NOVEMBER 1970 - LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN

THANKSGIVING PROCLAMATION

City of New York October 3, 1789.

" and Whereas both Houses of Congress have by their joint Committee requested me 'to recommend to the People of the United States a day of public thanks­giving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signalfavors of Almighty God, . . . .' Now therefore I do recommend and assign Thursday the 26th. day of November next to be devoted by the People of these States to the service of that great and glorious Being, who is the beneficent Author of all the good that was, that is, or that will be. . . ."

GEORGE WASHINGTON By the President

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE J. EDGAR HOOVER, DIRECTOR NOVEMBER 1970

VOL. 39, NO. 11

_.- --_­­­..­

THE COVER-The first Thanksgiving proclama· tion. See Director Hoo· ver' s Message, page 1.

LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN CONTENTS

Message From Director]' Edgar Hoover 1

Twenty-Four Hour Patrol Power, by Winston L. Churchill, Chief of Police, Indianapolis, Ind. 2

What Is a Policeman? ...... 6

Drug Abuse Councils, by Dr. Heber H. Cleveland, President, State Drug Abuse Council, Augusta, Maine...... 9

The Supervisor and Morale...... 13

Have You Considered a Teenage Cadet Program?, by Raynor Weizenecker, Sheriff of Putnam County, Carmel, N.Y. 16

Nationwide Crimescope . . 20

Published by the The "Loan" Bank Robber 21 FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION Investigators' A ids 30 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Washington, D.C. 20535 Wanted by the FBI 32 4 MESSAGE

FROM THE DIRECTOR • • •

. . . To All Law Enforcement Officials

THE SPIRIT OF THANKSGIVING encompasses have spent weary lives in unrewarded toil, in many principles and ideals which deserve daily anxiety, in helplessness, in ignorance, have risen as well as annual tribute. Certainly, Thanksgiv- here, in the course of even a single generation, ing Day is a meaningful and cherished holiday, to the full and secure enjoyment of the fruits and it is right that we have set aside a special of their labor, to confident hope, to intelligent occasion to count our blessings and good for- possession of their own faculties. Is not the land tune. In so doing, let us be continually grateful to be dearly loved in which this is possible, in that we live in a land where people can still which this has been achieved?" Truly, this laugh, dream, hope, and speak their minds and American was imbued with the spirit of worship as they please. Thanksgiving. Our Founding Fathers had great vision. They Our Nation does possess a heritage which is saw for the future of our country a promise of unique in the history of man. But today this hope, right, justice, freedom, and equality for heritage with its religious ideals and moral men and women who braved the dangers to enjoy principles means practically nothing to many these blessings from God. And all but the most Americans. They do not seem to recognize nor cynical would have to admit that our Nation has appreciate the rewards of self­government. To made extraordinary progress in striving for these them, duty, individual responsibility, enterprise, goals. No other country has ever done more to self­respect, and obedience of the law are tenets promote the spiritual and material needs of its of oppre sion. They demand and expect "the citizens. good life," but without personal sacrifice or A noted American author and editor once effort. The true meaning of Thanksgiving, as ex- stated, "There never was a land that better de- perienced in the humble and devout tribute by served the love of her people than America, for the early settlers, is lost on them. there never was a mother­country kinder to her Let us earnestly join in the observance of children. She has given to them all that she Thanksgiving. But let the spirit of Thanksgiving could give . ... Millions upon millions of men not be a scheduled sentiment which we turn on have lived here with more comfort, with less fear, once a year. Rather, let it be an abiding testi- than any such numbers elsewhere in any age mony, a recognizable symbol of our daily faith- have lived. Countless multitudes, whose fore- our faith in ourselves, our faith in our country, II" fathers from the beginning of human life on earth and our faith in God.

NOVEMBER 1, 1970 By WINSTON L. CHURCHILL Chief of Police, Indianapolis, Ind.

Twenty-Four Hour Patrol Power

Parking the patrol car in front of the grocery store while doing the family food shopping deters robbers and thieves.

The crime rate has become one of the major is ues of the 1970's. Indian• apolis, eeking a way out of the seem• ingly bOllomless pit of spiraling crime, ha pioneered a new plan using an old tool- the patrol car. Since traditional police practice seemed to have little effect on the crime rate, the Indian• apoli Police Department took a long look at old method and decided to try to increase the protection that one man and one car can give to the public. In 1969 the Indianapoli City Coun• cil, at the urging of the Police Depart• ment, pas ed an ordinance appropriat• ing 650,000 to be financed by a bond i ue, for the purchase of 347 new 1969 vehicle. We purchased stand•

2 ard four-door sedans with police pack- age and automatic transmissions_ By the time the police accessories were added, the cars cost approximately $2,600 per unit ot included is the cost of the radios which are leased ($144 per year) and insurance ($125 per year)_ In September 1969, 455 marked patrol cars were issued to uniformed patrolmen, sergeants, and lieutenants_ Since there were not enough new cars to issue one to each man, we decided to issue them to the patrolmen on regularly assigned beats_ Superior of- ficers were issued 1968 cars_ The de- partment felt that the patrolmen, who are the backbone of any police department, should have firstline equipment Rules were published pertaining to Each officer takes pride in keeping his off­duty use of the cars_Basically of- assigned vehicle clean. ficers are urged to use the cars as they would their own private vehicles_ Pru- dence, good taste, and commonsense are stressed_ Radio contact is to be maintained at all times and officers are expected to respond to serious nearby washed during duty hours. such as schoolyards, parks, or other calls_ Emergency runs are forbidden Before the cars were issued to the areas where a large number of patrol while nonpolice passengers are in the patrol officers, men coming on duty cars might intimidate potential law- car. reported to central headquarters, re- breakers. ceived instructions from the shift JIehicle Maintenance commander, picked up the cars left Double Coverage by the previous shift, and drove to Periodic maintenance is performed their beats. This procedure took from Oncoming shifts meet the lieuten- at the municipal garage, and regular 20 to 30 minutes. At the end of each ants, receive orders, and are on their maintenance schedules are set up on tour of duty, the men would leave respective beats within minutes of the officer's off­duty time. Routine their beats, come downtown, gas their shift change. During rollcall the car car care such as washing is the re- cars, and park them at headquarters. radios are left on and the men are sponsibility of the individual officer_ This practice would sometimes be- subject to call. One important side Monthly inspections are held by shift gin as much as 30 minutes before shift effect of the program is that the on- commanders to check car condition change. The time loss meant that the coming and offgoing shifts meet at and equipment. Past departmental city was virtually unprotected for 1 the rollcall sites and exchange infor- policy called for the replacement of hour each shift change or a total of 3 mation concerning the beat activities_ vehicles every 2 years. We hope that hours each day. Now at a time when previously ­ ~ the increased care by the individual The present system allows the de- there was virtually no street coverage, officer wiII lengthen the car life by partment to schedule the rollcalls at the department can, if necessary, uti- one­third. locations in the various districts. lize double coverage. On several oc- ,. Department research has shown Sector lieutenants arrive at head- casions men have been held over when that the practice of off­duty service quarters prior to shift change to pick civil disturbances threatened. This has saved thousands of man­hours. up the orders of the day_ They meet was accomplished by assembling the • Formerly cars were serviced and their men at predetermined sites, offgoing shifts at designated areas to

November 1970 3 Officers assigned to patrol duty assemble for rollcall at a parking lot within their beat. be used a a fully equipped mobile men are not as eager to get transfers and weekends off which most detec• force. to the detective division. The men feel tives enjoy. How do the men like the program? that the loss of the car plus the ex• The men, with the department's A good indication of their feeling is pense of buying business suits for blessing, have added personal touches that for the first time the uniformed work are not worth the regular hours to their cars. Accident investigation

An officer doing his personal banking provides additional security for the institution by leaving his patrol car in plain view near the building. men have added specialized first aid cles. The manpower in this instance is but all other crimes have increased. equipment; lockboxes have been in- free. Maintenance records now being While crime has been increasing at a stalled in most cars to neatly store stored in computers will enable us to rate of about 10 percent, the arrests rain gear and flares. For the first time readily analyze expenses and flag any for maj or offenses in Indianapolis most cars sport a coat of wax. The de- vehicle whose maintenance cost be- have increased by 43 percent in 1970. partment feels that these special comes excessive. We believe the 24­hour­car system has touches are an indication of high mor- The Indianapolis Police Depart- contributed to this arrest increase. ale, personal pride, and professional- ment 24­hour­patrol program is too Crime control was the primary pur- ism among the men. new to evaluate with any conclusive- pose in setting up the 24­hour­car sys- ness. Nor do we know what perma- tem. However, a very welcome and Right Place-Right Time nent effect it will have on our crime dramatic effect has been made in the rate. We believe, however, that the traffic area. Our traffic arrests have When the program was instituted, presence of so many police vehicles not increased, yet our traffic fatalities there was concern in some quarters on the streets will deter lawbreakers. are 39 percent belo·w last year and that incidents which would mar the We have experienced a decline in bur- pedestrian accidents are down 34 per- department image might occur. How- glaries and vehicle thefts during 1970, (Continued on page 25) ever, the opposite has been true. On several occasions off­duty men have been at the right place at the right time. One off­duty sergeant was on his way home from a meeting at head- quarters when he was flagged down by two women who had heard a tavern owner call for help. He notified head- quarters by radio and went to the scene. Another off­duty patrolman driving nearby with his 8­year­old son heard the call over his radio. The pa- trolman put his son inside a nearby warehouse and told him to stay there until he got back. After aiding the sergeant in the capture of three rob- bery suspects, the patrolman returned and picked up his son. Other instances of men assisting at the scene of serious accidents, searching for lost children, and rendering emergency first aid to neighborhood residents are common- place.

Increased Protection

Economically from the citizen and businessman's viewpoint, the new pro- gram is inexpensive compared to the .. protection rendered. Initial studies in- dicate an increase of about one­third more driving time for each vehicle for " use during an officer's off­duty hours. The public is therefore receiving this extra one­third more protection for

.. only the operating expense of the vehi­ Home garaging of police vehicles provides extra care.

November 1970 5 "Of what value is your right to the pursuit of happiness if you must walk the streets in fear by day and not at all by night, lest your own unassisted strength be inadequate to repel those who attack you? Our rights and our liberties are made real by the flesh and blood of the policeman on the beat."

