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Sector Environmental Analysis and Manlagement Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp T'WAD Board. Tamil Nadu Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TWAD House, Chepauk, KaarjSaa, hnni- 600 005 El1 42 0 Public Disclosure Authorized

Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework

Public Disclosure Authorized Final Report May, 2005 Public Disclosure Authorized !.t ~ DllMotMcDnl

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Daidapety Chennatr 60e05I ndiaoo Public Disclosure Authorized Tel: 91-044-24311427 -32

D:\SEA_Final_Report\SEAMiF-FR.doc Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald Final Report TWAD Board

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

List of Annexes

Executive Summary

Table of Contents

I Introduction 1-1 1.1 Tamil Nadu Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (TNRWSSP) 1-1

1.2 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework (SEA&MF) 1-1 1.3 Purpose of Study 1-1 1.4 Scope of the study 1-2

1.5 Methodology 1-2 1.5.1 Data Collection and Review 1-2 1.5.2 Preliminary Site Visits 1-4 1.5.3 Public Consultations 1-4 1.5.4 Criteria for selection of sample Panchayats 1-4 1.6 Procedure followed for Public Consultations 1-6 1.7 Schedule of Public Consultations 1-7 1.8 Organisation of the Report 1-7

2 Rural Water Policy and Environmental Framework 2-1

2.1 Chronology of development 2-1 2.1.1 The Mission approach 2-2 2.1.2 Tenth Five Year Plan - Water supply and Sanitation policy 2-2 2.1.3 Rural Sanitation: 2-4 2.2 Environmental aspects in the National Water Policy (2002) 2-5 2.2.1 Environmental Requirements of Government of India on RWSS Projects 2-6 2.3 State Water Policy 2-7 2.3.1 Review of State Water Policy 2-8 2.4 Tamil Nadu State Acts related to Water sector 2-9 2.4.1 The Tamil Nadu Groundwater (Development & M/anagemeni) Act, 2003 2-9 2.4.2 Chennai Metropolitan Area Groundwater (Regulation) Act No.27 of 1987 2-9 2.4.3 Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Act 2-9

D:\SEA_Final_Report\SEAMF-FR.doc ToC-i Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald Final Peport TWAD Board 2.4.4 Tamil Nadu Panchayat Act No.35 of 1958, as amended 2-9 2.4.5 Tamil Nadu Rivers Conservation Act No.6 1884 as amended in 1969 2-9 2.4.6 Water Utilisation Committee 2-10 2.4.7 Regulations and procedures 2-10 2.5 Status of TNRWSS Project from Environmental Considerations 2-11

3 Tam il Nadu Water and Sanitation Sector Institutions 3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.1.1 Water Resources Organisation (WRO) 3-1 3.1.2 Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD) 3-2 3.1.3 Rural Development Department 3-3 3.1.4 Agriculture Engineering Department 3-5 3.1.5 Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board 3-5 3.2 Water quality monitoring 3-5 3.3 Analysis of Institutional Aspects 3-7

4 The proposed TNRWSS Project 4-1 4.1 Sector Plan objectives 4-1 4.2 TNRWSS program components 4-1 4.2.1 Program Institutional Arrangements 4-2 4.2.2 Institutional arrangements and Linkages 4-2 4.2.3 Environmental Management Arrangements 4-6 4.2.4 Sector monitoring and evaluation framework 4-7 4.2.5 Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation 4-7 4.3 Analysis of Water and Sanitation Technology Options proposed under the project 4-8 4.3.1 Water supply 4-8

5 Baseline Environmental Status 5-1 5.1.1 Location 5-1 5.1.2 Physiography 5-1 5.1.3 Climate and rainfall 5-1 5.1.4 Geology 5-4 5.1.5 Geomorphology (Land forms) 5-6 5.1.6 Hydrogeology 5-6 5.1.7 Soils 5-8 5.1.8 Land use / Land cover 5-8 5.2.1 Water resources of Tamil Nadu 5-11 5.2.2 Groundwater resources potential 5-17 5.2.3 Ground water level 5-18 5.2.4 Time Series Analysis 5-21 5.2.5 Groundwater Quality 5-25 5.2.6 Groundwater Contamination due to Industrial Pollution 5-32 5.2.7 Ground water recharge 5-33 5.2.8 Need for groundwater recharge: 5-33 5.2.9 Impact of recharge structures on ground water 5-34 5.2.10 Water Quality Monitoring 5-36 5.3.1 Population 5-37

D:\SEA Final Report\SEAMF-FR.doc ToC-ii Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald Final Peport TWAD Board 5.3.2 Literacy 5-38 5.3.3 Rural water supply coverage 5-38 5.3.4 Status of Rural Sanitation in Tamil Nadu 5-43 5.3.5 Health Indicators 5-45 5.3.6 Status of Human Development in Tamil Nadu 5-45 5.3,7 Summary review of baseline status 5-46 5.3.8 Issues arising from Public Consultations 5-49 5.3.9 Identification of Hotspots and Strategy for Mitigation 5-50

6 Environmental Risks and Impacts 6-1 6.1.1 Planning / Preparatory Phase 6-1 6.1.2 Construction Phase 6-1 6.1.3 Operation Phase 6-1 6.1.4 Pre-Construction Phase Impacts 6-2 6.3.1 Positive impacts 6-3 6.3.2 Potential negative impacts and Risks 6-4

7 Environmental Management Framework 7-1 7.2,1 Water quantity issues 7-1 7.2.2 Water quality issues 7-2 7.2.3 Water and sanitation related health issues 7-4 7.3.1 Individual schemes 7-4 7.3.2 Combined schemes 7-5 7.3.3 Institutional set up 7-5 7.3.4 Appraisal and evaluation procedure 7-10 7.3.5 Environmental Monitoring and Supervision arrangement during implementation 7-12

D:\SEA Final_Report\SEANIF-FR.doc TOC-iii Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald Final Report TWAD Board

List of Tables

Table. 5.1 :Land forms, Hydrogeology and Groundwater Potential of Tamil Nadu 5-6

Table. 5.2: Tamil Nadu Land Use Particulars in hectares (Except Cauvery Basin) 5-10

Table. 5.3: Area, rainfall and GW potential of river basins of Tamil Nadu 5-11

Table. 5.4: Basinwise Water Resources Potential, Demand And Balance - Tamil Nadu (MCu.m) 5-13

Table. 5.5: Data on the surplus flow to sea in river basins of Tamil Nadu (except Cauvery basin) 5-14

Table. 5.6: Rural Water Supply - District wise distribution of the type of sources 5-15

Table. 5.7: Ground water status of Tamil Nadu as on January 1998 5-17

Table. 5.8: Categorisation of blocks as on January 1998 and January 2003 5-17

Table. 5.9: Time Series Analysis - Groundwater Recharge & Groundwater Development 5-22

Table. 5.10: Water quality data - Hand pump sources in Tamil Nadu (2001-02) 5-27

Table. 5.1 1: Percentage non-potability for individual parameters for Power Pump sources 5-28

Table. 5.12: Industrial Pollution in Tamil Nadu 5-33

Table. 5.13: District wise recommended groundwater recharge structures 5-34

Table 5.1 3a: Districtwise recharge structures constructed by TWAD 5-35

Table. 5.14: District wise Rural Male- Female population in Tamil Nadu 5-38

Table 5.15: Water Supply Coverage in Habitations 5-41

Table 5.16: Habitations benefited under rural water supply 5-41

Table 5.18: Cases and Deaths due to ADD / Cholera from 1999 to 2003 in Tamil Nadu 5-45

Table.5.19: Hotspots for fluoride in Tamil Nadu 5-50

Table. 5.20: Hotspots for Water Quantity 5-51

Table. 5.21: Summary of Hotspots with respect to water quality and GWD 5-52

Table 7.1: Environmental Management Framework 7-6

Table 7.2a: Environmental Data Sheet for Individual Power Pump Schemes 7-8

Table 7.2 b: Environmental Data Sheet For Multi-Village Water Supply Schemes 7-9

Table 7.3: Environmental Assessment and Management Framework 7-11

Table. 7.4: Recommended Monitoring Plan 7-12

D:\SEA_Final Report\SEAMF-FR.doc Tab -i Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott Macbonald Final Report TWAb) Board

List of Figures

Fig No Title Page No 1.1 Approach Methodology 1-3 1.2 TN-Selected Blocks 1-5 3.1 Organisation Chart-TWAD Board 3-4 4.1 TNRWSSP Programme Organisational Framework 4-3 4.2 State Program Management Unit 4-4 4.3 District Program Management Unit 4-5 5.1 Location Map 5-2 5.2 Tamil Nadu Block Map 5-3 5.3 Variation in Rainfall in Tamil Nadu 5-4 5.4 Districtwise Rainfall 5-5 5.5 Geology of Tamil Nadu 5-7 5.6 Soil Map 5-9 5.7 River Basins 5-12 5.8 Distribution of rural water supply source in TN 5-16 5.9 Categorisation of Blocks 5-18 5.10 Ground water Classification of TN 5-19 5.11 Normal Rainfall and trend in Groundwater level - TN 5-20 5.12 Groundwater level trend analysis for selected blocks 5-23 5.13 Number of habitations affected by Single parameter - 2003 5-26 5.14 Habitations affected by Multiple Parameters 5-26 5.15 Status of Ground Water -TDS 5-29 5.16 Status of Ground Water - Fluoride 5-30 5.17 Status of Ground Water - Nitrate 5-31 5.18 Fluoride Affected Habitations in TN 5-32 5.19 Sources affected by Critical parameters 5-32 5.20 Tamil Nadu Population Density and Urban Vs Rural Distribution 5-39 5.21 Rural Water Supply coverage status - TN 5-40 5.22 Toilets constructed in Rural areas of Tamil Nadu 5-43 r 5.23 Year wise construction of Individual Toilets in TN 5-44

D:SAFnlRpotSA FF.o Fig -i Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald Final Report TWAD Board

List of Annexes

Annex No. Title

1.1 Terms of Reference

1.2 Notice for Public Consultations

1.3 List of Participants in the stakeholders meeting

1.4 Proceedings of Public Consultations

2.1 Tamil Nadu Groundwater Act

3.1 Powers and functions of WRCRC

4.1 Constitution, role and responsibilities of TNRWSM, DRWSM, HWSC, SOs and SAs

5.1 GWREC methodology for quantitative assessment of groundwater

5.2 Groundwater categorisation of blocks

5.3 District wise water levels - Bore well and open wells

5.4 Hydrographs for Selected districts

5.5 Status of Total Sanitation Campaign

5.6 Health indicators

5.7 Status of human development in Tamil Nadu

7.1 Contents of Village Master Plan

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: Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP TWAD Board

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TAMIL NADU RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT - SWAp

(WORLD BANK ASSISTED)

SECTOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWCORK

Background

1. The Govt of Tamil Nadu (GoTN), in its development agenda for the Tenth Plan (FY 2002-2007), has accorded a high priority for provision of rural water supply and sanitation (RWSS) facilities in the state. The GoTN intends to scale up the demand responsive approach state wide for the RWSS sector. In keeping with the priority, the GoTN has maintained a high level of investment in the sector.

2. The identified goals for the Tenth Five Year Plan of the state envisage 'water se&urity' including drinking water health and ecological security. The target for water has been set as "full coverage of all the rural habitations in the state with a minimum of 40 lpcd supply and 55 Ipcd wherever possible' as well as 'full and independent coverage of habitations where socially marginalized groups live". For sanitation facilities, the target is in terms of "coverage of the rural population with individual or cluster toilets" with a goal to achieve 50 percent coverage by the endJ of the Plan period.

Proposed TNRWSS Project

3. The GoTN is seeking World Bank assistance in implementing its 5 year medium term RWSS

programme in the state and intends to take forward its 1 0 th Plan Vision which has been formulated with the following objectives.

* Adoption of demand driven approach, user participation and cost recovery . Redefining the role of government I governmental agencies from 'provider 'to 'facilitator'. . Rainwater harvesting, establishment of ground water recharge structures for source sustainability . Coverage of rural population and institutions with sanitation facilities and safe disposal of domestic liquid and solid waste . Capacity building and community empowerment in planning, implementing and managing the water and sanitation facilities with due cost sharing 4. The three main components identified for inclusion in the proposed TNRWSS Project are;

Community development and RWSS infrastructure building

* Community and Village Panchayat Capacity Building . Women's Development Programme * Construction / upgradation of drinking water supply, drainage and sanitation schemes, including water quality monitoring program and * Targeted SC/ST development plan. Institution building

* Sector management, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systiems . IEC campaigns . Capacity building of program staff and support agencies . Technical assistance for reorganisation of TWAD

_ Future sector planning

. Developing long term policies and strategic plans Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP TWAD Board

Fig. 1 TNRWSS Program Organizational Framework - Environmental responsibilities r-nlironinviii l Other Resonsibilities Resonsibilities

State GoTN formilati funding I MA&WS Environmnntal *Policy- safieguard I I - I I ______I TNRWSM TNRWSM. Mappinsppn of Eiv I Strategic planning Stressed areas for I Capacity building Executive Council drinking water I Channeling funds . State.... P *Facilitation and I Liaison with | State _Program _ _ Nl\l.1nli.rig.} I GoTN,GOI and Bank RE ------ManagementUr------it 1------Consultancy Support Ii ._._._._z_.~~ ------. . _. . . . _ . DRW : rics t .L.*Env.Evaluation &fi I . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Approvalfor M.ultli DRW SMt\ l l cieils Executive Council I C'WSS _* .alpprinf2__ . o.f j * Scheme approvals =S,As . District Progra : - stressed areas * Channeling fuinds

_ Man amzement UX t *.Env. Monitoring | Financial mianagement i - I - of Performanice Consultant contract mgmt ...... ' . l Indicators I O&M Support SJi1L.lU ! ervice charges _ t {1 0iWO11SuM ila I * I ~~~~~~~~~~~~ .~~~~~IWQf& Suiveillance

irwr11 cm i'!IiQ'l ' integri-ted engqineerig | apprais alcd omniunity Constructionfunds deLelop supportuent i

SOsf r M # CWSS share ______

* Co-ordination |ith Community Mobilization I t~~~~~~~I)k\\Y\E fo-r *Planning V4 i | |Congtribution from |! I I i | *stressed areas for | Counterpart funding v ~~~~~~~~~~~~~*Env.Approvalfo XHouse Ta.Itdvda Contract approval I idIIividuseal Tx 1 |* Construction Funds management 0O&MN * WQM & Surveillance

Flow of Funds .LiVunicip tlt A dis(l atiosfai Suplfj)p?V , I. - En)."E neei TNRV'WSINM tarihaf Rural W i ;:U.,tr & saitation *."'. | E ngineeringSupport IM '1 'rvW.I...... '.ip er,S,-i ' *0-is Community Development Support SO q'tO .u.;j sA, .,<|X,ll/^ .4Igency lo. Integrated Administrative support

-t *'. * 7ilu, !1.,I.',16, ,S8Juppile & Sallitation (Talunittee Environmental responsi ilities Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP TWAD Board

'The study of the socio-economic and environmental impact of a project should be an essential component of project planning. The adverse impact, if any, on the environment should be minimised and should be off-set by adequate compensatory measures.' . Top priority be accorded to drinking water 12. All developmental projects in the country are subject to the regulatory provisions of the following Acts of the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF), GOI which provide for necessary environmental safeguards. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 as amended in 1991. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 as amended in 1988. t Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 t The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 t The EIA Notification of 1994 The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 1991 13. As per the MoEF's Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification of 1994 under the Environmental (Protection) Act of 1986, environmental clearance from the Central Government is mandatory for expansion or modernisation of any activity, if pollution load is to exceed the existing one and also for new projects listed in Schedule -1 of the Notification. By anothier Notification dated April 10, 1997 the MOEF, GOI have made 'Public Hearing' mandatory for environmental clearance of projects and has laid down the procedure for the same.

14. Further, all developmental projects to be located in notified ecologically sensitive / fragile areas need to obtain environmental clearance from the Central Government irrespective of whether they are listed under Schedule - I of the EIA Notification or not.

Baseline Environmental Status

Physical Environment

15. The state of Tamil Nadu lies between North Latitudes 8°00" and 13030", and East Longitudes 76015" and 80018". It is bounded on the western side by Kerala, North by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States, East by Bay of Bengal sea and on the South by the Indian Ocean. The total geographical area of the State is 1,30,058 sq. km. of which 22,861.54 sq. km is undeir forest cover. Tamil Nadu is administratively divided into 29 districts, 206 taluks andl 385 blocks. The total number of habitations in the state are about 81,000.

16. Physiographically, Tamil Nadu is divided into four.regions, viz., 11.The Coastal Plains 2. The Eastern Ghats 3. The Central Plateau and 4. The Western Ghats.

17. Generally, a sub-tropical climate prevails throughout the State and there is no sharp variation in climate. Tamil Nadu has four distinct seasons viz: Cool weather (Winter), (January - February); Hot weather (Summer), (March - May); South-west Monsoon, (Junea - September); North East Monsoon (October - December). The State received an annual rainfall of 745mm and 882 mm during the years 2002 and 2003 respectively which are less than the average normal rainfall of 974 mm.

18. Geologically the state comprises 73.5% hard rock and 26.5% sedimentary formation.

F . ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalai Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP TWAD Board

Table-I: Basinwise water resources potential, its demand and balance- Tamil Nadu (MCu.M) (Excluding Cauver Basin) Remarks Nameof the SW GW Total T otal Water Demand in the year Water Balance in the year Deficit or River Basin Poten Poten Poten surplus tial tial tial as on ______~~~~19941999 2004 2019 2025 2044 2050 1994 1999 2004 2019 2025 2044 2050 1999 CHENNAI 906 1120 2026 4020 4104 4170 4369 4448 4702 4781 -1994 -2078 -1739 -1938 -2017 -2271 -2350 1Deficit PALAR 1758 2610 4368 2746 2784 2816 29114 2953 3076 3115 1622 '1584 1552 1454.4 1415 1292, 1253 Surplus VARAHA NADHI 416 1482 1898 1692 1706 1720 1762 1779 1833 1850 206 192 178 136 119 65 48 Surplus PONNAIYAR 1310 1560 2870 2861 2902 2942 3063 3113 3263 3317 9 -32 -72 -192.6 -243 -393 -447 Deficit PARAVANAR 144 226 370 340 343 346 352 355 363 366 30 27 24 18 15 7 4 Surplus VELLAR 969 1344 2313 2378 2399 2420 2484 2509 2589 2615 -65 -86 -107 -170.5 -196 -276 -302 Deficit AGNIAR 1084 920 2004 2404 2414 '2424 2456 2469 2508 2521 -399.5 -410 -420 -451.9' -465 -504 -517 Deficit PAMBAR& KOT 653 976 1629 2053 2073 2092 2150 2174 2247 2271 -424.4 -444 -463 -521.4 -545 -618 -642 Deficit VAIGAI 1579 993 2572 4043 4069 4094 4297 4328 4424 4456 -1471 -1497 -1522 -1725 -1756 -1852 -1884 Deficit GUNDAR 568 766 1334 1870 1894 1917 1988 2016 2105 2134 -536.1 -560 -583 -653.8 -682 -771 -800 Deficit VAIPPAR 616 1167 1783 1536 1557 1579 1725 1752 1813 1858 247 226 204 58 31 -48 -75 Surplus KALLAR 142 70 212 207 215 228 252 262 293 302 5 -3 -16 -40 -50 -81 -90 Deficit TAMBARAPAR ANI 1325 744 2069 2736 25 274 2807 24 '2879 289 -666-8 65 -3. 75 -810 -827 Deficit NAMBi'AR 204 275 479 542 586 588 594 596 604 606 -62.89 -107 -109 -115.1 -117 -125 -127 Deficit KODAIYAR 925 342 1267 761 763 766 772 778& 798 5805 506 504 501 495 489 465.8 462 Surplus PARAMBIKULA 416 751- 1167 1633 1648 1662 1705 1722 1777 1794 -466.3 -481 -495 -538 -555 -610 -627 Deficit

M A L IY A R______

TOTAL 13015 15346 28361 31821 32206 32530 33690r 34078 35293 35685 -3460 -3845 -3763 -4924 -5311 -6527 -6919 ____

Executive Summary 7 of 28 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalai Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP TWAD Board

Table. 2: Water quality data - Hand pump sources in Tamil Nadu (2001-02) Hp NnNo. of sources affected by % of sources affected S.No District Sources Potable NI % NP%Hr tested Potable TDS Alk Hardness F NO3 Iron %TDS %Alk %Hr %F %N0 3 %Iron ______n_ _ _ _ e s s 1 Coimbatore 2219 1285 934 42.09 237 15 359 110 533, 345 10.68 0.68 16.18 4.96 24.02 15.55 2 Cuddalore 5281 3929 1352 25.6 465 270 810 0 0 463 8.1 5.11 15.34 0 0 -8.77 3 Dhanrnapuri 10451 3575 6876 65.79 471 253 1881 3171 2740 2465 4.51 2.42 18 30.34 26.22 23.59 4 Dindigul 4844 3037 1807 37.3 547 32 612 515 1 805 11.29 0.66 1-2.63 10.63 0.02, 16.62 5 Erode 5667 4212 1455 25.67 516 3 821 414 581 334 9.14 0.05 14.49 7.31 10.25 5.89 6 Kanchipuram 3813 2596 1217 31.92 '400 116 593 34 33 625 10.49. 3.04 15.55 0.89 0.87 16.42 7 Kanyakumari 1197 641 556 46.45 32 29- 23 60 0 469 2.67 2.42 1.92 5.01 0 39.15 8 Karur 4136 2716 1420 34.33 582 40 1081 62 50 425 14.07 0.97 26.14 1.5 1.21 10.28 9 Madurai 5663 4364 1299 22.94 869 162 862 0 0 259 15.35 2.86 15.22 0 0 4.57 10 Nagapattinam 14265 12478 1787 12.53 848 168 534 6 29 1102 5.94 1.18 3.74 0.04 0.2 7.73 11 Namakkal 3588 2175 1413 39.38 691 184 600 '302 50 673 19.26 5.13 16.72 8.42 1.39 18.76 12 Nilgiris 15 13 2 13.33 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 13.33 13 Perambalur 2038 1225 813 39.89 156 51 195 0 408 412 7.65 2.5 9.57 0 20.02 20.22 14 Pudukkottai 5217 346 1751 33.56 533 138 799 0 106 937 10.22 2.65 15.32 .0 2.03 17.96

15 Ramanathapuram 1121 446 . 675 ,60.21 649 233 ~ 386 17 2 29 57.89 20.79 34.43 1.52 0.18 2.59 16 Salem 7420 4451 2969 40.01 11,51 802 -1656 193 636 599 15.51 1081 22.32 26.73 1,8.57 8.07 17 Sivagangai 4776 3098 1678 35.13 975 447 669 258 1 523 20.41 9.36 14.01 5.4 0.02 10.95 18 Thanjavur 5661 3826 1835 32.41 140 39 120 10 2 1690 2.47 0.69 2.12 0.18' 0.04 29.85 19 Theni 1289 575 714 55.39 99 33 345 122 0 413 7.68 2.56 26.76 9.46 0 32.04 20 Trichy 8225 6796 1429 17.37 493 318 278 125 0 630 5.99 3.87 3.38 1.52 0. 7.66 21 Tirunelveli 7196 4228 2968 41.25 889 256 1729 148 484 1049 12.35 3.56 24.03 2.06 6.73 14.58 22 Thiruvannamalai 5618 3208 2410 42.9 1138 22 1146 7 0 1710 20.26 0.39 20.4 0.12 0 30.44 23 Tiruvarur 7822 4841 2981 38.11 624 112 2448 131 10 604 7.98 1.43 31.3 1.67 0.13 7.72 24 Thiruvellore 2319 1002 1317 56.79 164 36 725 2 57 901 7.07 1.55 31.26 0.09 2.46 38.85 25 Tuticorin 4588 3208 1380 30.08 1222 81 1167 352 0 174 26.63 1.77 25.44 7.67 0 3.79 26 Vellore 10834 5901 4933 45.53 1436 .293 3160 1260 2234 997 13.25 2.7 29.17 111.63 120.62 9.20

___ Villupiiraim- ~~-78946-- -- -62W6- ---- 4l5,60-- MM8-- 699 -- 69,---40- -0ft -- 408- 89-0-W 49 _ 5.20 28 Virudhunagar 6348 3063 3285 51.75 1971 295 2346 1275 0 529 31.05 4.65 36.96 20.09 1 0 8.33 L lTotal j149457 196641 52816 35.34 17997 4497 26515 10364 797 19572 j12.04 3.01 17.74 6.93 5.32 13.10]i Source: TWAD Board

Executive Summary 9 of 28 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalai Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP TWAD Board

Table-1: Basinwise water resources potential. its demand and balance- Tamil Nadu (MCu.M) (Excludingq Cauvery Basin) Remarks Name of the S GW TtlTotal Water Demand in the year Water Balance in the year Deficit or RvrBasin Poten Poten Poten surplus as River ~~~tial tial tial on 1999 ____1994 1999 2004 2019 2025 2044 2050 1994 1999 2004 2019 2025 2044 2050. CHENNAI 906 1120 2026 4020 4104 4170 4369 4448 4702 4781 -1994 -2078 -1739 -1938 -2017 -2271 -2350 Deficit PALAR 1758 2610 4368 2746 2784 2816 2914 2953 3076 3115 1622 1584 1552 1454.4 1415 1292 1253 Surplus VARAHA NADHI 416 1482 1898 1692 1706 1720 1762 1779 1833 1850 206 192 178 136 119 65 48 Surplus PONNAIYAR 1310 1560 2870 2861 2902 2942 3063 3113 3263 3317 9 -32 -72 -192.6 -243 -393 -447 Deficit PARAVANAR 144 226 370 340 343 346 352 355 363 366 30 27 24 18 15 7 4 Surplus VELLAR 969 1344 2313 2378 2399 2420 2484 2509 2589 261'5 -65 -86 -107 -170.5 -196 -276 -302 Deficit AGNIAR 1084 920 2004 2404 2414 2424 2456 2469 2508 2521 -399.5 -410 -420 -451.9 -465 -504 -517 Deficit PAMBAR& KOT 653 976 1629 2053 2073 2092 2150 2174 2247 2271 -424.4 -444 -463 -521.4 -545 -618 -642 Deficit VAIGAI 1579 -993 2572 4043 4069 4094 4297 4328 4424 4456 -1471 -1497 -1522 -1725 -1756 -1852 -1884 Deficit

GUNDAR 568 766 1334 1870 1894 1917 1988 2016 2105 2134 -536.1 -560 -583 -653.8 -682 -771 -800 Deficit

VAIPPAR 616 1167 1783 1536 1557' 1579 1725 1752 1813 1858 247 226 204 58 31 -48 -75 Surplus

KALLAR 142 70 212 207 215 228 252 262 293 302 5 -3 -16 -40 -50 -81 -90 Deficit TAMBARAPARA NI 1325 744 2069 2736 2750 2764 2807 2824 2879 2896 -Q66.6 -681 -695 -738.3 -755 -810 -827 Deficit

NAMBIAR204 275 479 542 586 ~~~~~588594 596 604 606 -6.9-0 19 -1. 17 -2 17 Deficit

KODAIYAR 925 342 1267 761 763 1766 772 778 798 1805 506 504 j501 495 489 465.8 462 Surplus PARAMBIKULA 416 751 1167 1633 1648 1662 1705 1722 1777 -1794 -466.3 -481 f-495 -538 -555 -610 -627 Deficit M A L IYA R______J______

TOTAL~ _ 31 54 86-381 32-216- 32530-L -336,90 3407-8 -35293- 356851 ~34&0--t -384-5-j -37-63- -49-24 -34~52-- 9--____ Source: State Framework Water Resources Plan, Institute for water studies, Taramani, Chennai.

Execujtive Summary 1i of 28 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP TWAD Board

resources. More importantly, the owners of the RWS systems have no access to this information in order to even create awareness as to the quality of water that the people are consuming in rural areas, The existing State Ground and Surface Water I esources Data Center of PWD should be strengthened if necessary to function as the n9 dal agency for compiling all available information on water quality.and to bring out useful products such as water quality bulletins and reports for the benefit of the users even at the lowest village level.

Socio-economic environment Population

31. Tamil Nadu is the 6th most populous State in India with a total population of 62.11 million (2001 Census) comprising 31.26 million male and 30.84 million female populatiQn. It is also one of the most urbanised States in India with 27.24 million .people living in urban areas while the rest 34.87 million constitute the rural population. The State's total literacy rate is 73.47% (male: 82.33%, female: 64.55%), the second highest in tlhe country.

Rural water supply coverage

32. The status of rural water supply coverage of habitations in the state is given in Table -4. Table-- 4 Water Supply Coverage in Habitations Category Description No of Habitations covered The entire population has access to safe 36627 assured drinking water of prescribed service Fully covered level throughout the year, i.e., 40 Ipcd-and above. Partially covered All other habitations (service level upto 40 3587,7 Ipcd) _ _ _ _ Not covered Habitations having no safe and perennial 9283 'sources (no potable supply) Total -.. 1787 Source: Note on Rural water supply program in Tamil Nadu, 2003-04 Under the 'not covered' habitations about 416 habitations come under 0 Ipcd coverage, 5684 under 1-9 lpcd coverage and 7549 habitations come under quality affected habitations.

33. The status of water supply coverage by districts as on 2002 is presented in Fig. 4.

Rural Sanitation Status 34. As per the 2001 Census, only 14 percent (1187919) of the total households (8274790) have toilets within the house. Region-wise, in northern and western regions account for a higher percentage of households without toilet facility than the State figure. About 88 percent of total. households in the northern region do not have toilet facility. 35. As per the distribution of households by toilets among the districts of Tamil Nadu, more than 90 percentage of households do not have toilet facility in Villupuram and Thiruvannamatai districts (northern region), and Perambalur and Ariyalur districts (eastern region), while 60.39 percent of households in Kanyakumari district have toilet facility followecd by 32.19 percent in Nilgiris district. . Of the 29 districts in Tamil Nadu, except two districts, viz., Kanyakumari and Nilgiris all the remaining districts have very poor sanitation coverage. 36. As per Census 2001, about 73 percent of the total households in rural areas of Tamil Nadu do not have any type of drainage facility for wastewater from the house. Of the remaining 27 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP TWAD Board

rapid fall in water level (Kondappanayanapalli, Manjini, Arnmapatti, Palaiaseevaram, Melachamangalam). Instances are common where people are forced to buy water from commercial vendors to meet their needs. Inequity in distribution of supply due to inherent system constraints is also noticed in some cases (Melachamangalam). In addition, there are instances where the newly developed areas in the villages are yet to get the benefit of piped water supply. Quality issues:

42. The poor quality of water supplied is an equally serious concern of the people in the sample viJlages. The high TDS and the associated taste are not acceptable to people (Melachamangalam, Manjini, Thirunagari). There are also complaints from people regarding a gradual deterioration in the quality of ground water drawn from bore-wells. Instances of sub-surface water drawn from riverbeds having been polluted due to the discharge of industrial effluents are also reported (Palaiaseevaram, Kannadikuppam). In the absence of a better option, they have to be content with the quality of the supply. Those who are economically well off, buy water of better quality from vendors or bottled water for drinking. Though no data is readily available regarding the bacteriological quality of water supplies, serious outbreaks of waterborne diseases have not been reporteci.

Falling ground water level:

43. A common concern of the people in the sample villages is the fast declining ground water level resulting in the drying up of the source or reduction of the yield (Palaiaseevaram, Manjini, Melachamangalam). This is attributed to the failure of monsoon rains in the last four years and the increasing demand for various uses.

Household sanitation issues:

44. The sanitation coverage in general is very low in all the sample villages visited and the age- old practice of open defection is widely prevalent. People are willing to construct their individual household latrines for which they are ready to contribute. In some Oases, because of space constraints, people seem to prefer cluster toilets or community toilets. Lack of awareness among people regarding the inter-relationship between water, sanitation and health is common in all the villages.

Environmental sanitation issues:

45. Lack of sanitary methods of sullage and solid waste disposal is felt in almost all sample villages. Absence of good internal roads, proper approach roads to village burning ghats, inadequate street lighting are some of the common complaints from the villagers (Melachamangalam, Manjini, Thirunagari). Stagnant pools of sullage leading to mosquito nuisance is also reported (Kannadikuppam).

Willingness to participate in the proposed TNRWSS Project:

46. During the public consultatiohs the participants were specifically informed of the proposed TNRWSS project; its scope and objectives. A special mention was made on the roles and responsibilities of the beneficiary community frorh planning to implementatior and sustained operation and maintenance of the assets that will be created under the proposed project. The initial response has been, by and large, positive (T.Karisalkulam, Pulatheri, Manjini, Kondappanayanapalli, Rettakurichi, Melachamangalam, Kannadikuppam). In certain cases there has been a hesitation to accept the idea of financial contribution (Pa laiaseevaram, Koppur, Thirunagari). In the backdrop of the deep-rooted mindset that the tbasic amenities Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP TWAD Board

over exploitation of ground water for agricultural and industrial uises. As per information from the PWD, there are 138 number blocks in the State which have been cate orised as 'overexploited', 37 blocks under category 'critical', 105 blocks under category 'se mi-critical' while the rest of the blocks come under the 'safe' category.

Mitigatory measures

51. Augmentation of existing water supplies can be achieved through one or more of the following options.

a) Augment through rehabilitation I upgrading of existing systems wherever feasible b) Identification of new sources (local / distant) of good quality and yield + safety chlorination. These will be mostly ground water sources. In areas not affected by chemical contaminants, new good-yielding ground water sources could be identified using modern geophysical techniques (to minimize failure rate) or existing privately owned irrigation wells of good yield and potable quality could be identified and acquired. c) Local surface sources (village ponds / streams/ canals) which require only simple treatment (SSF / river bed filtration) and chlorination, Existing Village tanks, if considered as an alternate source, need to be desilted / enlarged to increase their storage capacity and protected by fencing to prevent contamination from human I animal access. For villages located in the vicinity of seasonal rivers / streams the feasibility of tapping sub-surface flow (riverbed filtration) could be explored. d) Distant surface sources with simple treatment (SSF) ancl chlorination for a group of villages (multi village schemes) e) Dual water supply - existing supplies (rejected by community due to quality problem) for purposes other than drinking and potable water supply through any of the options listed above. f) Appropriate blending of water from existing sources (ground water) to obtain water meeting the drinking water quality standards. g) Effective enforcement of Tamil Nadu Ground Water Act to regulate and control ground water abstraction to -accord priority for drinking water. Identified critical areas with falling water level should be notified forthwith by the Appropriate Authprity and the Act enforced in all its earnestness to halt this trend. h) Concurrent ground water recharge at the source to promote source sustainability. This activity should receive priority in order to achieve sustainability of water supply sources. The PWD should conduct a detailed survey to identify potential sites and appropriate conservation structures such as check dams, sub-surface dykes, recharge trenches, abandoned borewells etc. best suited to the local conditions. i) Regular monitoring of ground water level: The PWD / TVAD Board should regularly monitor the ground water level in the project area as an integral part of overall monitoring program. 52. The key consideration in deciding on the alternative should be to elimihate, as far as practicable, the need for any treatment. A trade off analysis of the feasible options should be clearly presented to the beneficiary community to enable them to decide on their choice.

Water quality issues

53. The water quality problem in the State is essentially of three types (i) the nat ral presence in ground water of chemical contaminants such as fluoride, TDS, iron and nitrate of geological origin in concentrations exceeding the levels permissible in drinking water and (ii) the chemical / bacteriological contamination of water at the source, due to municipal and Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalai'Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP TWAD Board

Mitigatory measures

i. Effective, sustained IEC campaign to generate demand for ownerst lip based group latrines, community latrines and institutional latrines and their proper use and maintenance; ii. Construction of sullage drains including treatment and disposal works. A network of well planned drains for disposal of sullage from the village, including spill water from the public stand posts should be designed and constructed especially along the main roads / lanes in the village. Equally important is the safe treatment of the collected sullage and utilisation of the treated effluent. Stabilization ponds could provide the simplest method of treatment and the treated effluent could be used for agricultural purposes I grass farms for fodder. The VP can prepare an action plan for the purpose so as to generate income to the VP which can defray part of the O&M expenditure. Water and sanitation related health issues

i. Cholera and typhoid cases have also been commonly reported. There is also the problem of high fluoride in drinking water in many districts. A large number of cases of worm infestation have also been reported. ii. The personal hygiene standards -of the people in general, especially of the economically disadvantaged, is very poor. iii. Health and hygiene education programmes are not effectiv,e. iv. Lack of awareness and non-affordability to meet the medical expenses by some of the people who suffer from water-borne & water related diseases aggravate the situation which leads to outbreak of epidemics. Mitigatory measures i. Effective, sustained Self Help programmes with special focus on women and children to create a felt need for household latrines and also to adopt desirable personal I family and community hygiene practices. ii. Preventive and curative measures including regular de-worming programmes. iii. An organized survey by well trained medical doctors ancl para / non medical staff to identify fluorosis cases especially among school children, pregnant women and lactating mothers to carry out programme of curative medication including nutritional supplements in addition to supply of safe defluoridated water.

Identification of Environmental Risk and Impacts 56. The potential environmental risks and impacts arising from the project interventions during the preparatory, construction and operation phases have been identified, classified as positive I negative and presented in a matrix form in Table -6.

