and Recessiveness • Principle of Segregation • Principle of Independent Assortment Dominance and Recessiveness • One “factor” or allele masks the other o Called dominant o Ex. Brown eyes (B) • The “factor” or allele is masked or not evident o Called recessive o Ex. Blue eyes (b) Principle of Segregation • Each reproductive cell (gamete) has only one “factor” for each characteristics. • The two factors or alleles segregate or separate during the gamete formation. Independent Assortment • Factors for different characteristics are distributed to reproductive cells independently. o Ex. Pea color inheritance is independent from height and pod color and flower position. o Exception: traits on same chromosome Terms: • Chromosomes: • Genes: • Allele: Genotype vs. Phenotype • Genotype= exact gene makeup o Ex. AaBBCCDd, TtPP, Bb • Phenotype= how a trait is expressed o Ex. Tall, purple, short, round, pink, etc Homozygous/Heterozygous Gamete formation • Each gamete formed receives one copy of each chromosome with one copy of each allele. o Ex. TtPp . Can make 4 different gametes: TP, Tp, tP, tp o What gametes can an individual with the genotype AaBB make? o What gametes can an individual with the genotype PpttMm make? Punnett Square Setup Single Trait Crosses • In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant over green seeds. 1. Cross a pure breeding yellow plant with a green plant.
Passing Traits to Offspring

Science Enhanced Scope and Sequence – Life Science Passing Traits to Offspring Strand Heredity and Genetics Topic Investigating how genes are passed from parent to offspring Primary SOL LS.12 The student will investigate and understand that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations. Key concepts include c) genotypes and phenotypes; d) characteristics that can and cannot be inherited; e) genetic engineering and its applications; and f) historical contributions and significance of discoveries related to genetics. Related SOL LS.1 The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific reasoning, logic, and the nature of science by planning and conducting investigations in which d) models and simulations are constructed and used to illustrate and explain phenomena; i) patterns are identified in data and are interpreted and evaluated. Background Information Parents pass characteristics such as hair color, nose shape, and skin color to their offspring. Not all of the parents’ characteristics will appear in the offspring, but the characteristics that are more liKely to appear can be predicted. Such predictions are based on the worK of Gregor Mendel. The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring is called heredity, and the characteristics that are inherited can be predicted. Reginald Punnett contributed much to the science of genetics when he designed a method of predicting traits as he was studying poultry genetics. The Punnett square, originally called the checKerboard or chessboard method, is a diagram that is used to predict the outcome of all possible offspring that could result from crossing the genes of two parents. DNA technology allows researchers to produce offspring with specific characteristics or abilities.
Learning Outcomes

Week 12 Learning Outcomes Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance • Explain the scientific reasons for the success of Mendel’s experimental work. Describe Mendel’s contributions to understanding how traits are inherited and state Mendel’s laws. • Describe the expected outcomes of monohybrid crosses involving dominant and recessive alleles. • Explain the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes in dominant and recessive gene systems • Use a Punnett square and pedigrees to predict and calculate probabilities of genotypes and phenotypes in a monohybrid cross • Explain Mendel’s law of segregation and independent assortment in terms of genetics and the events of meiosis • Explain the purpose and methods of a test cross • Identify non-Mendelian inheritance patterns such as incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex linkage from the results of crosses. Use monohybrid crosses and pedigrees to predict and calculate probabilities of genotypes and phenotypes. 12 Essential Vocabulary to get started… Mendel’s Pea Plant Experiments • Phenotype • Genotype • Mendel was the first person to • Pure-bred / true breeding / homozygous analyze patterns of inheritance to deduce the fundamental • Heterozygous principles of genetics • Gene (“heritable factor”) • Studied garden peas • Allele • Easily manipulated (control over fertilization) • Can self-fertilize • Reproduce quickly • Large numbers of offspring • Many distinct traits to study; most traits had only two possible variants 34 1 Traits of Mendel’s Pea Plants Self-Fertilization produces
Chapter 3. Inheritance of Quantitative Traits in Fish 61 3.1

2 To my family, friends and colleagues Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge my colleagues and collaborators in the United States, Israel and Russia with whom I obtained data on fish genetics used in this book. My special thanks to Nina Cherfas, my teacher and long-term collaborator, and Robert Durborow for the help in preparation of this book. I would like to acknowledge all authors whose data I mentioned and considered in this book and whose figures and tables have been reproduced. In order to follow a textbook format, I was obligated to omit formal citations for some presented materials. 3 Table of Content Page Chapter 1. Fish Chromosomes and Cytogenetics of Fish Reproduction 7 1.1. Variability and Evolution of Fish Karyotypes 7 1.1.1. Introduction: Chromosomes and Karyotypes 7 1.1.2. Variability of Fish Karyotypes 8 1.1.3. Evolution of Fish Karyotypes 10 1.2. Sex Chromosomes and Genetics of Sex Determination 15 1.3. Formation of Reproductive System and Sex Differentiation 18 1.4. Gametogenesis and Fertilization 21 1.4.1. Introduction: Gametogenesis and Meiosis 21 1.4.2. Oogenesis 22 1.4.3. Spermatogenesis 28 1.4.4. Fertilization 30 1.5. Natural Gynogenesis and Hybridogenesis 33 Chapter 2. Inheritance of Qualitative Morphological Traits in Fish 37 2.1. Introduction: Main Features of Qualitative Traits 37 2.2. Inheritance of Color Traits in Fish 37 2.2.1. Basic Principles of Color Development and Inheritance 37 2.2.2. Albinism and Its Inheritance 38 2.2.3. Color Modifications in Some Aquaculture and Sport Fish Species 41 2.2.3.1.
Punnett Square Cheat Sheet

PUNNETT SQUARE CHEAT SHEET Below is a sampling of Punnett Square problems that you will be expected to solve. In order to do this, you will also have to understand the meaning of the terms below. Genotype: The letters that make up the individual. E.g. TT or Tt Phenotype: The physical characteristics of the particular trait. E.g. Tall or short Dominant trait: Signified by capital letter-E.g. T. If the traits you are using are dominant or recessive, this trait will "overpower" the recessive trait and will be expressed. E.g. Tt Recessive trait: Signified by small case letter-e.g. t. An organism with a recessive allele for a particular form of a trait will have that form only when the dominant allele for the trait is not present Homozygous: Has same letters. E.g. TT or tt (same alleles for trait) Heterozygous: Has different letters. E.g. Tt (different alleles for trait) Purebred trait: Also known as true breeding. Individuals genotype is homozygous and will only make one type of gamete. E.g TT will always produces T, and T. tt will always produce t, and t. Gamete: sex cells. Represented by letter N (meaning they are haploid-contain half the chromosomes P generation: The parental generation (Usually the first one in a genetic cross) F1 generation: The first generation of offspring from P generation (means first filial: Latin for "son") F2 generation: The second generation of offspring from P generation (means first filial: Latin for "son") Monohybrid Cross: Also known as a Single-Factor Cross.