What Is a PoliceIllan?*

Over a period of many years in law enforcement, I often have met a man whom I have come to know quite well, and whom you should know better. He is not entirely unknown to you. To a degree, he is omnipresent in our society. You see him on the street by day and you hear the wail of his siren in the small hours of the night. You know that he is there, and some• times you breathe a little easier be• cause he is there. You have seen him and you have heard him, but you have not bothered to make his ac• quaintance. As the Texas cowboy said when asked if he had met a certain man, "Well, we've howdied but we ain't shook." I propose to introduce this man to you as I have known him for more than a quarter of a century. There is a purpose in my introduction. I sug• gest that, in this era in which for more than two decades the volume of crime has risen year after year, mov- .. ing up much faster than the rate of growth in population, when the dan• ger of criminal attack in our homes "I and on our streets has become a sub• ject of national concern, those of · From a speech given by Inspector Dwight J. Dalbey, FBI, to general audiences during recent years. us who depend upon the policeman 4

6 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin for protection should seek a better policeman can prevail, disputes among which others are either unwilling or understanding of this man and his men are settled largely in ink rather incapable. He knows it when the order function in our society. If the people than in blood. When the policeman comes from the office of the mayor or of this ation are now choosing up cannot prevail, order becomes chaos the chief that on this holiday or that, sides for and against the policeman, and the cry of liberty is lost in the when you and I have gone to the game, as sometimes appears to be the case, hurricane of social destruction. The the picnic, or the parade, all police perhaps each of you should choose proof is written in blood on many a officers will report for duty as a mat• also. But first you must know the page of history. ter of public protection. He knows it man. A policeman is a wall against the when some vicious crime strikes the forces of evil. He is a barricade community and both his days and his The Man in Blue erected by the law-abiding against at• nights become working hours to com• tack by the lawless. Those who would ply with the public demand that the A policeman is the flesh and blood destroy your rights must first destroy crime be solved and the offender of the law. Without him the law would this wall, this barricade of flesh and brought to justice. have form but no substance. The cold blood, before they are fully at liberty print of the constitutions and the stat• to victimize their fellow men. This is Public Servant utes traces an outline of protection why the policeman becomes the prin• for life, liberty, and the pursuit of cipal target for the abuse of both the A policeman is a friend in need. happiness, but these fundamental disorganized criminal and the orga· His telephone number has a special rights are dry and lifeless so long as nized mob. The murderer, the robber, place in the directory, and many of they exist on paper only. Without and the burglar becomes, in his own us post it at some convenient spot, flesh and blood they have no vitality. words, a "cop-hater" and a "cop• for instant use. He is the one to whom Of what value is your right to life, in killer"; he boasts of his hatreds and we instinctively turn when all else theory, if those who would deprive his murderous intentions. The mob, fails. We expect him to know what to you of it in fact are not somewhat re• dissatisfied with the law, bent on hav• do, and he often does. He guides the strained by fear of the man in blue• ing its own way outside the law, hurls tourist, finds the missing child, lo• fear of his courage, his integrity, and its clubs and its stones, its fists and cates the doctor, and races the expect• his persistence in tracking a murderer its insults, not at the legislative which ant mother to the hospital. He is our down and returning him to the Bar passed the law, not at the courts which most versatile public servant. of Justice? Of what value is your right to liberty if the law has no muscle to react against the tyrannical demands of the robber and the rapist? Of what value is your right to the pursuit of "A policeman is a man of whom we demand the ultimate happiness if you must walk the streets in human integrity. ... he must be not only above sin in fear by day and not at aU by night, but above the suspicion of sin." lest your own unassisted strength be inadequate to repel those who attack you? Our rights and our liberties are made real by the flesh and blood of the policeman on the beat. interpret the law, but at the policeman A policeman is a man. If he were who neither wrote the law nor inter• not a man, he would lack the courage Liberty Under Law preted it, whose only function is to to risk his life and limb in pursuit stand firm for this Nation's principle of the speed demon who makes a A policeman is the strong right arm that if ordered liberty is to survive, death trap of the public highway. If of ordered liberty. He is the tangible the law must be respected so long as he were not a man, he could not face strength of a government of liberty it remains on the books. the gunfire which every policeman under law, of a system which imposes A policeman is an essential cog in knows from common experience that restraints unknown to the law of the the social mechanism. He knows it he may possibly encounter on any tooth and the fang, but which grants when his police radio blares out an patrol or in any criminal case. If he in return a new and higher concept of urgent call to stop a fight, or save a were not a man, he would not be eter• freedom and human dignity. When the life, or take some other action of nally on duty in the streets, in wind

November 1970 7 and in rain and in the dead of night that a policeman is "on the take" is when men of lesser resolution seek always first· rate scandal. In a society shelter from the elements. In short, if in which the policeman often is the he is not a man, he is not long a target of unprintable obscenity, he is policeman. expected to address the rest of us with A policeman is now a constitu• the utmost gentility. We demand that tional lawyer in some of the most he be a single standard gentleman in sensitive areas of the law. Decisions what sometimes appears to be a on the Constitution of the United double standard society. States, handed down by the Supreme Court during recent years, require Commonsense that the policeman not make an ar• rest until he has established that prob. Although he would modestly deny able cause for belief of guilt specified it, a policeman is a philosopher. He by judicial interpretations of the must have some working knowledge Fourth Amendment. They require that of the rules of reason, and direct an he not search and seize except in a obedience to their mandates when manner which the courts deem rea• other men fall blind victim to the sonable under the Fourth Amendment. emotions and the passions of the They require that he not interrogate moment. He must understand the his prisoner for evidence of guilt until frailties, the inconsistencies, and the he has complied with the stringent re• absurdities of human conduct, for strictions of the Fifth Amendment with these he must deal during all his right against self-incrimination and working hours, yet he must be indul· the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. gent and not embittered by such pe• His principal act in each of these culiarities. What man, were he not a functions--arrest, search, and inter· philosopher at heart, could patrol the rogation-requires that he pass judg. roads to protect the safety of his fel· ment on questions of Federal consti• tional law and yet is required to low men and then, moments later, tutional law, the identical legal follow that law to the letter, and to his with courage and sympathy gather up que tions which the most capable law• peril, both official and personal, if he the broken bones of those who sped yer may raise as high as the Supreme fails in any material respect. recklessly down the highway laugh. Court of the United States for ulti• A policeman is a man of whom we ing at how cleverly they evaded "the mate decision. demand the ultimate in human integ• cops"? What man, were he not a rity. Like Caesar's wife, he must be philosopher at heart, could so stoically place his own life in the bal• In Jeopardy not only above sin but above the sus• picion of sin. In a society in which ance as he moves out to find and ar• If the policeman is mistaken in his the complimentary lunch often leads rest once more the confirmed and judgment, often necessarily made un· to a sale, a contract, or a favor, the dangerous criminal whom all the der emergency circumstances, the at• policeman must buy his own lest he other elements of society, some of torney whom the law now guaran· be compromised in his official duty. whom are most articulate in pro• tees to every defendant charged with In a society in which the hoodlums pounding theories of human behav• a serious offense is almost certain to who dominate organized crime may ior, have failed either to control or to find the mistake. The accused whose wear silk suits, drive the finest of reform? constitutional rights the policeman automobiles, occupy mansions, and ha violated by unlawful arrest or un· become millionaires, the policeman A Man for All Seasons reasonable search can haul the offi· must cling to his ideals, eke out a liv• cer into Federal court and sue him ing on a modest wage, and tell the A policeman is a man of many personally for money damages. The children on his beat that "crime does other attributes. If he complies with policeman is the only legal func• not pay." In a society in which pub• our demands in dealing with criminal tionary of this Nation who is aca• lic and private morals frequently are violence, he must combine the cour• demically untrained in the constitu· open to legitimate question, a report (Continued on page 26)

8 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin At the Local and State Levels--

Drug Abuse Councils

By DR. HEBER H. CLEVELAND President, State Drug Abuse Council, Augusta, Maine

In the early spring of 1968, the session on identification of symptoms local community of South Portland, to enable the officers to recognize in- consisting of approximately 22,000 dividuals high on any particular drug. people, was suddenly awakened to the We also gave a session on the history fact that it had a"drug problem." This of drug abuse and why our society has fact was difficult for the citizens of the become involved, in an attempt to community as well as law enforcement understand the problem as well as en- and school officials to accept. force the law. The South Portland Police Depart- As a result of this, members of the ment headed by Chief Gordon Mc- police department and I along with a Grath moved into action rapidly. Re- representative of the Federal Bureau alizing that his men were not up­to- of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs date regarding drugs because they had presented a series of two programs for ". • . we believe com• never encountered the problem before, adult education in our junior high munity drug abuse councils he contacted me to see if I would pre- schools. These programs proved that in Maine have been of great sent a special training program to his we were wrong in our impression that assistance to law enforce• department. the people of South Portland were un- ment agencies and offi• Over a period of the next 4 weeks, concerned. We had felt that they were cials." one afternoon session per week was completely apathetic and that the devoted to the entire department. This response to such a program would be session consisted primarily of iden- poor. We found out they were not tifying various drugs, such as mari- apathetic. We discovered that they huana, LSD, amphetamines, barbi- were deeply concerned­concerned turates, and heroin. It also included a about their children, concerned about