57. The overall impact of the project on the beneficiary communities and the environment is expected to be positive resulting in an improvement in the health and quality of life of the people in the project area. Adverse impacts, if any, could be minimised / compensated by incorporating appropriate mitigation measures to be integrated in the project design. Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP TWAD Board

Table -6: Environmental Impact Matrix Si Potential Environmental Impact (s) No Project Interventions Positive Negative Preparatory activities Primary Primarv * Information Education Communication (IEC) campaigns * Appreciation of environmental and sustainability issues of the * Land acquisition and cash compensation, to generate demand for the project project by the target community if any . Public consultations to identify issues of concern to the * Community's willingness for informed participation secured and * Financial burden on community and the communities, their preferences and priorities regarding their environmental concerns ascertained VP the proposed project * Collective decision by community regarding siting of facilities, * Technology options for source, water treatment & technology choice and service levels distribution and safe household and environmental * Capacity building in development planning and administration sanitation systems . Increase in awareness regarding good health and hygiene practices * Site identification /selection for location of source, water amongst the targetpopulation, especially children. treatment plants and service reservoirs * Taking possession / acquisition of land for siting the common facilities . Awareness on Capacity building of user group, women's group, VWSCs, VPs

Water Supply Primary Primary * Rehabilitation / upgradation of existing water supply * Availability of increased / demanded level of safe drinking water . Increased ground / surface water 2 systems on a sustainable basis abstraction * Construction of new bore wells, pump houses, surface * Labour, time and cost saving in fetching water * Risk of lowering ground water level source water treatment plants, over head tanks and laying . Reduction in surface runoff, increase in ground water recharge and * Risk of hydraulic interference between of distribution systems etc. improved sustainability of water supply sources existing and new dug / bore well sources . Construction of ground water recharge structures * Improvement in quality of ground water through dilution due to * Increased generation of sullage recharge . Temporary disruption in existing water * EMployment opportunities for local technicians / arisans / NGOs supply services and private sector * Financial burden on the community and * Reduced financial burden on State the VP Secondarv * Reduction in water and sanitation related diseases, improved p-ersonal /TThhii1 a1h and hygiene leading to improved quality of life of the people * Opportunities for income generation especially by women . Increase in overall development activities such as housing, transportation, education, and culture -__

Executive Summary 21 of 28 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP TWAD Board

Environmental Management Framework

58. Under the proposed TNRWSS Project a large number of individual villacle schemes and stand alone schemes are expected to be implemented. Most of these schenmes are not likely to pose any serious environmental concerns to be addressed in the project design. With a view to facilitating this process, a simple check list has been designed as given in Table 7a for Individual schemes and Table 7b for Multi village schemes. The duly illed in checklist should form an essential part, as a supplement of the project proposal to be submitted by the client. The broad contents of the project proposal is listed in Annex 7.1. This will enable the review agency (DWSA - DPMU) to vet the proposal from environmental perspective for further processing of the proposal and funding.

Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation

59. In order to facilitate assess the impact of the project on the identified environimental issues, a list of environmental performance indicators has been identified as also the agencies responsible for monitoring as shown in Table 8.

Codes of practices for Rural Water Supply

60. In keeping with the water supply systems to be designed and installed tn the proposed TNRWSS project, codes of -practices on the following topics have been prepared. These could be refined as necessary for inclusion in the technical manual to be prepared by TWAD Board for the proposed project.

Water Supply: Source identification and selection by remote sensing and geophysical methods Sanitary survey of water supply sources Principles of water supply source protection Sanitary protection of Wells through cement grouting Slow / Sand filtration * Defluorideation by i) Nalgondatech ii) Activated aluvium * Differential pressure bleach powder solution dosing equipment for disinfection of small pumped water supplies . Chlorine safety measures . Designing of rainwater harvesting structures * Groundwater recharge methods Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

Table 7 b Environmental Data Sheet For Multi-Village Water Supply Schemes

General Name of the District . Village Panchayat __. Taluk / Block Village / Habitation

Water Supply 1. Type of Scheme Augmentation / New Scheme 2. Justification for the proposed scheme

U Water Quantity L] Water Quality - TDS, F, Iron, NO3 U Increased Demand O Failure of existing source 3. Proposed source of water supply Surface / Sub-surface / Ground 4. If surface source, indicate the nature of source Tank / Lake / Rive.r / other 5. If projected demand is more than 1 MGD, whether the approval of the Water Utilisation Committee Yes / No has been obtained? 6. If in Overexploited / Critical area, are appropriate plans for groundwater recharge to promote source Yes / No sustainability included in the scheme? 7. Has assessment of water availability been carried out? (Write note) Yes / No 8. Is there a potential risk of contamination of source water due to Industrial pollutants, Human waste Yes / No discharge, solid waste dumping, use of agrochemicals (Fertilizers / Pesticides), etc.,? 8.1 If yes, whether appropriate safeguards are proposed? Yes / No 9. Is the proposed project likely to affect any natural habitats / cultural properties? Yes / No 9.1 If yes, whether appropriate safeguards are proposed? (Write note) Yes / No

10.. Is the proposed project likely to impinge on the rights of the local people, including traditional land Yes / No and water rights? 10.1 If yes, whether appropriate mitigation measures have been proposed? (Write note) Yes / No If a river source, are there any existing licensed sand mining operations within 2 Kms up-stream along the7 Yes / No stretch?

Proposed Technology Option: U Infiltration Well U Bore well with power pump UI River / Reservoir Intake U Infiltration gallery 11. Whether the EM / resistivity survev has been carried out to confirm the availability of water ? Yes / No 12. Has a sanitary survey of the source been undertaken to identify potential sources of contamination Yes / No atleast upto 1km upstream of the intake works as per TWAD Manual? 13. If potential source of contamination exists, whether appropriate preventive / corrective measures Yes / No proposed? (Write note) __ _ 14. If groundwater recharge is proposed, has the proposal referred to the available Recharge Zonation Yes / No Maps? (Write note) -

Treatment 15. Has provision been made for water treatment (in case of surface so.rce) including chlorination of the Yes / No supplies to have a minimum residual dose of 0.5mg!1

Distribution _ 16. Do the number and location of public stand posts conform to the recommended norms as per TWAD Yes / No Board? _ 17. Are drainage facilities proposed as per IWAD Manual? YYes / No

Approved by DPMU Signed by Project Proponent

Signature & Date Signature e&Date Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalol Mott MacDonald Final Peport TWAD Board

Table 7.3: Environmental Assessment and Management Framework

Activities Objectives Process Responsibility Decision/Product 1. Project Planning

Environmental * Screen projects a. Discuss project with BG /VP / HWSC * DWSA . Environmental data Screening from Identify environmental issues of concern * BG/VP/ sheet furnished environmental b. Issue environmental data sheet format to be included in the DPR HWSC perspective * Collect a. Receive DPR from BG / VP / HWSC . DWSA * Approval of adequacy information for b. Assess for the completeness of environmental data sheet of environmental environmental details in DPR data sheet 2. Project Appraisal _ Detailed . Appraise a. Review DPR with the help of Corporate Consultants, if necessary. . DWSA * Environmental Environmental environmental Conduct site visits, if required. Crosscheck - type of Environmental * BG/VP/ appraisal of project Appraisal components of issues with reference to evaluator's checklist. HWSC proposal e with DPR - magnitude of Environmental issues decision to - adequacy of Environmental management measures provided - accept project as - cost of implementing Environmental management measures submitted b. Finalise environmental mitigation measures as part of the proposal. - accept project with modifications

3. Project Implementation Implementation of . Mainstream a. Submission of implementation plan as per DPR * DWSA * Environmental rural water supply environmental - Translate environmental commitments as part of sanction order. * BG I VP/ covenants as part of scheme concerns in b. Inclusion of Environmental mitigation and enhancement measures in the HWSC work order (eg. scheme tender document and award of work order Adherence to

impleme ntation I mitigatory measures

_ . ______jasper the checklist)

4. Post Project Implementation Environmental | Ensure conformity a. Environmental monitoring .* BG/VP/ . Periodic Monitoring, with environmental - Environmental compliance reports as part of Quarterly progress reports HWSC environmental supervision and mitigation measures as per performance indicators * DWSA monitoring reports reporting l 7 l

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Table 7.3: Environmental Assessment and Management Framework

Activities Objectives Process Responsibility Decision/Product 1. Project Planning, Environmental . Screen projects a. Discuss project with BG I VP / HWSC * DWSA * Environmental data Screening from - identify environmental issues of concern . BG / VP / sheet furnished environmental b. Issue environmental data sheet format to be included in the DPR HWSC perspective Collect a. Receive DPR from BG / VP / HWSC * DWSA * Approval of adequacy information for b. Assess for the completeness of environmental data sheet of environmental environmental details in DPR data sheet

2. Project Appraisal ______

Detailed * Appraise a. Review DPR with the help of Corporate Consultants, if necessary. * DWSA * Environmental Environmental environmental Conduct site visits, if required. Crosscheck - type of Environmental * BG/VP/ appraisal of project Appraisal components of issues with reference to evaluator's checklist. HWSC proposal e with DPR - magnitude of Environmental issues decision to - adequacy of Environmental management measures provided - accept project as - cost of implementing Environmental management measures submitted b. Finalise environmental mitigation measures as part of the proposal. - accept project with modifications

3. Project Implementation _ Implementation of * Mainstream a. Submission of implementation plan as per DPR * DWSA . Environmental rural water supply environmental - Translate environmental commitments as part of sanction order. * BG / VP/ covenants as part of scheme concerns in b. Inclusion of Environmental mitigation and enhancement measures in the HWSC work order (eg. scheme tender document and award of work order Adherence to impfer-Ipit IIutiLIn mitigatory measures

______jas per the checklist)

4. Post Project Implementation Environmental Ensureconfority a. Environmental monitoring * RG!vP! a PeriocZi Monitoring, with environmental - Environmental compliance reports as part of Quarterly progress reports HWSC environmental supervision and mitigation measures as per performance indicators * DWSA monitoring reports reporting D m o r

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Table!J& Environmental Assessment and Management Framework

Activities Objectives Process Responsibility Decision/Product 1. Project Planning______Environmentala Screen projects a. Discuss project with BG / VP / HWSC * DWSA T* Environmental data Screening from - Identify environmental issues of concern * BG / VP / sheet furnished environmental b. Issue environmental data sheet format to be included in the DPR HWSC perspective . Collect a. Receive DPR from BG / VP / HWSC * DWSA . Approval of adequacy information for b. Assess for the completeness of environmental data sheet of environmental environmental details in DPR

data sheet _ 2. Project Appraisal Detailed . Appraise a. Review DPR with the help of Corporate Consultants, if necessary. * DWSA * Environmental Environmental environmental Conduct site visits, if required. Crosscheck - type of Environmental * BGIVPI appraisal of project Appraisal components of issues with reference to evaluator's checklist. HWSC proposal e with DPR - magnitude of Environmental issues decision to - adequacy of Environmental management measures provided - accept project as - cost of implementing Environmental management measures submitted b. Finalise environmental mitigation measures as part of the proposal. - accept project with modifications

3. Project Im plem entation ______Implementation of . Mainstream a. Submission of implementation plan as per DPR * DWSA * Environmental rural water supply environmental - Translate environmental commitments as part of sanction order. * BG I VP/ covenants as part of scheme concerns in b. Inclusion of Environmental mitigation and enhancement measures in the HWSC work order (eg. scheme tender document and award of work order Adherence to implementation mitigatory measures as per the checklist)

4. Post Project Implementation -nronmental Ensure conformity antal monito * BG/VP/ * Periodic Monitoring, with environmental - Environmental compliance reports as part of Quarterly progress reports HWSC environmental supervision and mitigation measures as per performance indicators * DWSA monitoring reports reportingI_ :_,E\r_j_e_t.1_ . _ , ._ ___ _ 2______

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7.3.5 Environmental Monitoring and Supervision arrangement during implemnentation

The implementation of water supply schemes are likely to result into vaiying level cf environmental impacts, that would require supervision and monitoring. The table below outlines a set of monitoring indicators, which should be integrated into supervision plan for monitoring the effectiveness of implementation particularly, the Environmental mitigation measures.

The environmental monitoring and supervision will be undertaken to ensure comr pliance with the recommended environmental mitigation measures. The supervision of implementa ion will be the responsibility of the Manager (monitoring and evaluation) from the District Programrrie Management Unit (DPMU). This task will be undertaken by an experienced environmental engineer. There would also be periodic monitoring and supervision by the funding agency to ensure compliance with the respective safe guard policy.

The following Table 7.4 summarises the monitoring and supervision plan.

Table. 7.4: Recommended Monitoring Plan S. Project Performance Indicators Monitoring _ requen No Intervention I Agency cy Component _ 1 Water Quantity . Access to safe drinking water supply of a M (M& E) (nce in 2 minimum of 40 Ipcd, and 55 Ipcd weeks whichever possible, to the target population 2 Water Quality * Presence of 0.5 mg/lit free residual VP (HWSC) chlorine in treated water tested qnce in 4 M (WV/QM, nionths O&M)

* Decrease in the number of GE and DPH once in 6 typhoid cases rr onths * Independent water quality surveillance to VP and ensure quality compliance Manager ______W Q M 3 Ground water * Decrease in the number of sources going M (GWM) C nce in 6 recharge dry in summer M (GWM) rr onths measures * Trend in falling ground water level halted / reversed

M (M & E) Manager (Monitoring and Evaluation) M (WQM, O&M) Manager (Water Quality Monitoring - Operation and Maintenance M (GWM) Manager (Ground Water Monitoring) DPH (PHC) Directorate of Public Health (Primary Health Centre) VP-HWSC Village panchayat - Habitation Water Supply Committee

7.3.6 Environmental capacity building plan Based on the discussion with TWAD Board, the following environmental manag !ment capacity building programme is proposed in order to facilitate the implementation of environmental management frame work.

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1 Introduction

1.1 Tamil Nadu Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (TNRWSSP) The Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) is seeking World Bank assisitance in the implementation of its 5 year medium term Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) program in the State. GoTN has prioritized RWSS as a key area of its development agenda in its Tenth Plan (FY 2002-07). Accordingly, the GoTN intends to scale up the demand responsive approach state wide for the RWSS sector and maintain a high level of investment in the sector with high priority.

In the GoTN's Tenth Five Year Plan clear goals have been identified for 'water security', including drinking water, health and ecological security. It also emphasizes demand responsive approaches for both rural water and sanitation. Within these approaches, the target for water siupply has been identified as "full coverage of all the rural habitations in the State with a minimum of 40 Ipcci supply and 55 lpcd wherever possible" as well as "full and independent coverage of habitations where socially marginalized groups live". For sanitation facilities, the target is in terms of "coverage of the rural population with individual or cluster toilets" with a target to reach 50% coverage by the end of the Plan period. The Plan emphasis, however, is on measures to ensure sustainability of RWSS systems rather than simply allocations and investments to build new facilities. It argues for "a paradigm shift in the approach to the WSS sector" and for the output to be "measiured in terms of health spin off, environmental benefits, empowerment of women and marginalized sections of the society, and human resource development." For this, institutional reforms have been proposed with particular emphasis on decentralizing RWSS service delivery responsibility to the rural local governments and village water and sanitation committees and changing the role of Government / Government agencies from that of a 'provider' to 'facilitator'.

In order to identify the viability of the proposed TNRWSS Project, various project anailysis studies are being carried out. These include: (a) Sector Environmental Analysis; (b) Capa0ity Building & Sector Project Implementation Plan (SPIP), (c) Economic Analysis, (d) Rapid Sector Assessment, (e) Social Assessment, and (f) Sanitation Hygiene Promotion (SHP).

1.2 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework (SEA&MF)

The purpose of the SEAMF is to evaluate the TNRWSS project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence; examine project alternatives; identify ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts throughout project implementation.

SEAMF has taken into account the natural environment (air, water and land); human health and safety including the country's overall policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the environment and obligations of the country, pertaining to lproject activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements. The SEA is expected to serve as a complement to project specific EAs in the Development Plan.

1.3 Purpose of Study The proposed environmental category, as per Bank's safeguard PFolicies, of the Tamil Nadu Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project (TNRWSSP) is B, which iis consistent with the potential environmental impacts of the project The objective of the EA study is to identify upfront the

D:\SEA Draft Fina! Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 1-1 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Ialal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAD Board environmental issues of concern in the context of the proposed project and appropriate mitigation measures thereof so that these can be integrated in the formulation of the project. Accordingly, the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the EA study have been formulated as in Annex 1.1.

1.4 Scope of the study The initial scope of the study included environmental analysis of both rural water supply and sanitation activities, to be financed under the project. However, it is understood now that the project is not likely to finance sanitation component. But the report includes einvironmental issues, impact and mitigatory measures for sanitation as well which could be used by GoTN while implementing the sanitation component and can be used as resource material for developing IEC programme. The summary of report will be translated in Tamil and made available for public notice.

1.5 Methodology

The methodology followed in conducting the Environmental Assessment study as depicted in Fig. 1.1 is briefly described below:

1.5.1 Data Collection and Review The methodology basically comprised collection and collation of secondary data on water resources availability, their utilisation, problems of water quantity and quality as relevant in the context of the proposed TNRWSSP, demographic, socio-economic and health aspects, water supply and sanitation coverage and service levels and problems in O&M of existing water supply systems. The study also included an analysis of policy, legal and institutional framework related to water and sanitation with specific focus on Tamil Nadu. A review and analysis of this information led to the delineation of the baseline status of relevant environmental components pertaining to the State and provided the basis for assessment of the potential environmental impacts due to the proposed project and preparation of environmental management framework (EMF) for mitigating adverse impacts and enhancing beneficial impacts.

The present study has primarily relied upon the available secondary sources of data relevarnt to the proposed project. The main sources of such information comprised the TWAD Board, the PWD, the DRD, the TNPCB and the DPH. Data pertaining to groundwater was also mobilized from the CGWB. The TWAD as the nodal agency for provision of water supply and sewerage infrastructure in the State, has generated over the years enormous data pertaining to water services. Such data includes water supply coverage in the State, sources of water supply, water quality of rural and urban schemes etc. The TWAD has one of the best equipped water analysis laboratories in the State and is the first such laboratory in the country to obtain ISO 9002 certification. The State Surface and Groundwater Data Centre of the PWD has also well established lab facilities.

Water quality status has been reviewed from the data collected from the TWAD Board and the PWD- SG&SWD Centre. There are differences in water quality data reported by these organisations, especially with reference to the four major parameters namely TDS, F, Fe and NO3 since the sampling locations differ. While the TWAD analyses water quality in drinking water sources, PWD has a network of control wells, open wells, bore wells with piezo-meter/ hydro geological settings. Hence, the Consultants have primarily relied on the TWAD data in view of the primacy accorded to potability of water supplies by the TWAD.

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Figure 1-1 Approach and Methodololgy

TWAD, TNPCB, Data Collection CGWB, WRO, Inception PWD, DPH, MIDS, Anaysis Report

...... Site Visitsim 0

...... Public Consultations b- Baseline Status & Identification of Hot spots

*. Analysis of Alternatives I Sttu Report L

Environmental Risks and Impacts

...... Strategy or Mitigation _ Draft Final Environmental Report Management Framework

Final Report Env. Monitoring and Performance Indicators

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As for quantitative data (availability and use), reliance has been placed on the data generated by the PWD and the State and Central Groundwater Boards as also the Groundwate wing of the TWAD Board which has developed extensive database and information products on water quantity and quality.

1.5.2 Preliminary Site Visits In order to prepare the community for their participation during public consultatiohs, it was decided to undertake preparatory visits to the sample VPs. The purpose of these visits was to meet with the elected representatives of the VPs as also the target population and officials of the various development departments at the village, taluk / district levels to sensitise them regarding the proposed TNRWSS project, as also their role and stakes in the project. During these preparatory meetings, the participants were informed about the public consultations that were to follow. This advance intimation was aimed at providing adequate time and opportunities to the target groups to formulate / firm up their views regarding their participation in the proposed project.

The team, which organised these meetings, comprised representatives of the TWAD, the EA Consultants and local body representatives. The preparatory visits also enabled collection of available secondary data on the existing status of water supply, sanitation, public health and personal and environmental hygiene in the sample VPs through key informant interviews and on-site observations.

1.5.3 Public Consultations In keeping with the World Bank's OP 4.01, Public Consultations were organized, as part of the EA Study, in eleven sample Village Panchayats selected from 10 districts of Tamil Nadu. The objective of these consultations was to identify upfront the environmental issues as related to the proposed activities under the TNRWSS project, to assess the views of the lbeneficiary community and their willingness to participate in the project in a 'demand driven' planning and decision rnaking process. The purpose of the consultations was also to identity the priorities anid preferences of the target group in respect of the proposed project components including alternatives, if any.

1.5.4 Criteria for selection of sample Panchayats The criteria adopted for selection of sample Village Panchayats for public consultations are as follows: * Geographical distribution * Geological set up * Existing water supply service level / prevalence of water scarcity * Status of groundwater development * Existence of water quality problems - presence of Nitrate, Fluoride, Iron, TDS, brackishness, pollution etc. and

* Pre-dominance of indigenous people - SC/ST population. The location map of Tamil Nadu showing the districts and the sample VPs are shown in Fig. 1.2. The public consultations had been preceded by the IEC activities. In public consultations, the participation of local NGOs, Panchayat Raj Institutions, and women self help groups (SF IGs), economically I socially weaker sections, informed / knowledgeable public and opinion leaders, eltc. was mobilised. The participants to the consultations were briefed on the proposed TNRWSS F'roject, its objectives and the rules for participation in the project.

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D:\SEA_Draft_Final_Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 1-5 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAb Board The participants' opinions were solicited on the following main issues: * Quantity of current water supply; * Quality of current water supply; * Household sanitation facilities; . Sullage disposal; . Prevailing diseases; * Their expectations from the proposed project and willingness for cost sharing; etc. The selection of VPs was so made as to represent in the best possible manner the typical conditions obtained in the State and in consultation with the TWAD Board. Details of the selected villages are given Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 List of sample villages selected for public consultations

S. No District Panchayat Village Geology Ground water Remark No union Panchayat categori4atioin Reddiar 1. Dindigul Chatharam Ammapatty Hard rock Over exploited SC pop. 2. Karur Thogamalai Pulatheri Hard rock Semi-critical TDS 3. Nagapatinam Seerkazhi Thirunagari sedimentary Over explbited TDS

4. Krishnagiri Bargur Kondappa Hard rock Safe KrishnagiiBargurNayana Pali _i_ 5. Salem Attur Manjini Hard rock Over exploited 6. Vellore Tirupathur Melacha Hard rock Over exploited Fl 7. Virudhunagar Vembakottai T. Karisalkulam Hard rock _ Semi-critical Fl 8. Cuddalore Mangalore Rettakurichi Hard rock Semi-critipal _ 9. Kancheepura Walajabad Palaiaseevaram Sedimentary Semi-critical 10. Thiruvellore Kadambathur Koppur Sedimentary_ Critical Indust. 11. Vellore Madhanur Kannadikuppam Hard rock Over exploited Pollution. Overexploited-GWDevelopment > 100 %: Critical- GWDevelopment 90-100%: Semi critical-GW Development 70-90%

1.6 Procedure followed for Public Consultations The notice for Public Consultations indicating the name of village, date, tirne and venue of the meeting is at Annex 1.2. The list of participants who attended the Stakeholders meetings are given in Annex 1.3 * All the stakeholders in the identified Village Panchayats -- the target population, elected representatives of the VP and DRD, local NGOs and SHGs were informed in advance through printed notices displayed in all important public places in the villages atleast two days prior to the date of Public Consultations. In addition, announcement regarding the proposed Consultations were made through 'beat of the drum' in the villages for two days prior to the event.

The TWAD / Consultant presented an overview of the proposed water and Sanitation Project, the objectives and scope of the project, the various compon nts envisaged and the rules for participation of villages in the project. This was foIlowed by formal discussions / consultations.

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 1-6 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott Maclonald lraft Final Report TWAD Board * The participants, especially women, local NGOs and SH1Gs were invited to share their views, problems and their priorities for the proposed project, constraints experienced with the existing water and sanitation systems and their suggestions to make the proposed project sustainable in achieving the objectives.. * Specifically, the demand for the proposed project and the willingness of the target group to participate in the project, including financial contribution in construction and subsez'quent O&M of the project was sought. * The views of the target group on the institutional framework for implementation of the project and its continued operation, maintenance and monitoring * The major environmental concerns of the target group in the context of the proposed project and their suggestions for mitigation of the impacts.

1.7 Schedule of Public Consultations The schedule of public consultations in the sample Village Panchayats is given in Table. 1.2.

Table 1.2 Schedule of public consultations

SNo District Panchayat union Village Panchayat Date 1. Vellore Thiruppathur Melacha mangalam 02/03/04 2. Krishnagiri Bargur Kundappanayana palli 03/03/04 3. Salem Attur Manjini 03/03/04 4. Virudhunagar Vembakottai T. Karisalkulam 08/03/04 5. Dindigul Reddiar Chathram Ammapatty 09/03/04 6. Karur Thogamalai Pulatheri 08/03/04 7. Nagapattinam Seerkazhi Thirunagari 09/03/04 8. Thiruvellore Kadambathur Koppur 15/03/04 9. Kanchipuram Walajabad Palayaseevaram 16/03/04 10. Cuddalore Mangalore Rettakurichi 17/03/04 11. Vellore Madhanur KannadiKuppam 31/03/04

The main issues/ priorities / concerns of the target group as brought out during the consultations have been complied and incorporated in Chapter 4. The full details of public consultations are presented in Annex 1.4.

1.8 Organisation of the Report

The report is presented in seven chapters including the Introductory (Chapter-1. Introductory chapter presents in brief, the methodology followed in the study, the criteria for selection of sample Village Panchayats for preliminary site visits and the schedule and the procedure followed for public consultations. Chapter 2 Provides information on the rural water policy and environmental framework for appraisal of the proposed project. Chapter 3 Describes rural water and sanitation institutions in Tamil Nadu, their roles and responsibilities with special focus on rural water supply and related aspects. Chapter 4 Presents a profile of the proposed project, the rules for participation of the beneficiary community in the project, the institutional framework along with the

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 1-7 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAD Board linkages for implementation of the project as also the financial arrangements for the project. This chapter also presents the technology options in the context of the proposed project. Chapter 5 Presents the baseline data on relevant environmental components in the State. Based on a critical review and analysis of bLaseline data, the issues of environmental concern have been identified. This chapter also outlines the major issues arising from public consultations. Also hotspots in respect of water quantity, quality and environmental sanitation have been identified. Chapter 6 Analyses the potential environmental impacts, primary, secondary, beneficial, adverse etc. as also the risks associated with tlhe proposed project activities during the preparatory, construction and operational phases of the project. Chapter 7 Describes the environmental management framework (EMF) for mitigating the adverse impacts and enhancing the beneficial impacts of the project along with agencies responsible for mitigatory action. Appropriate environmental performance indicators have been proposed which could be inl egrated with other indicators as tools to assess the project performance. In keeping with the initiatives of the TWAD Board for preparing Technical manual for implementation of the proposed project, appropriate codes of Practices have been formulated for water and sanitation components. These are compiled in a companion volume to the report and will be suitably integrated in the manual to be prepared by TWAD.

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2 Rural Water Policy and Environmental Framework

2.1 Chronology of development Since Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) is a state subject, funds for the development of the sector have been provided in the annual state budgets, starting with the First Five Year Plan under the 'National Water Supply and Sanitation Programme', introduced in the Social Welfare Sector in 1954. During the initial years, the programme mainly concentrated on the construction of open wells in habitations having no drinking water wells and where the number of open wells was not adequate. These works were being executed with people's participation.

During the 1960s, only easy habitations were being attended to, leaving the difficult habitations. Recurring droughts in the state made the situation worse with the falling ground water table, drying up of open wells resulting in acute scarcity of drinking water. At this juncture, the state government felt the need to develop deep bore wells particularly in hard-core habitatiions. A bore wells programme was started by the Government in the early seventies with assistance from UNICEF aind thus, there was a marked shift in emphasis from construction of open wells to bore wells.

For effective implementation of the programmes, it was necessary to identify areas of water scarcity and to lay down priorities. The following criteria were adopted for identification of "difficult" habitations: - Habitations without any sources of water or where the sources of water were inadequate; - Habitations having no source of water within a distance of 1 mile (11.6 km.) - Habitations where source of water was available at more than 50 ft (15m) below ground level; - Habitations where available water was chemically contaminated;

- Habitations where sources of water were not perennial; and - Habitations where water-borne diseases were endemic. A policy decision was made which stipulated that one bore well for every 250 population be provided on the assumption that one bore well would yield 10,000 litres per day to meet the demand of 250 persons at the rate of 40 litres per capita per day (Ipcd)

With the introduction of the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programime (ARWSP) in 1972-1973 by the Government of India with 100% grant-in-aid to the states, greater emphasis was placed on coverage of difficult habitations in the state. The programme was withdrawn after 1973-1974, following the introduction of Minimum Needs Programme under the Fifth Five Year Plan. The slow progress achieved by the states in the supply of safe drinking water to the rural population under the Minimum Needs Programme led to the reintroduction of ARWSP in 1977-1978.

During the year 1980, at the instance of the Government of India, the state government conducted a survey to identify problem habitations based on criteria suggested by them. Three categories of problem habitations were identified: Category-1. Habitations with no water source or where water was not available within 50 ft. below ground level; Category-2. Habitations where the water was chemically contaminated; and

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 2-1 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald braft Final Report TWAb Board Category-3. Habitations where water-borne diseases like chollera, typhoid, gastroenteritis, guinea-worm etc. were endemic. Accordingly, habitaltions falling under each of the three categories were identified as on April 1, 1980.

With the Central Government's increasing concern that only the main villages were being served, while hamlets were neglected, the service levels in hamlets became the next area of policy emphasis. With the introduction of the concept of hamlets in 1991, a survey was initiated again by the Central Government to identify problem villages and hamlets surrounding the miain villages.

2.1.1 The Mission approach With the launching of the National Drinking Water Mission in 1986 (later renamed as Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission in 1991), the policy of coverage of problem habitations was reinforced with complementary objectives. * To cover residual problem habitations as on 01/04/1986 * To evolve an appropriate technology mix * To improve performance and cost effectiveness of the on-going schemes * To create awareness among villagers on the use of safe drinking water * To take measures for the sustainability of the sources and the! systems. Other important areas of emphasis of the "Mission Approach" were tackling water quality problems, sustainability of sources and systems, eradication of guinea worm infestation, etc., under the Sub- Mission on Water Quality. This kind of an approach and policy emphasis continued till 1998. With this background as per the Tamil Nadu Panchayat Raj Act, 1993, the operation and maintenance of Rural Water Supply Schemes is now one of the statutory responsibilities of VPs. In keeping with the provisions of the Act, the GoTN has transferred the operation and maintenance of all Mini Water Supply Schemes (MWS) and Piped Water Supply (PWS) Schemes to the VPs. The responsibility for the maintenance of all hand pumps has been vested with the TPs to ensure econQmies of scale and also to ensure that trained manpower is easily available. Such partial cost sharing Is also proposed to be withdrawn, making the VPs responsible for meeting 100% O&M cost by collecting user charges through Village Water and Sanitation Committees.

The policy of promoting the 'user pays' principle is gaining momentum in the externally-aided and Government of India backed RWSS project (the World Bank assisted Integrated Rural Water Supply & Environmental Sanitation, the Netherlands and the DANIDA aided Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project) in the State, wherein capital cost sharing by the beneficiaries has been introduced. The year 1998 marked a radical shift in approach when the Central Government issued a new set of 'Guidelines for Implementation of Rural Water Supply Programme'. The new guidelines marked a "qualitative shift from a supply driven approach to a demand responsive approach" which also constitutes the basic tenets of GoTN's water supply policy.

2.1.2 Tenth Five Year Plan - Water supply and Sanitation policy During successive plan periods, water supply sector has received high priority which is reflected in the impressive coverage achieved so far. In respect of sanitation, both allocation and coverage were quite inadequate. With fast urbanisation and increasing expectancy of the people, the scarcity of resources and also the widening gap between demand and supply make the task ahead for the State a challenging one.

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 2-2 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald braft Final Report TWAI Board The areas to be covered under Water Supply and Sanitation are (i) Rural areas and (ii) Urban areas. The main Objectives of the Tenth Five Year Plan would be as under: Rural Water Supply:

. Full coverage of all the rural habitations in the State with a minimum of 40 Ipcd supply and 55 lpcd where ever possible * Full and independent coverage of habitations where socially marginalised groups live. . Sustainability of the systems and sources * Water quality monitoring and surveillance through a Catchment Area approach. * Cost effective technology to the quality affected habitations . Introduction of dual water supply schemes . On site treatment * House Service Connections * Adoption of demand driven approach, user participation and cost recovery . Coverage of schools, anganvadis, noon meal centres and primary health centres with water supply * Awareness campaign on the use of safe drinking water, water conserfation, ground water management . Redefining the role of Government! Governmental agencies from 'provider' to 'facilitator' * Rain water harvesting, establishment of ground water recharge structures for source sustainability

Water Security: One of the important objectives of the Government of Tamil Nadu during the Tenth Five Year Plan Period is Water Security. Hence, provision of safe drinking water to the people of the State will be accorded the top most priority by the Government. Moreover, 'drinking water security' and safe disposal of waste water are indispensable elements for achieving 'health security' and 'ecological security' forming part of the Chief Minister's 15 Points Programme.

Coverage and Service Level: The Government of Tamil Nadu has adopted a policy of providing at least 40 Ipcd of water supply and 55 Ipcd wherever possible. All Partially Covered Habitations (PCs), i.e., habitations with present water supply level less than 40 lpcd are to be upgraded to the supply level of at least 40 Ipcd in 5 years from the commencement of the proposed project. Further, all Partially Covered Habitations as well as Fully Covered Habitations (FCs) are tc be provided with water free from quality problems meeting the water quality prescribed by the Government of India.

Order of Priority: Habitations with severe deficit in water supply level as well as the habitations facing acute quality problem shall be accorded the highest priority. The remaining habitations are proposed to be covered as per norms following a Demand Responsive Approach so as to achieve the goal of coverage of all the habitations in 5 years from the commencement of the proposed project.

Selection of Sources: Ground water sources free from quality problems are to be given highest preference as sources for rural water supply schemes. Concurrently, appropriate ground water recharge measures will be implemented to promote sustainability of source. Surface sources, wherever available are to be considered particularly in areas where ground wvater sources are severely affected with quality problems. Problematic hard-core areais may be cfovered with multi-

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 2-3 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott Macbonald braft Final Report TWAb Board village schemes. The per capita capital cost and the 0 & M cost are to be the gu ding factors in the selection of sources and in designing schemes keeping in view the comimunity pref,,rence

Sustainability of Sources: Ground water recharge measures shall be adopted near all ground water sources of Piped and Mini Water Supply schemes as part of water supply projects. Up to 20% of funds for the water supply sector shall be allocated for such measures in the case of existing Piped and Mini Water Supply Schemes. In this context, the following medium and long-term measures will be considered.

. To regulate indiscriminate groundwater withdrawal by enaicting appropriatei legislation; . To protect resources against quality degradation; * To adopt appropriate measures for augmenting recharge of ground water aquifers; * To resort to watershed development programmes aimed at soil and Water conservation by arresting the run-off; . To resort to desiltation of the tank and reservoir systems of the State and catchment area development through micro-watershed management; . To resort to afforestation of deforested areas; * To conserve water through rainwater harvesting wherever possible.

Rain Water Harvesting: In order to augment the water supply status particularly in rural areas, the Government has passed an order no. 672 dated 11th Oct 2002, making it compulsory for provision of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) structures in all the buildings. In particular, it was rdeired to harvest every drop of the surface runoff in the expanded program by maintaining all the traditional water sources like temple tanks, ponds, PWD tanks, Ooranis, farm ponds and provision of RWH structures along the NH, SH and Panchayat minor roads. The achievement is reported to be pearly 100% as on 31-12-2003 and appreciable improvement is reported in the rural areas, particularly in temple tanks and Ooranis. The Delivery System: The State Government will promote and facilitate participation of the NGOs and the private sector and enable Panchayat Raj Institutions and user communities to take on a lead role in decision-making. VPs shall be the nodal agencies for water supply manag ment. The actual construction of water supply schemes shall be carried out through private sector contractors or Government agencies like TWAD. The VPs and the village water supply and sanitation committees (VWSSC) shall be actively involved in planning and executing the water supply schemes with the entire responsibility of O&M resting with the beneficiary community.

2.1.3 Rural Sanitation: The State policy on rural sanitation will focus on the following aspects. * Shift from allocation based approach to demand driven approach * Coverage of the rural population with individual/cluster toilets * Abolition of manual scavenging by converting dry latrines into pour flush latrines * Safe disposal of domestic liquid and solid waste integrated with disposal of night soil * Coverage of rural schools with sanitation facilities * Intensive IEC campaign and human resource development * Facilitating setting up of Rural Sanitary Marts at nearest points * Introduction of cost effective technologies in the construction of sanitary facilities

D:\SEA_Draf Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 2-4 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald braft Final Report TWAD Board * Soft loans through institutional finance for the constructiorl of rural latrines * Extending house service connections in the rural areas

2.2 Environmental aspects in the National Water Policy (2002) Recognising that water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious national asset, the policy provides for the following guidelines in planning andl operation of water resources projects as relevant in the context of the proposed project. . "Water is a scarce and precious national resource to be planned, developed and conserved as such, and on an integrated and environmentally sound basis, keeping in view the needs of the States concerned." * "Water should be made available to water short areas by transfer from other areas including transfers from one river basin to another, based on a national perspective, after taking into account the requirements of the areas / basins."' * "Water resource development projects should, as far as possible, be planned and developed as multipurpose projects. Provision for drinking water should be a primary consideration. The projects should provide for irrigation, flood mitigation, hydro-electric power generation, navigation, pisciculture and recreation wherever possible." * "The study of the impact of a project, during construction and later, on human lives, settlements, occupations, economic and other aspects should be an essential component of project planning." * "In the planning, implementation and operation of projects, the preservation of the quality of environment and the ecological balance should be a primary consideration. The adverse impact, if any, on the environment should be minimised and should be off-set by adequate compensatory measures." * "There should be an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to the planning, formulation, clearance and implementation of projects, including catchment treatment and management, environmental and ecological aspects, the rehabilitation of affected people and command area development." . "Special efforts should be made to investigate and formulate projects either in or for the benefit of areas inhabited by tribal or other specially disadvantaged groups such as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. In other areas also, project planning should pay special attention to the needs of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections of society." * "In the planning and operation of systems, water allocation priorities should be broadly as follows: - Drinking water - Irrigation - Hydro-power - Navigation - Industrial and other uses However, these priorities might be modified, if necessary, in particular regions with reference to area specific considerations." * "There should be a close integration of water-use and land-use policies."

D:\SEA_Drafl Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 2-5 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAD Board 2.2.1 Environmental Requirements of Government of India on RWSS Projects The Government of India through Ministry of Environment and Forests, requires environmental clearance of any infrastructure Projects, which cost more than Rs. 100 crore (US$ 20 million) or if they are mentioned under Schedule I (list) of Environmental Protection Act of 1986. The schedule I mentions 30 categories of activities/projects that require an environmental clearance from the MoEF. However, RWSS projects are generally small in investments size (less than US$20 million), project areas not notified as ecologically sensitive/fragile and are not listed under the schedule 1,therefore, do not require environmental clearance either from the State or from Central Government.

As per MoEF notification of 1 9th February, 1991 (as amended upto 3rd October, 2001) declaring coastal stretches as Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) and regulating activities in the CRZ, one of the activities, among others, declared as prohibited within the coastal regulation zone relates to "harvesting or drawal of groundwater and construction of mechanisms therefore within 200m of HTL; in the 200m to 500m zone it shall be permitted when done manually through ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries:

Provided that drawl of groundwater is permitted, where no other source of water is available and when done manually through ordinary wells or hand pumps, for drinking and domestic purposes, in the zone between 50-200m from HTL in case of rivers, creeks and backwaters subject to such restrictions as may be deemed necessary in areas affected by sea water intrusion, that may be imposed by an authority designated by State Government / Union Territory Administration (item X of para 2 of the Notification).

