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INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo­ Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. 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Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 8913627 “Hong wu zheng yun”: Its relation to the Naiying dialect and its impact on Standard Mandarin Chou, Shizhen, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1989 UMI SOON.ZeebRd. Ann Aibor, MI 48106 HONG WU ZHENG YUN: Its relation to the Nanjing dialect and Its impact on Standard Mandarin DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University by Shizhen Chou, B.A., M.A. $ # # $ The Ohio S tate University 1989 Dissertation Committee; Approved by Timothy Light ' - Adviser Leon Serafim Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures To my parents and husband i l Acknowledgements I wish to express my sincere appreciation to each member of my doctoral committee, Professors F. S. Hsueh, Tien-yi Li, Timothy Light and Leon Serafim, who have provided constructive criticisms, suggestions and encouragement during the course of this research project. My particular gratitude is extended to Professor F. S. Hsueh, my dissertation adviser and committee chairman, for his guidance, patience and willingness to assist at all times throughout this research. With his constant encouragement, inspiration, and expertise he challenged me to think in new and different ways. Special thanks must also be extended to Professor Serafim, who has provided valuable and detailed assistence in polishing this dissertation. Personal appreciation is expressed to my parents, for encouraging me to enjoy the challenge and the pleasure of searching the unknown in the immense world of knowledge: to my parents-in-law for baby-sitting our son with constant understanding. My husband, Han-ping, has provided unfailing encouragement and support throughout my graduate study. Having shared the frustration and joy with him has been an essential ingredient in the completion of this dissertation. I l l VITA 1 9 7 8 .............................................. B.A., Hong Kong Baptist College, Hong Kong. 1 9 8 1 .............................................. M.A., Dept, of East Asian Languages and Literatures, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1980 - 1 9 8 6 .................................... Teaching Associate. Dept, of East Asian Languages and Literatures, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1985 - 1 9 8 7 .................................... Instructor and Principle Teacher, East Asian Summer Language institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Chinese Linguistics IV TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DEDICATIONS .................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. iii VITA ...................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................... xiv ABBRIVIATIONS .............................................................................................. xv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1. The aims and scope of this dissertation ............................ 2 1.2. Special terms and notations ............................................... 7 1.2.1. Standardization and "Standard Mandarin" ............ 7 1.2.2. Phonetic-phonological notations ............................ 7 II. PROLEGOMENA TO THE PHONOLOGY OF HONGWU ZHENGYUN ........................................................................................ 10 2.1. The protoforms of Mandarin Chinese ................................ 10 2.2. Major changes before the Mandarin period ...................... 17 V 2.2.1. Split of the labials ....................................................... 17 2.2.2. Tonal splits and the devoicing process .................. 18 2.2.3. Origins of the modem retroflex sibilants ................ 19 2.2.4. Emergence of the syllable final/-i#/ .................... 20 2.2.5. Bifurcated development of words with stop endings ........................................................................... 22 2.2.6. Vowel-fronting shift ...................................................... 25 2.2.7. Vowel-backing shift ...................................................... 28 2.2.8. Acquisition of medial /-y -/ in the syllable type "Ga(E)" ............................................................................. 29 2.2.9. Vowel-raising shift ....................................................... 31 2.2.10. Summary of the major changes occurring before the Mandsffin period ......................................................... 32 2.3. A brief introduction to the sound system of the Mandarin period ........................................................................................... 34 2.3.1. The sound system of OM represented by Zhongyuan yinyun ............................................................................. 35 2.3.2. The sound system of MM ............................................ 37 2.3.3. The sound system of MP ............................................. 39 III. The NANJING DIALECT ..................................................................... 42 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................... 42 3.1.1. Major Chinese dialect groups ................................... 43 3.1.2. Previous work on Nanjing dialect .............................. 46 3.2. Tones in Nanjing dialect ......................................................... 47 3.3. Initials ......................................................................................... 49 3.3.1. Free variation between n- and I- .............................. 50 3.3.2. Palatalization ................................................................. 51 3.3.3. Retroflexed and dental sibilants .............................. 51 3.3.4. Summary ....................................................................... 52 3.4. Finals .......................................................................................... 52 3.4.1. Medials ........................................................................... 53 3.4.2. Vowels ................................................................... 54 3.4.3. Endings ......................................................................... 58 3.4.4. Summary ....................................................................... 62 3.5. Conclusion .............................................................................. 63 3.5.1. The change of the medials in Nanjing dialect ........ 63 3.5.2. Palatalization ............................................................... 66 3.5.3. De-retroflexion ........................................................... 66 3.5.4. Syllables with nasal endings .................................... 70 3.5.5. The status of the syllables with labial initials .......... 71 3.5.6. Summary ........................................................................ 72 IV. SOME REMARKS ON HONGWU ZHENGYUN ...................... 89 VI 4.1. Authorship ............................................................................... 89 4.2. Source materials ................................................................... 90 4.3. The format of Hongwu zhengyun ........................................ 93 4.3.1. The Fanqie notations ................................................. 93 4.3.2. The sequence of the rhymes .................................... 94 4.3.3. Working rules ............................................................... 98 4.4. Previous research on Hongwu zhengyun .........................
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