November 1970 9 4Q4-841 0-70--2 their future, concerned about their told it would be necessary to give free and could see nothing wrong with it, children's future. They attended our guidance and counseling to parents as except that it was illegal. But, we felt program in large numbers. well as to children, to explain the it was a start, that we were making We did the same thing that almost dangers of drugs, to explain what a headway, and that we were serving a every other community did at that habitual drug user could expect, to useful purpose. time-we presented the medical, the give professional advice to those seek• We proceeded with this type of pro• psychological, the law enforcement ing help, and to inform citizens how gram for several months with great and legal problems, and the social they could become involved in drug success. Consequently, I felt we needed reasons why youngsters become in· abuse control in their communities. to expand and become larger. Our volved in drugs. When we left, we All of the physicians contacted agreed staff was constantly besieged with in• felt that we had done a good job. But to serve on such a council. vitations to go throughout the State unlike many communities, we did I then went to the minister of my to explain our local program and not leave it there. We did not come in church and told him of my hopes for what it was doing. Because of our and give one large overwhelming establishing a drug abuse council. I work, the Maine State Police was able program and say, "Here, this is where suggested the body should include to sharply reduce its educational pro• it is, this is what it is all about, now clergymen as well as doctors. He and grams on drug abuse in our area and go out and stop drug abuse." the two other ministers of the church had expressed the hope that similar agreed to serve. Thus, we had the councils could be established in other Of Major Concern nucleus of the first drug abuse coun• areas. cil in the State of Maine, three min• In the weeks following the adult isters and five doctors. The group A State Council education programs, I received many then met requirements for, and was In April 1969, encouraged by our telephone calls, many pleas to coun· incorporated and adopted as, The progress and armed with necessary sel, and many urgent requests to help Greater Portland Drug Abuse Coun• statistics, I went to Augusta, Maine, in the drug·abuse problem and to cil on January 11, 1969. and discussed our program with the speak at various organizations in• Our immediate program was State Attorney General. He, of course, cluding Kiwanis, Rotary, Lions, PTA, simple in approach but was a consid• was aware of our work in Portland and numerous others. I received calls erable task-the task of supplying and was receptive to a proposal to es• from parents-concerned parents, in• speakers to all the schools and to all tablish a statewide drug abuse coun• terested parents, parents who wanted the various interested organizations cil. On June 11, 1969, the State Drug to find out what to do for their child in the greater Portland area; the Abuse Council of the State of Maine who they suspected might be taking task of giving advice and counsel to was organized and incorporated. It some kind of drugs. The parents were parents who had children involved consisted of three doctors, two officials hesitant to go to their clergyman, and with drugs; the task of working with of the Maine State Police, a Justice of hesitant to go to their guidance coun• the drug user him elf who, often the Superior Court of Maine, the At• selors, or to their school teachers, be• gripped by terror, came openly or torney General, and the Superintend• cause they did not want their name to surreptitiously to the Council for ent of the State Department of come up or to be involved, but they help; and the task of educating some Education. needed help and wanted this help to 200,000 people in the greater Port• The Council members agreed that be, to some degree, confidential. land area to the fact that there was not only would the tate Drug Abuse Con equently, I came upon an idea an agency available where they could Council act and formulate plans on a which I am sure is not unique, but, go for assistance, a place where they State level similar to the work of The neverthele s, it worked. could get counseling and guidance. Greater Portland Drug Abuse Coun• I felt that if we could develop a cil but also that it would go one step group of men and women who are further and help to form other local Need for Experience qualified in the medical arts or the drug abuse councils throughout the field of social counseling, perhaps We knew that we did not have all State. We felt that this was important they could serve the needs of the com• the answers. We knew we would not because local units involve parents munity. Therefore, I called some of solve everyone's problem. We knew and other concerned citizens in efforts my physician friends and a ked them we probably would not reach the 15• to reduce the drug menace and give if they would be interested in serving year-old youth who thought that them a firsthand look at the problem. on a drug abuse council. They were "grass" was the greate t thing around Therefore, one of our primary goals

10 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin The Greater Portland Drug Abuse Council was the first established in the State of Maine. Its members are, standing left to right: Dr. Winton Briggs, Dr. Harris Hinckley, and Rev. Reginald E. Lancaster. Seated, left to right, are: Rev. Helen Zigmund, Dr. Alfred Darby, Rev. Winston E. Clark, and Dr. Cleveland.

was to create local councils under the It means that they are concerned their own council. Small rural com- auspices of the State Council. enough to volunteer their efforts in munities are combined for organiza- As of this time, 18 local councils an attempt to solve a seemingly un- tional purposes, sometimes according have been established and are func- solvable problem. It means they are to school districts. In any event, they tioning. All are active in presenting willing to sit down and listen to the all have the same type of programs. educational programs and offering complaints of a so­called "hip" gen- The State Drug Abuse Council's pro- guidance and counseling on drug eration and to hear young boys and gram is broad in scope, and its train- abuse. We have at least six more girls ridicule their parents, and adults ing is rigid. The educational phases councils to be formed. Eventually, we in general, for their concern about consist primarily of five major as- anticipate a statewide network of some "acid," "pot," and "speed." It means pects. They are: (1) the medical 200 to 250 knowledgeable and experi- they are willing to talk to frustrated aspect of drug abuse, (2) the legal enced workers who will be qualified to parents who, up until the time their aspects of the laws relating to illegal speak before grou ps and to counsel own child turned to drugs, evidenced drugs, (3) problems of enforcement, any child or any parent. These mem- no interest or concern about the (4) psychological and social aspects bers will be working within their own problem. of drug abuse, and (5) the use of the local councils but will be under the Area boundaries of local councils educational materials and the avail- overall supervision of the State Drug are based on both community size and ability and dissemination of the Abuse Council. population. Towns the size of Lewis- materials. What does belonging to drug abuse ton or Auburn, with some 30,000 to Generally speaking, these education ... councils mean to the workers? 35,000 people each, will usually have seminars require from 10 to 16 hours.

November 1970 11 They may be scheduled as an all-day will be to familiarize hospital staffs, continues or worsens, establishing a affair, or they may be scheduled as 2• particularly out·patient department single telephone number for the en• day events. After completion of the employees and interns, as to the pro• tire State which could be used for a seminar, some people still feel that grams of treating acute drug reac• central clearinghouse. they are not fully prepared to assume tions. The services of these centers will the duties as outlined. They desire also be available to physicians for Information and Activities more study and training. In those in• informational purposes and for stances, we arrange a special 3-hour referrals. We know that it is essential that intensive seminar on anyone, or more, Experience shows that many young the public be well informed on the of the five points previously discussed. people on "bad trips" and experienc• dangers of drugs. Thus, we make This usually gives them the assurance ing real episodes of paranoia are available to the public, free of charge, all of the up-to-date and valid litera• ture we can obtain regarding drug abuse. The State legislature has been most helpful in this regard. During "We know that it is essential that the public l)e well in· a special session, it provided appro• formed on the dangers of drugs. Thus, we make available priations to cover the cost of mate• to the public, free of charge, all of the up-to-date and valid rials for the State Council's use. There• literature we can obtain regarding drug abuse." fore, we have been able to offer to all local councils considerable materials at no cost. This is important as it keeps the cost of establishing and run• ning a local council to a minimum. and confidence they need. Frequently, reluctant to be treated in hospital fa• Throughout the program, we empha. workers will specify the areas they feel cilities. We believe the reasons are that size the use of a minimum amount of best qualified to serve. Many feel they they feel physicians in general do not funds and a maximum amount of are not equipped to counsel and advise care and that they think accepting energy and community participation. youngsters or their parents. Some like hospitalization would, in effect, be ac• We also arrange for all local units to to appear publicly while others prefer cepting a part of the "establishment," have the latest films and slides avail• to work with less limelight. Some which they are reluctant to do. Our able to us through the ational In• physicians on the councils volunteer goal is to generate more concern stitute of Mental Health, as well as to go into the streets to help young among the physicians and to show those supplied by other sources. people who are having "bad trips" or drug users that members and em• One of the most popular concepts need immediate medical care, while ployees in the medical profession are of treating drug abuse in the country other doctors indicate they want to understanding and want to help. today is that of half-way houses or participate in all aspects of the pro• "rap" places. We have found these to be helpful in some instances, and gram. When a local council is finally 24-Hour Answering Service formed, however, we insure that its I think perhaps many communities membership can handle all phases of Another feature of our program is can profit by some of the mistakes that the program. the 24-hour answering service through• we have made. One thing we discov• out the State. The local drug abuse ered, contrary to the belief of some so-called authorities, is that you can• Detoxification Training Centers council arranges for a telephone in a convenient location, such as a church not have a successful half-way house The State Drug Abu e Council is basement or in an individual's home, or a successful "rap" center without presently considering additional pro• and the phone is manned at all hours. controls. We have found that so• grams where help is needed.- One of Many young people, and parents, who called half-way houses and "rap" cen• these is the formation of detoxifica• will not personally appear for coun• ters that are started on their own with• tion training centers. One of these seling will telephone for help and in• out the cooperation and without the training centers will be located in formation. So far, all of the commu• controls of the so-called establish• Portland and another either in Au• nities which have active drug councils ment-even though public funds are gusta or Bangor. A primary purpose also have 24-hour answering services. sought to finance them- have failed of these detoxification programs We have considered, if drug abuse (Condnued on page 29)

12 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin "Morale is an intangible, a qualitative rather than quantitative factor, thus it is quite difficult to measure. Although morale is difficult to gauge, attempts to appraise it should be made."

The Supervisor and Morale

I n discussions of superVISIOn, mo• If one examines the history of the U.S. those characteristics which may serve rale is an often-used, seldom-defined Armed Forces, he finds numerous in• as a barometer to measure morale and term. It is used frequently to describe stances from the time of the Conti• to offer some guidelines for the super• an organizational environment. Such nental Army at Valley Forge to the visor who wishes to raise the level of use indicates either a lack of under• Marine Corps at Khe Sanh wherein morale of his work group. standing of the meaning of the word the morale of combat troops was de• Webster's Dictionary defines mo• or that the word has, through use, scribed as high even under the most rale as "a moral or mental condition received more than one connotation. adverse and trying circumstances. In with respect to courage, discipline, If an organization is running such situations, it is difficult to imag• confidence, enthusiasm, willingness to smoothly and is meeting its objectives, ine that the troops were happy and endure hardship."! This definition if the employees are happy and con• content or that they were not beset seems to fit the military situation very tent, one might say that morale ap• with serious problems. Moreover, the well. However, it does not appear to pears to be high. On the other hand, troops could not always accurately as• convey adequately the meaning in the if an organization is beset with vari• sess their success in meeting their ob• superior-subordinate relationship in a ous problems, if its employees are jectives. Thus, there appears to be nonmilitary organization. complaining about working condi• some difference in the meaning of mo• Morale also may be defined as an tions, if deadlines are being missed rale for a business concern and a atmosphere or environment prevail• regularly, one might conclude that its military organization. ing in an organization. It involves a morale is low. The purpose of this report is to group spirit, a feeling of good will Morale is mentioned frequently in define morale as it pertains to the em• among employees working together. works about military organizations. ployer-employee situation, to identify It indicates that they are energetically

The FBI, upon request from local and State law enforce• ment agencies, provides training and seminars on numer• ous subjects. Police administration is one such topic, and this article on morale is an example of the type of material presented.