Though the State of Tamil Nadu is dotted with a number of sites of religious and historical importance, cultural properties, heritage sites, wildlife and bird sanctuaries, the proposed TNRWSS project is not expected to have any adverse impact on these sites.

The proposed TNRWSS project does not fall under any of the project categories listed in schedule-1 of the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification and hence does not require any formal environmental clearance of the MoEF, Gol. Neither the project area has been notified as ecologically sensitive / fragile under the Environment Protection Act, 1986.

Environmental laws relevant to the proposed project include: S.No Relevant Act Scope of the Act 1 The Environment (Protection) Under this Act, the central government is empowered to Act, No.29 of 1986 take measures necessary to protect and improve the quality of the environmient by setting standards for emissions and discharges; regulating the location of industries; management of hazardous wastes, and protection of public health and welfare, 2 Water (Prevention and Control This Act prohibits the discharge of pollutants into water of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Central bodies beyond a given standard, and lays down penalties Act 6 of 1974) as amended in for non-compliance. 1988

D:\SEA_Draft_Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 2-6 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAD Board S.No Relevant Act Scope of the Act 3 Water (Prevention and Control This Act provides for a levy and collection of a cess on of Pollution) Cess Act No 36 of water consumed by industries and lpcal authorities. It 1977 aims at augmenting the resources of the central and state boards for prevention and control of water pollution. 4 Forest (Conservation) Act No. This Act restricts the powers of the state in respect of de- 69 of 1980 and amendment in reservation of forests and use of forestland for non-forest 1988 purposes.

5 The Wildlife (Protection) Act, This Act provides for protection to listed species of Flora 1972, Amendment 1991 and Fauna in the declared network of ecologically important protected areas such as wild life sanctuaries and national parks. 6 EIA Notification of 1994 with All projects listed under Schedule-I of the Notification amendments require environmental clearance from the MoEF. Water supply and sanitation projects, however, are not covered in the Schedule. 7 Coastal Regulation Zone Act This act regulates and prcihibits development activities in the coastal stretches within 500m of HTL on the land- ward side.

2.3 State Water Policy Tamil Nadu is one of the earliest states to have in place a water policy of its own. Formnulated within the overall framework of the National Water Policy (1987), the state policy came into being in 1994. The National Water Policy has since been revised in keeping with the developmepts on the subject, and the new policy approved by the Parliament came into force in 2002. In the light of the National Water Policy 2002, the GoTN has also undertaken an exercise in the revision of its State Water Policy, which is awaiting the approval of the Legislative Assembly. The policy in its present form has an abridged version and an explanatory version. The broad objectives of the Tamil Nadu State Water Policy are to: 1. Establish a Management Information System (MIS) for water iresources. 2. Ensure preservation and stabilisation of existing water resources. 3. Plan for augmentation of utilisable water resources. 4. Promote research and training facilities for water resources management. 5. Establish allocation priorities for water use by different sectors with provision of drinking water being of highest priority. 6. Maximise multi-purpose benefit from surface and ground water, land and pther resources. 7. Provide adequate water for domestic users. 8. Maximise hydro-power generation within the constraints imposed by other water users. 9. Provide adequate water for industry. 10. Preserve and enhance the economic fisheries. 11. Maintain water quality to established standards. 12. Promote equity and social justice among users of water for irrigation and domestic water supplies. 13. Plan for economic and financial sustainability based upon the principle that those who benefit from projects and programmes should also pay for them. 14. Provide flood protection and drainage 15. Promote users participation in all aspects of water planning and management.

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 2-7 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAD Board 16. Provide mechanisms for the resolution of conflicts between users within and between intra- state river basins. The Policy, which will apply to all the water resources in the State, hais also outlined an Action Plan and identified the institutional framework for implementation. The Action Plan makes specific reference to the following important aspects: * Regulation and control of ground and surface water on a sound legal footing with appropriate legislations * Various technological and administrative steps for maximizing the benefits from the available water resources. * Adoption of various methods for augmentation of water resources. * Maintenance of surface and ground water quality through pollution prevention and regulation of ground water abstraction so as to prevent sea water intrusion. * Preparation of drought management plan for each river basin. * Promoting beneficiary participation to water use including definition of their rights and duties * Review and rationalization of water rates for different sectors.

2.3.1 Review of State Water Policy The explanatory version of Tamil Nadu Water Policy, in its overview, has brought out the need for the State Policy in the backdrop of variations in the physiographic, agro-climatic and topographic features of the State vis-a-vis the country as a whole. The policy also takes into consideration the water resources of the State and its specific needs. From a review and analysis of the Tamil Nadu State Water Policy the following observations would seem relevant. * The philosophy and the broad contents of the State Water Policy are in consonance with that contained in the National Water Policy. * In the abridged version of the Policy (Item 8) artificial recharging of ground water has been identified, and rightly so, as an important means of augmentation of water resources. * In keeping with the policy statement (Item 36) 'suitable legislation for preventing over extraction of groundwater, which will lead to salt water intrusion in coastal areas and drying up of the existing wells in other area be enacted and implemented.' It is to the credit of the GoTN that the Tamil Nadu Groundwater (Development & Management) Bill 2003 has been passed and that the Act is to be formally notified. Strict enforcement of the legal provisions will go a long way in remedying the present situation. * Two issues of relevance in the context of water resources management for possible inclusion in the State Policy relate to

1. Large scale illegal sand mining in all the rivers in the State which has seriously affected the quantity and quality of surface and sub-surface water resources through out the State, and

2. Recent disputes / debates regarding structural safety of existing dams which were constructed several decades ago.

D:\SEA_Draft_Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 2-8 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAb Board 2.4 Tamil Nadu State Acts related to Water sector

2.4.1 The Tamil Nadu Groundwater (Development & Management) Act, 2003 The Government of Tamil Nadu has drafted a legislation to protect Groundwater resources, to provide safeguards against hazards of its over exploitation and to ensure its planned development and proper management in the State of Tamil Nadu. This Act, called the Tamil Nadu Groundwater (Development & Management) Act, 2003 extends to the whole of the state. A copy of the Act is at in Annex 2.1. The Act, however, is yet to be notified.

The proposed Act is based on the single most important premise that a change in the ground water regime is caused only due to pumping whether it is for irrigation, industrial use or commercial purposes. However, the surface/ sub surface flow in the rivers also has a direct bearing on the ground water regime. Some of the environmental aspects that may have environmental implications on Ground water availability and discharge but not covered under the Ground Water Act,, include - the impact of widely prevalent illegal sand mining operations in the rivers,, the impact dues to disposal of rejects from water desalination processes especially in areas severely affected by high TDS / salinity (such as in Ramanathapuram district),

2.4.2 Chennai Metropolitan Area Groundwater (Regulation) Act No.27 of 1987

This Act authorises the Chennai Metropolitan water Supply and Sewerage Board to prohibit drilling new wells in the designated area unless the user first obtains a permit from the Board and to prepare a register of all existing wells. As per this Act, pre-existing users, except agricultural users, must apply for a license within 15 days of the date of the Act. All new users must obtain a license from the Board. This Act directs the government to issue instructions to the Board on the implementation of an artificial recharge scheme. This Act grants the Board powers to adopt regulations to prevent seawater intrusion.

2.4.3 Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Act

As per Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Act, TN Act No.28 of 1978, as modified upto 31st August 1981, the Board has powers over construction, drilling and alterihg of wells, ponds, tanks and cisterns providing drinking water and the power to regulate, control and charge for existing or future use of groundwater for all purposes except irrigation, in the Chennai Metropolitan Area.

2.4.4 Tamil Nadu Panchayat Act No.35 of 1958, as amended

This Act prescribes the purpose and manner of organising Village and Town FPanchayats. It authorises the Panchayats to construct and repair various small water related structures. This Act allows the Government to transfer to Panchayats the duty of protectinc and maintaining any irrigation works or regulate distribution of water.

2.4.5 Tamil Nadu Rivers Conservation Act No.6 1884 as amended in 1969 As per this Act, the State Government can declare a river or parts thereof to be subject to conservation measures in designated areas.

D:\SEA_Draft_Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 2-9 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAI Board 2.4.6 Water Utilisation Committee In GO MS No. 2039 PWD dated 06-11-1979; the Government constituted the Water Utilisation Committee and directed that all water supply schemes costing over Rs. 10 lakhs (not less than 1 MGD) and all Medium Irrigation Schemes costing Rs. 25 lakhs and above should be placed before the committee which will consider the schemes and make its recommendations to the Government with respect to the utilisation of water resources for irrigation, drinking water and industrial purposes. In GO MS No. 700 PWD (WR2) Department dated 18-10-1996, the Water Utilisation Committee was reconstituted and the Government directed that all water supply involving drawal of water of 1 MGD (4.5 MLD) and above be placed before the said Committee for consideration and cl ararice.

2.4.7 Regulations and procedures Palar basin rules: The Palar basin rules which came into existence since pre-independent period have been amended from time to time and are in operation even today. The purpose arid objective of this regulatory instrument is to arrest unhealthy trend in the exploitation of groundwater along the river course. The Rules as amended under GO MS No. 1766 PWD dated 31-10-1988 stipulate as follows: 1. The distance rules (distance between wells and river banks) slhall be 200mn and this distance has to be computed from the banks of the river. 2. Only those survey fields which come within the prohibited distance of 200m (and not the entire village) be subjected to Palar Basin Rules. 3. The fields abutting spring heads or channels which were earlier in existence but now dried up should not be subject to the Rules. 4. The Collectors of the respective districts are authorised to decide as to which of these spring heads or channels have become defunct. 5. The names of the villages that will attract the Palar Basin Rules shall be exhibited on the notice boards of the Government and Panchayat union offices. Applications seeking Palar basin certificates should also be disposed expeditiously. So as to identify the specific area where Palar Basin Rules have to be implemented, the district Collectors concerned have listed out the fields (survey number wise) which fall within 200m from the banks of Palar river. Standing orders of the Board of Revenue: The orders established rates for assessment for those lands receiving water from a government source. It prescribes right to utilise diffused surface water. The permission required to use water from government sources for irrigation was covered here. The issuance of licenses for diversions and use of water from government sources, surface and groundwater, for purposes other than irrigation were dealt. . As per memo no. W4 / 30115 / 85 dated Dec, 20, 1985 from the Office of the Chief Engineer, PWD, Groundwater, Chennai, the information on regulation on groundwater assessment, utilisation and rates is identified. Rules for deepening and sinking tube wells, spacing regulations and pumping capacities are specified. . Tamil Nadu Minor Mineral Concession Rules (1959) prescribe the regulations governing the sand mining. As per GO MS. No. 1210 PWD dated 26-07-1988, it is stipulated that the District Collector should grant permission in consultation with the PWD officers concerned for sand mining. The PWD will locate the sites for quarrying sand and the prohibited sites. In GO MS No. 957 PWD dated 29-05-1972, it is stipulated that poromboke lands within a radius of 300m both on the upstream and downstream side of water supply headworks located on river banks are prohibited lands fi r removal of sand by private parties.

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 2-10 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott Macbonald braft Final Report TWAC Board * The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) enforces the enactment on Environment and other Pollution Control Acts. As per GO MS No. 213 (ECI) Department dated 30-03-1989 Environment & Forests, no new industry is to be sited within 1km from water sources. Annexure 1 to this GO gives the list of industries for Mhich total ban has been imposed for location of industries from the embankment of he water sources mentioned in Annexure 2. The TNPCB will examine the caises and obt in the approval of Government for setting up highly polluting industries from water sources, other than mentioned in Annexure 2. The TNPCB has prescribed eifluent standards in BP MS 30 TNSCP dated 21-02-1984. The Government reconsidered this GO regarding locating new industries near water sources and it has been modified from 1km to 5km. Government order MS No. 127 Environment & Forests dated 08-05-1 988 states that "no new industries (Red category type) will be sited within 5kmr radius from water sources."

2.5 Status of TNRWSS Project from Environmental Considerations The proposed TNRWSS project does not fall under any of the project categories listed in schedule-1 of the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification and hence does not require any formal environmental clearance of the MoEF, Gol. Neither the project area has been notified as ecologically sensitive / fragile under the Environment Protection Act, 1986.

As per MoEF notification of 19 th February, 1991 (as amended upto 3rd October, 2001) declaring coastal stretches as Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) and regulating activities in the CRZ, one of the activities, among others, declared as prohibited within the coastal regulation zone relates to "harvesting or drawal of groundwater and construction of mechanisms therefore within 200m of HTL; in the 200m to 500m zone it shall be permitted when done manually through ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries:

Provided that drawal of groundwater is permitted, where no other source of water is available and when done manually through ordinary wells or handpumps, for drinking and domestic purposes, in the zone between 50-200m from HTL in case of rivers, creeks and backwaters subject to such restrictions as may be deemed necessary in areas affected by sea water intrusion, that may be imposed by an authority designated by State Government / Union Territory Administration (item X of para 2 of the Notification).

Specifically, there are no State level clearances required for the proposed project from environmental considerations other than in cases where the proposed abstraction of water from a river source in the proposed project exceeds 1 MGD. In such cases, the Water Utilisation Committee set up by the Government has to accord its approval. Though the State of Tamil Nadu is dotted with a number of sites of religious and historical importance, cultural properties, heritage sites, wildlife and bird sanctuaries, the proposed TNRWSS project is not expected to have any adverse impact on these sites.

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3 Tamil Nadu Water and Sanitation Sector Institutions

3.1 Introduction There are several large bodies imposing competing and often conflicting demands upon the State's scarce surface and groundwater resources. These organisations responsible for various aspects of water utilisation and control in Tamil Nadu are as follows: * Water Resources Organization (WRO) * Institute for Water Studies; (PWD) . Water Resources Control and Review Council

. Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD); *

* Madras Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (Metro Water); * * PWD (Ground water & Irrigation Departments);

. Rural Development Department; * * Agriculture Engineering Dept; * Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board;

* Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission *

Those identified with an asterix (*) are responsible for water and or sanitation although local government bodies (LGB) are only responsible for the operation and maintenance of existing systems. The mandates and functions of these institutions are outlined below.

3.1.1 Water Resources Organisation (WRO) The Water Resources Organisation (WRO) is in charge of the water bodies in the State for their maintenance, operation and regulation mainly for irrigation. The WRO is headed by the Engineer-in- Chief, Chennai (EIC) who is responsible for policy formulation, administration of WRO, implementation and monitoring of programmes, budget control and manpower. He is assisted by 10 Chief Engineers (CEs), 6 in charge of Plan Formulation, Design, Research and Construction Support (DRCS), Operation and Maintenance (O&M), Ground Water, Institulte for Water Studies and 4 in charge of four regions - Chennai, Pollachi, Thiruchirapalli and Madurai. Under these (CEs, there are 29 circles each headed by a Superintending Engineer (SE) for supervising the functioning of 107 divisions each headed by an Executive Engineer (EE). The overall administrative control rests with the Secretary, PWD. State Surface and Ground Water Data Centre of PWD is monitoring water quality in the state through a network of 2074 wells (852 Peizo meters and 1222 observation wells).

(i) Institute for Water Studies (IWS) The Government of Tamil Nadu established the Institute for Water Studies (IWS) In the year 1974 in order to plan, assess and manage the water resources of Tamil Nadu in a scientific manner. A Director in the rank of a Chief Engineer, PWD, heads the Institute and is assisted by a team of Engineers, Hydro-geologists, Geochemists, Geophysicists, Environmental Enginel rs, Photo-geology and Remote Sensing Scientists and an Agro Economist. It is a multi disciplinary institute under the Water Resources Organization (WRO) of PWD.

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 3-1 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald braft Final Report TWAD Board Role of IWS: The role of IWS is to provide policy guidance and advice to WRO and Govt. on all water related issues including environmental. The IWS is responsible for preparing basin-wise water resources assessments, preparing and maintaining a State Water Plan, which will serve as a general guideline for the water resources development of the State. The Institute wVvill prepare basin assessment in co-ordination with the regional Chief Engineers and other Government agencies for all river basins in the State. It will also establish planning standards. In addition to this, this Institute will also take up special studies on specific problems referred by the different wings of water resources development agencies.

The IWS will function as an implementing agency of the State Water Policy. The ultimate goal of the state's water policy is to develop a 'State Water Plan', which will be the blue print for all water resources development and use in the State.

Environmental unit of IWS: While improving the irrigation systems under TNWRCP, greater emphasis is given for the impact assessment on the environment and the ways to restore the ecosystem: In order to carry out this activity, an environmental unit has been formed in the IWS as per G.O. Ms. No. 84 P.W.D dated 28.1.94 with the following objectives: * Advising the Government on all policy matters including preparing guidelines I procedures and codes contributing to new policy or legislation concerning environment; * Liaising with all Central and State Government and Non Governmental Organisations concerned with environmental issues; * Preparing list of environmental experts and reviewing Environmental Irnpact Assessment reports related to water resources projects before they are presented to the Government for approval; * Managing research programmes on environment aspects in basin with other Government research agencies and universities and * Maintaining data bank of surface and ground water quality information.

(ii) Water Resources Control and Review Council (WRCRC) In order to take an integrated view on the utilisation, development and distribution of the scarce water resources in the State with reference to a well defined order of priorities, the Government have established a Water Resources Control and Review Council (WRCRC) in G.O., Ms. No. 1404 PWD (Xl) Dept dated 30-09-1993. The Chief Minister is the Chair Person of WRCRC and the ministers for Public Works, Local Administration and Agriculture are the Vice Chairmen of the Council. The powers and functions of WRCRC are discussed in Annex 3.1.

In keeping with recommendation of the World Bank, the Government has also constituted the following sectoral sub-committees to support the functions of WRCRC effectively. * Irrigation and Agriculture Urban and Rural Domestic and Live-stock Water Supply and Sanitation; Power and Industrial; Ground Water Regulation; and * Environmental.

3.1.2 Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD) TWAD, a semi-autonomous body was constituted under the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board Act 1970 {Tamil Nadu Act No. 4 of 1971} for the development of drinking water and drainage in the State of Tamil Nadu except the Chennai Metropolitan Area. The TWAD investigates, formulates

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAM-DFR.doc 3-2 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott Macbonald braft Final Report TWAb Board and executes water supply and drainage schemes. It also co-ordinates with the district and state level Government departments, Government of India's Ministry of Rural Developrment and Poverty Alleviation, Ministry of Water Resources, National River Conservation Directorate, Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, Central Ground Water Board and NGOs to impleirnent water supply and sewerage programmes effectively in the districts of Tamil Nadu. The orga nisational chart of TWAD is depicted in Fig. 3.1

In operational terms, the Board investigates, plans, designs and implements drainage and water schemes at the instance of the Government or a local authority. The TVVAD, as a policy, maintains the source and transmission components of CWSS (439 schemes covering 8400 habitations) and maintenance of standalone schemes. The O&M of distribution system is the responsibility of the respective Village Panchayat.

With regard to RWS, the implementation of schemes is program dependent and the role of TWAD is determined by the program structure. The programs under implementation are: Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program (ARWSP) financed by the Gol, Minimum Needs Program (MNP) of the State Government, Sector Reforms Program (SRP), a Gol sponsored program ih 6 districts and Swajaldhara, a variant of SRP. Additionally, Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) has developed a community based water and sanitation project in Villupuram and Cuddalore districts.

3.1.3 Rural Development Department The Rural Development Department is in charge of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Administration at Government level. The Director of Rural Development is heading the Directorate at State level and is responsible for implementation of rural development lprograms and administration of Panchayat Raj institutions. A technical wing headed by a Superintending Engineer with the powers of Chief Engineer to handle all technical matters also assists him. The Director of training at State level is responsible for the administration of training programs. The Rural Development Department has been implementing sanitation schemes in Tamil Nadu.

At the district level, the Collector is the Inspector of Panchayats for all the 3 tiers of local bodies. He is the Chairman of the District Rural Development Agency which is registered under the Societies Registration Act to monitor the schemes. The Project Officer, DRDA assists the District Collector in the implementation of various programs in the district. Each DRDA has an Engine9ering Cell headed by an Executive Engineer. The District Panchayat is assisted by an exclusive secretary in the cadre of Assistant Director who is also the ex-officio secretary to the District Planning Comrittee (DPC).

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 3-3 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott Macbonald braft Final Report TWAD Board

Figure 3-1 Organisation Chart - TWAD Board CHAIRMAN

| - MANAGING DIRECTOR

V.0 JCE (PM)I JCE (COM) JCE JCE Director C.A.O JCE (P&D) Secretary A.0- I | (EE) DCE (R) DCE(C&M) (P&D) (QATA) HRD C.Au.O Manager A.O- II DCE (U) DCE(O&M) DCE I DCE DCAO(Fin) 9 A.O -III DCE II (QA) DCAO(Est) IEC EDPM y Drector DCAO(CM) Sr.HG

Chief engineer Chief engineer Chief engineer Chief engineer Northern Region, Vellore Eastern Region, Thanjavur Western Region, Coimbatore Southern Region, Madurai JCE JCE JCE JCE E~~~(D)EE(r~~~~~~I1) E~~~~~(D)~~I I ILD EEJVI) EE(M) EE(D) EE(M) | _|_EE(D)______

Superintending Engineer, Superintending Engineer, Superintending Engineer, | Superintending Engineer, 1 - I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Kancheepuram Tituvellore circle, Alandur Thanjavur, Thiruvarur Nagai Circle, Coimbatore, Nilgiri Circle, Coimbatore Madurai Didigul Then,l Circle, Madural EE-5 nos Thanjavur I E - n EEs-8 nos Superintending Engineer, EEs -6 nos EEs-7nos Superintending Engineer, Vellore Tiruvannamali circle, Vellore Project Engineer, Project office, Superintending Engineer, Erode Circle, Sivagangai Ramanathapuram Circle, EEs-6 nos Mannargudi I Erode Sivaganga Cuperintending Engineer, iTarmapuri - --EE-s--22nos u EEs -5 nos | Engineer, Circle | Superintending Engineer, Superintending Engineer, Salem Circle, Superintending Engineer, i EEcs -4nos IITrichy-Pudukkottal Circle, Tiruchy Salem EiEs- nos ' Kovilpaf Superintending Engineer, EEs - 11 nos EEs - 8 nos EEs - 6 nos Cuddalore, Villupuram Circle, Cuddalore Superintending Engineer, Sewerage circle, Superintending Engineer, Tirunelvelli EEs -4 nos ITrichy Superintending Engineer, Project Circle, E -EEsn-TTr 4 nos Theni EEs-4Ios I_____I ______I______EE- 1 no.

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At the Block level, there are 2 Block Development Officers (BDOs') designated as BDO -Block Panchayats and BDO-Village Panchayats. The BDO (Block Panchayats) is iso 'the executive authority (Commissioner) of the Panchayat Union Council. The BDO (Village Pan ,hayat) exclusively looks after the schemes and affairs of the Village Panchayats. The Union Enginee - and the Assistant Engineer in the Block assisted by overseers are responsible for technical matter s relating to works implementation. The Assistant Executive Engineer at sub-divisional level supervises these Engineers. The Village Panchayat President himself is the Executive Authority of the respective Village Panchayat. He is assisted by Panchayat clerks / assistants in the administration of the Village Panchayat. The VP is responsible for the inspection and maintenance of Water Supply and Sanitation facilities.

The DRD is the implementing agency for sanitation program in the villages under the Total Sanitation program initiated by Gol. Under the above program, individual household toilets, school toilets, toilets for anganwadis and community sanitary complexes are being constructed.

3.1.4 Agriculture Engineering Department This department is responsible for Command Area on-farm development activities including establishing Farmers Organisations, Catchment (watershed) Stabilisation and Soil Qonservation.

3.1.5 Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB), established in 1982, functions with its Head Office at Chennai, five Regional Offices headed by Joint Chief Environment Engineers, eighteen District Offices headed by District Environment Engineers and two District Offices headed by Assistant Environment Engineers.

The mandate of TNPCB is to control, prevent and abate pollution of streams, wells, land and atmosphere in the State, to protect the environment from any degradation by effective monitoring and implementation of pollution control legislations. TNPCB is implementing the Pollution Control Legislations and rules and notifications framed therein. In discharging the duties entrusted to it, the Board investigates, collects and disseminates data relating to water, air and land pollution, lays down standards for sewage / trade effluents and emissions.

The Board has established three Advanced Environmental Laboratories, six District Environmental Laboratories and three Mobile Environmental Laboratories to assist in the analytical and scientific side.

TNPCB undertakes periodic river monitoring and has established over 100 river monitoring stations in the major rivers of the State. In addition, there are 32 monitoring stations for coastal region. However there is no clearance required from TNPCB for RWSS schemes as they are small projects in nature.

3.2 Water quality monitoring In Tamil Nadu, a number of water quality testing laboratories are functioning both in public and private sector institutions. University departments also undertake this activity in a limit9d way. The major Government departments which have the laboratory facilities are as follows.

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 3-5 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott Macbonald Draft Final Report TWAb Board TWAD Board: A state level laboratory at Chennai, established in '1964, and now fully equipped with the most modern facilities for complete analysis of water samples f r all parameters including trace metals and organics. This is the first Government laboratory of its kind in the country obtain the ISO 9002 certification. In addition there are: * District laboratories in each of the twenty eight districts in the State. * One mobile laboratory at Coimbatore. * Six laboratories located at major water works operated and maintained by the TWAD Board. These laboratories have facilities to concluct physical, chemical and bacteriological examination of water, sewage and pollution samples The TWAD laboratories focus on the assessment of potability of new sources, and monitoring and control of water supply schemes maintained by the TWAD Board. A number of monitoring and surveillance works are also undertaken including performance evaluation of treat"ment plans. Water samples from hand pumps and power pumps are tested and certified regarding their potability. The water sources are systematically monitored by analyzing the quallity of water in a network of observation wells spread over the entire State. On an average, about 10,000 samnples per year are tested in these laboratories.

The water quality data from the district laboratories is collected and compiled at the TWAD Head Office. Water quality maps are prepared and communicated for field use. The Deputy Chief Water Analyst unit at the Head Office co-ordinates the various activities of water quality management in the TWAD Board.

TNPCB: The Board has established the following laboratories to assist in the analytical and scientific work: o Three - Advanced Environmental Labs (AEL) at Chennai, IMadurai and Salem * Six - District Environmental Labs (DEL) at Ambattur, Vellore and Cuddalore * Three - Mobile Environmental Labs (MEL) at Hosur, Manali, Trichy, Thirunelveli, Coimbatore and Dindigul. The main focus of the TNPCB Laboratories is on testing of pollution samples and other ambient water quality monitoring programs, their own or sponsored.

The AELs, DELs and MELs of TNPCB have different levels of monitoring and analytical capabilities which depend on the range of instruments these laboratories are equipped with. In general, the AELs have better facilities and are capable of monitoring and analysis of wider range of environmental parameters than the DELs and MELs. The AELs are the best equipped laboratories of the TNPCB and can analyze all physical, chemical and biological parameters for water and waste water samples.

PH Laboratories: The Public Health laboratories at the King Institute in Chennai and in Coimbatore monitor the water quality in major water supply schemes of Rural Town Panchayals and Urban Town Panchayats in the State. It is an independent surveillance and monitoring agency, which has the statutory obligation to report to the Government any lapses in drinking water quality from urban and rural water supply systems.

SG&SWR Data Centre Laboratories: These are located at Chennai, Madurai, Trichy and Pollachi, recognized under EPA (1986) by the CPCB, and equipped with all facilities for cc mplete analysis of water and wastewater samples.

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 3-6 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald braft Final Report TWAD Board The PWD, Ground Water laboratories undertake monitoring ground Water samples collected from a network of over 2000 observation wells in the State. Samples are analysed to establish suitability or otherwise of water quality for water supply and irrigation needs. It provides data to the Chief Engineer for planning ground water development schemes for the entire State.

It may be noted from the above that the objective, scope, capabilities of and the available infrastructural facilities with the various institutions engaged in water quality monitoring in Tamil Nadu are varied. Further, there is a lack co-ordination between these organizations. More importantly, there is no established mechanism for dissemination and exchange of information / data generated by the various agencies engaged in water quality monitoring between the producers and the users for effective planning and management of water resources in the State.

3.3 Analysis of Institutional Aspects Presently the TWAD Board is the major agency for planning, implementing and commissioning of all RWS schemes in Tamil Nadu. The schemes include HP / PP / CWSS, in addition special programs such as tackling water quality problems, water supply facilities to SC, / ST are also undertaken by TWAD. In the recent years, major activities towards implementation of number of CWSS are undertaken. Funds for this program are received from Gol / HUDCO / L-IC / GoTN. Particular attention is given for upgrading the existing facilities from partially completed to fully completed. However, the above programs are implemented based on supply driven approach and at no sta9e the villagers are involved in this task. In respect of rural sanitation program, TWAD Board's role is practically nil.

The Directorate of Rural Development, who are responsible for all the rural activities are also involved in providing water supply to rural community in a limited way in the form of HP / PP / Extension Pipelines (EPL) based on the immediate needs of the villagers. The above activities are implemented by engineers who are working in the DRD. Funds for these activities are received under Rural Development Fund as a grant. In addition to the above, under the IEleventh Finance Commission grant, Gol releases funds for implementing RWS programs in a limited 'way namely, PP / EPL etc. The above activities are taking place for the past 2 years. RWS activities are also und rtaken with MLA / MP local area development fund. But the above programs are implemented more or less on an adhoc basis, without any technical assessment. Further co-ordination between DRD & TWAD, who are the implementing agencies for the rural water supply schemes in the State needs improvement.

The GoTN policy on rural water supply and sanitation places emphasis on 'demand-based' delivery system with a decentralised approach, vesting the planning and decision-making authority on the beneficiary Village Panchayat. This new dispensation would call for the backup support of a technically strong and competent agency, which can guide the HWSC in all technical matters and facilitate decision-making. In the proposed institutional framework, this role is to be taken up by the Manager (Technical) of the Technical Wing under the direct supervision of the District Program Manager (DPM) and supported by a team of Deputy Managers and Technical Officers. It is presumed that the existing TWAD Board engineers will be re-deployed in these positions. Thus, the HWSC will have the benefit of the rich experience of TWAD Board engineers in managing water supply systems. In this context, the beneficiary community should also have the option of identifying andl engaging the services of an independent agency such as an NGO or a consultant who is competent enough in the effective delivery of such services.

The planning, design, construction and 0 & M of multi-village water supply schemqs present complex situations and call for a specialised dispensation for the management of such sqhemes. There are already such schemes implemented by TWAD in Tamil Nadu. These are operated and maintained also by TWAD. The valuable experience of this agency could be utilised in the planning and

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 3-7 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald braft Final Report TWAD Board implementation of new schemes in the proposed project. Here again, the beneficiary community should be free to avail the option of engaging any other competent agency for the in~tended service. In the proposed TNRWSS project, the entire responsibility for the O&M of water supply scheme would be that of the beneficiary community / HWSC. It is well known that the HWSCs do not have the necessary technical backup support to operate and maintain the systern in an efficient manner. In this backdrop, the policy framework should make it mandatory for the construction agency to impart hands on training in the routine O&M of the facilities to the persons identified by the HWSCs before handing over the facilities to the community. Also, a minimum running in period should be prescribed during which deficiencies, if any, noticed in the system should be rectified.

Presently, there is no regular system of water quality monitoring in respect of schemes for which the O & M responsibility rests with the local body. In the proposed demand driven projects also the present situation is likely to continue as this aspect may receive the lowest priority by the owner community, which needs to be addressed. A mutually acceptable arrangement malybe worked out by which the owners of community water supply systems will be required to have in place a minimum program of water quality monitoring and the existing labs will provide the service which will be affordable by the community. In this context, the role of other existing institutions such as the King Institute, which have a mandate for routine water quality surveillaince needs to be addressed.

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4 The proposed TNRWSS Project

4.1 Sector Plan objectives The Government of Tamil Nadu vision for the 10th Five Year Plan in the water and sanitation sector has been formulated with the following objectives: Adoption of demand driven approach, user participation and cost recovery Redefining the role of Government / Governmental agencies from 'Provider 'to 'facilitator'. Rainwater harvesting, establishment of ground water rechlarge structures for source sustainability Coverage of rural population and institutions with sanitation facilities and safe disposal of domestic liquid and solid waste

. Capacity building and Community empowerment in planning, implementing and managing the water and sanitation facilities with due cost sharing

The Government envisages taking forward this 10 th Plan vision in the TNRWSS Program.

4.2 TNRWSS program components

The components identified for implementation under the proposed TNRWSS program can be grouped into three major activities and the sub activities therein are as under.

(A) Community Development and Infrastructure Building: 1. Mobilization of community and demand creation; 2. VP, HWSC and User Community capacity building; 3. Construction/ upgradation/ rehabilitation of drinking water supply, ground water recharge, individual and environmental sanitation schemes; and 4. Targeted SC/ ST development plan on the above;

(B) Institution Building: 1 Program institutions will be - Tamil Nadu Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Mission (TNRWSM), District Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Mission (DRWSM) & Village Water and Sanitation Committee (HWSC) each supported by a Programme Management Unit (PMU)

2 Capacity building of program staff, support agencies and othier stake holders (i.e) VP, HWSC, SHG, NGO; and

3 Program Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E). i.e. (from baseline to outcome indicators)

(C) Sector Development Programs: 1. Developing long term policies and strategic plans; 2. Strengthening sector information management systems; 3. Learning and piloting innovative approaches; and

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4. Water quality monitoring and surveillance.

The RWSS sector program with these components and Institutional arrangements; linkages, roles and responsibilities has been derived accordingly.

4.2.1 Program Institutional Arrangements

(a) The TNRWSS Program shall be implemented through the newly lproposed State, District and Village level organizations as under.

TNRWSM - TamilNadu Rural Water and Sanitation Mission at state level. DRWSM - District Rural Water and Sanitation Mission at district level for each district. HWSC - Village Water and Sanitation Committee at village level for each Village Panchayat (or Habitation level) as the case may be.

(b) The TNRWSS Program shall also have external support organizations and agencies to assist the state, district and village level organizations as under.

SOs - Support Organizations to act within the district that can be ehgaged by HWSC or DRWSM

SAs - Support Agencies that will act on specific assignments of TNRWSM and DRWSM as needed. The constitution, role and the responsibilities of TNRWSM, DRWSM, HWSC, SOs and SAs are described in Annex 4.1. The organisational framework for the TNRWSS program, State Program Management Unit (SPMU) and District Program Management Unit (DPMLJ) are depicted in Figs. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 respectively.

4.2.2 Institutional arrangements and Linkages

The proposed institutions for the implementation of TNRWSS Program shall have Institutional linkages in terms of administrative, financial control, technical and community development support mechanism as below. i) GOTN shall frame policy and take action in forming the necessary institutions with legal status and funding. ii) The TNRWSM shall liaise with the GOTN, GOI and other external funding agencies, propose policy initiatives, frame program guidelines, obtain and release program funds to DRWSM. iii) Primarily, the TNRWSM through DRWSM, will act as a delivery channel for providing assistance to HWSCs. iv) The linkage between TNRWSM and DRWSM & between DRWSM and HWSC will be direct through a MOU so as to share common philosophy, objectives and guidelines. v) SPMU, the executive unit of TNRWSM, with proper skill mix, shall support the DRWSM directly as well as through SOs and SAs in implementing the RWSS program. vi) DPMU, the executive unit of DRWSM, with proper skill mix, shall support the HWSCs directly as well as through SOs & SAs. vii) The HWSCs shall be provided with technical and community development support on a day- to-day basis from DPMU through SOs & SAs. viii) The Support Organizations (SOs) will provide support to the HWSCs as facilitators both for capacity building and engineering activities.

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Figure 4.1: TNRWSSP - Organisational Framework with Environmental responsibilities

Environmental Responsibilities

GoTN (MA&WS) Policy formulation on Environmntal I II safeguard

* Mapping of Env. I TNRWSM Stressed areas for I drinking water I * Facilitation and State Program | Monitoring sICE _~~~~~~~~~~ __------__------t- Consultancy Support _

!MIS Wing flt I . Env. Evaluation & _ . Approval| for Multi DRWSM I village scheimes/ Executive Council CWSS I l * lMapping of stressed 1a > District Program . EnvMonitoring of Scheme_! Management Unit Performance . . I | 11 ~~~~~~~~~~~~Indicators Schemel - - H --...... * preparatiq n, EnvironI integrated engineer 7g I fujl Environmj ntal 1 and community I Construction funds a.Wsal|, L; _gldevelopment suppo t SOs shI r 1 OS CWSS shar ?|! ------' Co-ordinationt w vIw|* with DRWSM for stressed areas |I | 3 ~ Contribution from I * Env. Approval for ouse Tax Individual schemes

1 5] ~~HWSC 5l

Th3*| . |* Water quality monitoringRecharge

Habitations | | Habitations ||Habitations * Env. Approval for L Sl 5 | Individual schemes

§ Flow of Funds MA&WS Municipal Administration &Water SupplyDepartment TNRWSM Tamilnadu Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Mission | Engineering Suppor DWSA District Water Supply & Sanitation Mission .... Community Development Support SO Support Organisation --- F Integrated Administrative support SA SupportingAgency HWSC Village Water Supply &Sanitation Committee Habitations

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TNRWSA General Body

Figure 4.2: State Program Management Unit Executive Committee

(SPMU) -TNRWSSP State Programme Management Unit Program Director

Finance & Operation Technical Wing MIS wing Administration Wing Wing

Director (Operation) Director (Technical) Dy. Director DirDirect 1 Director (Operaton) (MIS) (Finance & Admn) .II w l Joint Director (Technical) Fj t lSystem Analyst - 1 1 Joint Director Dy .Director y DEOs - 2 Acct.Officer-I I (Operation (M&E) (SHP & IEC) Acct. Officer-1 .. , (Finance) Dy. Director -1 Asst.. Director -1 Il^S (WS & S) (GWM, WQM & R &D) * Asst. Director Asst. Director CEO 1 | J.Acc. Officer-1 Admin. (Operation & (IEC, SHP & F&AW :0. (Acct &Audit) Officer - 1 M&E) CB) Director- (WS& ) Asst.Tech. Officer - F&A Wing o 0 Operation Wing :05 , Asst. Director -1 (C.B& O&M, QA) Technical Wing :09 Accounts Assistant-I MIS Wing :04 Assisant- Jr. Assistant-I1st ietr- Poueet LRecord ~ Clerk-I~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~Ast.-gir7co LRecordAssictrRnt-7 Clerk-1 t t 1 Asst:Diretr-tarer 0Support Staff :16 L'* Tech. Officer - 1 Total .44

Dy.Dire t oem, - o Responsible for Env. Il I Considerations

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Figure 4.3: District Program Management Unit DRWSA General Body - Executive Committee (DPMU) -TNRWSSP

District Programme Management Unit District Program Manager

Finance & Operation Technical Wing MIS wing Administration Wing Wing

Maae eirManager Senior Manager Cmue (Finance| &Manager Admn) J (OenirMations)< (Technical)2 X~~(OpratonProgrammer-Programmer -1

Dy. Manager (Admin) -i EiI | Manager (WS) - 1 DEO - 1 Acct. Assistant -2/3 Manager (WQM, O&M) -I Manager (IEC, SHP &CB) Assistant-1 Manager (GWM) -1 0 Technical Officer-1 DPM :01 Supp-ort Staff: 10 Manager (Procurement)-i F&AWing 05! Steno/ PC -1 |Operation Wing :04 DEOI/MISAsst -2 Technical Officer -1 Technical Wing :06 Driver -2 vMIS Wing :02 °.A -2 Support Staff :08 Watchman -1 Total :26

I Manager (M&E) 7 p Responsible for Env. Evaluation

D:\SEA_Draft_Final_Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 4-5 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWA b Board ix) The proposed power for TNRWSM to accord administrative sanction fo schemes is for a value upto Rs.10.0 crores and also Inter District Schemes upto Rs. 10.00 crores. The TNRWSM authorities shall be vested with full powers for according technical sanction of schemes in Environmental stressed areas. x) The GOTN will be responsible for providing an enabling policy environment conducive to implementation of the program's key policy and institutional reforms and providing program funds and its own share of counterpart funds.