November 1970 13 and wholeheartedly willing to work faction and thus make their job more other factors increase in importance. together toward a common goal,2 pleasant. Wants have a direct rela- Conversely, if employees feel they are Morale is related closely to two tion to morale and consequently underpaid, wages have a higher pri- 4 other terms which are more easily should be of particular concern to ori ty of interest. understood: motivation and coopera- the supervisor.3 A review of the key job factors re- tion. One should note that the defini- Wants consist of anything that may Rects that employees see themselves tions of morale cited previously have affect the employee in his job: the in several roles in connection with not mentioned the happiness of the physical plant, working hours, salary, their employment. They see them- employee, although social scientists fringe benefits, type of assignment, selves as individuals, as members of generally agree that the proper frame and social relationships. a work group, as members of an or- of mind of an employee is essential A supervisor should not assume ganization, and finally as members of if a supervisor is to get the necessary that the wants and aspirations of his an association or union. ~ cooperation from him. subordinates are the same as his own. How does this knowledge of an Research and surveys conducted in- employee's roles affect the supervisor dicate that supervisors and employees in his concern with the morale of his Self-Analysis differ substantially in key factors con- subordinates? This may be answered The supervisor should bear in mind sidered important by the employee in best by using an analysis which con- when considering the problem of mo- relation to his work. A sample survey siders the employee in relation to each rale that he must recognize the needs showed the following results: of the roles previously cited. and desires of his subordinates. He must be aware that they might conRict or at least not readily correspond with Employee Wants as Seen by Employees and Their Foremen* the goals and objectives of the orga- Key factors Worker rates Foreman rates nization. Moreover, in many cases, Full appreciation of work done ...... 1 8 subordinates are unaware of their true Feeling "in" on things...... 2 10 goals or objectives as they relate to Sympathetic help on personal problems...... 3 9 their employment. Job security...... 4 2 This concept can readily be dem- Good wages ...... 5 1 onstrated to police officers by asking "Work that keeps you interested" ...... 6 5 them two simple questions: Promotion and growth in company ...... 7 3 Personal loyalty to workers ...... 8 6 1. Why did you become a police- Good working conditions ...... 9 4 man? Tactful disciplining...... 10 7

2. Why do you continue working *Salt onstall. Robert, "Wh at Employees Want From Their Work," Harvard Business Review. vol. 31, '0. 6 as a policeman? (Novembe .....December. 1953). pp. 72­78 Most officers will respond to the first question by saying that they This survey is referred to only to A. As an irulividual. The em- needed a job or money at the time point out the differences in the rank- ployee wants his work to be they joined the force. The latter ques- ing by supervisors and employees. It useful, meaningful, varied, tion will present the first opportunity is not meant to show or even imply and interesting. He would like for many to analyze their own motives that the survey represents universal to avoid dull, routine, or un- and needs and to try to determine wants of employees and supervisors important jobs. whether or not their job truly satisfies in their order of importance. B. As a member of a work these motives and needs. group. The employee knows that he is part of a unit and Much of an individual's motivation Many Factors is not conscious, that is, the individual that teamwork is essential in is not fully aware of his own needs. Any valid survey will produce dif- order to reach the standards Wants, on the other hand, are dis- ferent results contingent upon the maintained by the organiza- tinguished from motives in that they conditions at the time of the survey. tion. are the conscious desires of individ- For example, it appears that as wages e. As an employee. He wants to uals for those things or conditions approach the level that employees de- feel that the organization is which they feel will give them satis- sire or feel the 'organization can pay, performing an important

14 FBI Law Enforce ment Bull eti n function, and that it is well The issue of salary increases is illus- his employees are part of a group and regarded by the public. trative of this. generaIIy want to contribute to its D. Associations. He wants as- In some police departments, the productivity and well­being. surance that working condi- personnel may feel they deserve a One of the prime functions of any tions will improve and that raise in salaries, but the chief of police supervisor is to serve as a communi- he will be protected from may be almost helpless to act. In such cation link between his subordinates arbitrary decisions made by cases he might find himself required and superiors in the chain of com- supervisors in matters of to seek the approval of the local gov- mand. As such, he is responsible for discipline, promotion, and erning body and may not be able to keeping the lines of communication grievances. act in any more positive way in behalf open so that information can flow freely in both directions. He must This analysis treated only one job of his employees. He may strongly keep his subordinates advised of poli- factor­ basic satisfaction. Each job sympathize with his subordinates but cies, orders, rules and matters that factor should be considered in a sim- be forced to wait for the governing generally affect them as workers in ilar manner by the supervisor, so that body to approve a salary increase and the organization. Likewise, he must he will be better able to understand to make a supplemental appropriation gather necessary information requir- his subordinates and the reasons for to cover the increased cost. their behavior. There are, however, several note- ing their attention. worthy areas in which the first­line Failure to keep subordinates in- formed of matters which affect them Better Performance supervisor is normally able to act to increase the degree of cooperation he is one of the most common failings of Morale is an intangible, a qualita- receives from his subordinates. He supervisors. The importance which tive rather than quantitative factor, may, for example, be in a position to employees attach to "feeling in on thus it is quite difficult to measure. offer them their choice of days off or things" was vividly shown in the re- Although morale is difficult to gauge, of vacation not according to a strict sponse offered by employees who were attempts to appraise it should be made. seniority system but according to the questioned in the aforementioned In fact, appraisal of morale should be successful degree to which they ful- survey. They rated it as the second part of the order of the day. Continu- fill their responsibilities. A supervisor most important factor with which they ous appraisal might yield information, could use this discretionary power to were concerned. On the other hand, which, if acted upon, could result in accomplish two ends. Since he has in- the supervisors questioned believed improved morale. Failure to take such creased responsibility, he should be that their employees ~ere least con- action could conceivably have broader more alert to evaluate the daily per- cerned with what was happening in consequences of a detrimental nature.6 formance of his personnel. Secondly, the organization. This vividly demon- If supervisors are alert to signs of he is able to reward workers who per- strates the failure of supervisors to satisfaction and dissatisfaction and form in superior fashion over a sus- recognize employees' concern with continuously strive to develop an en- tained period. matters which affect the organization vironment in which employees feel and serves to emphasize that a com- munication gap probably existed in free to express themselves, the orga- A Boost for Morale nization should be able to remain the organization at the time of the abreast of potentially problematical The supervisor should tell his survey. situations. Thus forewarned, they are subordinates how well they are per- in a position to take positive action to forming their assigned functions. Reasons for Change avert any major issues of contention. Most workers wan to know how they Supervisors are often instrumental Some problems relating to morale stand. If they are doing good work, in getting their subordinates to accept may not fall within the proper sphere they want to know that it is being changes in operations. Generally, of operation of the first­line super- noticed and appreciated. If their work change within an organization will visor and may be dealt with effectively is substandard, they should likewise have a better chance of acceptance if only by higher management or top- be notified so that they can take the employees are properly forewarned command personnel. There may be appropriate corrective measures. The and informed. Forewarning gives issues affecting morale which even the supervisor should be careful to limit them time to adjust and prepare for chief administrator of a law enforce- his criticism to the work itself. He the effects of the change. The super- ment agency may not be empowered should try not to let personalities dom- to handle in behalf of his employees. inate. He should bear in mind that (Continued on page 30)

November 1970 15 In the Field of Community Relations-

Have You Considered a Teenage Cadet Program?

Sheriff Weizenecker, left, end other officials Law enforcement officers in today's society must become more involved in problems of the community in which they serve. This involvement should not end with more effective methods of fighting crime and protecting citizens but must reach into all realms of our social structure and activities. By Law enforcement, of course, does RAYNOR WEIZENECKER not have the specific responsibility, Sheriff of Putnam County, the time, or the monetary resources Carmel, N.Y. to combat many of the social ills of most communities. But specifically designed programs can assist in areas of critical need. One of these areas in· volves the development and training of our young people. The Putnam County Sheriff's De· partment, with the cooperation of the Putnam County Board of Supervisors, has established a County Youth Aid Bureau. The primary responsibility of the bureau is to assist those young people who have had their first brush with the law. Contact is maintained with churches, schools, courts, and the families concerned to aid these boys and girls in becoming useful and productive citizens.

16 But why wait until a young man gets into trouble before assistance is offered? If possible, he should be con• tacted before he has a chance to run afoul of the law. "The manner in which the community and, The youth bureau, under the di• rection of our youth officer, Deputy more importantly, the cadets themselves have orman Johnsen, has initiated a pro• accepted this program demonstrates its value gram of lectures and classes concern• and potential. Should a cadet choose another ing law enforcement and the various pitfalls that can lead a young person field rather than law enforcement as a career, into trouble. With the aid of school he still retains the information and experience officials, these classes and lectures gained from this close conta.ct with a vital have been presented to over 9,000 of our school children in the past 2 years. branch of our system of government. " The discussions include such topics as drug abuse, traffic problems, and police public relations.

Early Development

One objective of the youth bureau wishes to a Cadet leader as the group prepares to depart for a visit to Washington, D.C . is to set up special programs that aid young people in maturing and under• standing the society in which we live. The fulfillment of a part of this en• deavor has been the establishment of the Putnam County Sheriff's Office Cadets (SOC). This program is under the direction of the youth bureau of• fi cer, and it is this program that I want to discuss briefly. Most communities have programs for young people such as sports ac• tivities, scout groups, and church and school projects. But as the youth be• comes older, the programs tend to decline. By the time a boy reaches 14 years of age, a void in supervised ac• tivity often begins that lasts 3 or 4 years. SOC is aimed specifically at youth in this age bracket who have an expressed interest in law enforcement or in the legal field.

Planned Activities

Putnam County consists of six sep• arate townships. Presently, three cadet posts have been established and plans are under way for posts in the other three communities. Two deputies are assigned to each post as advisors. The

17 "But why wait until a young man gets into trouble before assistance is offered?"

Operation of communications equipment is a duty which can be handled by properly trained cadets elect their own officers and do Cadets to relieve Deputies for enforcement responsibilities. their own planning and scheduling of events. Approximately 20 members are enrolled in each post. Regular business meetings are held twice a month. During these meetings, the cadets are given special classes on topics concerning law enforcement. Many aspects of governmental pro• cedures and processes are studied to give the boys a better understanding • 7 ••• of our system of government. Special group projects are discussed and ac• tivated for community improvement . ~ ...... and assistance. For example, during last Christmas season, the cadet posts sponsored a toy and clothing drive for an orphanage and for needy fam• ilies in the county. The project was an overwhelming success and gave the cadets a sense of community pride and responsibility. In another project, a rame is being conducted to raise funds to help pay for uniforms for all the members.

A Valuable Assist

Post advisors are responsible for planning educational programs for their respective posts. These programs consist of films and lectures presented by FBI Agents, members of the Tew York State Police, local police rep• resentatives, judges, and other gov• ernment officials. A field trip to Washington, D.C., last spring by 50 cadets was a great success. Emphasis of the trip was on law enforcement, and the visit was highlighted by tours of FBI Headquar• ters, the U.S. Justice Department, and the Washington Metropolitan Police Department.

"All of these programs give the cadet a true feeling of belonging to his community and of being an active, productive member of our society." •

18 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin However, SOC programs go much further than to explain and define the areas of police responsibility and duty. Each cadet is scheduled to work a regular shift at the sheriff's office. While on duty, he is required to oper• ate radio equipment and to answer telephone messages of a nonpriority nature. He must also perform non• classified filing, teletype distribution and filing, and other essential clerical assignments. During this period he is under the direct supervision of the deputies on duty. This type of training enables a

cadet to observe firsthand such duties The Ca dets learn to flIe communications during their tour of duty in the Sh eriff's Offi ce. as booking procedures, prisoner han• dling, and emergency situations. As member can take pride in the fact that from this close contact with a vital the cadet program grows, plans call he has in some way contributed to the branch of our system of government. for safety patrols during the summer safety and security of his family and In any event, our society will have months, guide duty during parades, friends. gained an informed, useful citizen. carnivals, and other community spe• The manner in which the communi• In conclusion, I would urge law cial events, and search units that will ty and, more importantly, the cadets enforcement agencies that are seeking be assigned to assist in looking for themselves have accepted this pro• means to improve relations with the missing or lost persons. gram demonstrates its value and young people of their communities, All of these programs give the cadet potential. Should a cadet choose an• particularly teenage boys, to seriously a true feeling of belonging to his com• other field rather than law enforce• consider a cadet program. It can be, munity and of being an active, pro• ment as a career, he still retains the as my associates and I have found, a ductive member of our society. Each information and experience gained rewarding experience. ijl

A Cadet class receives instructions on ac ci d ~n t investigation from Deputy Lawrence Miller.

November 1970 19 NATIONWIDE CRIMESCOPE

DANGEROUS DAGGER Recently, a policeman in an eastern unusual ornamental gas tank cover. as the gas tank cap. A hole ha~ been city stopped a man operating a motor• Further inspection revealed that it drilled into the cover for a white cycle for a minor traffic violation. The was the handle for a dagger 13 inches plastic hose which was used for an officer noticed the motorcycle had an long which had been adapted to serve air vent.

n "I 6"7''7'77''''1'' _ 7' /'/1/1/'/111/ · '1'81.....:..:./'/'['/'(11 I"91/If1I'T'I _ 'I'"10l'l'I'III' "1· ,1 1'1'1'1 _ (I ~21 I I

~ UL E R WISTCOTT _ * II

This fancy dagger was beIng used as a gas tank cover on a motorcycle.

COOPERATION AND 16 percent compared with fiscal year contained over 197 million sets of SERVICE FUNCTIONS 1969. fingerprints, representing some 85 The Identification Division proc• million persons. Of these, about 61 During fiscal year 1970, the FBI essed more than 285,000 items of evi• million were criminal prints repre• Identification Division received more dence for latent fingerprints during senting almost 19 million persons. than 7 million set of fingerprints for the fiscal year and handled almost 4 During the 12-month period, the processing, an average exceeding 29,000 every workday during the 12• million miscellaneous forms and in• FBI Laboratory conducted almost month period. Working in coopera• quiries dealing with fingerprint mat• 385,000 scientific examinations of tion with local law enforcement agen• ters. Experts of the FBI's Disaster evidence. Approximately 28 percent of cies all over the country, this Division Squad were dispatched to five major these were made for other Federal and conducted fingerprint searches re• disasters to assist in identifying 173 non-Federal law enforcement agen• sulting in the identification of more victims. At the end of the fiscal year, cies. These examinations were made at than 37,000 fugitives, an increase of the files of the Identification Division no cost to the contributors.

20 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin The story of the "loan" bank robber is typical in many ways of the lives of criminal repeaters. This man, after serving an extended sentence for bank robbery, apparently felt that his know-how and techniques would enable him to elude detection a second time. However, cer~ain features of his criminal strategy, when isolated by investigators, led to his identity and his capture by the FBI and officers of the Peoria, Ill., Police Department.

The "Loan" Bank Robber

cial and said in a low firm voice, "I "They won't just give me their have a gun and it is loaded. Don't money," the frightened bank official push any buttons and don't say any• explained. thing. 1 will shoot if you don't follow "They had better do it or else 1 will my instructions." kill you or somebody," the gunman Seeing the president's secretary calmly stated. approach the vice president's desk Taking the brown shopping bag, with the bank's morning reports, the the vice president walked toward the gunman said, "Don't speak to her and customers' side of the tellers' cages don't push any buttons. If you do, 1 with the gunman walking immedi· will kill you or someone." The secre• ately behind him. As the two men tary placed the reports on the desk walked across the bank lobby, the and without comment returned to her gunman stated, "Get the fifties, twen· On October 19, 1966, a man desk. She had apparently failed to ties, and tens. No mutilated or marked walked briskly through the double• notice the impending danger. bills and no $1 bills." glass doors of the American National The gunman then walked to the The bank officer handed the bag to Bank in St. Louis, Mo., strolled di• rear of the vice president's chair, one a recently employed teller, instruct• rectly to the desk of the loan depart• hand holding the gun concealed be• ing her to place all the money in ment vice president, and sat down. neath his jacket and the other hand her cash drawer into the bag. Seeing Before the vice president could holding a brown shopping bag. that the new employee was thoroughly greet his customer, the man exhibited "Now, I am going to give you this confused by the instructions, the offi• a partially hidden handgun which he bag; take it over to the tellers' win• cer again made the request. cradled in his lap. The gunman stared dows and have them fill it," the gun• "This is a holdup. 1 want all your directly into the face of the bank offi- man demanded. money: hundreds, fifties, and no

November 1970 21 ones," the gunman quickly de• ment answered a call from a man who into the sack. One by one, the bank manded. As the employee complied identified himself as "Mr. Johnson." official emptied all the drawers. The with the gunman's command, the rob• In a hurried and staccato voice, he bandit followed him, repeatedly ber turned to another teller and gave stated that he had just driven by a threatening his life. When all five cash the same command. foodstore in the city where an armed drawers were emptied, the gunman When the cash drawers were robbery was in progress. Area patrol took the sack, told the vice president emptied, the vice president collected units were immediately dispatched to to fall to the floor, and hurriedly the bag and was instructed by the the store. walked out the bank's front door. gunman to accompany him to the "Mr. Johnson" walked out of a Running between parked cars, the front door of the bank. At the front drugstore phone booth and a few min• robber entered a blue 1966 Pontiac door, the gunman took the bag and utes later stood before the loan de• and drove down a side street adjacent ordered the vice president to walk to partment entrance of the Sheridan to the bank. He circled through a the rear of the bank. The gunman Village State Bank. This well-dressed residential area toward a main thor• walked out the door and down the man stepped directly to the loan oughfare and then slipped quickly street. counter, drew a .30 caliber rifle from back to the opposite side of the park• The entire robbery had been com• under his long coat, and jammed the ing area of the shopping plaza where pleted in a matter of minutes. The rifle muzzle into the back of a startled the bank was located. He abandoned majority of bank employees were still customer at the counter. the "hot" car only a stone's throw oblivious as to what had just taken "This is a stickup," the gunman from the spot where it was stolen and place in their midst. The holdup had snarled. In a firm, unhurried voice, he from the victim bank. Then he seem• occurred without a hitch, and the ordered all the loan department em• ingly vanished. "loan" customer had escaped with ployees and the customer to move into $11,027. the adjacent main lobby of the bank. Successlui Getaway "Everybody on the floor," the gun· Evidence Located man demanded as he brandished the Police units previously dispatched automatic rifle around the room in a to the food tore discovered that no Some discarded clothing was found threatening manner. The bank em• robbery had taken place. When they in an alley, but witne ses outside the ployees and customer quickly began returned to their radio cars, they were bank could not furnish any pertinent dropping to the floor. Three young informed that the Sheridan Village information about the gunman or his boys standing at one of the five tellers' State Bank had just been robbed. mode of getaway. He had simply cage were so surprised and startled Rushing to the Sheridan Shopping vanished. by the rifle-wielding robber that they Plaza, they arrived too late to witness Approximately 3 months later at froze in their tracks and stared at the robbery but learned that the gun• 10:20 a.m. on January 16, 1967, a him. As a result, they were the only man made his getaway in a 1966 blue Peoria, IlL , service station supplies ones left standing. Without warning, Pontiac. On checking the plaza park• di tributor left hi automobile, a 1966 the gunman swung the rifle in their ing lot, the officers located the aban• blue Pontiac, unattended for several direction and fired one shot. The slug doned vehicle. Parking spaces within minutes in order to deliver supplies struck the tiled floor next to their feet the busy shopping plaza were at a pre• to a nearby cu tomer. Gone no more and ricochetted into the counter' mium, but the empty parking space than 10 minutes, he returned to find wood paneling, ending plinters in next to the abandoned car suggested hi car missing. His immediate reac• all directions. As the boys dived to the that perhaps an additional vehicle tion ,a one of unconcern, since he floor, one of them was truck by the may have been available for the gun• believed that someone was playing a flying splinters. man's getaway. Interviews with all joke on him. But an area search, con• pos ible witnesses within the parking centrated in a large hopping plaza The Crime area failed to e tablish either the gun• adjacent to the ervice station, proved man's mode of travel or his getaway negative in 10 ating hi automobile. The gunman walked over to where route. The vehicle, parked near the service the bank vice president was lying Customers and bank employees station driveway with the keys in the prone beside his desk, ordered him to gave varied descriptions of the gun• ignition, had been stolen. his feet, gave him a white pillowca e, man and hi weapon. A composite de• At approximately 2:15 p.m. that and commanded him to empty the con• scription of the gunman repre ented afternoon, the Peoria Police Depart• tent of each of the tellers' drawer him to be 5 feet 10 inches tall, 165 j