4.2.4 Sector monitoring and evaluation framework. The sector program will identify an overall RWSS sector monitoring and evaluation framework. This will include: a) Periodic monitoring and reporting of sector performance, b) Program input-output performance, c) Program impact monitoring. For each of the three aspects, appropriate indicators, M&E tools, frequency and institutional responsibilities will be identified. In addition, the sector M&E will also detail modalities of joint annual reviews with external financers and other development partners.

4.2.5 Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation In keeping with the project interventions / identified environmental issues and imppcts which need to be addressed in the project design and implementation, a list of environmental performance indicators has been identified as also the agencies responsible for monitoring these, along with the indicators for the other components of the project, would provide a basis for monitoring and evaluation of the project performance. A detailed monitoring and supervision plan has been provided in Chapter 7.

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 4-7 5ector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald Final Report TWAI Board ix) The HWSC shall enter into a tripartite agreement with DRWSIM and SO and shall authorize payment of facilitation charges to the SO through DRWSM x) The program implementation model also provides for engaging Support Agencies (SAs) to provide consultancy support on specific areas to the SRWSM, DRWSM and HWSCs.. xi) The Support Agencies (SAs) could be any of the existing Govt. organ zations or private consulting firms. xii) The SAs shall compete to obtain assignments or can be appointed as sole source by SWSA or DWSA based on their capability & suitability. xiii) The SOs shall carry out the following activities for the HWSC: a) Once a VP expresses its interest to abide by the program rules and gets selected for the program, the SO can conduct necessary planning activities including community mobilization. b) SO shall conduct survey and investigation, prepare the design and estimates and prepare detailed implementation plan. They will also assist the HWSC to call for tender and evaluate and award the contract. c) The SO shall also supervise the construction, record measurement and prepare bills with certification for consideration of HWSC for payment. d) The service charge for the facilitation arrangement for the HWSCs in all the above activities will be worked out and fixed and will be paid from the program as per the tripartite agreement.

4.2.3 Environmental Management Arrangements The important roles and the proposed powers of each of the proposed institutions in implementation of the program components are as briefed below: i) The HWSCs will be responsible for planning and construction of RWSS infrastructure including contracting of works and management of program funds. ii) Further, the HWSCs will be solely responsible for managiement of s¢heme operations, environmental considerations and implementation of mitigatory measures andl maintenance on a sustainable basis, including levying and collecting water charges. iii) The DRWSM - DPMU will provide support to HWSC/ VPs for Environmental considerations in terms of Check-list and Contents. iv) The DRWSM - DPMU will be responsible for scrutinising the schemes with respect to Environmental issues and stress areas. a) The environment information made available as per environmental data sheet (Table 7.2a & 7.2b) along with DPR will be reviewed for its adequacy by the Manager (M&E) of the operational wing of DPMU for projects costing upto Rs. 1.00 crore. For projects costing more than R's. 1.00 crore, Dy.Director -1 of SPMU will be reviewing authority v) Technical assistance will be provided to HWSC by technically, qualified agency for Individual scheme and for Multi village schemes(CWSS), TWAD will be the nodal agency for technical assistance, implementation, etc., vi) The DRWSM - DPMU shall play major role in identifying IEC / Capacity Building activities for taking the program to the peoples. vii) The DRWSM - DPMU shall be the agency to do the appraisal and administrative sanctioning of any standalone scheme and Intra District Multi - Panchayat schemes up to the proposed monitory limit of Rs.10.0 crores fixed. The proposed technical sanction power of the DPM is up to Rs 1.0 crores. viii) TNRWSM shall be responsible for dissemination of program information, l&E, environmental impact assessment (for water stress areas and water contamination)stydies, sustainability monitoring, learning, experimentation, strategy corrections, sector policy development programs and liaison with the GOTN and the Bank.

J:\CEI\Projects\213433-SEA\reports\final-new\SEAMF-FinalReport-jan 2006.doc 4-6 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald braft Final Report TWAD Board 4.3 Analysis of Water and Sanitation Technology Options proposed under the project

4.3.1 Water supply

Rehabilitation of existing schemes: With the encouraging response, as evidenced during the public consultations, for participation of people including financial contribution for better water and sanitation services, the demand for the proposed TNRWSS project could be expected to be significant. The detailed investigation and engineering evaluation of all existing assets (existing sources, treatment and distribution systems, pumps and pumping machinery etc.) already created under various programs and preparation of a rehabilitation plan to ensure their functionality and optimum utilisation would be useful

Source identification / selection: The proposed project would require, in most of the cases, identification of new sources so as to improve the existing service levels. As 90 - 93% of surface water resources have already been utilised, the scope of using surface water res urces for RWS in the state could be limited. In addition, illegal sand mining and pollution due to dis harge of industrial and municipal wastes have aggravated the situation in many river basins. This me ans that more and more of ground water only have to be tapped for water supply. As, by and large, |ocal sources have already been tapped, it may become inevitable to look for distant new sources. Such sources may be outside the administrative boundary of the beneficiary village. Tapping such sources may also lead to conflict of interests between villages with competing demands. Presently more than 95 % of rural water supply schemes are based on ground water source. From economic considerations, it is a widely accepted practice that if ground water of potable quality (without the need for treatment) is available in adequate quantity, it should be the fiirst priority for selection. In the context of the proposed project, there are many halbitations which experience the problem of water scarcity, water quality or both. Though some of the! existing groundwater sources have failed due to varied reasons including lowering of water table, distant potentia I sources will have to be identified.

In the search for new groundwater sources, the latest tools and techniques like satellite imageries and geophysical methods such as electromagnetic profiling and electrical riesistivity soundings etc. should be resorted to so as to improve the success rate. In this context, the extensive state-wide information generated by Anna University in the form of groundwater recharge zonation maps could provide a basis for identifying potential sites for new sources as well.

While looking for new groundwater sources, the following risk elements should be recognised. In sum, all efforts would be made to ensure the sustainability of the source in the proposed TNRWSS project. Once the source has been identified, water conservation measures such as rain water harvesting and ground water recharge would be considered 'a must' for promoting the sustainability of the source.

Rainwater harvesting for direct use: Though not directly relalted to improving the source sustainability, will have an indirect impact in that the demand on the source to that extent will be reduced. It may be noted here that as per a Tamil Nadu G.O. installation of rainwater harvesting structures in all existing and new buildings to come up in the State is mandatory.

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Ground water Local By and large already tapped, hence limited sc

Could be inevitable, more expensive, may post socio- |~~~~~~~~~itn v political constraints l

Risks J Out of 385 blocks, 288 problem blocks already categorised as over] I1 [ ~~~~~exploited,critical &semi-criticall

Failure| 1 Non-potable In-adequate yield | Drying up of sources due to rapid (Operation L|fall E in ground water level

Need for more reliable techniques to ensure -Sstainability? ||almost 100% success ra te S sti a

If feasibility of ground water is ruled out, alternate surface sources (village tanks / rivers / streams/ canals) which will require only simple treatment such as slow sand filtration, river 0 tank bed filtration will be considered. Such surface source based systems may be designed to cater to the needs of a group of villages / habitations in order to have the benefit of economies of scale. The capital cost of such multi-village schemes, however, will be high as also the recurring cost. This aspect may be crucial in the decision making by the target community regarding the need for proposed project. In such cases, on the basis of an objective assessment, appropriate modifications in the policy of cost sharing may have to be considered to ensure the sustainability of the system.

Source water quality: As discussed elsewhere in the report, water quality hos been a serious problem in several parts of the State. The major quality problems pertain to the chernical quality - caused due to the presence of excessive concentrations of fluoride, TD)S, Nitrate, and Chloride and in some cases Iron. Some of these constituents have serious public health implications while others have aesthetic significance. Thus, the risk of rejectiorn of such sources by the community is very high. In respect of maintaining water quality and its standards, the villagers at best can identify the colour, odour and taste parameters in water quality. Beyond the above paranneters, the villagers will not be able to identify any serious water quality problems without any assistance. Similarly, the villagers role in preventing sand mining, dumping of solid wastes is only limited. Hence, it may not be possible for the villagers to monitor and take necessary steps for ensuring supply of water free from pollution etc. as per the prevailing conditions.

There have also been instances where the water quality was acceptable when the source was commissioned, but over the years gradually deteriorated resulting in the abandoning of the source. Water Treatment: Experiences abound in the country to show that water treatment systems installed in rural areas for removal of excess fluoride or iron have not been successful for a variety of reasons. Huge investments made in such systems have become wasted. In the light Qf this experience, treatment for quality problem in ground water should be the last option. Preference should be given to surface / sub-surface sources, even if they have to be tapped from long distances. In situations where it becomes inevitable to go in for expensive treatment tec nologies such as defluoridisation and desalination for quality affected habitations, it may even be necessary to go in for dual water supply i.e., limited supply of safe drinking water and supply of secon grade quality for other uses than drinking and cooking. D:\SEA_Draft-Final_Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 4-9 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald braft Final Report TWAD Board

Operation and Maintenance: In existing rural water supply systems, lack of efficient 0 & M has been reported as a major cause of failure of the systems. In the proposedl demand driven approach, the entire responsibility for 0 & M of the assets created will rest with the beneficiary community.

Sanitation options: A major issue of environmental concern in all the districts / VPs is the lack of household sanitation systems (latrines). The present level of coverage in the prcject districts is low when compared to the state level coverage of 14%. Open air defecation is almo st universal in the project districts with its associated environmental and public health risks. This practice is also a major cause of soil and surface water contamination. Thus, there is an ur(gent need fc ir provision of safe sanitation systems in these villages to minimise the public health risks due to the prevailing unhygienic practices. The programmes launched by the state under the 'Nirmala G rama Yojana', the 'Swachcha Grama Yojana' and the centrally assisted programmes are yet to nlake a significant impact on sanitation coverage in the project districts.

The nature of soils encountered in the different districts varies from plaice to place. During field visits, it was observed that the type of soil varies considerably even within the same village / habitation. In districts with black cotton soils, which have high water holding capacity and do not allow percolation of water when wet, special provisions have to be made. Conventional selptic tanks in these soils will not only prove expensive but also pose difficulties in the disposal of the effluent. Apart frorrm this, it is also necessary to identify appropriate latrine models for water logged areas, particularly in command areas.

In almost all the villages visited in the sample VPs, there is scope for provision of individual household latrines in some parts of the village. In other parts with thick clusters of houses, ownership based group latrines may be appropriate.

It is common to see in most of the villages in the project districts, sullage being lot on to the streets. This practice results in the streets remaining slushy and dirty most of the time even during dry seasons. This problem gets aggravated during monsoons, especially in areas withi black cotton soil, resulting in pools of stagnant sullage. These create unsightly conditions, cause hindrance to smooth movement of people and vehicles and also serve as veritable breeding grounds for mosquitoes. The situation may become still worse with improvement in water supply service levels.

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5 Baseline Environmental Status

5.1 Physical Environment

5.1.1 Location The state of Tamil Nadu lies between North Latitudes 8°00' and 13°30' and East Lohgitudes 76015' and 80°18'. It is bounded on the western side by Kerala, North by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh states, East by Bay of Bengal sea and on the South by the Indian Ocean. The total geographical area of the State is 1,30,058 sq. km. of which 21,407.24 sq. km is under forest cover. Tamil Nadu is administratively divided into 30 districts, 206 taluks and 385 blocks. The location map and the block boundary of Tamil Nadu are given in Figs 5.1 & 5.2 respectively. The total number of revenue villages in the State is 17,274. 5.1.2 Physiography Physiographically, Tamil Nadu is divided into four regions, viz., 1. The Coastal Plains 2. The Eastern Ghats 3. The Central Plateau and 4. The Western Ghats. The Coastal plains: The coastal plain stretches from Pulicat lake to Kanyakumari, over a idistance of about 998 km. The elevation ranges between 2 m and 30 m above the mean sea level (MSL). The Eastern Ghats: The Eastern Ghats is a chain of flat-topped hills, namely "th Javadis", "the Shervaroy", "the Kalrayan" and "the Pachamalais" located in between Palar and Cauvery rivers. The Eastern Ghats continue further west and join with the Western Ghats at Nilgiris. Th q Eastern Ghats rise steeply to the level of 11 60m above MSL in Javadis and to 1,645 M above MSL i the Shervaroy hills. The Central Plateau: The "Central Plateau" lies in between Eastern and Western Ghats, consisting of the districts of Erode and Coimbatore. The Western Ghats: On the western fringe of the plateau, a hill range, known as W stern Ghats is situated. The broad Palghat gap is located in between the Nilgiris on the north and A namalai, Palani and Cardamom hills on the south. The Nilgiris form a compact plateau of about 2569 sq. km. with a summit level of 1830 to 2440m above MSL. Anamalai is the highest peak of the Penins ula. 5.1.3 Climate and rainfall Generally, a sub-tropical climate prevails throughout the State and there is no sharp variation in climate. Tamil Nadu has four distinct seasons viz: Cool weather (Winter), (January C February); Hot weather (Summer), (March - May); South-west Monsoon, (June - September); North East Monsoon (October - December). Temperature: The temperature slowly rises to its maximum in summer till Mlay and afte wards shows a general decline. The maximum temperature ranges from 37°C to 43°C and the minim im temperature from 120C to 170C. The mean daily temperature during May (Summer) varies from 30'C to 340C. The mean daily temperature during October (Winter) varies from 26 0C to 290C. During May (Summer) the average relative humidity varies from 40% to 70%. During October (Winter) the average relative humidity varies from 60% to 80%.

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Rainfall: The State received an annual rainfall of 745mm and 882mm during the year 2002 and 2003 respectively, which is less than the average normal rainfall of 974 mm. The variatio in rainfall over the last three decades in the State and its trend is depicted in Fig. 5.3. As can be se n from the Fig. 5.3, there is a falling trend in the annual rainfall in the State and that the rainfall has been below normal, especially during the last 4 years since 1999.

The district-wise normal and actual rainfall for the year 2002 is given in Fig. 5.4. Excepting Sivagangai, and Ramanathapuram, the annual rainfall in all other districts during 2002 has been less than the normal rainfall.

Fig. 5.3 Variation in Rainfall in Tamil Nadu (19712003) - LRain fall (rnm)

- Avg. Annual Rainfall 974mm) 1400 -

1200 -

sowLL v-Xl°s ~~ ~~~~~~~~96795-

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5.1.4 Geology The general geological formations in Tamil Nadu range in age from archaeans to recent which control the occurrence and movement of ground water. The Crystalline rocks and Crystalline metamorphic rocks comprise the charnockites, granites, gneisses, khondalites, mixed gneisses with intrusion of Quartz keins, pegmatites, Dolerite-dykes and Syenites. These Crystalline formations occupy 73 % of the total area in Tamil Nadu, Pinlk and grey granites are exposed in Villupuram, Cuddalore, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli districts. Gneissic rocks are exposed as flat out-crops in the plain areas and low hills and are highly prone to weathering. Charnockite is massive and well exposed in the hills of Javadi, Shervaroy, Palani & Nilgiris (Fig. 5.5). The sedimentary formations ranging in age from Mesozoic to recent times constitute 27% of the total area of the State.

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Fig. 5.4 District wise Rainfall- Normal and Actual for the Year 2002

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5.1.5 Geomorphology (Land forms) Tamil Nadu, a part of the Peninsular shield is not affected much by endogeneic forces like volcanoes folding and faulting after Precambian period. Landforms observed over Tamil Nadu have been caused by the exogeneic agencies like river, wind and ocean. The major landforms are the predominant hills, plateaus and plain regions. The various geomorphic units of Fluvial, Aeolian and Coastal land forms and their groundwater occurrences are given in Table 5.1.

Table. 5.1: Land forms, Hydrogeolocy and Groundwater Potential of Tamil Nadu

Groundwater Geomorphic unit Characteristics Hydlrogeology potential Structural hills Composed of composite ridges and valleys traversed Runoff zone, little infiltration Poor (S-H) by structural features. along secondary fractures. Inselberg Isolated, very steep conical hill Runoff zone Poor Ridges born With steep slopes bare surfaces, dome like summits, Runoff zone Poor hardts precipitous talus or alluvial cones Tors Small hills or heaps of angular boulders rising abruptly Runoff zone! Poor from surrounding gentle ground surfaces Bazada (BZ) This unit is the coalescence of alluvial cones and fans, More infiltration recharge Very good formed after composite slopes boundary zone, comprises Colluvio fluvial materials Valley fill (VF) It forms low-lying valleys in the vicinity of hills and Highly permeable zone, good goodto intermontane valleys. infiltration capacity. very good Pediments (P) It forms outcrops with or without soil cover Run off zone Poor Shallow Intermediate zone between pediments and deep Moderate infiltration, Moderate Pediments (SP) pediments. Weathering thickness is moderate. recharge is influenced by hydrological features. Deep Pediments It is shallow depressed low relief area with good Infiltration moderate Good (DP) drainage net works. Weathering thickness is high. to good, recharge by hydrological feature, Storage complemented by secondary fractures. Palaeo-channels Shallow depressions, linear with narrow gullies on - High infiltration Good (PC) either side of ancient rivers. Hill Top Valley Formed over the hill top. It may have valley fills or infill High infiltration Potential Varies materials drawn from adjacent slopes. recharge zone Duri Crust Formed near the stream in water logging areas without Run off zone Poor sufficient out lets, salt incrustation will occur in the soil and rocks also. Palaeo Sand Coarse to moderate grained red colour sand occurring Infiltration good with Good dunes over the Bazada as blankets formed by aeolian process high permeability in the past. Palaeo deltaic Old deltaic plain comprised of sand, clay and silt. It was Varying rate of Moderate Plain formed under the fluvio marine conditions. infiltration moderate _ to good Sand dunes Red colour, unstabilised and comprising of medium to Recharge zone with Good fine sandy particles. good infiltration. Source: State Frame Work Water Resources Plan, Institute For Water Studies, Taramani, Chennal.

5.1.6 Hydrogeology

For the purpose of describing the hydrogeological conditions of Tamil Nadu, the geological formations are broadly classified into hard and soft rocks. The hard rock aquifers are heterogeneous in nature as indicated by the variations in lithology, structure and texture within a short distance and the occurrence and movement of ground water is controlled by fractures, faults and weathored :zone.

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Ground water occurs in the hard rocks normally under water table conditions in the weathered mantle and under semi confined conditions in the fractures, fissures and joints. In hard rock terrain generally open dug wells are the suitable abstraction structures. But, due to alarmingly declining trend of groundwater levels in the State, bore wells are sunk to greater depths. But, by and large, the occurrence of ground water in these formations depends on the intensity and depth of weathering, prevalence of fractures and joints.

The soft rocks or sedimentary formations are generally more suitable for ground water development by open wells and tube wells in view of their high porosity and permeability. These formations occur in the coastal tract of the State.

In the sedimentaries, tertiary sandstones and the recent Quaternary alluvium form the potential aquifer. Artesian aquifers also occur in some parts, namely Neyveli in Cuddalore district and Jambaiyuthu area of Karaikudi. The aquifers in the Gondwana formations and upper Cretaceous formations are less productive as compared to the tertiary and quaternarj aquifers in view of the low porosity and permeability.

5.1.7 Soils

As per the classification of the Soil Survey and Land Use Organization, Government of Tamil Nadu, the soils of the State have been broadly divided into three types: Red soil, Black soil and Alluvial soils. Red soil occupies major part of the State (61%). The area occupied by other soil types are Coastal alluvial soil, River alluvium (24)%, Black soil (12)%, Laterite soil, saline and alkaline soils (3)%. The distribution of soils in the State is shown in Fig. 5.6. 5.1.8 Land use / Land cover Tamil Nadu is primarily an agriculture-oriented State. Most of the cultivaition takes place during the two monsoons namely, NE and SW. Out of the geographical area of 1,30,058 sq.km, area sown in the normal years is about 42%. Area under forest is 21407.24 sq.km which works out to 16.5%, and land put to non-agricultural use is 19, 36,896 ha (14.9%). The remaining area of 34,41,803 ha (26.47%) is waste and fallow lands. The basin-wise land use details are furnished in Table 5.2.

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Table. 5.2: Tamil Nadu Land Use Particulars in hectares (Except Cauvery Basin)

I I Barren & Land put to Permanent Cret Ohr Land put Ntae SI.NoNameof the River Geographical Forest inculudeste o giulturlvastes atrs&Cret Ohr udr Ntae Ban area iuncludes non Agri- Cultivated pastures & fallow Fallow Miscuse Sown wastes usesgrznladMsue

1 CHENNAI 554200 28264 17734 145755 12192 12192 74817 52649 15518 195078 2 PALAR 1091067 218620 42412 172042 18804 15219 93128 46244 10762 476836 3 VARAHANADHI 421400 32757 29805 66910 11200 4342 48327 15168 13482 194409 4 PONNAIYAR 125700 8500 3700 29750 722300 28700 65000 5 PARAVANAR 76000 5118 6279 10476 1386 378 4940 1720 3878 42812 6 VELLAR 765900 36986 191486 61722 63829 36181 409066 7 AGNIAR 456600 23743 9132 109584 14155 4109 64381 27853 8218 195425 8 PAMBAR& KOT 584700 32481 14344 2306 115330 672029 2829 316830 9 VAIGAI 703100 204657 33154 8387 2619 2678 20177 436258 10 GUNDAR 564700 50103 16282 90656 9422 1223 79188 60921 5481 251424 11 VAIPPAR 542300 62105 10711 79556 6215 1080 36677 48145 11332 286479 12 KALLAR 187900 2631 11838 24427 4322 3382 14093 17663 3758 105786 13 TAMBARAPARANI 596900 118869 48047 14629 13995 1500 399085 14 NAMBIAR 208400 26434 14408 27185 22513 418100 927400 67050 880600 28549 15 KODAIYAR 153300 45543 2980 22801 128 63 762 1066 258 79699 IV 346200 77894 4609 36478 937 755f 592921 73331 16231 1572791 |TOTAL 8378367 97470 261735+ 1006378 1038931 5074851 15480851 18039701 10442971 3640015 Source: State Frame Work Water Resources Plan, Institute For Water Studies, Taramani, Chennai.

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5.2 Water Environment

5.2.1 Water resources of Tamil Nadu The State is drained by 17 major rivers. Some of them originate in the Western Ghats and flow eastwards. Besides the east flowing rivers, there are a number of small rivers such as Aliyar, Sholaiyar and Parambikulam, originating in the Anamalai hills and flowing westwards. The total number of major reservoirs in the state is 71, in addition there are 39000 big and small tank;s.

(i) River basins

Tamil Nadu has 17 major river basins namely Chennai, Palar, Varahanadhi, Ponnaiyar, Vellar, Cauvery, Agniar, Pambar, Kottakarai, Vaigai, Gundar, Vaippar, Kallar, Tambraparani, Nambiyar, 3 Kodayar and Pollachi (Fig. 5.7). The per capita water resource of Tamil Nadu is 4224.50 m , which is much less than the all India figure of 24645 m3. The details regarding the drainage area, rainfall and basin wise groundwater potential of the river basins are given in Table 5.3. The basin-wise surface and ground water potential, total water demand and water balance for the year 1994, 1999, 2004 and projections for the year 2019, 2025, 2044 and 2050 for the river basins of Tamil Nadu (excluding Cauvery basin) are furnished in Table 5.4.

Table. 5.3: Area, rainfall and GW potential of river basins of Tamil Nadu S.No Name of Basin Drainage Normal annual Normal rain ¢roundwater area (kM2) rainfall (mm) volume (km3 ppten ial (MCM) 1 Chennai 5542 1130 626 1120 2 Palar 10674 940 10.03 2610 3 Varahanadhi 3637 1250 4,55 4 Ponnaiyar 12141 920 11.17 1560 5 Vellar 8558 980 839 1344

6 Cauvery 48730 930 45.32 _ 7 Agniar 4463 910 4.06 920 8 Pambar 3488 880 3.07 9 Kottakaraiyar 1813 880 1.60 10 Vaigai 7741 900 6.97 993 11 Gundar 4838 770 3.73 766 12 Vaippar 6255 800 5.00 1167 13 Kallar 1739 600 1.04 69 14 Tambraparani 5482 1110 6.09 744 15 Nambiar 1561 950 1.48 275 16 Kodaiar 1533 1720 Z.64 342 17 Pollachi 2174 610 1.33 751 Source: Hand Book for TWAD Geologists, 2002

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5-12 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAD Board

Table. 5.4: Basinwise Water Resources Potential. Demand And Balance - Tamil Nadu (MCu.m)

(EXCLUDING CAUVERY RIVER BASIN) Surfa Grou Total Remark ce nd Ttls Deficit Name of the water Water Water Total Water Demand in the year Water Balance in the year or River Basin Poten Poten Poten surplus PotenPoten Ptenl ____as on tial tial tial 1994 1999 2004 2019 2025 2044 2050 1994 1999 2004 2019 2025 2044 2050 1999

I CHENNAI 906 1120 2026 4020 4104 4170 4369 4448 4702 4781 -1994 -2078 -1739 -1938 -2017 -2271 -2350 Deficit 2 PALAR 1758 2610 4368 2746 2784 2816 2914 2953 3076 3115 1622 1584 1552 1454.4 1415 1292 1253 Surplus 3 VARAHA NADHI 416 1482 1898 1692 1706 1720 1762 1779 1833 1850 206 192 178 136 119 65 48 Surplus

4 PONNAIYAR 1310 1560 2870 2861 2902 2942 3063 3113 3263 3317 9 -32 -72 -192.6 -243 -393 -447 Deficit 5 PARAVANAR 144 226 370 340 343 346 352 355 363 366 30 27 24 18 15 7 4 Surplus B VELLAR 969 1344 2313 2378 2399 2420 2484 2509 2589 2615 -65 -86 -107 -170.5 -196 -276 -302 Deficit

7 AGNIAR 1084 920 2004 2404 2414 2424 2456 2469 2508 2521 -399.5 -410 -420 -451.9 -465 -504 -517 Deficit PAMBAR& B KOTTAKARAIAR 653 976 1629 2053 2073 2092 2150 1 2174 2247 2271 -424.4 -444 -463 -521.4 -545 -618 -642 Deficit - VAIGAI 1579 993 2572 4043 4069 4094 4297 4328 4424 4456 -1471 -1497 -1522 -1725 -1756 -1852 -1884 Deficit ) GUNDAR 568 766 1334 1870 1894 1917 1988 2016 2105 2134 -536.1 -560 -583 -653.8 -682 -771 -800 Deficit 1 VAIPPAR 616 1167 1783 1536 1557 1579 1725 1752 1813 1858 247 226 204 58 31 -48 -75 Surplus 2 KALLAR 142 70 212 207 215 228 252 262 293 302 5 -3 -16 -40 -50 -81 -90 Deficit TAMBARAPARA 3 NI 1325 744 2069 2736 2750 2764 2807 2824 2879 2896 -666.6 -681 -695 -738.3 -755 -810 -827 Deficit 4 NAMBIAR 204 275 479 542 586 588 594 596 604 606 -62.89 -107 -109 -115.1 -117 -125 -127 Deficit 5 KODAIYAR 925 342 1267 j 761 763 766 772 778 798 805 506 504 501 495 489 465.8 462 Surplus 3 PARAMBIKULAM 416 751 1167 1633 1648 1662 1705 1722 1777 1794 -466.3 -481 -495 -538 -555 -610 -627 Deficit

j ALIYAR TOTAL 13015 15346 28361 31821 32206 32530 33690 34078 35293 35685 -3460 -3845 -3763 -4924 -5311 -6527 -6919 |

-Note:fTota[rpotentiahChenwaaaravana KalarandAtara-hanadhi-- river basinsi itudes diver- n of su7face waterfrorm-inter-basin, Fnter-state basin. For Tamarabararfi, the surface water potential excludes diversion. The total potential for Chennai basin is estimated as 2431 M.Cu.m for the year 2001. Source: State Frame Work Water Resources Plan, Institute For Water Studies, Taramani, Chennai.

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Of the 1261 TMC (thousand million cubic feet) of surface water annually available, about 1155 TMC or 92% has been utilised for irrigation, municipal and industrial purposes. The competing demands between different users and uses have added enormous pressure to groundwater resources. (Source: Soiled agriculture and spoiled environment: Socio-economic impact of groundwater pollution in Tamil Nadu by S. Janakarajan, Working paper no. 175, Madras Institute of Development Studies, September, 2002). Out of 16 river basins, 5 basins namely Palar, Varahanadhi, Paravanar, Vaippar and Kodaiar are the only surplus basins. The remaining 11 river basins are rated as deficit basins. The surplus flow from each basin into the sea is given in Table. 5.5. Table. 5.5: Data on the surplus flow to sea in river basins of Tamil Nadu (except Cauvery basin)

Period of Data Available Surplus to sea Name of the River S.No Basin depend bility Remarks From To No of year 50% 75%

1 Chennai 1987 1993 - - 274

2 Palar 79-80 89-90 11 15 - Average 3 Varahanadhi 1990 1995 6 34 Average

4 Ponnaiyar 72-73 85-86 14 201 - Average

5 Vellar 68-69 94-95 27 300 51 - 6 Agniyar

Agniyar Sub-basin 1988-93 6 61 - Average Ambuliyar Sub-basin 1989-93 5 71 Average South Vellar Sub- basin 1988-93 12 26 Average

7 Pambar & 93-94 1 42 Average Kottakaraiyar 8 Vaigai Ramnad Big tank 77-78 94-95 18 54 Average

Periyar Dam* 77-78 95-96 19 27 - Average 9 Gundur 1966 1986 20 27 Average 10 Vaippar 75-76 93-94 17 41 5

(Except 85-86, 86-87) _

12 Kallar 1953 1989 37 15 - Average 13 Tambaraparani 1971 1994 24 167 55 14 Nambiar 1991 1993 3 149 Average 15 Kodaiyar 79-80 92-93 13 412 Average total 7 surplus

_ I______C ourses 16 Parambikulam - Aliyar 3 Average

Source: State Framework Water Resources Plan, Institute For Water Studies, Taramani, Chennai For major / medium water supply projects in Tamil Nadu, both urban as well as rural, sources are tapped from the nearby river basins. The district wise details of the typie of sources for RWS are presented in Table 5.6. Since the abstraction is from sub-soil water, no imajor treatrm ent is involved except chlorination. However, in certain cases where the water is drawn from the s jrface sources, conventional treatment works are installed for treating water. The district-wise distribution of rural water supply sources both ground water and surface water is shown in Fig 5.8.

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Table. 5.6: Rural Water SupplV - District wise distribution of the type of sources Groundwater sources River Sources Total Total Name of the No. of No. of Total Oth ) Total Total Rain No. of Drawal District Blocks Panchayats No. of DBW Shallow Open F(Oithers No. of Inf. lnf. SW No of Water GW & in MLD Habs BW well oints GW well Gallery River Harvesting SW all Points sources Sources Sources sources Coimbatore 19 427 3,064 7875 12 755 0 8624 281 _111 1283 1675 1 10318 80.65 Cuddalore 13 685 2,660 5882 3852 32 0 9766 16 67 1 224 0 9990 57.45 Dharmapuri 18 595 6,279 16594 12 586 0 17192 179 2 1 182 0 17374 92.79 Dindigul 14 314 2,771 10255 21 537 0 10813 273 3 6 282 0 11095 43.72 Erode 20 397 5,768 11983 255 1189 0 13427 904 22 494 1420 1 14848 72.6 Kanchipuram 13 658 3,143 6829 532 870 0 8231 542 1 0 543 0 8774 64.48 Madurai 13 439 1,903 9684 11 285 0 9980 162 3 1 166 0 10146 51.67 Nilgiris 4 40 1,141 130 6 674 0 810 47 0 433 480 0 1290 15.56 Pudukkottai 13 502 4,072 8602 908 41 0 9551 343 11 3 357 0 9908 38.16 Salem 20 394 4,356 11306 13 656 0 11975 16 11 299 475 3 12453 61.2 Sivagangai 12 446 2,690 7993 8 89 0 8090 210 0 0 210 30 8330 29.16 Thanjavur 14 599 3,122 6599 1107 7 5316 12963 204 3 1 208 1 13172 83.66 Thiruvannamalai 18 869 3,561 12231 25 982 0 13238 349 0 18 367 0 13605 70.3 Trichy 14 416 2,415 7941 1624 396 0 9961 200 4 0 204 0 10165 63.24 Vellore 20 764 5,031 16516 114 1501 0 18131 52 0 0 552 0 18683 99.75 Kanyakumari 9 149 1,607 3916 33 833 0 4782 452 9 1 462 2 20.9 Karur 8 164 18,837 5907 201 164 0 6272 203 12 0 215 0 6487 27.54 Nagapattinam 11 439 2,508 2043 13630 50 57 15780 659 9 0 668 0 448 69 Namakkal 15 340 2,902 7320 166 879 0 8365 304 4 77 385 0 8750 42.23 Perambalur 10 326 1,748 4056 197 190 0 4443 91 1 0 92 0 4535 38.26 Ramanathapuram 11 432 2,174 2608 404 336 0 3348 390 8 31 429 10 3787 22.25 Theni 8 140 595 2486 35 204 0 2725 279 3 3 285 0 3010 25.73 Tirunelveli 19 453 2,404 10902 155 1047 0 12204 547 7 1 555 0 12759 69.77 Tiruvarur 10 434 2,065 2374 6693 20 2168 1125 340 0 0 340 1 11596 41.99 Thiruvellore 14 547 3,345 5965 585 235 u 6785 417 0 2 419 0 7204 57.67 Tuticorin 12 413 1,647 7324 16 271 0 7629 416 0 73 489 0 8118 39.29 Villupuram 22 1,116 3,730 13095 559 754 0 14408 111 0 0 111 0 _ * 89.3 Virudhunagar 11 457 1,613 9303 7 284 0 9594 33 0 0 33 0 9627 49.93 Total | 385 12,955 80,421 217671 31281 13867 7541 270360 8809 291 2728 11828 49 282237 1538.6 Source: TWAD Board

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0 0 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAb) Board

5.2.2 Groundwater resources potential

Groundwater has emerged as an important and indispensable resource in the absence of adequate surface water resource to meet the various sectoral demands like irrigation, domestic and industries. In Tamil Nadu, nearly 95% of surface water resources have been fully utilised and groundwater resources have become the only alternative source for further developmental programme. This groundwater resource is also becoming scarce due to the vagaries of monsoon and uncontrolled exploitation. Estimation of groundwater resources in Tamil Nadu has been carried out by the SG&SWR Data Centre of PWD and CGWB, South-eastern region, MOWR, Gol based on the revised methodology of GWREC-1 997. The status of groundwater availability, draft and allocation for the State is summarised in Table. 5.7. The details of the methodology are presented in Annex. 5.1.

Table. 5.7: Ground water status of Tamil Nadu as on JanuarY 1998 Salient features Details Total dynamic ground water resource 23070.4251 MCum Net annual ground water availability 20763.3828 MCum Gross draft for irrigation 16581.0128 MCum Gross draft for domestic and Industrial demand 645.5791 MCum Allocation for domestic and industrial 878.9327 Mcum supply up to next 25 years Net ground water availability for future irrigation 3303.4471 fMCum

The block-wise groundwater potential and utilisable groundwater resources for the 28 districts of Tamil Nadu were reassessed as per the recommendations of GWREC - '1997. This estimation as on January 2003 has been made to facilitate and to formulate strategies for sustainable development of ground water resources with latest yearly picture. The categorization of blocks as on January 2003 covering all the blocks of Tamil Nadu is given in Annex. 5.2. Summary data of the status of blocks w.r.t. ground water exploitation in Tamil Nadu is presented in Table 5.8. C(ategorisatiQn of blocks has been made mainly based on the stage of groundwater development and water level trend. Accordingly, the blocks have been categorised as safe, semi-critical, critical and over exploited areas.

Table. 5.8: Cateciorisation of blocks as on January 1998 and Januarv 2003

GW Category Number of Blocks as on Number of Blocks as on January 1998 January 2003 Safe 137 97 Semi Critical 70 105 Critical 35 37 Over Exploited 135 138 Saline 8 8 Total 385 385

Safe areas: Safe areas are the blocks where ground water resource assessment shows stage of ground water development at 70% or less and there is no significant long term decline of pre or post monspon ground water levels. Areas where ground water resource assessment shows stage of ground water development more thian 70% but less than 90% and both pre monsoon and post monsoon ground water levels do not show a sighificant long term decline. However in these areas caution may be exercised in planning future development witlh regard to quantum of additional ground water withdrawal.