22 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin pounds, and between 40 and 45 years at St. Louis. They also knew that plastic card labeled "United States of age. Kane was already an FBI fugitive. Department of State-Special Fire• Thus, within 3 months, two banks in Through the interstate negotiation of arms Permit No. 16408," bearing a two adjoining States had been robbed fraudulent checks in September 1966, small photograph of Rodgers near the by a lone gunman. The rohber used es• Kane had purchased a car and ob• lower left corner. While professionally sentially the same modus operandi. tained approximately $2,600 in cash. printed, the identification card dis• He went to the loan counter, ordered As a result of these offenses, a Fed• closed two misspelled words on the a bank officer to take a sack or bag eral warrant had been issued on reverse side. More important, the and empty the tellers' cash drawers November 7, 1966, for his arrest. photograph on the card was that of into it while he walked behind the On February 17, 1967, a month Patrick Donald Kane. bank official. There was reason to sus• pect that the same gunman robbed both banks. " 'This is a stickup,' the gunman snarled. In a firm, un• hurried voice, he ordered all the loan department employ• The Alleged Suspect ees and the customer to move into the adjacent main lobby Since both banking institutions of the bank." were insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., the violations were within FBI jurisdiction. Because of the deliberate, calm manner in which after the Sheridan Village State Bank The pace of the investigation began he operated, the investigating FBI robbery, the manager of a trailer to accelerate. The Agents determined Agents reasoned that the gunman was court in Peoria was interviewed by that Patrick Donald Kane, alias experienced. Thus, mug shots of crim• Agents and furnished them an inter• Charles A. Rodgers, had been a fre• inals known to have robbed banks in esting story about a former tenant. quent visitor at a nearby tavern. In• the midwest area were colIected and On November 7, 1966, a man terviews with a number of tavern shown to persons who had witnessed identifying himself as Charles A. patrons and the owner disclosed that the two robberies. Rodgers answered the manager's he had become friendly with a num• Of the numerous customers and trailer rental advertisement in a local ber of patrons and was known to them employees within the two victim paper. Rodgers rented a furnished as Alex Karrick. banks, four people thought that a trailer and lived there for 2 months. Karrick had a gimmick for foster• 1960 photograph of one Patrick Don• He was last seen on January 7, 1967, ing friendship and becoming ac• ald Kane bore a slight resemblance to when he paid his monthly rent in ad• quainted. He frequently bought the gunman. However, they were un• vance. Rodgers' employment was un• rounds of drinks for the house. He able to make a positive identification. known to the manager. However, he had also displayed to the patrons an Kane was no novice at bank rob• did not appear to have any standard impressive set of credentials showing bery. In February 1951 he and two or regular working hours since his himself to be an investigator of the other gunmen had robbed the Monroe car could be found parked beside his U.S. Government. In addition, the .38 National Bank in Columbia, Ill., es• trailer any time during the day or caliber revolver he wore on his hip caping with $8,855. Kane was ar• night. was further proof of his importance. rested for this offense, tried, and He always arrived alone, but usually left the tavern with different female convicted. He was sentenced to 20 Surprising Discovery years in prison. Kane, a model pris• patrons. His friendly, quiet manner, oner, had learned the printer's trade When Rodgers failed to pay his generosity, and expensive wardrobe while in prison and was subsequently February rent, the manager and his impressed all who met him. paroled in 1961. Following his re• wife cleaned the trailer he had rented Karrick, however, had suddenly lease from prison, he wandered from and discovered a number of interest• left Peoria on or about January 14, job to job in several States. ing items. Included among these 1967, because of "urgent business in The Agents learned that Kane had items were a portable handpress, two Washington, D.C." This was 2 days been seen in Pacific, Mo., near St. galley trays, linotype slugs, lead, before the Sheridan Village State Louis on October 1, 1966, about 2 reams of paper, and different types of Bank in Peoria was robbed. An ac• weeks prior to the first bank robbery cards. Also found was a laminated quaintance told Agents that Karrick

, November 1970 23 had called him on January 27, 1967, one point he voluntarily threw to arrest, considered the possibility that claiming to be in El Paso, Tex. ; how• the Agents a billfold containing five Kane had an automobile parked at the ever, a neighbor of Rodgers remem• laminated plastic cards in the name of Springfield airport or in the general bered seeing him on that date stuck Robert A. Black. These cards repre• vicinity. Agents in Springfield located in a snowbank beside his trailer. sented him as an employee of differ• a vehicle believed to have been Kane's On the basis of photograph identi· ent Government agencies. The identi• near the airport. The automobile was fication (based on the picture found fi cation cards were identical in format placed under a 24-hour surveillance. in the trailer ) by Sheridan Village with the one found in the Peoria The Agents and local police did not State Bank employees, a warrant was trailer bearing the name, Rodgers, have to wait long. Just as soon as the issued on February 28, 1967, charg. and all the cards had the same two inmate, to whom Kane had confided, ing Patrick Donald Kane, also known misspelled words as appeared on the was released from the Peoria County as Charles A. Rogers, Alex Karrick, earlier card. jail on March 7, he took off for and "Mr. Johnson,"* with the armed Finally, Kane's right hand began to Springfield, Mo. Later that same day robbery of the Sheridan Village State shake under the strain of holding the he and an accomplice were arrested Bank. The search for Kane continued revolver to his temple, and he told the by local authorities while attempting to be concentrated in the Peoria area. Agents he was ready to surrender. to pry open the trunk of Kane's On March 6, 1967, the FBI learned They warned him not to move until automobile. that Kane was expected at a down• he let the hammer on the revolver town parking lot in Peoria at 2 p.m. down very slowly. He complied with A Temporary Halt Stationary and mobile surveillances the order and then pushed the re• were set up at the site, and at 2 :33 volver out the window. He admitted On the basis of a Federal search p.m. Agents saw Kane pull into the lot that he was Patrick Donald Kane. warrant, FBI Agents searched Kane's in a red automobile. Kane appeared in U.S. District automobile and $12,000 in cash was The Agents quickly blocked all es• Court in Peoria, Ill., and pleaded recovered. The automatic rifle used by cape routes and approached Kane's guilty to robbing the Sheridan Village Kane in the Sheridan Village State car. As soon as Kane noticed the State Bank and the American National Bank robbery was also recoyered. Agents and saw that he was trapped, Bank. He also admitted writing While being transported to St. he suddenly grabbed a .38 caliber re• fraudulent checks. On March 4, 1968, Louis by a Deputy U.S. Marshal and volver from the seat beside him and Patrick Donald Kane was sentenced a guard on November 14, 1968, Kane pressed it against his right temple. to serve 22 years in the Federal Peni• and another prisoner escaped. Kane "Don't come near me or I'll shoot tentiary at Leavenworth, Kans. immediately fell back into his career myself," he shouted through the win• A total of $23,390 was recovered of crime. He and the other escapee dow of his car. subsequent to Kane's arrest. were identified as the robbers of the For the next 3112 hours Kane sat After his arrest and incarceration, First State Bank at St. Charles, Mo., in a slouched position behind the Kane attempted to destroy valuable on November 20, 1968. steering wheel, holding the fully evidence linking him to the Sheridan FBI Agents and officers of the Long loaded and full y cocked revolver to Village State Bank robbery. Beach, Calif., Police Department ar• his right temple. During this time, On March 6, 1967, the day of his rested Kane and his accomplice at four Agents, a minister, and a police arrest, Kane determined that a fellow Long Beach on January 13, 1969. On officer each tried to talk Kane into inmate in the Peoria County jail was April 16, 1969, Kane and his cohort surren dering. due for discharge on the following were both found guilty of this bank morning. He informed this inmate of robbery, and on April 25, 1969, each Interrogation the location of his personal automo• was sentenced to 20 years in the cus• bile in Springfield, Mo., and that the tody of the Attorney General, with Kane relentlessly claimed that he trunk of this car contained $15,000. sentences to run consecutively to those was really Robert A. Black, and at Kane told the inmate that he could currently being served by the subjects have all of the money and the car if for other crimes. ·For accuracy and record purpoaca. many polico Thus, it would appear that the departments record incoming emergency calla . Thu., • - he would only get rid of the machine• 181)e recording was made by th e Peoria police of th e gun and revolver hidden in the trunk. criminal activities of Kane, the "loan" in coming call fr om "Mr. l ohmllon" reporting the food · slore robbery hoall:, It came as no great lurpriae to FBI Agents, finding a roundtrip air• bank robber, have come to at least a Agents nnd police when employee. of the Sheridan line ticket from pringfield to Peoria temporary halt. He is serving a total Village State Bank staled th e voice on the tape sounded identical to that of the bank. robber. in Kane's possession at the time of his confinement of 42 years.

24 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PATROL POWER (Continued from page 5) cent. We have experien{!ed a decrease in traffic accidents. It appears that the presence of police cars parked and cruising in so many areas of the city has had a definite effect on the driv• ing habits of our citizens. The Indianapolis Police Depart• ment is pleased with the results of the 24-hour-car system. However, we are not satisfied with any increase in crime. We therefore are involved in a continuing research program in an effort to establish new patrol proce• dures to complement the car system. The 24-hour-car concept is not the total answer to the crime problem. We did not think it would be, but it has proven to be the useful tool we en• visioned. Hopefully it is one of the devices that will help police officers stem the rising crime tide and allow law enforcement to move to the plus side of the satistical ledger. ijl Patrolmen drive their families to church in the department car assigned to them.

Periodic maintenance is performed at the municipal garage during the officer's off-duty time. POLICEMAN ground and dragging him before the know their powers to question, detain and arrest, but Federal law and the (Continued from page 8) court, caveman style. We are unaware of the sophisticated functions now im• laws of all the States on these ques• age of Horatius at the bridge in order posed upon him by the courts, the leg• tions are in great confusion." that he will not flinch before the lev• islatures, the technologies of scien• A policeman is a man in trouble eled gun or the knife, the strength of tific crime detection, the intricacies of with the lawless. This he expects, but Samson in order that the arrest might organized crime, and the public de• his trouble here, like crime in gen• be effectively made, and the gentle• mand that he be all things to all of us eral, is increasing. The mob increas• ness of St. Francis of Assisi so that in need. As the President's Commis• ingly attacks him with jeers, insults, when the struggle is won there shall sion on Crime in the District of Co• sticks, stones, and bottles. The individ• be no bruises, lacerations, or contu• lumbia reported in its study, " ... the ual criminal, sensing and sharing a sions, no violation of the civil rights intrinsic difficulties and dangers of growing disrespect for the law and the of the person arrested. He must hold police work warrant greater recogni• human symbol of it, increasingly re• back the armed mob bent upon the tion by the community." It is less the sists arrest with the force at his com• destruction of all that lies in its path policeman who is antiquated than our mand. In 1969, the most recent year and all that obstructs its demands, but own outdated concept of him and his for which figures are available, 86 somehow he must do it-the experts function in our society. officers of the law were killed in fe• never specify precisely how-without lonious criminal action, and 17 out the use of unnecessary force. He must From the Horse and B uggy Era of each 100 were physically assaulted. answer to trial by jury, trial by ad• Both figures are new highs. If you ministrative board, or trial by pub• A policeman is a man in trouble prefer more specific evidence, look at licity to all charges of police brutal• with the law. The law often is inade• some headlines from the big cities: ity, but seldom do we inquire how quate to his needs on the one hand, "300 in Maul Detectives"; many of those who fought the mob be• and uncommonly demanding of him "Crowd Jeers Policeman, Officer's Jaw ide him were treated for injuries after on the other. The criminal codes of Smashed"; "Students Attack Police the battle was ended. He must issue a many jurisdictions are both chaotic Car at "; "Crowd Beats ticket to the other traffic violator lest and archaic. They were tailored to Woman Trying to Help Police." we accuse him of dereliction of duty, meet the crime problem of the horse Those attacks, I might add, were and then listen with the patience of and buggy age-the occasional ama• not directed at"the policeman alone. Job while we accuse him of abuse of authority in issuing a ticket to us. He must be a man for all seasons of human mood and conduct. "This is a time when the law--the whole structure of Insufficient Wages it-needs to get mad enough to make horrible examples of those who by their actions would destroy it• ..• If A policeman is a man who often is the law can't guard itself, we're already halfway to anarchy." poorly paid for his many skills. As Director Hoover of the FBI has ob• served, the wages of many a police• man are those of an unskilled itiner• ant who never faces a gun or a knife, teurish murder, the theft of a cow, You and I were there. To attack a po• never battle an armed mob, never and the Saturday night fistfight-and liceman because he is a policeman is answers to un cheduled public emer• then amended like the patchwork on an attempt to de troy the rule of or• gencies, never makes a decision on the seat of a boy's pants in an earlier dered liberty itself-your liberty. As constitutional law which may go all and less affluent society. Archaic a new paper editor put it, "When po• the way to the highest court for re• criminal codes deprive the officer of lice are maliciously, even sadistically, view, and runs no risk of being hauled the power which he needs to combat attacked during the performance of before an administrative board to sophisticated crime in the urban so• their duty, society and every decent, answer for a breach of ethics or ciety, and leave him in legitimate con• honest person in it is attacked by etiquette. We per ist in paying the fusion on those powers which he does proxy. A bottle or a rock hurled out policeman as no more than a strong possess. As one eminent Federal judge of pite at an officer of the law i a right arm knocking an offender to the observed, "Police officers need to weapon hurled at the law itself, not

26 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin vestigation that 38 men and women had stared out their dark windows at some time or other during the attack, and had done nothing. In another instance, eight teen• agers attacked a 16.year.old girl and dragged her away, screaming and struggling. Six men stood nearby, and did nothing. A seventh tried to help, was beaten back, and then ran and found a policeman who rescued the girl. These are only samples of many such barbarities recorded in the news• papers. An editorial, recounting others, said it is happening every• where. The policeman, as I said, is a lonely man, and because he is lonely, many of the innocent must pay the just the man in uniform. If he is hurt, us, that the criminal offenses which price in blood, in terror, in suffering, the security of every single one of us he can detect by his own unaided and in loss of property. We appoint is damaged a little bit .... This is senses are few indeed, and that, if we the policeman our brother's keeper a time when the law-the whole struc• fail to act as his eyes and his ears, and then tell him to go it alone, and ture of it- needs to get mad enough the policeman's mind and hands are may the devil take the hindmost. to make horrible examples of those incapable of grappling effectively with who by their actions would destroy the problem of crime. A Sense of Failure it .... If the law can't guard itself, Some of us had rather see our we're already halfway to anarchy." brother murdered in the street than A policeman often sees himself as run to his assistance, rather a crime a failure. He has failed, his conscience Public Apathy go undetected than report our sus· tells him, when a boy on his beat, a picions to the police and run the risk boy whom he knew and might have A policeman is a man in trouble of being labeled a "stoolpigeon" by saved, commits some forbidden act with the law· abiding. He is a lonely those very elements who would de• and becomes a criminal in the eyes of man; we have deserted him. We have stroy all democratic law and order, the community. He knows that crime failed to provide him with the money rather a criminal go unconvicted than prevention is a part of his duty. He that he needs for men and equipment testify in court or take our turn at attests to that fact in the hundreds of to do the job. In the words of are· jury duty. The public prints record police boys clubs which he has or• cent Attorney General of the United the evidence of our delinquency. In the ganized and operated across the Na• States, the police are "financially de· predawn darkness of a middle·c1ass tion, and he is not insensitive to the hydrated," and "educationally de• community in a large city, a lone individual cases m which his efforts hydrated." Except for a police train• woman walked home from her legiti· have failed. ing program begun by the FBI at mate employment. A lunatic who had There is a sense of failure, too, Mr. Hoover's direction some 35 years never seen the woman before stabbed when he stands, as he so often does, ago, we largely have failed to estab• her and retreated, and then stabbed over the broken body of the innocent lish a system of police education to and retreated three times more. The victim of some murderer, robber, or teach the officer the constitutional law attack lasted more than half an hour sadistic sex maniac whom society long which the courts now demand that he as the woman staggered and screamed ago had ample opportunity to recog• know and follow to the letter. We di• and dragged herself along the street. vorce ourselves from all personal reo Jot until she was dead did a man, nize for his criminal propensities, and sponsibility for public safety. It is a who said he did not want to become on whom to impose some suitable re• specialty, we say; let the specialists "involved," persuade an old woman straint. Yet the policeman's failure handle it. We forget that the special· to call the police. The officers arrived here is in the larger sense only. It is ist numbers only 2 per 1,000 among in 2 minutes, and established by in• a failure which the policeman shares

November 1970 27 with every other element of his com• ing attacks by the lawless, and the ap• POLICE OFFICERS KILLED munity and his social order, with the parent unconcern of many of the AND ASSAULTED parents, the schools, the churches, the prime movers of society. They see the courts, and many others, for they too facts, and more and more of them are According to the 1969 FBI Uni• have a hand in shaping the environ• making the same decision that the form Crime Reports, there were 86 ment into which the child is born and critics of the police made long ago• law enforcement officers killed as the in which he grows to maturity. It is that they do not want the job for them• result of criminal action in 1969, a proof of the fact that, in this atomic• selves. The policeman you want today, number substantially above the an• powered, moonshooting age in which and cannot find, may be the one who nual average of 53 from 1960 to so many pride themselves on the tri• quit yesterday. 1968. This figure is a 34 percent in• crease over 1968. There was an in• crease of 7 percent in the rate of as• saults on police in 1969 over 1968. Nationally there were 16.9 assaults for every 100 officers in 1969, up from 15.8 the year before. From 1960 through 1969, 561 law enforcement officers have been killed in the line of duty. Of the 741 known offenders involved in these police murders, 75 percent had been previ• ously arrested on some criminal charge, and 63 percent had been pre• viously convicted. Of those offenders with a prior arrest, 54 percent had been previously charged with a vio• lent crime, and 19 offenders had earlier convictions on charges of murder. One-fourth of these criminals were on parole or probation when they killed a police officer. umphs of the intellect, it is the police• In making an introduction, we man, not the scientist, who must grap• deliberately stress the finer qualities ple with the most baffling problem of of the one introduced. I make no them all-man's inhumanity to man. apology for having done so here. You USE OF FIREARMS Because the policeman so often sees already have been made aware that himself as a man in trouble, a man this man has his faults-the same According to recent statistics, the neglected, a failure, he indulges in a faults, and to the same degree, as all use of firearms in murder has risen very human reaction to his problem. the rest of us-the butcher, the baker, 80 percent since 1964. Firearms He is quitting the job. It is reported and the candlestick maker. Hi en• were used to commit 9,400 murders in recent years that a substantial ma• emies have seen to that, in full meas• last year. jority of the large police departments ure and more. You unwittingly serve The past 5 years have seen a in the country are chronically under• their purpose, and not your own, if marked rise in the use of firearms in manned, unable to recruit the officers you fail to see the other side. Those aggravated assault, with a percentage necessary to perform this vital func• who would destroy this man are not increase of 143. In 1969, firearms tion in our society. More and more of your friends; they do not intend to were used in 73,000 aggravated as• the young men who would become stop at his destruction alone. This saults, which is 24 percent of the fine policemen are taking a second man is your friend, and with your un• total number of this violation. look at the pay and working condi• derstanding and your help he will Armed robbery has risen 147 per• tions offered. They see the odd hQurs willingly and more abundantly dem• cent since 1964, and firearms were and dangerous conditions, the increas- onstrate that fact. used in 115,000 robberies in 1969-

28 FBI Law Enforcement Bull etin DRUG ABUSE bers break the marihuana law or any FACTORS INVOLVED IN (Continued from page 12) other law. Once we have established TRAFFIC DEATHS this basis of understanding, many of after a short period of time. They fail the problems connected with the op• because of the lack of community re• Drinking of alcoholic beverages is eration of half-way houses or "rap" sponse and confidence and the lack of a factor in at least half of the fatal centers will disappear. responsibility on the part of the in• motor vehicle accidents, according to dividuals in charge. The successful establishment and special studies available to the Na• On the other hand, we have found operation of drug abuse councils is tional Safety Council. Further, the that, when a "rap" center or half-way not a foregone conclusion. Many Council states that one-third of the house has been formed and endorsed problems arise, and at times, I won• fatal accidents in 1969 involved ve• by a drug abuse council and certain der if there are not easier methods. hicles which were being driven too controls are employed by the council, However, we feel our programs have fast or too fast for existing condi• by a board of directors, or by respon• a threefold purpose: (I) we are in• tions. Driving too fast is also a factor sible officials in the community, these forming and alerting the public about in injury and property damage acci• places have been successful. drugs and drug abuse, (2) we are dents. The Council stated that it is a Necessary rules and regulations for helping to control drug abuse both principal factor in such accidents these types of centers should be es• by education and by treatment, and which occur in rural areas, and tablished and enforced. There should (3) we give the people an opportunity it ranks high as a factor in those ac· be no exceptions. For instance, some to participate in solving a major cidents which occur in urban areas. centers have agreed that drugs, with community problem. The Council advised that informa• the exception of marihuana, should In summary, we believe that our tion available on safety belts indicates not be used by members of the staff. program is constructive and that other that if all passenger car occupants Regardless of whether the use of mari• States and communities which have used belts at all times, 8,000 to 10,• huana is right or wrong, whether we not taken action to combat the drug 000 lives would be saved annually. It feel the law regarding the use of mari• problem could establish and operate is estimated that safety helts saved huana is right or wrong, the fact is programs similar to ours. And finally, about 2,700 to 3,300 lives in 1969. that it is against the law to possess, we believe community drug abuse trade, sell, or barter marihuana. We councils in Maine have been of great do not feel such centers can be help• assistance to law enforcement agencies ful and produce results if staff mem• and officials. ij1 TRAFFIC DEATHS

There were 56,400 traffic deaths in the United States in 1969, a 2·percent increase over 1968, according to the National Safety Council. The Council reported that during the 1960's, traffic deaths rose 100,000 above the total for the 1950's, from 375,000 to 475,000. Accident costs nearly doubled in the sixties because of more accidents and higher costs per accident. Motor ve• hicle mileage increased 50 percent in the sixties and the mileage death rate declined by 16 percent. The death rate per 100 million vehicle miles was 7.59 in 1950 and dropped to 5.3 in 1969. Registered motor vehicles more than doubled over the two decades to 107 million in 1969 from Counseling and literature on drug abuse are provided at information centers. 49 million in 1950.