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Semi-critical areas: Areas where ground water resources assessment shows stage of ground water development more than 70% but less than 90% and either pre-monsoon or post monsoon ground water level shows a significant long term decline. Critical areas: Areas where ground water resource assessment shows stage of ground water development more than 90% but less than 100% and either pre-monsoon or post monsoon ground water level shows a significant long term decline. Areas where ground water resource assessment shows stage: of ground water development less than 100%, but both pre-monsoon and post monsoon ground water levels show a sighificant long term decline. Areas where groundwater resource assessment show stage of groundwater development more than 100%, but either pre or post monsoon groundwater level does not show a significant long term decline. Over exploited areas: Areas where ground water resource assessment shows stage of ground water development more than 100% and both pre and post monsoon ground water levels show a significant long term decline. Categorisation of blocks based on GWREC- 1997 norms as on Jan 19983 and Jan 2003 is shown in the pie charts (Fig. 5.9). Fig. 5.9 Categorisation of Blocks

As on Jan 1998 As on Jan 2003

Total No of blocks 385 Total No of blocks 385

Saline, 8, (2%) Saline, 8, (2%) Safe, 97, (25%) r-iSafe Over Exploited, Safe, 137, (36%) Over Exploited, 135, (35%) 138, (36%) _ Semi Critical oCritical o Over Exploited

Critical, 35, (9%)~ Critical, 37Semi Critical, m Saline Critial,5,(9 Semi Critical, Cica,3 105, (27%) 70, (18%) (10%)

It may be noted that in a span of 5 years, the number of safe blocks has significantly decreased from 137 to 97. The map showing the categorisation of blocks is given in Fig. 5.10.

5.2.3 Ground water level The groundwater level is regularly monitored by the groundwater wing of PWD in 1746 observation wells (open wells) and 852 piezometers located all over the State. The CGWB also monitors water level from 700 wells spread over the entire State. CGWB observes water level once in 3 seasons namely, May, August and November. The TWAD Board is also monitoring water level through a network of 1290 wells. The TWAD Board is collecting water level data twice in a year i.e., during pre- monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in the months of January and May.

The average annual rainfall for the period 1991-2002 is furnished Filg 5.11 for the purpose of correlation with the groundwater level. It may be seen from the rainfall histogram that the annual rainfall is less than the State normal rainfall since 1999.

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Fiq. 5.11 Normal Rainfall and trend in qroundwater level - Tarnil Nadu

1190 1187 :Su,. ~1142_ 1020 E 94 | 6833 854 875 .: * * * * 745--

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The following inferences are drawn from Fig 5.1 1. There is a good correlation between the rainfall and water level. Below normal rainfall is observed in the State for the last four years due to which there is alarming lowering trend of water level in almost all the districts of the State.

Long-term water level fluctuation: The long-term water level fluctuation for the period 1971 to 2003 has been studied for the State. The study indicated over exploitation of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes and a declining trend in groundwater level since 1971. But the problem has become acute especially since 1999 due to consecutive monsoon failures. In Coimbatore, Madurai and Theni districts, the declining trend in water level is conspicuous - 1-5m in Theni district and 5-1 Om in Madurai and Coimbatore districts. While in all other districts, the decline in water level has been marginal during the period from 1971 to 1998. In Cuddalore district, Portonova (Parar gi Pettai) block falls in safe category, where the groundwater development is less than 70%. The trend in groundwater level is almost flat. The fall in water level is 0.5-lm only. In Panruti block, which is classified as semi-critical (GWD: 70-90%) there is a declining trend of water level nd the drop in water level is about 6m. In Dindigul district, Nilakottai block, which falls in critical category (GWD: 90-

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100%) and in the Vathalagundu block, which falls in over exploited category (GWD > 100%) drop in water level is to the tune of 8m. In Nagapattinam and Kanchipuram districts, the downward trend of water table is not alarming. In Virudhunagar district, the fall in water level is about 6-8m. in Dharmapuri district, there is a drop in water level to the tune of 1Om (during 2000-03). (Annex. 5.3). In the wells located in command areas, the drop in water level is minimum, since, they are located in the discharge zones, where there is recharging of groundwater due to return flow of irrigation or recharge from canals, d ms etc. District wise well hydrographs in selected observation wells indicate that there is a fall in water level to the tune of 2-8m during 2000 - 2003. Declining trend of water level is observed in almost all the districts of Tamil Nadu (Annex. 5.4). 5.2.4 Time Series Analysis An exercise in time series analysis was undertaken with reference to the stage of groundwater development and water level data for the following sample blocks, taking into consideration the past trends in these parameters. 1. Karur district - Thogaimalai block - Pillaikodangipatti village 2. Thiruvellore district - Thiruvellore Taluk - Pakkam village The stage of groundwater development has been worked out for the State of Tamil Nadu based on the GWREC - 1997 methodology (described in Annex. 5.1) by the PWID SG&SW data centre and CGWB. Thogaimalai block of Karur district is categorised as a safe block (with groundwater development: <70%) based on the data collected and analysed as on January 1998. Also projection has been made to January 2003 for groundwater development (report on dynamic groundwater resources of TN) by PWD & CGWB. Taking these as input data, projections have been made to January 2004, January 2005 and January 2010 following the above methodology and assuming a 0.4% growth rate of GWD. The results are presented in Table 5.9 & Fig. 5.12. Similarly, for the Thiruvellore block of Thiruvellore district, groundwater development has been projected to January 2004, January 2005 and January 2010 (Table 5.9). It is evident from the above table that assuming a growth rate development of 0.3% per year, this block may remain as semi- critical (GWD: 70-90%) until 2010. This block is categorised as semi-critical as on January, 1998, 2003 and 2004 and is likely to remain as semi-critical during 2005 and 2010 also. Water level trend analysis Long term water level data were analysed and the trend plotted for the following areas based on the observation well data. 1. Karaikalavakkam village - Thiruvellore block - Thiruvellore district. 2. Gangapuram village - Peranamallur block - Thiruvannamalai district. The water level trends were plotted for the pre-monsoon (August) and post-mi nsoon periods (January) from the existing data collected from PWD - SG&SWRDC taking into cc nsidleration the above control wells projections were made upto 2010. The following assumptions havia been made in making the projections for water level trends.

1. Normal rainfall will occur throughout the projection period. 2. Though the abstraction structures may increase every year, recharging of aquifers will be generally enhanced due to the artificial recharge measures taken up in the reas.

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Table. 5.9: Time Series Analysis - Groundwater Recharge & Groundwater Development

GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT (Mcum) District I Block As on Jan 1998 | As on Jan 2003 (Projected) | Jan 2004 Jan 200510 (Projected) I I ~~~~~~~(Projected) (Projected) Jn21 Poetd Karur dt I Thogamalai Total Recharge 43.0058 43.0058 43.0058 43.0058 43.0058 Net Recharge 38.7052 38.7052 38.7052 38.7052 38.7052 Draft (85% for all uses) 20.6063 20.9852 21.0609 21.1367 21.5155 Balance 18.0989 17.72 17.6443 17.5685 17.1897 Stage of GWD 52% 54% 54.40% 55% 56% Remarks Safe Category Safe Safe Safe (subject to Safe (subject to WL ______W L trend) trend) Thiruvallur dt / Thiruvallur Total Recharge 77.9605 77.9605 77.9605 77.9605 77.9605 Net Recharge 70.1644 70.1644 70.1644 70.1644 70.1644 Draft for all uses 52.4749 54.3133 54.4657 54.6181 55.3802 Balance 17.6895 15.8511 15.6987 15.5463 14.7842 Stage of Ground water Development 75% 77% 78% 78% 79%

Remarks Cegori Semi-critical Semi- Semi-critical Semi-critical

D:\SEA_Draft_Final_Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 5-22 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalai Mott MacDonald Draft Final R~eport TWAD Board Fig. 5.12 Groundwater level trend analysis for selected blocks trend analysis

Hydrograph of Gangapuram (23016 AY) Pernamallur Block; Thiruvanamalai District

y =0.0 156x + 4.3523

6 - A______

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

-u-January ~ ~Linear (January)-----Linear (Januay Hydrograph of Gangapuram (23016 AY) Pernamallur Block; Thiruvanamalai District

14 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~y=0.1342x + 6.1294

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0- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 1516 17 181920 212223 24 2526 2728 293031 32 3334 3536 3738 3940 Year IIAugust Linear (August) ---- Linear (August)

D:\SEA-Draft-Final_Report\SEAMF-DFR.doe 5-23 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAD Board Fig. 5.12 Contd. Groundwater level trend analysis for selected blocks

Hydrograph of Karaikalavakkam ((13104 U) Thiruvallur Block; Thiruvallur District

12 -y =0.0014x +1 7.3869

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Year --- January ~ ~Linear (January) ------Linear (Ja~nuary~) Hydrograph of Karaikalavakkam (13104 U) Thiruvallur Block; Thiruvallur District

12 -y =-00095x + 8.4844

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Year ______F-6---August ~ Linear (August)-----Linear (August)

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Thiruvellore block of Thiruvellore district is a sedimentary area with numerous lakes and ponds recharging the aquifers. Analysis of water level data of pre and post monsoon periods (well no. 13104U of PWD) indicates that the water level trend is not alarmingly lowering and that there is a fall of about 0.5-1 m each year. Analysis of post-monsoon data (January) in well no. 23016AY located at Gangapurarn village - Peranamallur block of Thiruvellore district indicates that though decllining trend of water level continues, drop in water level is to the tune of 1-2m (bgl) only. Whereas pre-monsoon water level trend indicates that the drop in water level is to the tune of 4-5m (bgl). EIfficient water management and artificial recharge measures, if implemented, may arrest the downward trend of water level. 5.2.5 Groundwater Quality

The TWAD Board, as the main agency entrusted with the taste of providirig public water supply in the state has generated an extensive data base on the quality of rural water supplies. An exercise has been undertaken by TWAD as late as 2002. The following is a summary review of the status of water quality in rural areas of Tamil Nadu.

Total dissolved solids (TDS), fluoride (F), nitrate (NO3) and iron (Fe) are the major parameters considered for potability of any water source. The number of habitations affected by single and multiple parameters is indicated in Figs. 5.13 & 5.14.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): The study conducted by TWAD Board indicates that the water sources with high TDS are evenly distributed all over Tamil Nadu. The districts of Coimbatore, Dindigul, Kanchipuram, Karur, Madurai, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Sivagangai, Thiruvannamalai, Tiruvarur, Thiruvellore, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Vellore, Villupuram and Virudhunagar have recorded higher concentrations of TDS (>2000 mg/lit). (Fig. 5.15).

Fluoride (F): Presence of fluoride concentrations greater than 1.5 mg/lit will affect the health and cause dental fluorosis. High concentrations of fluoride above the permissible limit is recorded in the districts of Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Erode, Karur, Krishnagiri, Namakkal, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Theni, Thiruvannamalai, Tiruvarur, Tuticorin, Vellore and Virudhunagar. (Fig. 5.16).

Nitrate (NO3): High concentration of nitrate has been recorded in the districts of Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri, Erode, Kanchipuram, Karur, Krishnagiri, Nagapattinam, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Salem, Thiruvannamalai, and Thiruvellore. (Fig. 5.17).

Details of the blocks affected by excess concentrations of the above parameters more than the allowable limit are furnished in Annex. 5.5 and Fig. 5.18.

Water quality of hand pump sources The quality of hand pump sources and percentage of non- potability with reference to TDS, alkalinity, hardness, fluoride, nitrate, iron has been studied in detail by TWAD Board (Table 5.10). High percentage of non-potability (40%) is observed in the districts of Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Theni, Tirunelveli, Thiruvellore, Vellore and Virudhunagar.

Water quality of power pump sources A study conducted by the TWAE) Board on the power pump sources in the State (Table 5.11) reveals that high percentage of TDS is observeJ in Namakkal, Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore, Salem, Sivagangai and Virudhunagar diistricts. Higt percentage of fluoride concentration is observed in Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Erode, S;alem, Ther ii, Vellore and Virudhunagar.

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Table. 5.10: Water quality data - Hand pump sources in Tamil Nadu (2001-02)

Hp Non No. of sources affected by % of sources affected S.No District Sources Potable % NP tested potable TDS Alk Hardness F NO3 Iron %TDS %Alk %Hard %F %NO3 %Iron ______~~ness 1 Coimbatore 2219 1285 934 42.09 237 15 359 110 533 345 10.68 0.68 16.18 4.96 24.02 15.55 2 Cuddalore 5281 3929 1352 25.6 465 270 810 0 0 463 8.81 5.11 15.34 0 0 8.77 3 Dharmapuri 10451 3575 6876 65.79 471 253 1881 3171 2740 2465 4.51 2.42 18 30.34 26.22 23.59 4 Dindigul 4844 3037 1807 37.3 547 32 612 515 1 805 11.29 0.66 12.63 10.63 0.02 16.62 5 Erode 5667 4212 1455 25.67 516 3 821 414 581 334 9.14 0.05 14.49 7.31 10.25 5.89 6 Kanchipuram 3813 2596 1217 31.92 400 116 593 34 33 625 10.49 3.04 15.55 0.89 0.87 16.42 7 Kanyakumari 1197 641 556 46.45 32 29 23 60 0 469 2.67 2.42 1.92 5.01 0 39.15 8 Karur 4136 2716 1420 34.33 582 40 1081 62 50 425 14.07 0.97 26.14 1.5 1.21 10.28 9 Madurai 5663 4364 1299 22.94 869 162 862 0 0 259 15.35 2.86 15.22 0 0 4.57 10 Nagapattinam 14265 12478 1787 12.53 848 168 534 6 29 1102 5.94 1.18 3.74 0.04 0.2 7.73 11 Namakkal 3588 2175 1413 39.38 691 184 600 302 50 673 19.26 5.13 16.72 8.42 1.39 18.76 12 Nilgiris 15 13 2 13.33 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 13.33 13 Perambalur 2038 1225 813 39.89 156 51 195 0 408 412 7.65 2.5 9.57 0 20.02 20.22 14 Pudukkottai 5217 3466 1751 33.56 533 138 799 0 106 937 10.22 2.65 15.32 0 2.03 17.96 15 Ramanathapuram 1121 446 675 60.21 649 233 386 17 2 29 57.89 20.79 34.43 1.52 0.18 2.59 16 Salem 7420 4451 2969 40.01 1151 802 1656 1983 636 599 15.51 1081 22.32 26.73 8.57 8.07 17 Sivagangai 4776 3098 1678 35.13 975 447 669 258 1 523 20.41 9.36 14.01 5.4 0.02 10.95 18 Thanjavur 5661 3826 1835 32.41 140 39 120 10 2 1690 2.47 0.69 2.12 0.18 0.04 29.85 19 Theni 1289 575 714 55.39 99 33 345 122 0 413 7.68 2.56 26.76 9.46 0 32.04 20 Trichy 8225 6796 1429 17.37 493 318 278 125 0 630 5.99 3.87 3.38 1.52 0 7.66 21 Tirunelveli 7196 4228 2968 41.25 889 256 1729 148 484 1049 12.35 3.56 24.03 2.06 6.73 14.58 22 Thiruvann~malai 5618 -3208 2410- 42.9 1138 -22 1146 7 0 1710 20.26 0.39 20.4 0.12 0 30.44 23 Tiruvarur 7822 4841 2981 38.11 624 112 2448 131 10 604 7.98 1.43 31.3 1.67 0.13 7.72 24 Thiruvellore 2319 1002 1317 56.79 164 36 725 2 57 901 7.07 1.55 31.26 0.09 2.46 38.85 25 Tuticorin 4588 3208 1380 30.08 1222 81 1167 352 0 174 26.63 1.77 25.44 7.67 0 3.79 26 Vellore 10834 5901 4933 45.53 1436 293 3160 1260 2234 997 13.25 2.7 29.17 11.63 20.62 9.20 27 Villupuram 7846 6286 1560 19.88 699 69 1170 0 0 408 8.91 0.88 14.91 0 0 5.20 28 Virudhunagar 6348 3063 3285 51.75 1971 295 2346 1275 0 529 31.05 4.65 36.96 20.09 0 8.33 !__!_ Total 1 149457 ! 9664i 52816 35.34 117997 | 4497 | 26515 [10364 7957 119572 [ 12.04 3.01 | 117.74 6.93 | 5.32.1 13.10 | Source: TWAD Board

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Table. 5.11: Percentage non-potability for individual parameters for Power Pump sources

Total TDS (>2000 Iron (>1.0 Nitrate (>45 Fluoride(> Alkalinity Hardness (> Chloride (> Sulphate (>400 S.No District samples mg/L) mg/L mgIL) 1.5 mg L) (>600 mg/L) 600 m /L) 1000 mg/L) mg/L) tested No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % 1 Coimbatore 1813 156 8.60 11 0.61 327 18.04 33 1.82 16 0.88 168 9.27 34 1.88 38 2.10 2 Cuddalore 1658 23 1.39 36 2.17 70 4.2 0 0.00 4 0.24 27 1.63 9 0.54 6 0.36 3 Dharmapuri 2333 18 0.77 2 0.09 594 25.46 658 28.2 10 0.43 80 3.43 1 0.04 3 0.13 4 Dindigul 1312 37 2.82 22 1.68 0 0.00 199 15.2 3 0.23 59 4.5 8 0.61 5 0.38 S Erode 2276 82 3.6 2 0.09 978 42.97 226 9.93 5 0.22 125 5.49 3 0.13 3 0.13 6 Kanchipuram 1589 17 1.07 17 107 66 4.15 3 0.19 0 0.00 96 6.04 2 0.13 4 0.25 7 Kanyakumari 333 0 0.00 11 3.3 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 8 Karur 671 23 3.43 0 0.00 168 25.04 26 3.87 0 0.00 36 5.37 4 0.60 0 0.00 9 Madurai 1193 46 3.86 3 0.25 0 0.00 1 0.08 9 0.75 35 2.93 6 0.5 5 0.42 10 Nagapattinam 1104 25 2.26 96 8.70 5 0.45 1 0.09 7 0.63 17 1.54 11 1.00 8 0.72 11 Namakkal 1370 237 17.30 0 0.00 12 0.88 46 3.36 17 1.24 15 1.09 18 1.31 0 0.00 12 Nilgiris 414 0 0.00 40 9.66 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 13 Perambalur 948 6 0.63 5 0.53 53 5.59 0 0.00 1 0.11 7 0.74 2 0.21 1 0.11 14 Pudukkottai 1133 21 1.85 1 0.09 83 7.33 0 0.00 2 0.18 52 4.59 7 0.62 1 0.09 15 Ramanathapuram 291 36 12.37 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 8 2.75 28 9.62 16 5.50 3 1.03 16 Salem 1899 125 6.58 32 1.69 197 10.37 174 9.16 29 1.53 131 6.90 37 1.95 35 1.84 17 Sivagangai 928 55 5.93 11 1.19 0 0.00 8 0.86 15 1.62 12 1.29 13 1.40 1 0.11 18 Thanjavur 2123 3 0.14 124 5.84 6 0.28 0 0.00 1 0.05 6 0.28 0 0.00 1 0.05 19 Theni 396 7 1.77 3 0.76 2 0.51 58 14.7 1 0.25 20 5.05 2 0.51 0 0.00 20 Trichy 1004 21 2.09 0 0.00 63 6.27 1 0.10 0 0.00 27 2.69 5 0.50 3 0.3 21 Tirunelveli 1111 28 2.52 9 0.81 0 0.00 1 0.09 2 0.1i8 39 3.51 i0 0.90 2 0.18 22 Thiruvannamalai 1847 31 1.68 14 0.76 25 1.35 20 1.08 4 0.22 138 7.47 4 0.22 1 0.05 23 Tiruvarur 1037 28 2.7 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.10 2 0.19 5 0.48 0 0.00 7 0.68 24 Thiruvellore 1534 42 2.74 45 2.93 170 11.08 0 0.00 0 0.00 131 8.54 8 0.52 30 1.96 25 Tuticorin 793 63 7.94 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 0.50 1 0.13 69 8.70 42 5.30 | 22 2.77 -26 Vellore 1924 64 3.33 13 0.68 302 15.70 201 10.5 1 0 0.52 191 9.93 6 0.31 10 0.52 27 Villupuram 2048 26 1.27 11 0.54 34 1.66 0 0.00 4 0.20 55 2.69 5 0.24 2 0.10 28 Virudhunagar 1399 93 6.65 2 0.14 0 0.00 125 8.93 11 0.79 165 11.79 16 1.141 94 6.721 | Total 36418 [ 1313 | 3.6 | 510 1.4 | 315 | 8.65 1786 | 4.90 t 162 0.44 1734 4.75 | 269 | 0.74 285 | 0.78

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Fig. 5.18 Flouride Affected Habitations in Tamil Nadu

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5.2.6 Groundwater Contamination due to Industrial Pollution In Tamil Nadu, pollution of water resources due to industrial wastes is primarily caused through the discharge of industrial effluents, and municipal sewerage let into the iriver system. Sonie of the contaminant sources which pose a major threat to the drinking water supply are: landfills, waste water disposal, industrial effluent disposal and application of fertilizer and pesticidJes in the agricultural fields. Some of the major industries, which contribute to pollution in the rivers, are, listed in Table 5.12.

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Table. 5.12: Industrial Pollution in Tamil Nadu District Area Industry Max. Concentration /eI TDS Cl BOD COD I Heavy metals Coimbatore Sirumauai Viscose 1640 794 4.7 30 Cu 0.064 ______~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Pb0. 197' Salem Mettur Chemical 1997 830 18 58 Cd 0.045 Pb 0.542 Erode Chithodu Dairy 1894 808 4.4 47 Cu 0.053 Cuddalore Priyasevalai Sugar 1382 390 4.8 30 Within limit Trichy Pettaivoithalai Sugar 2144 617 92 160 Within limit Villupuram Mundiyambakkam Sugar 3270 1432 180 1900 Within limit Namakkal Komarapalayam Textile 3023 1134 3 12.5 Pb 0.18 ______Cd 0.038 Erode Veerappan Textile 2239 1276 36 180 Within limit chatram _ Dharmapuri Belathur Textile 4626 1990 7.8 37 Within limit Trichy Senthanneerpuram Distillary 4631 2552 8.5 12 Cd 0.028 Pb 0.225 Trichy Sembattu Tannery 5261 2783 6.8 168 Cd 0.19 ______._____ Pb 0.151 Erode Periyasemur Tannery 3306 1879 11 126 Pb 0.051 Vellore Vaniyambadi, Tannery 12009 8366 6.8 168 Within limit Ambur, Pernampet, Ranipet Source: State framework - Water Resources Plan of Tamil Nadu, IWS - WRO, PWD

5.2.7 Ground water recharge Groundwater is recognized as a strategic resource for socio-economic development. In Tamil Nadu indiscriminate extraction of groundwater and monsoon failures result in the constant depletion of groundwater table and also deterioration in the ground water quality. This necessitates an urgent need for taking up measures for replenishing the same to make the source sustainable. The planning and implementation of groundwater recharge structures specific to the conditions of the terrain is found to be producing tangible results. For this, systematic hydro-geological studies, water quality studies, geo-morphological and geological studies are essentiall to decide on appropriate design and structure. The TWAD has carried out a project through the Iristitute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai and prepared Zonation maps for recharge and block-wise action plans for recharging the groundwater aquifers in the State. The type of recharge structures recommended by the above study are furnished in Table 5.13. 5.2.8 Need for groundwater recharge: The need for constructing groundwater recharge structures as part of the proposed water supply and sanitation project is evident from the following considerations. i. In the water stressed area declining water tables have necessitated deepening of existing abstraction structures thereby increasing the cost of withdrawal, quality deterioration and other environmental problems. ii. Since freshwater resources are limited in quantity the only alternative is to store every drop of rainwater through appropriate water harvesting techniques for use at the time of stress. iii. In certain areas though the yield of bore wells is adequate they rnay contain dissolved salts beyond the permissible limits. The recharge measures may help in diluting the dissolved salt concentration and make it potable. Recharge of groundwater takes place when the rainwater infiltrates into the underlying layers. The rate of recharge depends upon the type of soil, intensity and duration of water-spread on the ground. Hence, the rate of infiltration and the resulting recharge can be improved by retarding the speed or

D:\SEA_Draft_Final_Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 5-33 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald braft Final Report TWAD Board velocity of the surface run-off and by impounding water on the surface. lindividual wells can also Ibe recharged into the aquifers connecting to the well by direct filling of the surface water through appropriate method. Table. 5.13: District wise recommended groundwater recharge structures S.No District Recommended type of rechiarge structures S.No District CD PP DS RP

1 Chennai __ __ _ 2 Thiruvellore 121 21 4 11 3 Kanchipuram 33 54 642 18 4 Cuddalore 100 17 100 4 5 Villupuram 124 39 349 8 6 Vellore 159 54 211 47 7 Thiruvannamalai 50 21 2 - 8 Dharmapuri 354 93 373 10 9 Salem 403 90 119 7 10 Namakkal 350 63 67 13 11 Erode 712 97 75 4 12 Coimbatore 184 57 106 10 13 Nilgiris 26 _ ___ 14 Trichy 237 41 235 25 15 Karur _ _ ___ = 16 Perambalur 531 27 242 43 17 Thanjavur 137 8 11 - 18 Tiruvarur _ _ 6 _ 19 Nagapattinam _ ___9 - 20 Pudukkottai 243 13 265 25 21 Ramanathapuram 22 Sivagangai 3 1 316 20 23 Virudhunagar 138 84 107 39 24 Madurai 215 787 117 25 25 Dindigul 224 78 117 25 26 Theni 302 31 21 3 27 Tirunelveli 226 76 376 44 28 Tuticorin 309 41 21 121 29 Kanyakumari 43 36 - Total 5181 1127 3929 502 Source: TWAD Board

CD - Check dam PP - Percolation pond DS - Desilting of tanks RP - Recharge pits

5.2.9 Impact of recharge structures on ground water The TWAD board has constructed recharge structures such as Percolation ponds, Check dams, etc., with the main aim of recharging the drinking water sources throughout the state. The recharge structures constructed by TWAD Board under PMGY, NNABARD, RIDF Vil, ARWSP, NABARD (AICF) are furnished in Table 5.13a.

D:\SEA_Draft-Final_Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 5-34 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott Macbonald Draft Final Report TWAD Board Table 5.13a Districtwise recharge structures constructed by TWAD

Implemented Bei g implem nted NABA NABARZ SI.No District PMGY RD PMGY ARWS D RIDF AICF*

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2003-04 2004-05 2004-05 2004-06 1 Kancheepuram 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 Tiruvallur 0 1 0 53 0 0 53 3 Vellore 0 22 13 0 20 0 42 4 Tiruvannamalai 5 4 0 0 :20 0 0 5 Cuddalore 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Villupuram 0 0 107 0 0 0 0 7 Dharmapuri 5 0 1 24 25 0 0 8 Krishnagiri 0 0 0 0 _0 22 0 9 Coimbatore 0 23 9 17 0 0 45 10 Salem 0 0 59 0 20 0 0 11 Namakkal 0 0 0 35 20 36 38 12 Erode 0 13 52 0 45 0 24 13 Nilgiris 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 14 Trichy 0 0 12 0 0 0 27 15 Karur 7 1 7 0 0 0 14 16 Perambalur 0 0 25 0 30 0 0 17 Pudukottai 0 0 34 0 15 0 0 18 Thanjavur 0 48 0 0 0 0 49 19 Tiruvarur 0 10 0 0 16 0 20 20 Nagapattinam 0 10 0 0 49 0 15 21 Madurai 14 2 5 0 0 0 65 22 Theni 0 25 0 53 0 24 83 23 Dindigul 30 0 0 0 0 0 22 24 Ramanathapuram 30 115 0 0 21 0 0 25 Sivagangai 0 0 32 0 20 0 0 26 Virudunagar 3 11 0 0 40 0 11 27 Thoothukudi 0 0 1 0 43 0 6 28 Tirunelveli 23 24 36 0 0 0 0 29 Kanyakumari 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 117 309 393 182 400 82 523 Source: TWAD Board

The impact assessment of 990 recharge structures constructed by TWAD Board during 2001 - 2004 for sustainability of drinking water resources indicate an appreciable rise iin water level in the area of influence of recharge structures. There is a general lowering of water level observed since the year 2000 due to below normal rainfall. Where as in the areas where drinking water sources are located, raise in water level is observed due to recharge measures taken by TWAD Board. The observations made by analysing the water level data collected by TWAD in selected districts are as given below.

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S. No Districts Rise in Ground water level (in meters) 1. Tiruvallur 1-3 2. Tiruvannamalai 0.5-3 3. Dharmapuri 2-4 4. Coimbatore 2-8 5. Erode 1-5 6. Trichy 1-3 7. Perambalur 0.5-1.5 8. Thanjavur 2-3 9. Tiruvarur 2-5 10. Nagapattinam 0.5-1 11. Madurai 0.5-3 12. Theni 2-8 13. Virudunagar 2-4 14. Tirunelveli 2-4 Source: Impact Study done by TWAD Board.

Due to implementation of recharge structures, 2-8m rise in ground water level is observed in Theni and Coimbatore district. In districts such as Dharmapuri, Erode, Thiruvarur, Virudhunagar and Thiruvelveli, 2-4m rise is observed. 2-3m increase of water level is noticed in Thiruvellore, Thiruvanamalai, Tricy, Thanjavur, Perambalur, Madurai districts. This in general indicate that rise in water level is observed due to induced recharge near the recharge structures.

5.2.10 Water Quality Monitoring To provide safe drinking water to the public, water quality monitoring is given high priority by the TWAD. To meet this objective, one State level, 28 districts and one mobile laboratory have been established with facilities to conduct physical, bacteriological and biological examinations for water, sewage and pollution samples. Water samples are tested and certified for their potability. To assess the quality status of ground water in Tamil Nadu, a water quality-monitoring network has been established by various departments like TWAD Board and PWDSG & SW Resources data centre. The TWAD Board is monitoring the water quality through a network of 1290 observation wells. PWD is monitoring the GW quality through a network of 1222 control wells (dug wells) and 854 piezometers. Water samples from the network of wells are collected and analysed for their chemical constituents during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The facilities available in TWAD Board and PWD Groundwater Data Center are furnished below.

Laboratory facilities of TWAD

State level laboratory: The State level laboratory is functioning at Chennai. This was the first laboratory to be established in 1964 and is technically controlling all other field laboratories. In addition to the facilities to test routine water quality parameters, this laboratory has facilities to test trace metals, and organic pollutants. This laboratory is the first public water-testing laboratory in India to have obtained the ISO 9002 certification. District Laboratories: The District Laboratories are located in each one of the 28 districts in the State. Out of these, 25 labs were established with aid from Gol under the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission.

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Treatment Plant Laboratories: For major water works, separate laboratories have been established for day to day water quality monitoring and control. The locations of these laboratories are as under: 1. Velliangadu (Coimbatore WSS - Improvement) 2. Siruvani (Coimbatore WSS) 3. Komburankadu (Salem & Athur WSS) 4. Pannapatty (Madurai WSS) 5. Surapet (Avadi defence WSS) 6. Hosur (Hosur-SIPCOT WSS)

Mobile Laboratory: One Mobile Laboratory received under Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission programme is now functioning at Coimbatore. This laboratory is used for field level testing and conducting awareness programmes on water quality.

Laboratory Facilities of PWD SG & SW Resources Data Center: In Tamil Nadu, under the PWD, State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data center, four laboratories are functioning one each at Chennai, Trichy, Madurai and Pollachi. These laboratories have facilities for complete analysis of physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of water samples.

5.3 Socio-economic environment

5.3.1 Population

Tamil Nadu is the 6th most populous State in India with a total population of 62.11 million (2001 Census) comprising 31.26 million male and 30.84 million female population. It is also one of the most urbanised States in India with 27.24 million people living in urban areas while the rest 34.87 million constitute the rural population. The total rural population has increased from 24.7 million in 1961 to 36.61 million in 1991 and fallen to 31.87 million in 2001. This could possibly be due to the upgradation of Rural Panchayats to Town Panchayats based on the population and other criteria. Data on district wise rural population and number of males and females is presented in Talble. 5.14.

The population densities in various districts and the mix of urban and ruiral population are shown in Fig 5.20. The rural population is high (above 20,00,000) with respect to toltal population in Villupuram, Dharmapuri and Vellore districts. The male and female population is almost uniformly distributed in many of the districts. However, the female population is high comparecl to the male population in Thanjavur, Nagapattinam, Ramanathapuram, Sivagangai and Thiruvellore districts. The concentratiorn of rural population with respect to total population is found to be high in Villupuram, Dharmapuri, and Vellore districts.

The decadal growth rate of the rural population in the State was 16.36% in 1961-71 and it has decreased to 12.78% in 1981-91. During the period 1991-2000, the growth rate of rural population was in negative of 4.75%. In the last decade, among the districts of Tamil Nadu, a maximum decadal growth rate of population was 22.35% in Thiruvellore district followed by 20.40% in C,oimbatore district. The minimum growth rate was 4.32% in Sivagangai district followed by 4.33% and 4.44% in Theni and Kanyakumari districts respectively, probably due to out-migration to other districts of the State.

D:\SEA_Draft_Final_Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 5-37 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAD Board Table. 5.14: District wise Rural Male- Female populatioin in Tamil Nadu S. NoDistrict ~~~~Rural Population S. No Distrit |TotalMale Female I Chennai 0 0 0 2 Kanchipuram 1335189 673387 661802 3 Thiruvellore 1246832 625817 621015 4 Cuddalore 1527936 770160 757776 5 Villupuram 2517447 1269889 1247558 6 Vellore 2164654 1085192 1079462 7 Thiruvannamalai 1781304 893132 888172 8 Salem 1605726 841200 764526 9 Namakkal 945956 481296 464660 10 Dharmapuri 2386346 1233391 1152955 11 Erode 1384746 704855 679891 12 Coimbatore 1435036 727610 707426 13 The Nilgiris 309652 152968 156684 14 Trichy 1274516 636558_ 637958 15 Karur 623838 310556 313282 16 Perambalur 416165 207694 208471 17 Ariyalur 615064 306648 308416 18 Thanjavur 1457204 721677 735527 19 Nagapattinam 1157714 575573 582141 20 Tiruvarur 929341 462175 467166 21 Pudukottai 1206372 598233 608139 22 Madurai 1129028 569988 559040 23 Theni 502509 255241 247268 24 Dindigul 1246956 627672 619284 25 Ramanathapuram 883508 433090 450418 26 Virudhunagar 974186 482821 491365 27 Sivagangai 826427 404561 421866 28 Tirunelveli 1499062 729830 769232 29 Tuticorin 903811 437599 466212 30 Kanyakumari 582761 290172 292589 Total 34869286 17508985 17360301 Source: Statistical Hand Book, 2002

5.3.2 Literacy The literacy rate has been steadily increasing from a low of 7.6% in 1901 to 73.5% in 2001, which is higher than the national literacy level of 65.38%. The increase in male literacy during the last decade has been significantly higher compared to the previous decade. The increase in female literacy during the last decade has been quite impressive, from 51.3% to 64.6%. 5.3.3 Rural water supply coverage The TWAD Board, as the main agency vested with responsibility of provision of rural water supply in the State, surveyed the status of rural water supply under three categories namely Fully covered habitations, Partially covered habitations and Not covered habitations. Thie details of this survey are summarized in Table 5.15.

D:\SEA_Draft_Final_Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 5-38 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald braft Final Report TWAD Board

A\~~p- , 11|1111111Chennai

harfmapuri N r -

Iruvannamalia

g ; Milu~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~pura

me~~~~" Ni i 314 __

__ - ' I 1-a Namakkal:

- Ruragapatinam

4m~ ~ ~ ~~~~~- w

436 1 - 13I

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:~ - Boll.. -,

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Projectunet Nae ,mm *u%~¶ *opCm.t bDri TAINDrWTRSPlYar P

cxofrilsAored .DMl NiollIsDwoef acce Is nio meiporoilit br bls drownnl 1fwe ot pzr4foler hn l e peesonby hotm 114wwoi slond.

TeTamil Hadi FPoulation- M.= . l l 5.20nstpesn prsq.ln

gi UbesUs Rulihlinwe Idil Or'WD4 tba 181tiM iesli lgd TAM ILN AD U WATE R SU PP LY

Sect Dr Env5rornm nti1 AnalyiF l s i;-3-<291 q3ax .I !ll,- i!...:..-fi...... ,:;Sl'u TRW SSP; Cr !.''it,;-'1' j1u11-; k1080 1S;l1 No.31, tOm aralar Sa l1,C apai .CIet saal.

D:\SEA_Draft_Final_Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 5-39 -40 m No of habitations

2; ~~~~~~Kanc:heepuram _ 23

00 Tirualu=_ 2068

Salem =__ 3 u 2- C2

Namakkal _ = _S55-18t.%i

K Dharmapuri _ 2_ g ~Erode I_ 13424 C 03~~~~~- c.oimbatore i_ 2169 | r i9|

The Nilgiris - k 03 CD~~ Tiruchirapalli M2068

CdKarur _124

m F'erambaluram 2704 ^ Then~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ o F'udukkottai 27:33 0

Thanjavur p20~~~~~~~~ 0; + Dc Ti Tiruvarur 7 _ 4

E Nagapattinam 1 158i

Madurai 14 3 o ~~~~~~A

C0 dkota 34C ThanjavurkudiCDindigul 204c

imarathapuramKanirauvariur 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- _12 M 8

Virudhunagar mm14

o Sivagangal w 1 844 0 o Tirunelveli 1 in66: 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C

Kanniyakumarim 112~~~a

0 0-IQ.w> Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott Macbonald braft Final Report TWAb Board

Under the not covered category about 416 habitations come under 0 Ipcd coverage, 5684 under 1-9 Ipcd coverage and 7549 habitations come under quality affected habitations. The district wise water supply status of the habitations is given in Fig. 5.21.

Table 5.15: Water Supply Coverage in Habitaitions

Category Description Nlo of Habitations covered The entire population has access to safe Fully covered assured drinking water of prescribed service 29067 level throughout the year, i.e., 40 Ipcd and above. Partially covered All other habitations (service level upto 40 40930 Ipcd) Not covered Habitations having no safe and perennial 11790 sources (no potable supply) ___ Total 81787 Source: Note on Rural water supply program in Tamil Nadu, 2003-04

From Fig. 5.21 it may be noted that partially covered habitations are high in Dharmapuri, Erode, Salem, and Pudukkottai districts. More than 3000 habitations are partially covered. Not covered habitations are high in Pudukkottai, Erode and Thiruvellore districts.

(i) Habitations benefited

To improve the drinking water facilities in rural areas, TWAD has implemented various water supply schemes both combined and individual schemes all over the State. The habitations benefited under these schemes and expenditure incurred is given in Table 5.16.

Table 5.16: Habitations benefited under rural waiter supply

Year Habitations Expenditure Benefited (Rs. in Crores) 1993-1994 3751 70.36 1994-1995 3808 99.49 1995-1996 2954 69.93 1996-1997 2696 86.62 1997-1998 4531 220.55 1998-1999 7974 324.12 1999-2000 6300 372.50 2000-2001 6617 545.76 2001-2002 6865 465.73*

* Provisional Figures Source: Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board, Chennai -5.

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There is a significant increase in number of benefited habitations and in turn the expenditure from 1997-98. The number of habitations covered under each year shows an increasing trend over the last few years.

(ii) Combined Water Supply Schemes Combined water supply schemes play a significant role where problems due to quality, quantity or both prevail in the local sources. In such schemes, wayside habitations are added to the urban water supply schemes where the source is from infiltration wells or galleries. The details regardingl the number of CWSS and beneficiaries are listed in Table 5.17.

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Table 5.17: Details of Beneficiaries and Population u[nder CWSS

CO -- 0 2 Cuddalore05= = 0o 1 3 = °2 S.No District 1 1. >0 0 10 l 10 0 m~~~~~~~~~0 I

3 Dharmapuri _..~ ~ 01 0 35 -0 37 18510 7 Coimbatore 8 1 1 21 26 1259 113 1421 3844282 2 Cuddalore 5 0 1 37 0 38 41476 6~~~~~~ 21 0aciua20 4 3 4 O1.6 71 3 Dharmapuri 18 1 0 0 355 1 357 185100 4 Dindigul 10 1 1 99 0 101 121634 5 Erode 37 8 38 1703 0 1749 971875 6 Kanchipuram 21 2 4 3 148 10 167 781560 7 Kanyakumari 8 1 0 18 163 0 182 366818 8 Karur 4 1 1 83 0 815 94715 9 Madurai 1 0 0 37 3 40 37001 10 Nagapaftinam 10 0 1 208 1 210 149039 11 Namakkal 6 2 4 2 506 4 518 579350 12 Nilgiris 1 _ 0 2 0 2 3900 13 Perambalur 6 1 4 98 1 104 54309 14 Pudukkottai 36 1 2 1 572 2 578 367587 15 Ramanathapuram 51 1 4 3 10 48 1066 437817- 16 Salem 7 1 2 15 2 830 0 850 1300303 17 Sivagangai 23 0 0 335 0 335 80075 18 Tanjavur 5 0 0 31 0 31 16633 19 Theni 21 1 2 9 265 0 277 579815 20 Thiruvannamalai 23 0 3 377 0 380 354755 21 Thiruvarur 3 0 0 49 0 49 22454 22 Thiruvellore 16 2 0 0 120 14 136 558703 23 Tirunelveli 17 1 3 3 4 286 0 297 603435 24 Trichy 16 1 2 4 3 222 18 250 429559 25 Tuticorin 26 2 7 2 408 139 558 646555 26 Vellore 25 3 1 159 2 165 298988 27 Villupuram 7 2 3 46 0 51 146734 28 Virudhunagar 11 0 0 104 0 104 84360 Total 422 4 21 82 126 8512 356 1010 11 13158832 Source: TWAD Board 5.3.4 Status of Rural Sanitation in Tamil Nadu

Access to Individual/ Household Toilets

As per the 2001 Census, only 14 percent (1187919) of the total households (8274790) in the State have toilets within the house. Region-wise, northern and western regions account for a higher percentage of households without toilet facility than the State figure. About 88 percent of total households in the northern region do not have toilet facility. As per the distribution of households by toilets among the districts of Tamil Nadu, more than 90 percentage of households do not have toilet facility in Villupuram and Thiruvannamalai districts (northern region), and Perambalur and Ariyalur districts (eastern region), while 66.39 percent of households in Kanyakumari district have toilet facility followed by 32.19 percent in Nilgiris district. Of

D:\SEA_Draft_Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 5-43 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott Macbonald braft Final Report TWAD Board the 29 districts in Tamil Nadu, except two districts, viz., Kanyakumari and Nilgiris all the remaining districts have very poor sanitation coverage.

(i) Type of Toilets

In the households having toilets, 51.27 percent of total toilets were water closets, 31.75 percent were pit latrines and the remaining 16.98 percent were other types of toilets. WJhen comparing the type of toilets among the regions in Tamil Nadu, 61 percent of the total toilets in eastern region, followed by 51 percent in southern region were water closets. More than 30 percent of total toilets in northern, western and southern regions were pit latrines. During the last eight years, about 10.25 lakhs toilets were constructed in rural areas of Tamil Nadu, which includes individual toilets, school toilets, toilets for anganwadis, women sanitary complexes and rural sanitary marts. The maximum numbers of 447631 toilets were constructed in 1990 - 2000, which was about 44 percent of the total toilets. (Fig. 5.22).

Fig. 5.22 Toilets constructed in Rural areas of Tamil Nadu

500000 447631 450000 ------_ _ _

400000 ______350000 ---

.~300000 ______

250000 _ _ _ _|-1 0 ,6 200000 z 150000 -2536- 98468 1- - 00000 55909 50976----- 50000- -271-1-3---

1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 Year

Source: Department of Rural Development, Chennai

(ii) Individual Toilets

It is observed from Fig. 5.23 that during the last eight years, the maximum number of 441922 toilets were constructed for individual households in 1999 - 2000 (about 44 percent) because the total sanitation campaign was started during that year, but has decreased since then.

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Fig. 5.23 Yearwise construction of Individual Toilets in Tamil Nadu

500000 441922 450000 -_- ____ 400000 3500003 - __ 3000003 _____

250000 - - E136 0 6 200000 -~-______

150000 __2_902____

100000 ~~55208 49767

50000 _676__3

1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 Year

Source: Department of Rural Development, Chennai Distribution of Households by Type and access to Drainage The drainage facilities in rural areas of Tamil Nadu are very poor. As per Census 2001, about 73 percent of the total households in rural areas of Tamil Nadu do not have any type of drainage facility for wastewater outlet from the house. Of the remaining 27 percent of the total households, which have drainage facility, 23 percent have open drainage and only 4 percent have covered drainage.

Region / District wise access to Drainage Among the regions in Tamil Nadu, the drainage arrangement in eastern region was the poorest. About 82 percent of the total households do not have any type of drainage facility for wastewater outlet from the house. Tow third of the total households in the northern region have no proper drainage system. In western and southern regions, more than one fourth of the total households have open drainage system whereas in the eastern region it is less than 15 percent. In all four regions and overall Tamil Nadu, only 4 to 5 percent of the total households have closedl drainage system to let out wastewater from their houses.

(iii) Status of Total Sanitation Campaign projects

All the 28 districts of Tamil Nadu (other than Chennai district, which is categorised as urban district) are implementing the Total Sanitation Campaign projects in the State. Under this program individual toilets, school toilets, anganwadi toilets and women's sanitary complexes are being constructed. As on 04-07-2003, 4.76 lakh individual toilets, 5898 school toilets, 298 women complexes and 3817 balwadi toilets have been constructed while 51 Rural Sanitary Marts (RSM) / PCs have been established.

The total capital outlay for the 28 projects as above is Rs. 327.32 crores. Out of this, the Central share, State share and the beneficiary contributions are Rs. 186.39 crores, Rs. 77.5 crores and Rs. 63.42 crores respectively. The total expenditure incurred till 04-07-2003 is Rs. 65.51 crores. The physical and financial progress under the TSC as on 04-07-2003 for the State are given in Annex. 5.6.

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TSC Action plan for 2003-2004: Action plan proposed for TSC projects in Tamil Nadu for the year 2003-04 include construction of 7.40 lakh individual toilets, 769 women complexes, 12365 school toilets, 12666 anganwadi toilets and establishment of 161 RSC / PCs. The district-wise details of proposed action plan are given in Annex. 5.7. 5.3.5 Health Indicators

Acute diahorreal diseases and suspected Cholera are common among the water borne diseases in Tamil Nadu. The year wise statistics of cases reported in rural areas for the incidence of Malaria, Polio, VPD, and Diphtheria are furnished in Annex. 5.8. The data shows a declining trend in cases affected by various diseases prevailing in the State especially the water borne diseases in the last few years. The incidence of ADD cases has a direct bearing on the quality of water and personal hygiene status of individuals handling water and food. There has been high incidence of ADD cases in Kanchipuram, Vellore, T'hiruvannamalai, Theni and Dindigul. However, the incidence of ADD cases as well as deaths do not follow any definite trend during the past 5 years excepting that the cases are consistently occurring year after year. (Annex. 5.8).

The time series data (1999-2000) for the number of cases and deaths due to ADD / Cholera for the State of Tamil Nadu is presented in Table 5.18. Table 5.18: Cases and Deaths due to ADD / Cholera from 1999 to 2003 in Tamil Nadu

Year ADD Cliolera Cases Deaths Cases Deaths 1999 74583 266 1807 1 2000 64130 195 1328 1 2001 59511 159 1110 1 2002 69889 199 1591 3 2003 59471 66 390 1 Source: Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, GoTN From the data it is seen that the ADD cases seem to remain consistent over the last 5 years. However, there has been a decline in Cholera cases only in 2003, otherwise the rate of incidence has been consistent.

Annex. 5.8 gives the data on a number of Malaria cases reported from the major towns in the State including Chennai Corporation. From the data it is noted that there has been a general decline in the incidence of malaria cases over the last 6 years. However, it may be of interest to note that more than two-thirds of the cases are reported from Chennai Corporation area alone. The existence of many polluted waterways in the city could possibly be contributing to the large nLlmber of cases reported.

5.3.6 Status of Human Development in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu's HDI (2001) was 0.657 as compared to 0.571 for India. It is also well placed in the South Asian context and fares better than some of the neighboring countries of India. According to the Planning Commission, Tamil Nadu ranks third among the 15 major States of India, though on a few specific indicators it lags behind some states. Within Tamil Nadu there are gaps and variations in the inter-district HDI, but its level of achievement suggests that high standards of literacy and health can be reached despite low per capita income. Even so, improvement of income levels would insuLre improved literacy and health status. Annex. 5.9 provides a summary of the Status of Human development in Tamil Nadu.

D:\SEA_Draft_Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 5-46 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott Macbonald braft Final Report TWAD Board 5.3.7 Summary review of baseline status

From a detailed review of available secondary data, the following points emerge which are of direct significance in the context of the proposed TNRWSS project.

State Profile Tamil Nadu, one of the 28 States in the Indian union is located at the Souith-eastern tip of Peninsular

India between North latitude 80 0' and 130 30' and East longitude 760 15' and 80° 18'. It is the 11 th largest State in India with a geographical area of130058 sq.km. Tamil Nadu has a forest cover of only 16.5% of the total area as against the recommended 33%. It is the 6th most populous State of India with a total population of 62.11 million as per 2001 Census out of which 34.87 million (56.14%) live in rural areas. With a male-female ratio of 1000:986, the State's total literacy rate is 73.47% (male: 82.33%, female: 64.55%), the second highest in the country.

This State is administratively divided into 29 districts (excluding Chennai), 206 taluks, 385 blocks (unions) and 17274 revenue villages. There are over 80,000 habitations in the State.

Physiographically the State is divided into 4 regions namely, the Coastal Plains, Eastern Ghats, The Central Plateau and the Western Ghats. The State, with a sub-tropical climate, receives a normal rainfall of 964mm per annum mainly through the SW monsoon and NE monsoon seasons.

Geologically, 73.5% of the total area of the State comprises crystalline formations while the rest constitutes sedimentary formations. The soils of the State are grouped into 3 categories namely Red soils (61%), Black soil (12%) and Coastal / River Alluvium (24%).

Water Resources Scenario

With 17 major river basins, the per capita water resources of Tamil Nadu is 4224.5 m3 , which is much less than the national average of 24645 m3. Estimated total water resources potential of the State is 28361 MCu.m (Surface: 13015MCu.m + Ground: 15346MCu.m) with a total estimated dJemand of 31821 MCu.m in 2004, the State experiences a deficit of 3460MCu.m which is expected to increase to 6919MCu.m by the year 2050.

Having harnessed more than 95% of the available water resources in the State, the future scenario from water resources point of view and its sustainability would appear lto be grim. Out of 16 river basins, 5 basins namely Palar, Varahanadi, Paravanar, Vaippar and Kodaiayar are the only surplus basins. The remaining 11 basins are rated as deficit basins. This situation is only likely to accentuate due to the decreased availability of per capita water resources on the one hand and the continuous degradation of the quality of water resources on the other hand due to the cumulative impact of competing demands on the meagre resources and laxity in the enforcement of pollution control measures. This situation is further compounded by the failure of monsoons consecutively over the last 3-4 years.

Rural water supply sources

Presently almost the entire rural water supply systems depend upon ground water sources as would be evident from the statistics on the distribution of RWS sources (Table. 5.15). This dependence on groundwater is bound to continue even in future as some of the existing perennial surface sources are tending to become non-perennial.

It is well recognised that the major share of the available resources are exploited for irrigation (over 85%), while the requirement for drinking purposes constitutes only a minor fraction. Thus, any attempt

D:\SEA_Draft_Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 5-47 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald braft Final Report TWAD Board aimed at improving the irrigation efficiency from the present level of 40% to even 50% could have a phenomenal impact in making available enormous quantities of water for purposes such as public water supply which has the first charge on available water resources.

Status of groundwater development

As of now, out of the total 385 blocks in the State, 175 blocks have already come under the over exploited (137) and critical (38) categories, thus, constituting nearly 45%0 of the total blocks in the State. Some initiatives have been made by the government to contain the situation by making it mandatory for the installation of rainwater harvesting structures in all existing and new buildings and also giving a thrust to the implementation of water conservation structuires such as check dams, nallah bunds, percolation ponds etc. in rural areas. It would also becomie imperative to take up as integral part of the proposed project recharging of groundwater at or close to the source so as to promote the sustainability of the source in all future RWS systems.

Presently there is practically no control on the abstraction of groundwater especially for irrigation purposes except in the case of schemes proposed with funding from NABARD and other such agencies. However, this does not have any restraint on the big farmers who are putting up a large number of borewells without any financial assistance of lending agencies.

Declining trend in water level

Though the groundwater resources will remain the main stay for meeting the future water supply needs, there are serious water quantity and quality problems in several districts, which will pose a challenge in planning and design of future systems. As for quantity, there has been a continuous declining trend in water levels in many of the districts due to over exploitation of groundwater resources to meet the domestic, industrial and agricultural requirements.

A long term (1971-2003) study by the PWD has indicated that over exploitation of groundwater over the years has caused a decline in trend in groundwater level throughout the State. But the problem has become acute especially since 1999 due to consecutive monsoon failures. For instance, in Coimbatore, Madurai and Theni districts, the fall in water level is conspicuous - 1-5m in Theni district, 5-10m in Madurai and Coimbatore districts. In the rest of the districts, al decline in water level has been marginal during the period 1971-1998.

Illegal sand mining on a large scale in the past coupled with discharge of untreated / partially treated municipal and industrial wastes have had their toll on the viability of many of these subsurface abstraction structures such as infiltration wells and galleries located on the banks of rivers. However, the recent government orders eliminating the contract system of sand rnining is bound to have a positive impact over a period of time.

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Water supply coverage The status of rural water supply coverage in habitations in the State is summarised in the following table: Category Description No of Habitations covered The entire population has access to safe Fully covered assured drinking water of prescribed service 29067 level throughout the year, i.e., 40 Ipcd and above. Partially covered All other habitations (service level upto 40 lpcd) 40930 Not covered Habitations having no safe and perennial 11790 sources (no potable supply) 11790 Total 81787

Water quality issues The quality problems relate to primarily excessive concentration of dissolved solids, nitrate, fluoride and in a few instances iron. (refer Table 5.10 & 5.11). In terms of the numiber of habitatons, there are 2868 habitations in the State as on 31-03-2003, which are affected by quality problems due to multiple parameters (Fig. 5.13). Of these 1899 habitations are affected by fluoride alone (Fig. 5.18).

State wide data on the quality of hand pump supplies has revealed that out of 1,49,457 samples tested 52,816 comprising 35.4% were not potable due to the presence of iexcessive concentrations of TDS, fluoride, nitrate etc. (Table 5.10). Like wise, a significant proportion (93214 out of 36481 samples) were found non-potable in respect of power pump sources (Table. 5.11).

In Tamil Nadu, pollution of water resources due to industrial wastes is primarily caused through the discharge of industrial effluents, and municipal sewerage let into the river system. Some of the contaminant sources which pose a major threat to the drinking water supply are: landfills, waste water disposal, industrial effluent disposal and application of fertilizer and pesticidJes in the agricultural fields. Some of the major industries which contribute to pollution in the rivers are Ilisted in Table 5.12.

Water treatment Past experience in the State and elsewhere in the country is abound to show that treatment systems provided in rural areas have not been successful due to a variety of reasons chief among them being absence of proper operation and maintenance and lack of resources to command technical back up support. In this background all-out efforts should be made to avoid, as far as possible, a groundwater source that is likely to pose a quality problem. In such cases, recourse to clistant surface / sub-surface sources may become inevitable with the consequent impact on the cost of such systems.

In existing piped RWS systems there is no scientific system of chlorinating the water supplies prior to distribution as observed by the absence of any chlorinating systems in almost all cases. Sorne bleaching powder is dropped into the overhead tanks at intervals which are not regular and wherever it is done only once in 2 weeks or so. Such a practice defeats the very purpose of providing bacteriologically safe drinking water to the consumers.

Water quality monitoring A number of agencies such as TWAD, PWD Ground Water, TNPCB, King Institute etc. are currently engaged in water quality monitoring. The objective of monitoring, the frequency of sample collection, and the parameters of analysis vary from one institution to the other. Most of these institutions function as independent entities without any coordination between them. Also there is no effective

D:\SEA_Draft_Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 5-49 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAD Board mechanism by which the information generated is shared by the other agencies so as to be useful in planning and managing the water resources. More importantly, the owners of the RWS systems have no access to this information in order to even create awareness as to the quality of water that the people are consuming in rural areas. The existing State Ground and Surlace Water Resources Data Centre of PWD should be strengthened if necessary to function as the nodal agency for compiling all available information on water quality and to bring out useful products such as bulletins and reports for the benefit of the users even at the lowest village level.

Sanitation coverage Despite the various sanitation programs implemented over the past decade, the coverage of rural households with sanitary latrines has been very low (14%). This is partly due to the absence of effective awareness programs for creating the demand and also due to the low priority accorded by the government in its development plans.

Water and sanitation related issues

Despite considerable investments in water supply and sanitation sector in the past decade, the impact on the health and hygiene of the rural population has not been commensurate as is evident from the large number of reported cases of water and sanitation related diseases in the State (Annex. 5.8).

5.3.8 Issues arising from Public Consultations

From the public consultations organised in the sample districts, the following issues of environmental concern have emerged. The outcomes of the consultation meetings are given in Annex. 1.4. (A few selected photographs depicting the existing environmental scenario are given here).

Quantity issues A major concern of the people in the sample villages where public consultations were heldl relates to the present low level of water supply service. This situation gets worse during summer when the demand increases. The main reasons are due to a decline in yield of the source(s) or drying up of the sources due to rapid fall in water level. Instances are common where people are forced to buy water from commercial vendors to meet their needs. Inequity in distribution of supply due to inherent system constraints is also noticed in certain cases. In addition, there are instances where the newly developed areas in the villages are yet to get the benefit of piped water supply.

Quality issues The poor quality of water supplied is an equally serious concern of the people in the sample villages. The high TDS and the associated taste are not acceptable to people. There are also complaints from people regarding a gradual deterioration in the quality of ground water drawn from lbore-wells. Instances of sub-surface water drawn from riverbeds having been polluted due to the discharge of industrial effluents are also reported. In the absence of a better option, they have to be content with the quality of the supply. Those who are economically well off, buy water of better quality from vendors or bottled water for drinking. Though no data is readily available regarding the bacteriological quality of water supplies, serious outbreaks of waterborne diseases have not been reported.

Falling ground water level A common remark by the people in the sample villages is the fast declining ground water level resulting in the drying up of the source or reduction of the yield. This is attributed to the failure of monsoon rains in the last four years and the increasing demand for variouss uses.

D:\SEA_Draf_Final_Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 5-50 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald braft Final Report TWAb Board Household sanitation issues The sanitation coverage in general is very low and the age-old practice of open defection is widely prevalent. People are willing to construct their individual household latrines for which they are ready to contribute. In some cases, because of space constraints, people seem to prefer cluster toilets or community toilets. Lack of awareness among people regarding the inter-relationship between water, sanitation and health is common in all the villages.

Environmental sanitation issues Lack of sanitary methods of sullage and solid waste disposal is felt in almost all sample villages. Absence of good internal roads, proper approach roads to village burning ghats, inadequate street lighting are some of the common complaints from the villagers. Stagnant pools of sullage leading to mosquito nuisance is also reported.

5.3.9 Identification of Hotspots and Strategy for Mitigation

Based on a critical review and analysis of secondary data, the proceedings of the Public consultations and the experience and field observations of the consultants, hotspots in the context of the proposed TNRWSS project have been identified. The hotspots relate to the major ilssues of i) water quality, ii) water quantity and iii) household and environmental sanitation. i) Water Quality: The hot spots with respect to water quality are defined as those districts having in their water supply, concentration of fluoride, TDS, N03 and iron in excess of permissible limits as per IS10500-1991. The corresponding pararneter values are F-1.5 mg/I, TDS-2000 mg/I, N0 3-45 mg/l and Fe-1 mg /I. ii) Water Quantity: The hot spots with respect to water quantity relate to the blocks which have come under the 'overexploited' and 'critical' categories in terms of grounld water development. iii) Household and Environmental Sanitation: As for household sanitation (individual sanitary latrines), in view of the present low coverage (14%), the entire state is reckoned as hot spots. Likewise, due to the low coverage / lack of environmental sanitation facilities in rnost of the villages, all the districts have been considered as hot spots for environmental sanitation. Water Quality hotspots: In the State of Tamil Nadu, with over 80,000 habitations spread over 29 districts, the quality of rural water supply in the entire State has been assessed as late as 2003 by TWAD by collecting and analysing water samples from 1,49,457 hand pump sources and 36,418 power pump sources. Likewise the PWD has been monitoring the water quality from 1746 observation wells scattered throughout the State. There are a number of habitations affected by one or more parameters of water quality having a bearing on the potability from aesthetic or public health considerations. Fluoride: The worst affected districts with respect to fluoride exceeding the permissible level of 1.5mg/l in the order of severity of the problem are given in Table 5.19. Table.5.19: Hotspots for fluoride in Tamil Nladu Sl.No Districts No of Habitations 1 Dharmapuri 1065 2 Salem 227 3 Vellore 139 4 Virudhunagar 82 5 Dindigul 78 6 Namakkal 62 7 Erode 77 8 Trichy 29

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Excepting the districts of Thiruvellore, Cuddalore, Villupuram, Thanjavur, Nagapattinam, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Nilgiris, Madurai, Ramanathapuram, lirunelveli and Kanyakumari, all the remaining districts can be considered as hot spots.

Total Dissolved Solids: As for TDS, the study by the TWAD Board indicates that sources with high TDS are evenly distributed all over Tamil Nadu (Fig. 5.15). The study also noted that a high percentage of non - potability of samples due to high TDS was recorded in Ramanathapuram district where a large number of desalination plants have been installed for rural water supply.

Nitrate: Like TDS, nitrate also is found in high concentration (>50mg/I) in almost all the districts in the state. The highest concentration has been recorded in Salem district. Thie nitrate level is high (>100 mg/I) also in Dharmapuri district. The other districts with high nitrate in drinking water are Vellore, Erode, Coimbatore, Perambalur, Karur, Pudukottai & Ariyalur.

Iron: Iron in drinking water is not a serious problem except in isolated areas. The highest iron value recorded in the state was 86.7 mg/l in Tiruvallur district.

Multiple Parameters: The most affected districts by water quality problem with multiple parameters is Dharmapuri followed by Ramanathapuram, Vellore, Salem, Kanchipuram, Virudhunagar, Namakkal, Sivagangai and Thiruvannamalai.

The status as discussed above clearly brings out the wide-spread probilem of water quality in the state. This information would provide a valuable indication of the nature of water quality problem that may be anticipated in a district while planning the TNRWSS project. This will also facilitate a decision whether a ground water source is likely to be more appropriate or a surface source.

Hotspots for Water Quantity: The scenario with respect to ground water development in the 385 blocks in the state is summarised in Tables 5.20 & 5.21 and Fig. 5.24. From the data for the entire state, the following Table has been prepared based on the number of over-exploited and critical blocks for only those districts which have a large number of blocks under these two categories taken together.

Table. 5.20: Hotspots for Water Quantit)[

District No of Blocks Total Overexploited Critical Coimbatore 19 11 4 Dharmapuri 18 11 1 Dindigul 14 10 2 Nagapattinam 11 4 6 (Saline) Namakkal 15 8 2 Salem 20 14 1 Theni 8 5 3 Thiruvannamalai 18 9 2 Vellore 20 16 1 Villupuram 22 13 4

This data again would go a long way in the planning and implementation of the proposed TNRWSS project. Depending on the level of ground water development, alternative strategies could be considered with reference to the source including ground water recharge measures and, regulatory control on ground water development for irrigation, indlustrial and other uses.

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However, these figures, although indicative of the over all water balance, should be taken with a great deal of caution particularly as regards domestic water supply where spot specific availability is more critical than average area figures, and where water quality is as critical as sheer availability. Table. 5.21: Summary of Hotspots with respect to water quality and GWD

S.No District Total No No. of Blocks affected Remarks of Blocks OE / C TDS F No3. 1. Coimbatore 19 11 /4 7 2 17 Affected by Multiple Quality Parameters & GWD

2. Cuddalore 13 3 - 3 3. Dharmapuri 8 7 /1 - 7 8 Single parameter & GWD 4. Dindigul 14 10/2 9 10 - 5. Erode 20 3 /3 2 12 20 Multiple parameter & GWD 6. Kanchipuram 13 2/2 8 - _ 7. Krishnagiri 10 4/ - - 8 10 Multiple parameter 8. Karur 8 2 /- 6 4 8 Multiple parameter

9. Madurai 13 3/ 1 10 - - 11. Nagapattinam 11 4-l 6* 3 - 3 Multiple parameter 12. Namakkal 15 8/2 12 4 - Multiple parameter 14. Perambalur 10 4 /- 3 - 5 Multiple parameter 15. Pudukkottai 13 5 - 6 Multiple parameter 16. Ramanathapuram 11 -/1 10 4 - 17. Salem 20 14/ 1 8 11 17 Multiple parameter

18. Sivagangai 12 - 9 - -

19. Thanjavur 14 2/2 - -

20. Theni 8 5/3 1 - -

21. Trichy 14 3/2 4 - 13

22. Tirunelveli 19 4/ - 13 1 - Multiple parameter 23. Tiruvallur 14 6/2 4 - 10 24. Thiruvannamalai 18 9 / 2 4 3 2 Multiple parameter 25. Tiruvarur 10 1 /1 2 2 - Multiple parameter 26. Tuticorin 12 7/1 9 2 - Multiple parameter 27. Vellore 20 16/ 1 10 7 19 Multiple parameter 28. Villupuram 22 13 /4 5 - 5

29. Virudhunagar 11 - /2 10 4 - Muitiple parameter

* Saline blocks. OE = Over Exploited blocks (<100%) C = Critical blocks (90 - 100%) GWD = Groundwater Development Strategy for Hot Spots: The broad strategy recommended for addressing the identified issues is as follows.

D:\SEA_Draft_Final_Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 5-53 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott Macbonald Draft Final Report TWAD Board a) Water Quality * Identification of alternate local sources (ground water / surface sources such as village tanks, local streams, etc) or economically viable distant sources for single / multi-village scheme(s). * Providing appropriate household / community treatment systems for identified water quality problem (should be the last option) * Continuous chlorination of water supply to maintain a minimum residual concentration of 0.2 mg / I at the farthest public stand post * Adoption of dual water supply that provides safe potable water for drinking and cooking purposes only. * Preventive and corrective maintenance of water distribution systems * Regular water quality monitoring and control * Sustained IEC campaigns b) Water Quantity * Augment supply through rehabilitation / upgrading of existing systems wherever feasible * Augment supply from new sources - ground water or surface source in the vicinity of the VP or distant source. * Ground water recharge at the source to promote source sustainability * Enforce Tamil Nadu Ground Water Act to regulate and control ground water abstraction for irrigation / industrial use * Regular monitoring of ground water level

0 c) Ground Water Recharge The technology choice will be specific to the hydrogeological conditions of the area and will be implemented with active participation of the beneficiary communities in planning, implementation and management. The project envisages capacity building for the NGO, ancl members of the VPs and HWSCs on comprehensive development of recharge / catchment of the source point for ensuring sustainable recharge. In this context, the groundwater recharge zonation rnaps prepared by the Anna University with recourse to remote sensing tools could provide a sound basis for detailed planning. d) Household Sanitation * Effective, sustained IEC programme with focus on women to generate demand for household latrines, cluster toilets * Installation of safe sanitation systems appropriate to local soil type e) Environmental Sanitation * Effective, sustained IEC campaigns to generate demand for ownership based cluster toilets / community latrines and provision of institutional latrines and their proper use aind maintenance * Provision of sullage / storm water drainage including its treatment and disposal * Promote soak pits and kitchen gardens wherever feasible * Pavement of village lanes/ roads with appropriate materials

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* Promote individual / community compost pits * Provide dust bins and ensure regular clearing, transportation and sanitary disposal of garbage 9 Sanitation & Hygiene Promotion Health and hygiene education is very important in the process of changing the human attitude and behaviour. It aims to change social factors that influence life styles of people with different behavioural patterns. In order to implement the SHP programme, the following strategy is recommended; * Integration of SHP components in the water supply and sanitation services. * Hygiene promotion with focus on core behaviours of haind washing, proper water collection, storage and handling practices * Creation, usage and extension of participatory methods and tools for hygiene promotion * Capacity building at multi-level through training programmes and interacting workshops * Developing and disseminating IEC package through mass education, group and interpersonal approach * Village level participatory gender equated action plan by the communities * Involvement of village based self-help groups of women, anganwadi workers and health personnel in promotional activities * A systematic and participatory process of monitoring of SHP initiatives and activities Establishment of unified multi-disciplinary teams for single org anisational support window to the communities.

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6 Environmental Risks and Impacts

6.1 Introduction

In the context of the proposed TNRWSS project and the activities for the project components, this chapter identifies and analyses the potential environmental impacts and risks. For each of the project interventions, the impacts have been classified as positive / negative and primary / secondary. This exercise will form the basis for designing the mitigatory measures to be integrated in the overall project design so as to eliminate / minimise / compensate for the likely negative impacts and to enhance the net positive impact due to the project. The implementation of the proposed TNRWSS project may be consideredJ to comprise three phases: (i) the planning / preparatory phase (ii) the construction phase and (iii) the post construction or the operational phase. The component activities under these phases will be as follows. 6.1.1 Planning / Preparatory Phase * Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaigrns in the project districts to create awareness among the target communities regarding lthe proposed project and to generate demand for the project. * Public Consultations with the beneficiary communities regarding their needs, priorities and preferences with respect to the project components and to identify issues of environmental concern. * Identification of technology options for source, water treatment, distribution and ground water recharge, safe disposal of sullage, proper use and maintenance of sanitation facilities and promotion of personal hygiene. * Site identification / selection for source location, treatment works, service reservoirs and for ground water recharge. * Taking possession / acquisition of land as required for the above

6.1.2 Construction Phase * Rehabilitation of existing water supply schemes to ensure thleir efficient functioning and optimum capacity utilisation

* Construction of bore wells, water treatment works, over head tanks (OHTs) and laying of distribution pipelines * Construction of ground water recharge structures

* Installation of on-site sanitation systems, ownership based individual / cluster toilets and institutional latrines * Construction of sullage disposal systems / soak pits and developing kitchen gardens

6.1.3 Operation Phase * Ground / surface water abstraction, treatment and distribution including pumping as necessary * Regular use and proper maintenance of household sanitation systems, ownership based / cluster toilets and institutional latrines

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* Regular Sanitation Hygiene Promotion (SHP) programmes to promote proper use and upkeep of the facilities installed, and safe personal hygiene practices * Institutional capacity building through periodic orientation programmes for VP / TP level functionaries in their identified areas of activity

The project will bring about positive health and environmental benefits through supply of 'safe' drinking water and creation of sanitary facilities in the village. The potential environmental risks and impacts arising from the project interventions / activities have been identified and the impacts classified as positive / negative and presented in a matrix form in Table 6.1. Appropriate environmental mitigation measures should be included in the project design to have a net positive effect on the environment. 6.1.4 Pre-Construction Phase Impacts

During the pre-construction phase, intensive IEC campaigns will be launched in the project districts. These will be aimed at creating awareness among the target communities regarding the local environmental issues, the objective and scope of the proposed water supply and sanitation project and the rules for participation in the project by the community. These campaigns are expected to generate demand for the project from the target communities.

The IEC campaigns will be followed by detailed public consultations with the communities in project planning and formulation. The technology options for the various project components along with the order of costs thereof will be discussed with the target communities to enable them decide on the project profile in keeping with the rules for participation.

To bring about an increase in the per capita supply to a level demanded by the beneficiary community, new sources (ground / surface water) have to be identified. For more than 90% of the new water supply schemes, the source will be ground water tapped through dug / bore wells. The associated risks to bore well sources which can have an impact on the cost of the project should be recognised. These relate to failure of the bore, low yield or poor quality of water requiring treatment to make it potable. If the new sources are to be located in private lands, these have to be acquired through voluntary donation or by paying appropriate cash compensation.

Likewise, the ground water recharge component of the project, aimed at achieving sustainability of water supply source, envisages construction of appropriate structures nearby the sites identified for source location. These sites may come under privately owned or government land. The need for land acquisition and cash compensation, if any, will be known only after thie site identification is made and the type and number of structures decided. The issue of land acquisition and compensation is being addressed under a separate social assessment study. This issue, however, is not expected to be of any major concern and could be resolved easily by the beneficiary ccimmunity and the VP.

6.2 Construction phase impacts

During the construction phase, the major activities will comprise earthvvork excavation, trenching, transportation of construction materials, handling, laying and jointing of pipes, and building of structures such as pumping stations, treatment works, ground level reservoirs / overhead tanks etc. These activities would cause a general increase in the suspended partiiculate matter (dust) in the ambient air. The increase in concentration, however, would be of a tempiorary nature andl localised. Likewise, the increment in noise levels due to the proposed activities will also be negligible.

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The rehabilitation of existing water supply schemes may involve repair / replacement of some components of the system. This may result in temporary disruption in existing water supply services. During construction of sullage drains, there will be disruption of normal movement of people. Such disruptions, however, will be minimal and of a short duration.

The project activities are not likely to involve loss or disturbance of sensitive areas aind cultural properties. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population in the project area will also have the benefit of participation in the proposed project. However the project data sheet of Individual and Combined water supply schemes require this evaluation to be under taken at project lpreparation stage. The project will generate significant employment opportunities during the construction stage in addition to some indirect employment. This in turn will have a positive impact on the income level of the population, both local and regional.

6.3 Operations phase impacts

6.3.1 Positive impacts

Access to Adequate Quantity of Safe Water on a Sustainable Basis: The most significant positive impact of the project in the operation phase will be the availability of adequate quantity of safe drinking water on a sustainable basis thus meeting a basic need for a healthy, productive life of people in the villages. The water supply schemes will be designed for an average of 40 lpcd with a provision for 55 Ipcd wherever feasible.

Reduction in Drudgery in Water Collection and Generation of Income Opporturities: The proposed water supply schemes will ensure a better service delivery which would enable supply of safe water at convenient public points and through house connections on demand. This will largely eliminate / reduce the drudgery in fetching the daily water needs by the households, particularly women and children. The time and labour saved due to the better and more conveniept service could provide opportunities for income generation, especially for women. Due to improved access to piped water supply at convenient locations, the need for individual household expenditure on buying water could be significantly reduced, if not eliminated. However, part of this beniefit will be off set by the fact that the individual households have to pay their share towards the cost of O&M of the public facility.

Source Sustainability through Ground Water Recharge: The construction of ground water recharge structures of appropriate design to suit the local soil conditions and hydrogieology will promote the sustainability of water supply sources. These measures, would also help reduce surface run off, minimise soil erosion, promote growth of vegetation and arrest / reverse the declining trend in ground water level observed in certain areas in the project districts. In areas affected by excessive concentration of chemical contaminants such as fluoride, TDS etc. grounid water recharge will bring about an improvement in water quality through dilution.

Improved Personal and Environmental Hygiene: Availability of adequate supply of safe water through the new schemes would promote better personal and environmental hy9iene which is presently at a low level, especially among the poor sections of the comrnunity. This impact will be further enhanced through a regular and continuing programme of sanitation and hyg,iene promotion activities targeted on the beneficiary population to bring about positive behavioural and attitudinal changes.

The household sanitation systems (sanitary latrines and sullage disposal), under the proposed project would help rninimise soil and surface water contamination. These measures will bring about a

D:\SEA_Draft_Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 6-3 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott Macbonald Draft Final Report TWAD Board significant reduction in the incidence of water and sanitation related diseases which are widely prevalent in the project districts and improvement in the general aesthetics of the village. Due to improved health, medical expenses of the households are expected to decrease.

Employment Opportunities: The proposed project involves operation and maintenance of large number of water supply schemes and ground water recharge structures. This will generate significant employment opportunities to the local technicians and NGOs which in turn will have a positive impact on the income levels of the wage earners and small entrepreneurs.

Community Capacity Building and Self Reliance: The bottom-up planning and decision making which are essential ingredients of the proposed project and routine operation and maintenance of the assets created would generate and promote among the beneficiary communities a sense of pride and self reliance, and enhance their capacity building in other sectors of community development.

6.3.2 Potential negative impacts and Risks

Increased Ground / Surface Water Abstraction: Most of the proposedl water supply schemes will be based on ground water sources tapped through dug / bore wells fitted with power pumps. The schemes also provide for individual house connections on demand at the owner's cost. Improved water supply service levels would result in increased abstraction of ground / surface water in the area. However, the additional draft would constitute only a small percentage (less than 10%) of that used for irrigation. Considering the fact that the stage of ground water development in many of the project districts is critical, the increased abstraction would cause significant impact on the ground water regime. However, the ground water recharge component which will form ain integral part of the project for achieving sustainability of the source would largely compensate for the increased abstraction of ground water. The Tamil Nadu Ground Water Act when passed and enforced would also go a long way in mitigating the problem of over exploitation.