November 1970 29 MORALE cognizant of the fact that he is indeed to improve morale by habitually prac- dependent on his subordinates to get ticing the following recommendations: (Continued from page IS) the job accomplished. He should use 1. Let each worker know how he is his authority judiciously. Con- visor should never err by assuming getting along. sequently, he should not throw his that his subordinates know and under- 2. Inform employees in advance weight around or treat his subordi- stand the reasons for the change. about changes that will affect nates with disrespec t. "Tongue lash- Whenever feasible, he should explain them. ings do more to distract workers from the reasons for the change as fully as 3. Utilize each employee's ability in successful performance of their duties possible. the best possible way. than almost any other factor." 7 Such A supervisor must be mindful of a 4. Make assignments and enforce action, therefore, is hardly conducive few other factors which can contribute rules fairly. to creating the cooperative atmos- to the development of high morale. 5. Use authority judiciously.s ~ He should deal with all of his subordi· phere that the supervisor seeks to nates fairly and impartially. Though build and maintain. FOOTNOTES it is human nature to like some people 1 Webster's New World Dictionary of the American more than others, he should take every Conclusion Language. Cleveland: The World Publishing Co.• 1962. p.956. precaution to avoid playing favorites 2 Lateiner, Alfred, Modern Techn iques of Super. Morale I S something that can and strive to insure that work assign- vision. New York: La leiner Publishing Co., 1965, p. 4. neither be demanded from employees, 3 Chrudan, Herbert J.t and Sherman, Arthur W.o Ir. , ments are distributed eq uitably. dictated by management, nor built Personnel Management. Cincinnati, Ohio: South· Workers quite naturally will accept Western Publishing Co .• 1959. p. 296. overnight. It is a gradually develop- • Ibid .• p. 297. di fficult or even unpleasant tasks if ing thing, resulting from sound polio • Ibid .• pp. 297­ 299. • Ibid .• p. 301. they know that they will be assigned cies and procedures, supervisory 1'Laleiner, Alfred, Modern Techniques of Super• them only in a regular ro tation. practices, and other influencing vision. New York: Lateiner Publishing Co., 1965. p.52. The supervisor should always be factors. The supervisor may be able • Ibid .• pp. 41­57.

INVESTIGATORS' AIDS -----

RECOVERIES of more than 30,500 stolen automo- dans, pony cars, and small cars. All biles in FBI cases. cars were tested in front·end crashes Fines, avings, and recoveries in at 5, 10, and 15 miles per hour. FBI investigations during fiscal year In the 5.mile­per­hour front­end ~ 1970 reached a record figure totaling crashes, the average repair estimate almost ·Ul million, a sum represent- for the sedans was 215.64, for the ing a return of approximately $1.60 1970 AUTO CRASH pony cars 182.42, and for the small for every dollar appropriated for FBI TEST RESULTS cars $152.89. The average repair es· operations. Convictions in FBI cases timate for lO.mile·per.hour front.end reached a new, all­time high of well An independent highway safety re- crashes more than doubled these fig- over 13,000, resulting in actual, sus- search organization recently released ures for each of the three size cate- pended, and probationary sentences the results of its low·speed crash tests gories. In the 15­mile­per­hour front- totaling over 17,000 years. For the on 1970 model cars. Tests were con- end crashes, the average estimate for 15th consecutive year all prior rec- ducted on four models of cars in each repairs was 728.83 for the sedans, ords were surpassed with the recovery of three size categories: popular se- $819.16 for the pony cars, and

30 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin $558.22 for the small cars. number of fatalities, 74, during the deaths occurred on Saturdays. Au- An official of the organization mak- year. California's death rate was 4.5, gust led the months with a total of ing the tests commented that the re- whereas Alaska's was 6.4. 5,660 traffic deaths. sults point out the cosmetic nature of New Mexico's death rate of 8 was Total traffic deaths per month, how- automobile exteriors which, he stated, the highest in the country. Idaho, ever, do not coincide with monthly are designed for eye appeal to the Montana, and Wyoming followed death rate figures. Based on deaths consumer in the showroom but are closely with 7.6 each. Connecticut per 100 million vehicle miles, August, not built to withstand low·speed claimed the lowest death rate with 2.6, with 5.7, is safer than either October bumps and scrapes so common in and Rhode Island was second with 3. or November, with 5.8 and 6, driving and parking today. In addi- A total of 19 States recorded fewer respectively. tion to determining the degree of fatalities in 1969 than in 1%8. The fragility and cost of repairs, he said, most significant drop was registered the low·speed crash tests also revealed in Louisiana which had a reduction that many of the 1970 cars tested of 121; Arkansas was second with a contained definite safety defects. reduction of 103. CAREERS IN CRIME The 1970 tests are an expansion of The FBI Uniform Crime Reports a series begun in 1969 and reported for 1969 shows that 240,322 Federal in the Bulletin in January 1970, page offenders over the 10­year period, 22, and April 1970, page 15. 1960­69, as a group averaged almost AUTO TH EFT RISE four arrests during this time; 36 per- cent had two or more convictions; and Auto thefts in 1969 totaled 871,900, 46 percent received a prison term of CRIMES SOLVED a 12 percent increase over 1968, with 1 year or more. an average value of $992 for each au- A study of 18,567 offenders re- Nationwide, law enforcement agen- tomobile stolen. Statistics show a total leased to the community in 1963 dis- cies solved 20 percent of the serious dollar loss of approximately $865 mil- closed that 65 percent had been re- crimes which came to their attention lion; however, this loss was reduced arrested by the end of calendar year • during 1969. Police solved 86 percent to about $140 million through recov- 1969. Of the offenders who were under of the murder offenses, 56 percent of ery of the stolen vehicles. 20 when released in 1963, 74 percent the reported forcible rapes, 65 per- were rearrested during the 6­year cent of the aggravated assaults, 27 period. percent of the robberies, 19 percent Profiles of the repeaters reveal that of the burglaries, and 18 percent of 72 percent of the auto thieves, 66 per- the larcenies and auto thefts. THE SAFEST; THE MOST cent of the burglars, and 58 percent The police solution rate decreased 4 of the robbers had been arrested in percent in 1969 when compared with DANGEROUS two or more States during criminal 1968, and the rate has decreased 34 careers ranging from 7 to 9 years. percent since 1960. For motorists concerned with traf- fic fatalities, a Tuesday in February is considered the safest day of the year to take to the streets and high- ways in your car, according to the TRAFFIC DEATH RATES MOTOR VEHICLE DEATHS National Safety Council. Of the 56,- HIGHER AT NIGHT BY STATES 400 traffic deaths in 1969, only 10 percent or an average of 108 deaths Motor vehicle deaths at night total According to the National Safety per day occurred on Tuesdays. Feb- only a few thousand more than deaths Council, California, with 5,080, again ruary recorded the least number of during the day, the National Safety led the States in total traffic deaths in deaths, 3,580. Council reports. But the death rate at 1969. However, California's death On the other hand, Saturdays In night, per 100 million vehicle miles, rate, the number of deaths per 100 August are good days to stay away is exceedingly higher­9.3 at night million vehicle miles, was much lower from motor vehicles. In 1969, 22 per- as compared with 3.8 during daylight than Alaska's, the State with the least cent, an average of 239, of the traffic hours.

November 1970 31 POLICE TRAINING

FBI training assistance to local law WANTED BY THE FBI enforcement agencies reached a new peak during fiscal year 1970. FBI in- structors afforded this type of assist- ance in 8,568 law enforcement train- ing schools attended by 260,214 offi- cers. Such topics as mob and riot con- trol, police management, and human and police­community relations re- ceived particular attention. A series of specialized conferences dealing strictly with extremist groups and violence was organized and con- ducted by the FBI in the latter part of 1969. A total of 271 conferences were held on a nationwide basis, at- tended by 23,651 people representing 6,341 law enforcement and prosecu- LYNN LEROY ANDERSON, also known as: Linn Leroy Anderson tive agencies. (true namel, " Andy." During the 12­month period, 199 officers graduated from the FBI Na- Interstate Flight-Murder tional Academy. Hopefully, the con- Lynn Leroy Anderson is being Race ______White. struction of the Academy's new fa- sought by the FBI for unlawful inter- Nationality __ American. cility at Quantico, Va., will be com- Scars and pleted in the fall of 1972. At that time, state fl ight to avoid prosecution for marks _____ Large mole on right side ~ murder. On September 9, 1966, in of chin; tattoo : "LLA" it will be possible for the Academy to Chicago, Ill., the body of Anderson's on left arm. expand its operations so that 2,000 of- wife was found in his apartment. Occupations _ Bartender, electrician, lao ficers each year can receive the regu- Anderson allegedly murdered his wife borer, railroad fireman, lar National Academy training. An ad- brakeman, switchman, ditional 1,000 officers will be able to 2 days earlier by shooting her three ranch hand, and sales- times with a 16 gauge shotgun. man. participate in specialized schools dur- A Federal warrant for Anderson's FBI No______804, 938, F. ing the same period. The new facility arrest was issued on November 1, Fingerprint also will provide for the training of all 1966, at Chicago. classifi· FBI Special Agents. tion __..___ 19 L 1 R 110 11 S 1 A II Caution

Since Anderson is being sought in Notify the FBI ROBBERY AND BURGLARY connection with a murder in which a LOSS shotgun was used, he should be con- Any person having information sidered dangerous. which might assist in locating this Nearly 297,600 robberies occurred fugitive is requested to notify imme- in the United States in 1969, with an Description diately the Director of the Federal average loss of $288 per robbery, ac- cording to FBI Uniform Crime Re- Age ______52, born June 28, 1918, Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Depart- Aliquippa, Pa. ment of Justice, Washington, D.C. ports. Total dollar loss approximated Height ______6 feet 1 inch. 20535, or the Special Agent in Charge $86 million. Weight ______230 pounds. of the nearest FBI field office, the There were 1,949,800 burglaries in Build ______Heavy. telephone number of which appears 1969, with an average loss per bur- Hair ______Dark brown, graying. Eyes ______Blue. on the first page of most local glary of $318. Total dollar loss was Complexion __ Dark, ruddy. directories. in excess of 620 million.

32 FBI Law En forcement Bulletin U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :1970 0-404- 841 FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS ONLY (Not an order form)

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------Kelley Wins VFW's Hoover Award

Past Commander-in-Chief Ray Gallagher is shown presenting the 1970 ....",.W J. Edgar Hoover Gold Medal Award and Citation to Chief of Police Clarenco M. Kelley, lef'.1, Kansas City, Mo. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FEDERAL. BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION WASHINGTON. D .C. 20535 OFFICIAL BUSINESS POSTAGE AND FEES PAID RETURN AFTER 5 DAYS FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATI ON

QUESTIONABLE PATTERN

The questionable pattern presented this month contains a small circle at its center. It is obvious that the white space at the center of this circle is much too large to be considered a pore opening. For this reason, the impression is given the preferred classiflcation of a whorl with a meeting tracing. Heavy inking may give the formation the appearance of a dot, and accordingly the pattern is referenced to a tented arch.