Lowering of Ground Water Level: As per available long term (1990-2000) data, there has been a declining trend in ground water level in many districts (Annex 5.3) indicating that mining of water is taking place. Creation of additional / new sources in such critical areas may increase the gravity of the situation. This could be mitigated by ensuring proper siting of the new source(s), imlplementing concurrently compensatory ground water recharge measures and, regulating the ground water abstraction for other than public water supply by enforcing the Tamil Nadu Ground Water Act. Risk of Hydraulic Interference between Existing and New Bore Well Sources: When a high yielding source is located for a new scheme in an area with a number of already existing irrigation bore wells, there is a potential risk of hydraulic interference between the bore well sources. In extreme cases, the nearby sources may dry up. This problem could be minimised / eliminated by observing the criteria of minimum distance for locating a new source from an existing one and by regulating ground water abstraction including closure of existing irrigation wells in an over-exploited area after the enabling legal provisions are in place under the Ground Water Act. Risk of Ground Water Contamination: An important component of the proposed project relates to the construction of large number of household safe sanitation systems / ownership based group latrines / community latrines and institutional latrines in the project villages. The type of soil and its depth in the project districts vary considerably so also their infiltration capacity. Depending on the nature of soil in an area, the sanitation systems may pose a risk of ground water contamination unless safe sanitation technologies best suited to the local soil type and hydrogeology are selected and installed and adequate preventive and corrective measures are implemented. TheT preventive measures woulcd include proper siting of new sources and sanitary protection of a I water supply

D:\SEA_Draft Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 6-4 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework balal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAD Board sources. The single most important corrective measure is to ensure continuous, effective chlorination of all water supplies.

6.4 Conclusion

In sum, the overall impact of the project on the beneficiary communities and the environment is expected to be positive resulting in an improvement in the health and quality of life of the people in the project area. Adverse impacts, if any, could be minimised I compensated by incorporating appropriate mitigation measures which could be readily designed and integrated with the project as discussed in the following chapter.

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7 Environmental Management Framework

7.1 Introduction

The proposed TNRWSS project, as discussed earlier, will bring iabout positive health and environmental benefits through supply of safe drinking water, provision of safe sanitation systems, sustained health and hygiene education programmes as also ground water recharge measures aimed at sustainability of community water supply sources. The project may cause some adverse environmental impacts depending upon the site specific situations encountered in the project area. Appropriate environmental mitigation measures have been identified and discussed in this chapter. These measures suitably integrated in the project design would mitigate / minimise the adverse impacts and enhance the net positive benefit of the project.

This chapter also presents a framework which can facilitate the integration of environmental concerns as appropriate right at the time of the project formulation by the support organisatiQn I agency on behalf of the beneficiary community / Village Panchayat Like wise, another performa has been developed which would enable the appraisal agency (DWSA - DPMU) a decision regarding funding of the project and also ensure compliance with appropriate environmental safe guard$ by the project proponent.

As stated earlier in section 1.4, the initial scope of the study included environmental analysis of both rural water supply and sanitation activities, to be financed under the project. However, it is understood now that the project is not likely to finance sanitation component. But the report includes environmental issues, impact and mitigatory measures as well which couild be used by GoTN while implanting the sanitation component and can be used as resource material for developing IEC programme.

7.2 Key environmental issues and mitigation measures

An analysis of the base line data, observations during site visits, discussions with State / district and VP level functionaries and the outcome of public consultations have clearly brought out the following key environmental issues that need to be addressed in the project design and implementation.

7.2.1 Water quantity issues

Most habitations in the State have access to organized water supply. The level of per capita supply, however, varies widely between the habitations (Ref Table 5.15). The rninimum per capita supply prescribed by the State is 40 lpcd. There are 6091 habitations in the project districts with a per capita supply less than 40 Ipcd. Many of these habitations experience acute scarcity of 'safe' drinking water in summer and therefore need augmentation of supply.

During periods of scarcity and in areas with severe water quality problems, villagers have to use traditional water sources of suspect water quality.

Existing water supply schemes, especially in the salinity-affected areas of Nagapattinam and Tiruvarur district, are mostly utilized to meet water needs for other than drinking purposes such as washing and bathing.

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According to the information available on long term ground water level, there is a declining trend in water level in almost all the districts. This phenomenon is attributed to overexploitation of ground water for agricultural and industrial uses. As per data from the PWD, there are 138 number blocks in the State which have been categorised as 'over-exploited', 37 blocks under category 'critical', 105 blocks under category 'semi-critical' while the rest of the blocks come under the 'safe' category (Ref. Table 5.8). But as far as the State as whole is concerned, there is still scope for further ground water utilisation.

(i) Mitigation measures

Augmentation of existing water supplies will be achieved through one or miore of the following options. a) Augment through rehabilitation / upgrading of existing systems wherever feasible b) Identification of new sources (local / distant) of good quality and yield *t safety chlorination. These will be mostly ground water sources. In areas not affected by chemical contaminants, new good- yielding ground water sources could be identified using modern geophysical techniques (to minimize failure rate) or existing privately owned irrigation wells of good yield and potable quality could be identified and acquired. c) Identification of local surface sources (village ponds / streams/ canals) which require only simple treatment (SSF / river bed filtration) and chlorination. Existing village tanks, if considered as an alternate source, need to be desilted / enlarged to increase their storage capacity and protected by fencing to prevent contamination from human / animal access. For villages located in the vicinity of seasonal rivers / streams the feasibility of tapping sub-surface flow (riverbed filtration) could be explored. d) Distant surface sources with simple treatment (SSF) and chlorination ifor a group of villages (multi village schemes) e) Dual water supply - existing supplies (rejected by community due to quality problem) for purposes other than drinking and potable water supply through any of the options listed above. f) Appropriate blending of water from existing sources (ground water) to obtain the drinking water quality standards. g) Effective enforcement of Tamil Nadu Ground Water Act to regulate and control ground water abstraction to accord priority for drinking water. Identified critical areas with falling water level should be notified forthwith by the Appropriate Authority and the Act enforced in all its earnestness to halt this trend. h) Concurrent ground water recharge at the source to promote source sustainability. This activity should receive priority in order to achieve sustainability of water supply sources. The PWD may conduct a detailed survey to identify potential sites and appropriate conservation structures such as check dams, sub-surface dykes, recharge trenches, percolation ponds, abandoned bore wells etc. best suited to the local conditions. i) Regular monitoring of ground water level: The PWD / TWAD Board would regularly rnonitor the ground water as an integral part of overall monitoring program.

The key consideration in deciding on the alternative should be to eliminatie, as far as practicable, the need for any treatment. A trade off analysis of the feasible options should be clearly presented to the beneficiary community to enable them to decide on their choice.

7.2.2 Water quality issues

The water quality problem in the State is essentially of three types (i) the natural presence in ground water of chemical contaminants such as fluoride, TDS, iron and nitrate of geological origin in concentrations exceeding the levels permissible in drinking water and (ii) the chemical / bacteriological contamination of water at the source, due to municipal and industrial discharges and

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(iii) after contamination in the distribution systems due to intermittent water supplies or during collection, handling, storage and use at the consumers end. The concerns for ground and surface water contamination relate to: i) Non point sources of pollution in the catchment area due to the common practice of open air defecation, and possible agricultural and surface run off, especially dJuring the rainy season; ii) Washing, bathirig and other domestic activities around the open dug wells / bore wells with hand pumps, IMIWS schemes by the communities; iii) Indiscriminate dumping of household solid waste near water points; iv) Improper siting of public water points at low lying areas due to non-availability of appropriate Government sites; v) Uncovered cisterns / absence of regular / periodical cleaning of OHTs / cisterns; vi) Inadequate and irregular disinfection of drinking water supplies; vii) Inadequate testing and irregular monitoring of drinking water quality; viii) Unhygienic practice of collecting water by the households from pits dug in the ground due to inadequate residual pressure in the distribution pipe; ix) Frequent breakage / leakage in rising main and distribution lines; x) Frequent leakage at valve chambers; xi) Misuse of valve chambers as defecation places by the community; xii) Improper collection, storage and handling of water by the households;

The bacteriological contamination of water supply is confirmed by the persistent incidence of water borne / water related diseases in all the districts (Ref Tables 5.18).

(i) Mitigation measures i. Sanitary survey of all existing and new sources of water supply to identify potential sources of contamination. The recommended procedure for sanitary survey is described in a Environmental Codes of Practice (ECOPs); ii. Source protection - the measures will include conversion of existing dug / bore wells into sanitary wells and fencing of surface sources to prevent human / animal access and catchment area protection. A technical note on sanitary protection of dug wells is given in a ECOPs; iii. Effective and continuous chlorination of existing and new water supplies to obtain a minimum residual chlorine of 0.5 mg/l. Details of a simple, effective system of chlorination of pumped water supplies using bleaching powder solution are included in ECOPs; iv. Preventive and corrective maintenance of water distribution system (leak detection / repair and control) and preparedness for crisis management during major breakdowns; v. Regular water quality testing and control; vi. Proper location of cisterns and measures to prevent misuse of valve chambers as defecation places; vii. Ensuring adequate residual pressure at the distribution points; viii. Promotion of household / cluster toilets and community latrine complexes / institutional latrines;

D:\SEA DraftFinal Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 7-3 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework bolal Mott MacDonald braft Final Report TWAD Board ix. For ground water sources with quality problem, identification of alternate / distgnt sources and, in extreme cases, treatment at community / household level (eg. Activated alumina / Nalgonda technique or any other proven, field tested method for fluoride removal); x. Effective and sustained sanitation and hygiene promotion (SHP) programmes to bring about positive behavioural and attitudinal changes with special focus on women and children;

7.2.3 Water and sanitation related health issues i. ADD, Cholera and typhoid cases are still being reported in the state. There is also the problem of high fluoride in drinking water in many districts. A large number of cases of worm infestation have also been reported. ii. The personal hygiene standard of the people in general, especially of the economically disadvantaged, is very poor. iii. Health and hygiene education programmes are not effective. iv. ILack of awareness and non-affordability to meet the medical expenses by some of the people who suffer from water-borne & water related diseases aggravate the situation which leads to outbreak of epidemics.

(i) Mitigation measures i. Effective, sustained Sanitation and hygienic programmes with special focus on women and children to create a felt need for household latrines and also to adopt desirable personal / family and community hygiene practices. ii. Preventive and curative measures including regular de-worming programmes. iii. An organized survey by well trained medical doctors and para / non medical staff to idenlify fluorosis cases especially among school children, pregnant womebn and lactating mothers to carry out programme of curative medication including nutritional supplements in addition to supply of safe defluoridated water.

7.3 Implernentation and supervision arrangements

In the light of the proposed project interventions, the identified environmental issues and the potential adverse impacts during the project implementation, the recommended environmental management framework (EMF) along with the agencies responsible are presented in Talble 7.1. This coulld form the basis for action plans for implementation. The overall Project Implementation Plan (PIP) incorporates the implementation arrangements (described below) as well as integrates with other project requirements such as technical, financial, procurement and institutional arrangements.

7.3.1 Individual schemes Based on an assessment by the consultants during site visits to sample districts, public consultations and discussions with TWAD officials it is expected that the stand alone schemes and individual village schemes under the proposed TNRWSS Project are not likely to pose any serious environmental concerns to be addressed. Nonetheless, it is necessary to ensure that relevant environmental issues, if any, are identified up front at the time of project planning and formulation. With a view to facilitating this process, a simple check list has been designed as given in Table 7.2a for Individual schemes. The duly filled in checklist should form an essential part, as a supplement of

D:\SEA_Draft_Final Report\SEAMF-DFR.doc 7-4 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework 04ilal Mott MacDonald Draft Final Report TWAD Board the project proposal to be submitted by the client. The broad contents of lthe project proposal is listed in Annex 7.1. This will enable the review agency (DWSA - DPMU) to vet the proposal from environmental perspective for further processing of the proposal and funding.. 7.3.2 Combinecd schemes

Under the proposed TNRWSS project, it is envisaged that a significant number of CWS schemes are likely to be implemented to meet the needs of cluster of communities / villages / habitations. In view of the sheer size of the population to be covered and the area spread of the project components, it is likely that some of these projects may encounter issues of environmental concern to be aiddressed in the formulation of the project.

With a view to facilitating this process, a simple check list has been desicned as given in Table 7.2b for Multi-village schemes. The duly filled in checklist should form an essential part, as a supplement of the project proposal to be submitted by the client. This will enable the review agency (DWSA - DPMU) to vet the proposal from environmental perspective for further processing of the proposal and funding for combined water supply schemes.

7.3.3 Institutional set up

In order to facilitate such a process, a set of frameworks have been designed: for the use of the project proponent and the appraisal agency (DWSA - DPMU) as shown in Table 7.3. C,ompliance with Table 7.3 will ensure that the project has been formulated integrating the environmental perspectives in the project.

The above discussion implies that the institutional framework proposed for the implementation of the project is adequately staffed with competent personnel with experience in environmental engineering. The proposed institutional framework for the TNRWSS Project envisages, as part of the Operations Wing, a Manager (Operation, M&E) for evaluation and monitoring of the schemes. It may be necessary to strengthen this wing in order to take on the role of project appraisal also from environmental perspective.

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Table 7.1: Environmental Management Framework

Project Environmental Issues Potential Negative Impacts 1 Mitigatory Measures Responsibility Interventions I Water Supply Water Quantity Issues

* Augment supply through rehabilitation I

Hand pumps, * Scarcity of drinking water * Increase in ground / upgrading of existing systems wherever VP /HWSA Mini WateSupply, during summer surface water abstraction feasible Mini Water Supply, during summer surfacewaterabstraction * Identify new sources (local / distant) of Piped Water Supply, * People resort to village tanks * Risk of lowering ground good quality and yield + safety VP Multi-village Schemes as alternate sources water level chlorination

* Per capita supply < 40 lpcd in * Risk of hydraulic * Local surface source (village tanks) VP / HWSA/ many habitations interference between +SSF + chlorination, desilt the tanks to Erratic. power supply existing and new dug I increase storage capacity and protect DWSA bore well sources the source by fencing

* Increased generation of * Distant surface sources + SSF + HWSA/ TWAD/ sullage chlorination for single / multi village HWSC schemes * Dual water supply * Blending of water from existing sources

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Project Environmental Issues Potential Negative Impacts Mitigatory Measures Responsibility Interventions

Water Quality Issues lems Identify alternate / distant sources VP/ HWSC * Severe water quality problems | * Sanitary survey + source protection + VP/SO in ground water sources due treatment for iron / fluoride, etc., to excessive concentration of * Continuous chlorination of water supply VP/ HWSC fluoride, TDS, iron, nitrate etc to ensure a minimum residual chlorine * Water in traditional village of 0.5 mg /litre tanks / ponds turbid / polluted * Preventive and corrective maintenance VP/ HWSC * Absence of residual chlorine in of water distribution system water supply * Regular water quality testing + control VP/ HWSC * Absence of water quality * Effective IEC campaigns monitoring VP/ HWSC High incidence of water-borne I water- related diseases Ground water * Decline in ground water level * Implement concurrent ground VP/ TWAD recharge measures due to over exploitation for water recharge measures to agricultural purposes promote source sustainability * Drying up of dug / bore wells * Enforce Ground Water Act + monitor TWAD or decline of yield in summer regularly ground water level

SSF - Slow Sand Filtration VP - Village Panchayat HWSC - Village Water Supply Committee HWA.SA = Village Water Supply Agency SO - Support Organisation Note for evaluation for Environmental components of the scheme proposals

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Table 7.2a: Environmental Data Sheet for Individual Power Pump Schemes

General Name of the District Village Panchayat Taluk/ Block Village / Habitation GW. Categorisation i Water Supply 1. Type of scheme : Augmentation / New scheme 2. Justification for the proposed scheme O Water Quantity LI Increased demand El Water Quality O Failure of existing source

3. Nature of the proposed source of water supply . Surface / Sub-surface/ Ground 4. If surface source, indicate the nature of source : Tank / Lake / River / other 5. If in Overexploited/Critical area, are appropriate plans for groundwater recharge to Yes / No promote source sustainability proposed? 6. Has a water availability study been carried out? : Yes /No (Write a note) 7. Please tick (a/) as appropriate the nature of quality problem, if any LI Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) LI Fluoride OI Iron El Nitrate El Bacteriological LI No Problem Proposed Technology Option: LI Dug well LI Bore well with hand pump L Infiltration well O Bore well with power pump L Infiltration gallery 8. Whether the EM/ resistivity survey has been carried out to confirm the availability of water ? Yes / No 9. Has a sanitary survey of the source been undertaken to identify potential sources of contamination Yes / No atleast upto 1km upstream of the intake works as per TWAD manual ? 10. If potential source of contamination exists, whether appropriate preventive / corrective actions Yes / No taken? (Write note) 11. If groundwater recharge is proposed, has the proposal referred the available Recharge Zonation Yes / No Maps? (write note) Treatment 12. Has provision been made for chlorination of the supplies to have a minimum residual dose of Yes / No 0.5mg/l? Distribution 13. Do the number and location of public stand posts conform to the recommended norms as per Yes / No TWAD Board? 14. Are drainage facilities proposed as per TWAD Manual? Yes /No

Approved by DPMU S:igned by Project Proponent

Signature & Date Signature & date

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General __i Name of the District Village Panchayat

Taluk / Block Village / Habitation _ Water Supply 1. Type of Scheme Augmentation / New Scheme 2. Justification for the proposed scheme

U Water Quantity U Water Quality - TDS, F, Iron, NO3 U Increased Demand O Failure of existing source

3. Proposed source of water supply . Surface / Sub-surface / Ground 4. If surface source, indicate the nature of source Tank / Lake / River / other 5. If projected demand is more than 1 MGD, whether the approval of the Water Utilisation Committee Yes / No has been obtained? 6. If in Overexploited / Critical area, are appropriate plans for groundwater recharge to promote source Yes / No sustainability induded in the scheme? _ 7. Has assessment of water availability been carried out? (Write note) Yes / No 8. Is there a potential risk of contamination of source water due to Industrial pollutants, Human waste Yes / No discharge, solid waste dumping, use of agrochemicals (Fertilizers / Pesticides), etc.,? 8.1 If yes, whether appropriate safeguards are proposed? Yes / No 9. Is the proposed project likely to affect any natural habitats / cultural properties? Yes / No 9.1 If yes, whether appropriate safeguards are proposed? (Write note) Yes / No

10.. Is the proposed project likely to impinge on the rights of the local people, including traditional land Yes / No and water rights? 10.1 If yes, whether appropriate mitigation measures have been proposed? (Write note) Yes No If a river source, are there any existing licensed sand mining operations within 2 Kms up-stream along the Yes / No stretch?

Proposed Technology Option: U Infiltration Well U Bore well with power pump U River / Reservoir Intake U Infiltration gallery 11. Whether the EM / resistivity survey has been carried out to confirm the availability of water ? Yes / No 12. Has a sanitary survey of the source been undertaken to identify potential sources of contamination Yes / No atleast upto lkm upstream of the intake works as per TWAD Manual? 13. If potential source of contamination exists, whether appropriate preventive / corrective measures Yes / No proposed? (Write note)i 14. If groundwater recharge is proposed, has the proposal referred to the available Recharge Zonation Yes / No Maps? (Write note) Treatment 15. Has provision been made for water treatment (in case of surface source) including chlorination of the |Yes /No supplies to have a minimum residual dose of 0.5mg/l l _l Distribution 16. Do the number and location of public stand posts conform to the recommended norms as per TWAD Yes / No Board? 17. Are drainage facilities proposed as per TWAD Manual? es / No

Approved by DPMU Signed by Project Propone4t

Signature & Date Signature & Date

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New rural water supply project proposals submitted by a proponent (SO! TWAD) would be appraised from environmental considerations by the technical wing of the proposed organizational 'setup. The project proposal should be accompanied by the environmental data sheet supported with a detailed note, if any on items listed in the data sheet. In order to ensure effective and meaningful appraisal, the technical wing should, among others be manned by a qualified competent team of Water supply Engineer, Hydro-geologist, etc with experience in environmental engineering. The appraiser who will be the Manager (M&E), on review of the environmental data sheet can seek additiohal information/ clarification as required prior to approval of the project for further processing. He may if necessary undertake a site visit to the project area prior to the approval of the proposal. In summary the following procedure will be followed for evaluation/appraiisal of various water supply schemes: * Submission of scheme proposal application along with filled up environmental data sheet by project proponent to technical wings

* Evaluation/appraisal of the proposal for potential environmental risks based on available information with the following possible decision:

o Optionl - Accept the proposal without further query certifying the adequacy of environmental information and insignificant environmental risks

o Option 2 - Conditional acceptance of proposal with a request to provide additional environmental information on specific aspects identified from the environment data sheet

o Option 3 - Site visit to verify the information from the data sheet and request for additional environmental survey/information or assessment

The following table (Table 7-3) elaborates the procedures at various stages of project preparation cycle.

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Table 7.3: Environmental Assessment and Management Framework

Activities Objectives Process ; Responsibility DecisioniProduct 1. Proiect Planning Environmental . Screen projects Ta. Discuss project with BG / VP / HWSC * DWSA * Environmental data Screening from - Identify environmental issues of concern * BG I VP I sheet furnished environmental b. lssue environmental data sheet format to be included in the DPR HWSC perspective . Collect a. Receive DPR from BG / VP / HWSC * DWSA . Approval of adequacy information for b. Assess for the completeness of environmental data sheet of environmental environmental details in DPR

_ _ _da sheete______data 2. Project Appraisal Detailed . Appraise a. Review DPR with the help of Corporate Consultants, if necessary. * DWSA * Environmental Environmental environmental Conduct site visits, if required. Crosscheck - type of Environmental * BG IVPI appraisal of project Appraisal components of issues with reference to evaluator's checklist. HWSC proposal e with DPR - magnitude of Environmental issues decision to - adequacy of Environmental management measures provided - accept project as - cost of implementing Environmental management measures submitted b. Finalise environmental mitigation measures as part of the proposal. - accept project with modifications

3. Project Implementation ______Implementation of * Mainstream a. Submission of implementation plan as per DPR * DWSA * Environmental rural water supply environmental - Translate environmental commitments as part of sanction order. * BG I VP/ covenants as part of scheme concerns in b. Inclusion of Environmental mitigation and enhancement measures in the HWSC work order (eg. scheme tender document and award of work order Adherence to implementation mitigatory measures as per the checklist)

4. Post Project Implementation

EnvironmentaI[ _*I Ensure conformity a Enviromenta[ ronitoring I * - / vPI . Monitoring, with environmental - Environmental compliance reports as part of Quarterly progress reports HWSC environmental supervision and j mitigation measures as per performance indicators . DWSA monitoring reports _ _reporting______A_I_I

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7.3.5 Environmental Monitoring and Supervision arrangement during implementation

The implementation of water supply schemes are likely to result into varying level of environmental impacts, that would require supervision and monitoring. The table below outlines a s:t of monitoring indicators, which should be integrated into supervision plan for monitoring the ifectiveness of implementation particularly, the Environmental mitigation measures.

The environmental monitoring and supervision will be undertaken to ensure compliance with the recommended environmental mitigation measures. The supervision of implementation will be the responsibility of the Manager (monitoring and evaluation) from the District Programme Management Unit (DPMU). This task will be undertaken by an experienced environmental engineer. There would also be periodic monitoring and supervision by the funding agency to ensure compliance with the respective safe guard policy.

The following Table 7.4 summarises the monitoring and supervision plan.

Table. 7.4: Recommended Monitorinq Plan S. Project Performance Indicators Monitoring Frequen No Intervention I Agency cy Component ______e_in_2 1 Water Quantity * Access to safe drinking water supply of a M (M& E) Once in 2 minimum of 40 Ipcd, and 55 Ipcd weeks whichever possible, to the target population 2 Water Quality * Presence of 0.5 mg/lit free residual VP (HWSC) chlorine in treated water tested Once in 4 M (WQM, |months O&M)

* Decrease in the number of GE and DPH once in 6 typhoid cases months * Independent water quality surveillance to VP and ensure quality compliance Manager WQM 3 Ground water . Decrease in the number of sources going M (GWM) Once in 6 recharge dry in summer M (GWM) months measures . Trend in falling ground water level halted ___ __ / reversed

7.3.6 Environmental capacity building plan Based on the discussion with TWAD Board, the following environmental managemeint capacity building programme is proposed in order to facilitate the implementation of environmental management frame work.

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AN N EX Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TVWAD Board

Annex 1.1

Terms of Reference

Proposed Tamil Nadu Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) Project: SECTOR ENVIRONMENT AL ANALYSIS Background

1. The Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) is seeking World Bank assistance in implementing its 5 year medium term RWSS program in Tamil Nadu. GoTN has prioritized RWSS as a key area of its development agenda in its Tenth Plan (FY 2002- 07). GoTN intends to scale up the demand responsive approach statewide for the RWSS sector, and has maintained a high level of investment in the sector indicating its high priority. Government of India too supports the RWSS sector reforms and provides significant financial assistance to Tamil Nadu through its centrally sponsored programs such as ARWSP, Swajaldhara and Total Sanitation Campaign.

2. In GoTN's Tenth Five Year Plan clear goals have been identified for 'water security', including drinking water, health and ecological security. It also emphasizes demand responsive approaches for both rural water and sanitation. Within these approaches, the target for water is identified as "full coverage of all the rural habitations in the State with a minimum of 40 Ipcd supply and 55 lpcd wherever possible" as well as "full ancl independent coverage of habitations where socially marginalized groups live". For sanitation facilities, the target is in terms of "coverage of the rural population with individual or cluster toilets" with a target to reach 50 percent coverage by the end of tlhe plan period. The Plan emphasis, however, is on measures to ensure sustainability of RWSS systems rather than simply allocations and investments to build new facilities. It argues for "a paradigm shift in the approach to the WSS sector" and for the output to be "measured in terms of health spin off, environmental benefits, empowerment of women and marginalized sections of the society and human resource development". For this, institutional reforms are proposed with particular emphasis on decentralizing RWSS service delivery responsibility to the rural local governments and village water and sanitation committees and changing the role of government / government agencies from provider to facilitate.

3. GOTN has tentatively identified three main components for inclusion in the Medium Term RWSS Program. These are: (a) Community Development and RWSS Infrastructure Building: i) Community and Village Panchayat capacity building, ii) Women's development programs, iii) Construction / upgradation of drinking water supply, drainage and sanitation schemes, including water quality monitoring programs, and iv) Targeted SC/ST- development plan. Groundwater recharge and rainwater Iharvesting will be integral parts of drinking water source development.

(b) Institution Building: (i) sector management and monitoring and evaluation (M& E) systems, (ii) IEC campaigns, (iii) capacity building of program staff and support agencies; and (iv) technical assistance for reorganization of TWAD (TamilNadu Water and Drainage Board - the main line agency).

(c) Future Sector Planning: (i) developing long term policies and strategic plans, ii) strengthening sector information management systems, iii) learning and piloting innovative approaches

4. RWSS is expected to bring about positive health and environmental benefits by

Annex- 1.1 Page 1 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott M/acDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board supplying 'safe' drinking water from sustainable sources, and creating sanitary conditions in villages. However, if the projects are not designed / implemented properly, they could result in some adverse impacts and for this reason environmental management plans are prepared and implemented.

5. Indicative list of key environmental concerns that the project will need to address include:

LI Water Quantity Issues: declining groundwater tables and drying up of drinking water sources especially in summer months), mainly due to high abstraction from groundwater sources and unmatched recharging of aquifer; overexploitation of groundwater resources severely impacting drinking water supply sources. LI Water Quality Issues: fluorides, brackishness, nitrates in drinking water sources; point and non-point sources of pollution of drinking water sources, including contamination from agricultural and surface runoffs; industrial effluents, etc.; inadequate monitoring of drinking water quality; inadequate and irregular disinfection / chlorination of drinking water supplies; and washing / bathing and other domestic activities around the sources of water supply and water points. LI Household and Environmental Sanitation Issues: personal hygiene, health, household environment and sanitation issues; extremiely low coverage of the state household latrine program; improper and incdiscriminate disposal of household solid waste, garbage etc; internal village roads without proper formations or pavements; inadequate / non-functional sullage and storm water drains. 6. As a part of the project preparation, GoTN proposes to carry out a detailed environmental analysis of the project and prepare an appropriate environmental management plan and intends to recruit a consultant to assist GoTN in carrying out this task.

Objectives of the Study 7. The key objectives of the Environmental Analysis (EA) Study are: * to identify and assess the existing environmental issues (with a focus on water quantity and quality related issues; household and environmental sanitation issues); and

* to prepare an Environment Management plan (EMP), including well-defined performance indicators for addressing the identified issues, through the various activities / tasks under the proposed project.

An Outline of the Tasks to be Carried Out

8. The study will cover the entire State and will rely primarily on secondary sources of information from various Government Departments, Agencies, Institutions, etc. However, an upfront field survey in select, representative areas will be carried out for getting information on the nature and severity of the environmental issues prevalent in rural areas of the State.

9. Public Consultations: Views of the target groups and the local NGOs will be taken into account for the preparation of the EA. The public consultations shall be conducted in Village Panchayats selected by GoTN, that are representative across the RWSS sector, especially in terms of terrain, sources of water (ground water and surface) and the quallity of water. These public consultations will help in identifying the existing issues and the

Annex- 1.1 Page 2 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

proposed measures for addressing these issues. The public consultations as a minimum, should meet the World Bank requirements on public consultations. Public Disclosure: On finalizing the EA Report, the Summary EA along with the EMP will be disclosed at select representative locations, identified by GoTN. The consultants will provide the necessary assistance to GoTN in meeting the disclosure requirements, which at the minimum shall meet the World Bank's policy on public disclosure.

10. The specific tasks of the study are to: a) Assess the availability of safe drinking water fromr surface / groundwater sources, based on secondary sources of data and information. Specific data should be collected regarding declining groundwater tables in the State ancl hotspots need to be clearly identified for overexploited, critical, and semi-critical areas. b) Examine the extent and possible causes of contamination of drinking water sources. The Consultant should collect information from relevant secondary sources to examine possible point and non-point sources of contamination. The water quality hotspots need to be clearly identified for eac:h district.

c) Assess adequacy of current water quality monitoring programs and institutional capacity in the State, and provide recommendations for enhancing these as well as disseminating water quality information to the rural public. d) Assess current programs for disinfecting / treatment of drinking water-supplies and provide recommendations for enhancing as well as rmaking these effective.

e) Assess household sanitation issues, including personal hygiene, health, household environment and sanitation issues. Collect information on major diseases and their causes, and assess how these can be! reduced through various project interventions. Assess need for personal health anid hygiene programs.

f) Assess environmental sanitation issues pertaining to lthe rural areas, including need for pavement of internal village roads and properly designed network of sullage and storm water drains.

g) Review rural drinking water and sanitation sector related policies, legislations and institutions and recommend appropriate policies and institutions for addressing the environmental issues and attaining sustainable water ancl sanitation services. [The SWAp provides an opportunity to review State / sector related policies and institutions.] h) Present an analysis of alternate scenarios to clearly bring out the value addition of integrating environmental issues in the design of the project. The alternate scenarios may specifically include centrally sponsored, sector reform and other donor assisted RWSS programs / projects already implernented in Tamil Nadu.

i) Prepare an Environment Management Plan for recommending feasible and cost-effective measures to address identified issues andil enhancing the quality of the project. This will include measures to address: i. source sustainability and strengthening (water quantity issues); ii. fluorides, nitrates, brackishness, bacteriological contamination etc. (water quality issues); iii. hygiene and household sanitation issues; iv. safe disposal of sullage and solid waste (environmental sanitation issues).

Annex- 1.1 Page 3 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

The EMP will also describe the implementation arrangements for the environmental aspects, including capacity building and staffing requirements. These measures will be integrated as part of the various project components and sub-components. j) Prepare guidelines for addressing the identified environmental issues. These guidelines will be included in the Detailed Technical Manuals that will be prepared by GoTN for project implementation. Examples of guidelines to be prepared are given below. i. Guidelines on Source Sustainability, Drinking Water Supply and Distribution systems, including measures to increase recharge to the aquifers; harness surface water and run-off; strengthen / protect point sources such as bore-wells / dug wells; and other safeguard measures for stand posts, hand pumps and distribution networks. ii. Guidelines on Water Quality Managernent, including various options: alternative safe ground / surface water, recharge, dilution, or treatment. iii. Guidelines on Safe Sanitation Technology Options, including safe sanitation designs for simple pits, twin pits, septic tanks, etc. iv. Guidelines on Safe Sullage Disposal, including design of drains and safe disposal into soak pits, leach pits, kitchen gardens etc. v. Guidelines on Safe Solid Waste IManagement, including composting; vermiculture etc. These guidelines need to be prepared, based on local soil characteristics, hydrogeology, proximity of water sources, etc. The sanitation guidelines prepared by UNICEF, DANIDA, Rural Development Department, etc. will be particularly useful in developing the guidelines for safe sanitation technology options.

k) Develop environmental performance indicators, along with the methodology and institutional arrangements for monitoring the key environmental issues. These indicators need to be duly interfaced with the overall project indicators.

11. The assessment should be applicable to the entire State. The environmental issues should be presented in detail, using Charts, Tables and Maps for clarity. Use of pie-charts will be especially useful for analyzing the hotspots. The EMP and performance indicators should be presented in a matrix format. The consultants will provide all relevant data / information in this regard. All assumptions made should be clearly stated along with their justification.

12. The EA Report should provide the information as well as the required analysis, and as a minimum requirement, should be in accordance with the World Bank's OP / BP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment and the Environmental Sourcebook Update on Water Resources and Sanitation 13. Following is a check list of Bank Policies: (i) Environmental Assessment: Operational Policy 4.0 1; Bank Procedures 4.0 1; (ii) Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook.

14. The study covering the above tasks will be carried out in five stages: Stage 1: Preparation of study tools, approach and methodology, identification of data requirements, mode of data collection and outline of the final report. Field Surveys in select, representative areas for getting information on the nature and severity of the environmental issues prevalent in

Annex- 1.1 Page 4 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board the State. Stage 2: Stakeholder consultations in representative Village Panchayats. Data collection from secondary sources. A preliminary assessment of environrnental issues, based on secondary sources of information, conducting field surve,ys and holding public consultations. Stage 3: Detailed analysis of baseline environmental issues, policies, legislations ancd institutions; analysis of alternative scenarios; and recommendations regarding mitigation measures, monitoring and evaluation strategies and institutional responsibilities. Preparation of the Environment Management Plan and Performance Indicators. Preparation of Draft Report covering full analysis and recommendation. All relevant data should be presented in detail in Annexures. Stage 4: Preparation of Draft Final Report on Environmental Analysis, incorporating GoTN comments on the Draft Report. Presentation of the Draft Report at a workshop, to GoTN and World Bank for final comments. Stage 5:- Preparation of final Report, incorporating comments from GoTN and World Bank on Draft Final Report. Disclosure of Summary EA Report and EMP in line with the relevant World Bank guidelines. Schedule for Completion of Tasks and Final outputs

15. The specific outputs of the study and schedule for completiorl of each will be: i) Inception Report covering outputs of stage 1 above, (5 copies) within 3 weeks from the date of award of the consultancy contract ii) Interim Status Report - covering outputs of Stage 2 above (5 copies) within 6 weeks from the date of award of the consultancy contract iii) Draft Report covering outputs of the Stage 3 above (5 copies): within 10 weeks from the date of award of the consultancy contract' iv) Draft Final Report covering outputs of Stage 4 above (5 copies); within 13 weeks from the date of award of the consultancy contract; and v) Final Report covering outputs of Sage S above (10 copies) within 16 weeks from the date of award of the consultancy contract.

16. In addition to the paper copies, the consultants will make available electronic copies (in a floppy) of: * All reports in MS Word Files * All raw data in tabulated form, together with relevant summary tables, in MS Excel Files / MS Access Database at the time of submission of draft report and revised final report.

17. GoTN will provide comments at each stage of Report preparation and these will be addressed by the consultant at each stage of report preparation.

Data, Services and Facilities to be provided by the Client

18. The GoTN would supervise the study and facilitate interaction and exchange of information between the consultants, concerned GoTN Departments and other agencies. GOTN staff along with State / District officials of TWAD, DRDA, RDPR Department may join the consultant team during selected field visits and publiic consultations. GoTN's

Annex- 1.1 Page 5 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

District officials shall facilitate the field visits, wherever necessary. The GoTN will provide all necessary support to the consultant to collect secondary data, relevant information and documents from the concerned Departments / Agencies. The GoTN will also facilitate the consultants to coordinate with other engineering, social and/or institutional consultants, at each stage of the preparation of the study.

Review Committee to Monitor Consultants work

19. A review committee to monitor progress and interact with the Consultant will be constituted. It will be chaired by the Secretary (MAWS) and will include officials from MAWS, RDPR, TW AD and Department of Finance, Govt. of Tamil Nadu. The committee will be free to seek comments and input on the consultant's work from World Bank Staff and other experts as appropriate. Qualification of Key Professional Staff (WNhose CV and Experience would be evaluated).

20. The consultant should have considerable experience and professional expertise in the area of Water Resources and Environmental Management, eslpecially relating to water supply and sanitation projects. List of Key Professionals and Required Experience Key Personnel Specialisation Experience Environmental Specialist Advanced degree in Environmental O 1 (four man months) Engineering with experience in ver 5years Environmental Impact Analysis. Hydro geologist (one man Advanced degree in the relevant field Over 15 ears month) with experience in ground water Y

management. __ Water supply and Advanced degree in the relevant field Over 10 ears sanitation engineer (one with experience in UWSS / RWSS Y man month) sector

Terms of payment

21. The terms of payment will be as follows:

10% on acceptance of Inception Report. 30% on acceptance of Draft Report. 40 % on acceptance .of Draft Final Report. 20 % on acceptance of Final Report and completion of disclosure requirements.

Annex- 1.1 Page 6 Notice for Public Consultation Meetir!g_

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Annex 1.4

Proceedings of Public Consultations

This annex presents the details of the public consultations organised at the selected Village Panchayats from the 10 sample districts of Tamil Nadu.

1.1 PALAIASEEVARAM PANCHAYAT (Kanchipuram District)

Palaiaseevaram Village Panchayat which is located on the banks of Palar river comprises 6 habitations. Out of 6 habitations, 5 habitations are provided with water supply from infiltration wells constructed in river Palar. The remaining habitation is providecl with water supply with a borewell as source. In particular, 4 wells have been constructed near to the proposed infiltration well for providing water supply to Sriperumbuthur and Poonamallee town panchayats. Compared to the past, the present flow in the river is reduced considerably. This apart, tappings for more number of towns and villages have been taken from the same source. Pollution from tanneries, which are located upstream side, has no impact on the above villages as such.

1.1.1 Present Water Supply Status

The present source of water supply for Sankarapuram village is from an infiltration well constructed in the river Palar, which is located at a distance of 4 km from the village. The infiltration well has a diameter of 4.5m and a depth of 5.5m. The wells sunk by Panchayat are closer to the existing well. Hence, well interference may reduce the discharge.

In addition, the villagers are served with water supply from an open well, which is connected to the Automatic Pressure (A.P) tank. Mainly, open well gets its recharge from the adjoining tank. It is reported that even during summer months when the tanlk is dry, the villagers are able to draw water from the open well. During the inspection it was found that the maintenance of the open well as well as the A.P tank is foundl to be not satisfactory. Particularly, the open well is not properly covered, and a lot of rubbish is thrown into the well. Further, no chlorination arrangement is provided. The above system is maintained by the local electrician. However, the main scheme is maintained by the Village Panchayat. For maintaining the above system, 2 electricians are employed and an expenditure of about Rs. 700 per month is incurred towards their salary apart from electricity charges.

It is commonly felt by the villagers that during the summer months, sufficient quantity of water is not made available. Further, they also feel considering the poor rainfall position in the above area for the past 3-4 years, they are of the opinion that in the coming years the water problem in summer months will be acute. It was also noticed that practically there is no agricultural activity in and around this area due to poor rainfall. However, there is a general reluctance among the people with regard to sharing of the capital cost of new scherne as well as towards maintenance charges.

Annex - 1.4 Page 1 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Molt MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

Sankarapuram village located 2km off the main road between Chengalpet and Kaanchipuram, forms a part of the 6 habitations of Palaiaseevaram Panchayat. The population in this village as per the 2001 Census is 1394 amongst which 80 persons belong to the Scheduled Caste. At present, water supply to the main village and habitations are from borewells with hand pumps (out of the 4 hand pumps only 3 are functioning). School water supply is given two hours in the morning and two hours in the evening. During summer months, it is anticipated that there will be acute water shortage due to decline in water level. In the open well, water level is at 8.Om below the ground level. There is hardly lm of water column, which may further drop during summer.

Presently a supply of 40-45 lpcd is being provided to the residents. The residents claim that the supply falls short of 25 lpcd during the lean months in the summer. The main supply of water comes from the Headworks constructed by the TWAD Board in the Palar river. Water is pumped to an overhead tank of 1 lakh litre capacity. Apart from this the Palaiaseevaram Panchayat has constructed 4 borewells of which only 3 are currently operational viz. Palaiaseevaram (old colony and new colony), Sankarapuram. Grouindwater extraction is not heavy in Palaiaseevaram area. Rural water supply is limited to 6 hours of pumping and hence there is not much of hardship during summer.

Several streets have been provided with public fountains / taps. One tribal community had been provided with a tap, but has recently shifted away to locate closer to the rock quarrying site at Palaiaseevaram hill. A monthly charge of Rs. 30 is being collected to pay for the electricity charges and a salary of Rs. 350 for each of the 2 electricians who operate the pumps. The main occupation in this village is agriculture (groundnut cultivation). But in the recent years, this has been discarded due to lack of water for irrigation.

1.1.2 Health and EnvironmentAspects

The Panchayat regularly cleans the overhead tank once a month. In addition, bleaching powder is also used to disinfect the water. However, the residents complain of the odour of Chlorine in their water. Cases of water borne diseases are reported, mainly due to the stagnation of water near the public fountains / taps. A few houses have toilets built with septic tanks, others resort to open defecation. The household sullage / wastewater is disposed in their backyards.

As far as this village is concerned there is a serious environmental problem on account of the location of Mohan Breweries and Distilleries Ltd. Due to constant emission of fine black particles from the above factory, the villagers are complaining of blackening of walls and floors due to the deposits in the houses. It is also mentioned that the persons who are passing the site suffer from eye irritation. This is a matter of conceirn not only for this village but also for the surrounding villages. Residents collectively complain of choking and respiratory problems due to particulate matter being dispersed in aiir from the exhaust of the sugar factory located in the vicinity. People complain of mosquito nuisance in the area especially after the commissioning of the sugar factory.

Annex - 1.4 Page 2 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

1.1.3 Participation in newschemes

The residents are not well aware of the participatory programs offered by the Govt. and are reluctant to take part in the schemes that require a token payment on their behalf. Even during periods of utter scarcity, when the panchayat is not able to provide adequate quantity of water, the residents are ready to bear silently rather than pay for services. However, they expect Government schemes to be provided for them - the Government bearing the whole cost.

1.2 RETTAKURICHI PANCHAYAT (Cuddalore District)

Rettakurichi Panchayat, located 1km off the main road between Vriddachalam and Salem, about 3km west of Veppur village, consists of Rettakurichi village, an old colony and a new colony. The habitations are provided with water supply from a Iborewell and open well. Predominant portion of the population belongs to the Scheduled Caste community. The 2001 Census shows a population of 929. Owing to side bores constructed in the fields near the open well, water level in the supply well is decreasing. The general quality of water is satisfactory to the residents.

1.2.1 Present water supply status

The present supply of water is around 40 lpcd, which is likely to go down to 20 Ipcd during summer season. The main source of water is a borewell (90m deptlh), which pumps water to an overhead tank of 60,000 litre capacity. The pumping duration of 8 hours (intermittently) does not help to fill the overhead tank. The water level in the well is reported to be at 25ft (bgl).

Another source of water is the open well near the old colony. The well is of 6m diarneter and 14.3m deep, with water level at 13.Om below ground level. This well was originally planned for the colony, but currently serves both the village and the colony. Apart from this there are 13 hand pumps, of which 9 are working satisfactorily. The water quality is reported to be satisfactory to the villagers and they have no complaints of the watier being salty / sour. The residents claim that the water level in the open well decreases due to the irrigation with side bores. At present, the old colony has 3 borewells, of which 2 are not working.

1.2.2 Sanitation

Sullage is let in the backyards and to trees. Though the traditional practice of open defecation is noticed, individual toilets have been constructed in 70 houses under the DANIDA program, under which the residents are required to pay Rs. 1000 and the Government provides another Rs. 2000. In another scheme, Totall Sanitation Campaign, a lumpsum grant of Rs. 500 is given for construction of toilets.

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1.2.3 Health and Environment Aspects

The panchayat arranges for washing of the overhead tank, oncie a month. There is no reported cases of water related diseases in the village. Storm water drains have been constructed for a distance of 160m and more coverage is expected to be undertaken shortly. Toilets have been constructed in 70 houses under schemes such as Total Sanitation Campaign and DANIDA, where the residents pay a part of the cost. The residents are satisfied with the toilets constructed and are willing to pay for construction of more toilets for their village. Wastewater / sullage from houses is disposed in the backyards or to trees. Stagnation of water is not noticed and also no report of breeding of mosquitoes. Rain Water Harvesting structures have been constructed in many of the houses. The local school is provided with a Sintex tank and hand pump. Currently there is a problem in the pipe of the tank and is not operational.

1.2.4 Willingness to participate in the proposed TNRWSSP

The residents are well informed of the various people's participatory programs and are eager to pay for facilities offered under new schemes. There are 5 women's organizations in the panchayat. Though women show an interest to take pait in the developmental activities, they have no training. The residents interact well with the TWAD Board officials and are eager to accept any water supply projects offered to them.

1.3 KOPPUR PANCHAYAT (Tiruvallur District)

Koppur panchayat is located at 12 km from Thiruvallur. It consists of habitations: Koppur village, MGR Nagar and Koppur Colony. Population of Koppur village, Koppur colony and MGR Nagar is 400, 400 and 191 respectively. The main source of water is from tube wells. Water is drawn by power pumps as well as hand pumps. The general quality of water is good. However, in certain areas, there is an excess of Total Dissolved Solids and Iron in the water.

1.3.1 Present water supply status

Regarding the drinking water supply, in Koppur village, there are 2 tube wells with a depth of 140 ft each, in MGR Nagar, 1 tube well (220 ft depth), in Koppur colony 2 tube wells (160 ft and 90 ft). Out of 2, one tube well, which was with hand pump, is now fitted with a power pump, fills a tank of capacity 30,000 litre. In the Koppur village, there are 8 borewells with hand pumps, groundwater level is declining since 1998. The water is supplied for 2 hours per day alternately in each street. The local school has been provided with a 1000-litre Sintex tank and water is pumped to it using a mini power pump. The present supply of water is 50 lpcd and is expected to go down to 40 lpcd in summer.

A decade back fish culture was carried out, which is now given upi due to lack of water for sustaining it. There are 11 small ooranis and a big Eri (about 1200 acres). Deepening I

Annex- 1.4 Page 4 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board desilting of the Eri will improve irrigation potential and general recharging of aquifers. To make the drinking water supply sustainable, de-silting of some of the tanks can be contemplated. Sippaneri and Kudipithangal tanks, if improved, water supply in borewell can be made sustainable.

1.3.2 Sanitation

The traditional practice of open defecation is predominant in this area. However, recently 84 toilets have been constructed with soak pits. 31 of these toilets are fitted with Sintex tanks. There are no sewage water connections in the village.

1.3.3 Health and Environment Aspects

The panchayat undertakes the cleaning of the overhead tank regularly. Bleaching powder is also added once in a fortnight. Household wastewater is disposed in the backyards. There is no conspicuous drainage problem. The effluent from Balaji Distilleries Ltd located in Aranvoyal, discharged into the river Kosathalaiar area, may contaminate the groundwater.

1.3.4 Participation in new schemes

The residents in general are not willing to pay for the proposed for schemes that require a 10% cash contribution. There are 6 Self-help groups with at least 15 members per group. Out of this, one group is well organized and functioning efficiently.

1.4 Melachamangalam Panchayat (Vellore District)

Mel Achamangalam panchayat is located at 8 km from Tripattur. It consists of habitations: Mel Achamangalam, Periya Veetu Vattam, Vellakannan Vattam, Ponniamman Koil Vattam, Erikarai Boothan Vattam, Thannikatti Vattam, Sithanveetu Vattam, Mel Achamangalam-H, Chinnapillai Vattam, Thakka Vattam, Pillaiar Vattam. The overall population as per 2001 census is 2294.

The main source of water is from bore wells and tube wells. Water is drawn by power pumps as well as hand pumps. Some of the sources are saline in Mel Achamangalam habitation, while in Peria Veetu Vattam, Vellakannam Vattam habitations Fluoride and Nitrate problem is noticed. In Thakka Vattam the water is Nitrated affected and in Pillaiar Vattam, the water has a high degree of total hardness. The hand pump source at Ponnilamman Koil Vattam has gone dry. The main occupation in the Village Panchayat is Agriculture and Beedi making.

1.4.1 Present water supply status

The water supply is mainly from borewells fitted power pumps. Each habitation has been provided with a water supply source and is in use, excepting Ponniamman Koil Vattam where

Annex- 1.4 IPage 5 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board the borewell has dried up. The daily supply of water during normal periods is 50 Ipcd, while it goes down to 10 lpcd during summer. An OHT of 1 lakh litre capaicity is used to store and distribute water to the habitations close to Mel Achamangalam.

Disinfecting is done once in every fortnight and washing of the tank is done every month. Several of the habitations have quality problems (Fluoride, Nitrate and TDS) in the source. A large number of villagers complain of inadequate water supply and insist on installation of new borewells, pipeline extensions and mini tanks.

1.4.2 Sanitation

There are only 10 individual household latrines constructed in the entire Panchayat where there are atleast 550 households and traditional practice of open dlefecation is predominant in this area. There is a need for more community and individual latrines. The existing community toilets are not put to use mainly due to inadequate water for washing purposes. The villagers feel that provision of latrines with water facilities would improve the existing condition.

1.4.3 Health and Environmental Aspects

Due to large number of people resorting to open defecation, there Ihave been several cases of hook worm infestation. Household wastewater is disposed in the backyards. Some of the streets have been constructed with storm water drains. If more drains are constructed, stagnation of water during rainy season can be entirely eliminated.

1.4.4 Participation in new schemes

As regards participation in the TNRWSS Project, the residents were initially reluctant to participate in new schemes that involved financial contribution; but after the consultation process, when their doubts were cleared, the villagers showed their eagerness to contribute. There are 6 Self-help groups with at least 15 members per group. Out of this, one group is well organized and functioning efficiently.

1.5 KONDAPPANAYANA PALLI (Krishnagiri District)

Kondappanayana Palli panchayat is located at 14 kms from Bargur. It consists of 10 habitations namely: A. Nagamangalam, G.Nagamangalam, Gandhi Nagar, Kondappanayana Palli, Kottavoor, Kurumbanagamangalam, Mastiganoor, Neridrnanapalli, Onrniyur and Purushothamapuram. The overall population as per 2001 census is 2035.

The main source of water is from bore wells and tube wells. Water is drawn by power pumps as well as hand pumps. One borewell at Mastiganoor has gone dry.

The main occupation of people in the village is agriculture.

Annex- 1.4 IPage 6 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

1.5.1 Present water supply status

The water supply is mainly from borewells fitted with hand pumps and power pumps. Each habitation has been provided with 2 or more water supply sources and are in use. The daily supply of water during normal periods is 40 lpcd, while it goes down to 10 Ipcd during summer. An OHT of 60,000 litre capacity is used to store ancl distribute water to the habitations close to Kodappanayana palli. It is felt that sinking borewells in the eri banks after conducting detailed geophysical surveys may yield good results.

Chlorination using bleaching power is done once in every fortnight and washing of the tank is done every month. A large number of villagers complain of inadequate water supply and insist on installation of new borewells and mini power pumps. School water supply is proposed to be commenced soon.

1.5.2 Sanitation

There are a few household latrines constructed in the entire Panchayat and traditional practice of open defecation is predominant in this area. There is one public latrine and one women's community toilet. The public latrine is not under use due to lack of water for washing purposes. There is a need for more community and individual latrines with adequate water facilities. The villagers feel that provision of latrines with water facilities would improve the existing condition.

1.5.3 Health and Environment Aspects

Due to large number of people resorting to open defecation, there have been several cases of hook worm infestation. Household wastewater is disposed in the backyards. Some of the streets have been constructed with storm water drains. If more drains are constructed, stagnation of water during rainy season can be entirely eliminated.

1.5.4 Participation in new schemes

The residents were initially reluctant to participate in new schemes that involved financial contribution; but after the field consultation, when their doubts were cleared, the villagers show eagerness to contribute. There are 6 Self-help groups with at least 20 members per group. Out of this, one group is well organized and functioning efficiently.

1.6 MANJINI (Salem District)

Manjini Panchayat is located at 15 km from Attur. It consists of 4 habitations namely: Erikadu, Governor Thoppu, Manjini Ad Colony and Manjini South. The overall population as per 2001 census is 3756.

Annex - 1.4 Page 7 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

The main source of water is from bore wells and tube wells. Water is drawn by power pumps as well as hand pumps. Water is pumped to OHTs in 3 places and is supplied through public fountains.

Fluoride and Nitrate problem in drinking water is noticed. In Thakka Vattam, water is affected by excess Nitrate and in Pillaiar Vattam, the water has a high degree of Total hardness. The hand pump source at Ponniamman Koil Vattam has gone dry.

The main occupation in the Village Panchayat is agriculture and to some extent cattle rearing.

1.6.1 Present water supply status

The water supply is mainly from borewells fitted with power pumps. lEach habitation has been provided with a water supply source and is in use. The daily supply of water during normal periods is 55 Ipcd, while it goes down to 20 lpcd during summer. Thle capacity of the OHTs is 1 lakh litres each. Pumping of water to tanks is done intermittently as supply of electricity is available only for 9 hours a day owing to load shedding. As some of the sources are saline, water pumped from different sources is mixed and supplied. Further, some of the sources are said to have high Iron content (boiled rice turns yellow in colour).

Chlorination is done once in a month only. The TWAD board collects water samiples frorr time to time for water quality tests. However, the local public is not alware of the results of the analysis. In general diahorrea seems to be the only malady. The villagers feel that the water supplied is adequate only for drinking purposes. They find it difficull to manage the same for washing, sanitation etc. It is reported that in certain deep borewells, installed under water supply schemes, the reason for failure is that certain persons who have irrigation pumps nearby had felt that there could be an interference with their source and have plugged the pipes by filling it with stones.

1.6.2 Sanitation

There are public latrines in 4 places only. Recently, a community toilet has been built exclusively for women folk and is being put to use. However, open defecation seems to be the predominant practice. The reason for this being non-availability of water near the latrines for washing purposes.

1.6.3 Health and Environment Aspects

There are no Village Water and Sanitation Committees to manage the water supply and its treatment in a systematic manner. There is one Primary Health Centre in Manjini, which is functioning well. Cases of diahorrea are the only recurring illness. There are storm water drains constructed in some of the streets. More drains are proposed to be built in the near future and there is problem of stagnation of rainwater.

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1.6.4 Participation in new schemes

As for participation in the proposed project is concerned, the villagers are willing to pay for the facilities offered. There are 14 Self-help groups with at least 15 members per group. Out of this, one group is well organized and functioning efficiently. This group has set up a departmental store and procures and sells goods at the same rates as available outside the village. The remaining groups are not engaged in any significant activity. These groups do not have adequate information on the types of activities that can be taken up.

1.7 PULATHERI (Karur District)

Pulatheri Panchayat is located at 20 km from Trichy. It consists of 5 habitations namely: lyyagoundampatty, Pulatheri, Seethapatti, Siruvattupannaikalan and Velayipannaikupam. The overall population as per 2001 census is 1027.

The main source of water is from bore wells and tube wells. Water is drawn by power pumps as well as hand pumps. Water is pumped to 3 OHTs, each of capacity 10000 litres and is supplied through public fountains and few house connections. The villagers complain of inadequate supply and also that the water from the hand pumps being saline in Velayipannaikuppam and Seethapatti habitations. The borewell in lyyagoundampatty has failed recently. All borewells have been installed at a depth of 300ft or more.

The main occupation in the Village Panchayat is agriculture, which has been diminishing over the years owing to scanty rainfall.

1.7.1 Present water supply status

The water supply is mainly from borewells fitted with power pumps. lEach habitation has been provided with a water supply source and is in use. The daily supply of water during normal periods is 45 lpcd, while it goes down to 10 lpcd during summer. The capacity of the OHT is 10000 litres. There is no significant water quality problems in the Panchayat. Chlorination is done once in a month and the water tank is cleaned only at every Gram Sabha meeting.

Water is supplied mainly through public fountains. Some 9 families have house connections. For the house connections, a charge of Rs. 1000 is collected as deposit and Rs. 30 per month for the supplying water. The remaining villagers who use the public fountains, no charge is collected. Hence, the Panchayat is facing difficulty in paying the electricity charges to TNEB. There have been several instances of the pipelines of house connections being tapped illegally by some of the villagers. A considerable sum from the Panchayat's revenue is spent on the electricity charges alone apart from paying the salary for the operators. The operators have a basic level of education and have not been trained specially to undertake the operation and maintenance of the pumpsets. Hence, they are capable of attending to minor defects in the pumps only and will have to bring skilled persons from outside to fix major repairs. There are several Eris, which can be taken up for de-silting / deepening so that water stored in them could serve for a longer period.

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1.7.2 Sanitation

There are no storm water drains in the entire Panchayat. This does; not pose any significant problems as there are only short spells of rain. Rainwater harvesting structures have been constructed in almost all the households. There are about 150 individual toilets in the entire Panchayat. These have been constructed under the aid from an NGO named CARE. However, as the latrines do not have proper cover, the villagers are not using them for lack of privacy. Recently a community toilet complex was built. The keys for each unit have been distributed among different families that are participating in the scheme. Open defecation is also common. The reason for this being ease of choosing locations and non-availability of water near the latrines for washing purposes.

1.7.3 Health and Environment Aspects

There are no Village Water and Sanitation Committees to manage the water supply and its treatment in a systematic manner. There is one Primary Health Centre at Kavalkaran Patti, 3km away from Pulatheri. There are no major recurring illness reported in this Panchayat.

1.7.4 Participation in new schemes

The participation level is comparatively high in this Panchayat. Through IEC programmes, their willingness to contribute to the project will improve to great extent. To initiate contribution towards facilities, it would be easier to involve the self-help groups and use them as a model for the remaining people. There are 6 Self-help groups with at least 12 mnembers per group. Out of these, three groups are well organized and functioning efficiently. However, these groups do not have adequate information on the types of activities that can be taken up.

1.8 THIRUNAGARI (Nagapattinam District)

Thirunagari Panchayat is located 5 km from Seerkazhi. It consists of 10 habitations namely: Aathankarai, Athiyadi Salai, Kaval Sethi Sarvamaniyam, Koonaikarambur, Kovilpannai-H, Melatheru, Periyamedu, Poonchathan Theru colony, Thirunagari and Vedarajapuram. The overall population as per 2001 census is 3895.

The main source of water is from bore wells. Water is drawn by power pumps as well as hand pumps. Water is pumped to 3 OHTs, each of capacity 30000 litres and is supplied through public fountains and few house connections.

The main occupation in the Village Panchayat is used to be agriculture. Now a days, the villagers are engaged as agricultural labourers in other nearby villagles.

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1.8.1 Present water supply status

The water supply is mainly from borewells with hand pumps and power pumps. The villagers complain of inadequate supply and also that the water from the hand pumps being saline in Athankarai habitation. In general all the habitations have saline of ground water owing to large number of Prawn culture farms, which use sea water in substantial quantities. These farms were previously paddy fields and were converted due to fall in agriculture. The bottom of these farms have not been sealed to prevent seepage into the ground. Apart from this there is some amount of concentration of Iron in Thirunagari and Athankarai habitations. Further in Kovilpannai area of Thirunagari, the pipes of the borewell have been corroded and therefore it has failed.

The daily supply of water during normal periods is 50 lpcd, while it goes down to 10 Ipcd during summer. The capacity of each of the OHT is 30000 litres. Chlorination is done once in 20days. Water is supplied mainly through public fountains. Some 12 families have house connections. A charge of Rs. 1000 is collected as deposit and Rs. 30 per month for the water supplied. For the remaining villagers who use the public fountains, water is supplied free of cost. This puts a burden on the Panchayat in paying for the electricity charges to TNEB.

A large amount of the Panchayat's revenue is spent on the electricity charges and also for paying the salary for the operators. The operators have a basic level of education and have been trained specially to undertake the operation and maintenance of the pumpsets. Hence, they are capable of attending to minor defects in the pumps like changing the fuse and checking minor leaks. The Panchayat brings skilled persons from ouitside to fix major repairs.

1.8.2 Sanitation

There are no storm water drains constructed in the entire Panchayat. The only habitation that is affected during rainy season is Athankarai, which is very close to the backwaters. There are problems due to salt water being close to the habitation. The plasters in the walls of houses have peeled off due to the saline water. A majority of the population resort to open defecation. There are only a few individual toilets in the entire Panchayat. These have been constructed by the villagers themselves with no external aid. There are latrines constructed in schools. But only the teachers have access to this facility. One toilet is being constructed exclusively for girls. Also there is one community toilet, which is put to use regularly. Both men and women have access to this facility as there are 14 seats divided equally among both the sexes., The beneficiaries do not pay any fee for using the community toilet. However, some self help groups contribute a portion of the EB charges to the Panchayat.

1.8.3 Health and Environment Aspects

There are no Village Water and Sanitation Committees to manage the water supply in a systematic manner. However, a group of local youths undertake the cleaning of the overhead tanks regularly. There is one Primary Health Centre at Thiruvenkadu, 8km away from

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Pulatheri. There are recurring health problems like Jaundice, fever, rashes and scratches noticed in this Panchayat.

1.8.4 Participation in new schemes

There are as many as 60 Self-help groups in the Panchayat. Out of these, three groups are well organized and functioning efficiently. In general, these groups do not have adequate information on the types of activities that can be taken up. The main activity of each group seems to be funding loans amongst themselves. Almost all the villagers have an aversion to make financial contribution to schemes. They are even ready to walk for several kilometres to get water free of cost. To initiate contribution towards facilities, it would be better to educate the self-help groups in this context and use them in turn to spread the information gained to the villagers.

1.9 T. KARISALKULAM (Virudhunagar District)

T. Karisalkulam (a.k.a Kamsapuram) Panchayat is located 40 kim from Virudhunagar. It consists of 5 habitations namely: T. Karisalkulam, T. Karisalkulam-H, L. Mettur, T.M\Aettur and Sevalperi. The overall population as per 2001 census is 1675.

The main source of water is from bore wells. Water is drawn by power pumps as well as hand pumps. Water is pumped to 2 OHTs, each of capacity 30000 litres and is supplied through public fountains and few house connections.

The main occupation in the Village Panchayat is agriculture and as wage workers in agricultural fields.

1.9.1 Present water supply status

The water supply is mainly from borewells with hand pumps and power pumps.. Water is pumped to the overhead tanks and subsequently supplied to the villagers through public fountains and house connections. The villagers complain of inadequate supply and also that the water from the hand pumps being saline in T. Mettur habitation. The habitations of T.Karisalkulam, T.Karisalkulam-H and L. Mettur have high calcium content.

The daily supply of water during normal periods is 40 Ipcd, while it goes down to 15 Ipcd during summer. The capacity of each of the OHT is 30000 litres. Chlorination is done once in 20days. Water is supplied mainly through public fountains. Some 16 families have house connections. A charge of Rs. 1000 is collected as deposit and Rs. 30 per month for the water supplied. For the remaining villagers who use the public fountains, Ithe water is supplied free of cost. This puts a burden on the Panchayat in paying the electricity charges to TNEB.

A large amount of the Panchayat's revenue is spent on the electricity charges and also for paying the salary for the operators and maintenance work. The operators have a basic level of education and have not been trained specially to undertake the operation and

Annex- 1.4 Page 12 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalai Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board maintenance of the pumpsets. Hence, they are capable of attending to minor defects only. The Panchayat brings skilled persons from outside to fix major repairs.

1.9.2 Sanitation

Only T. Karisalkulam habitation has 100 toilets constructed, while the people in remaining habitations resort to open defecation. These have been constructed by the villagers themselves with no external aid. There are latrines constructed in schools. But only the teachers have access to this facility. Storm water drains have not been constructed in any part of the Panchayat. Breeding of mosquitoes occurs during rainy season. Sullage is disposed off in the backyards.

1.9.3 Health and Environment Aspects

There are no Village Water and Sanitation Committees to manage the water supply and its treatment in a systematic manner. There is no Primary Health Centre in this Panchayat. Also, there are no major recurring illness noticed.

1.9.4 Participation in new schemes

The villagers are ready to participate in the proposed project and contribute funds for the facilities offered. There are a few self help groups in the Panchayat. In general, these groups do not have adequate information on the types of activities that can be taken up. The main activity of each group seems to be funding loans amongst themselves.

1.10 AMMAPATTI (Dindigul District)

Ammapatti Panchayat is located 12 km from Dindigul. It consists of 6 habitations namely: Alamarathupatti, Ammapatti, Chinnaramapuram, Chockalingapuram, Devasagaiyapuram and Melapatti. The overall population as per 2001 census is 1899.

The main source of water is from bore wells. Water is drawn by power pumps as well as hand pumps. Water is pumped to an OHT of capacity 60,000 litres and is supplied through public fountains and few house connections.

The main occupation of the people in the Village is used to be agriculture. Now a days, due to falling of cultivation practice in the Panchayat, the villagers are! engaged as agricultural labourers in other nearby villages.

1.10.1 Present water supply status

The water supply is mainly from borewells fitted with hand pumps and power pumps. The villagers complain of inadequate supply. The daily supply of water during normal periods is 50 lpcd, while it goes down to 15 lpcd during summer. Chlorination is done once in 20days.

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Water is supplied mainly through public fountains. Some 10 families have house connections. A charge of Rs. 1000 is collected as deposit and Rs. 30 per month for the water supplied. For the remaining villagers who use the public fountains, the water is supplied free of cost. This puts a burden on the Panchayat in paying the electricity charges to TNEB. The operators have a basic level of education and have not been trained specially to undertake the operation and maintenance of the pumpsets. Hence, they are capable of attending to minor defects in the pumps like changing the fuse and checking minor leaks. The Panchayat brings skilled persons from outside to fix major repairs.

1.10.2 Sanitation

There are no storm water drains constructed in the entire Panchayat. There are only a few individual toilets in the entire Panchayat. These have been constructed by the villagers themselves with no external aid. There are latrines constructed in schools. But only the teachers have access to this facility. Also there is one community toilet, which is not being used regularly due to lack of water for washing purposes.

1.10.3 Health and Environment Aspects

There are no Village Water and Sanitation Committees to manage the water supply and its treatment in a systematic manner. Some habitations are said to be affected by fluoride. However, there are no major recurring health problems like Typhoid,, Jaundice, etc. noticed in this Panchayat.

1.10.4 Participation in new schemes

Almost all the villagers have an aversion to make financial contribution to schemes. To initiate contribution towards facilities, it would be better to educate the self-help groups in this context and use them in turn to spread the information gained to the villagers. There are 6 Self-help groups in the Panchayat. In general, these groups do not have adequate information on the types of activities that can be taken up. The main activity of each group seems to be funding loans amongst themselves.

1.11 KANNADI KUPPAM (Vellore District)

Kannadi Kuppam Panchayat is located 6 km from Ambur. It consists of 4 habitations namely: Kannadi Kuppam, New Colony, Old Colony and Ambedkar Nagar. The overall population as per 2001 census is 1 159.

The main source of water is from bore wells. Water is drawn by power pumps as well as hand pumps. Water is pumped to OHTs and is supplied through public fountains as well as house connections.

A sizeable population of the village are employed as labourers in Tanneries at Ambur.

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The water supplied in the village is affected with very high amount of TDS, due to untreated effluent from tanneries contaminating the groundwater. Use of this water is reported to cause several ailments of skin and hair, in addition to recurring cases of diahorrea.

1.11.1 Present water supply status

The water supply is mainly from borewells fitted with hand pumps and power purnps. The villagers complain of inadequate supply and also that the water is qluality affected (very high TDS). The daily supply of water during normal periods is 30 Ipcd, while it goes down to no supply during sumrner. There are 13 borewells fitted with hand pumps, some of these are riot being used due to high salinity. There are 2 overhead tanks of capacity 30,000 litres each and one ground level tank of capacity 10,000 litres. Chlorination is done once in a fortnight. Water is supplied mainly through public fountains. House connectiions have been provided for 120 families. Initially (1987) when the HCs were being provided, the Panchayat had collected a deposit of Rs.250 each for 38 houses, whereas recently (1996), 82 houses had paid a deposit of Rs.1000. Those who had paid earlier were asked to make an additional payment of Rs 750. But till now this amount was not collected. The villagers having HCs are paying Rs.30 per month as water charges. For the remaining villaigers who use the public fountains, the water is supplied free of cost. This puts a burden on the Panchayat in paying the electricity charges to TNEB.

The Panchayat also pays Rs. 950 per month to 2 pump operators. The operators have a basic level of education and have not been trained specially to undlertake the operation and maintenance of the pumpsets. Hence, they are capable of attending to minor defects only. The Panchayat brings skilled persons from outside to fix major repairs.

1.11.2 Sanitation

There are storm water drains constructed in several streets in the Panchayat. But these drains only carry the sullage from houses and storm water to a low-lying plot in the Panchayat. This plot has been obtained from an individual, on the condition that the dumping would be stopped whenever he wants to build a house in the plot. There is a borewell fitted with a hand pump in the nearby area and there is a risk of contamination of the source. Drainage of storm water and sullage is a major problem identified.

There are only 20 individual toilets in the entire Panchayat. These have been constructed by the villagers themselves with no external aid. There are latrines constructed in schools. These are being used both by the teachers and students. It is proposed to build al separate toilet for students. There are no public toilets built; Recently one community toilet exclusively for women is under construction. This is being undertaken as per lthe interest of the SHGs. The SHGs have owned the responsibility of maintenance of the comimunity toilet and will also foot the charges for the electricity. In general, the priority of the villagers seems to be for water supply project rather than toilets.

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1.1 1.3 Health and Environment Aspects

There are no Village Water and Sanitation Committees to manage the water supply in a systematic manner. All habitations are affected by high TDS. Some of the sources are saline. Due to use of contaminated water, it is reported that some of the villagers suffer from diseases of skin and hair. The nearest PHC sub-centre is at Vinnamangalam located 1km away. It consists of one health nurse only. The villagers have to visit the PHC at Ambur to consult with doctors.

1.11.4 Participation in new schemes

Initially, the villagers had an aversion to the idea of financial contribution to schernes. After the consultations with the public, they are willing to make 10% contribution towards water supply schemes. They even went to the extent of asking how soon the schernes would be operational if they make their contribution immediately. Therefore, continuous IECs carried out regularly would prepare the villagers to demand better facilities and also to take ownership for the assets created and their maintenance.

There are 6 SHGs in the Panchayat, with as much as 20 members in each. They are involved in small-savings by making monthly contributions. C)ne SHG, has initiated construction of community toilets exclusively for women. They also are responsible for the maintenance of the toilet and also for payment of electricity charges. In general, these groups do not have adequate information on the types of activities that can be taken up.

From the group discussions as well as from secondary data, it is ascertained that the quality of water in and around this village is getting deteorated due to tannery pollution. In fact, even in this village one portion of the village is reported to be getting good quality of water and the other part is not provided with good quality of water. The main issue connected with water supply is: a) Inadequate particularly during summer months and b) Poor quality of water In order to identify a possible good source for this village, it was ascertained from the villagers that a source has been identified about 5km away from the village. During the site inspection, a borewell has been drilled and necessary pumpset has been installed by the Collectorate under a different program. Unfortunately, the above source has not been brought into beneficial use. The villagers are of the opinion that the above source can be utilized, subject to the fact that it satisfies the quality and quantity aspects. Incidentally, it was also informed that the local MLA is prepared to contribute towards laying of pipeline component alone. Without other facilities such as construction of OHT and pipelines effective supply cannot be given to this village. Such being the case, it is rather difficult to take up this scheme under this reform project. However, the TWAD board officials have infprmed that the above village comes under the category of quality affected habitations. In as much as the above programs comes under the regular budget of TWAD Board, the same can be taken up to solve the water problem.

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In order to assess the water quality problems in particular in some of the villages which are located in and around this area, informal inspections were carried out to assess lthe same. There is a Village Panchayat called Thuthipattu with a population of 10,000. the source for this water supply scheme is from infiltration well situated in the River Malattar. A scheme was formulated by TWAD Board as CWSS for providing water supply to Thuthipattu, Chinnavarigam and Melvarigam. It was reported due to 0 & M problem apart from inadequate source / quality problem, the water supply position in the above villages is bound to be not satisfactory. In fact, during our inspection, villagers have informed that they are not getting water supply for the past 2 months on account of practically nil water from the above source. The above information was confirmed by the Consultant during the field inspection. In this connection, the villagers have identified a different source, namely, an infiltration well in River Malattar, which is not affected due to tannery effluent. Further, the villagers are eager to remit money towards 10% contribution for providing water supply utilizing the above source. Further, they are of the opinion that the above scherne should be proposed exclusively for them only, since it was felt that the rest of the villages will create a problem in sharing of water. In addition, during the earlier discussions, the above villagers were not eager to contribute towards capital investment. Hence, they were not included under the scope of this scheme.

In general the entire Palar river basin, particularly, areas which are near to Ambur municipality are affected to a greater extent because of the tannery effluent. In fact, as informed by the local people that the quality of the water is getting deteriorated in course of time, which is a serious concern from the quality point of view. Apart from the above, on account of poor rainfall conditions and little flow in the river, the quantity aspect also is causing great concern. Hence, the habitations which dependant on Palar basin ishould be taken special care in order to supply potable water.

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Annex 2.1

Part IV - Section 2 Tamil Nadu Acts and Ordinances

The following Ordinance which was promulgated by the Governor on the 14th Jarnuary 2003 is hereby published for general information:-

TAMIL NADU ORDINANCE No. 1 OF 2003

THE TAMIL NADU GROUNDWATER (DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT) ORDINANCE, 2003

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY 1. Short title, extent and commencement. 2. Definitions.

CHAPTER 2 GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT 3. Groundwater development and management. 4. Definitions. 5. Modification of groundwater regime due to mining activity. 6. Water quality.

CHAPTER 3 TAMIL NADU GROUND WATER AUTHORITY AND ITS FUNCTIONS.

7. Establishment of Tamil Nadu Groundwater Authority and its composition. 8. Appointment of employees. 9. Power to notify areas for development, control and regulation of groundvvater. 10. Grant of certificate of registration. 11. Prohibition of sinking wells in notified areas without permit. 12. Registration of new wells. 13. Grant of permit for transportation of ground water from notified area.

Annex -2.1 Page 1 TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXT]RAORDINARY

14. Prohibition of carrying on the business of sinking well in notified area without licence. 15. Power to alter, amend or cancel terms of certificate of registration, permit or licence. 16. Electrical energy not to be supplied for energising wells sunk in contravention of provision of provision of this Ordinance. 17. Publication of notification. 18. Powers of authority. 19. Service of orders, etc. 20. Delegation of powers and functions. 21. Appeal.

CHAPTER 4 OFFENCES AND PENALTIES

22. Offences and penalties. 23. Offences by companies. 24. Offences under this Ordinance to be congnizable. 25. Protection of action taken in good faith. 26. Bar of jurisdiction of Civil courts.

CHAPTER 5 MISCELLANEOUS

27. Officers deemed to be public servants. 28. Ordinance to over ride other laws. 29. Power of Government to give directions. 30. Power to make rules. 31. Power to remove difficulties.

An ordinance to protect groundwater resources to provide safeguards against hazards of its over exploitation and to ensure its plamied development and paper management in the State of Tamil nadu and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto

Annex - 2.1 Page 2 TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXT'RAORDINARY

WHEREAS it is necessary in the public interest to protect groundwater resources, provide safeguards against hazards of over exploitation and to ensure planned development and proper management of this vital and limited resources;

AND WHEREAS the Legislative Assemble of the State is not in session and the Governor of Tamil Nadu is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action for the purposes hereinafter appearing;

AND WHEREAS the instruction of the President have been obtained in pursuanice of the proviso to clause (1) of Article 213 of the Constitution;

Now, THEREFORE, in exercise of the powers conferred by clause (1) of Article 213 of the Constitution, the Governor hereby promulgates the following Ordinance:-

CHAPTER I PRIELIMINARY

1. (1) This Ordinance may be called the Tamil Nadu Groundwater (Development and Management) Ordinance, 2003

(2) It extends to the whole of the State of Tamil Nadu except the areas to which the Chennai Metropolitan Area Ground Water (Regulation) Act, 1987 extends.

(3) It shall come into force on such date as the State Government may, by notification appoint and different dates may be appointed for different areas and for different provisions of this Ordinance.

2. In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, (1) "Authority" means the Tamil Nadu Groundwater Authority established under section 7 and includes any employee to whom the Authority has delegated any of its powers or functions under this Ordinance; (2) "domestic purpose" in relation to a well, means extraction of groundwater from such well for the purpose of drinking, cooking, bathing, washing livestock or sanitary, by using manual, mechanical or electrical deveice not exceeding one horse power,- (3) "Government" means the State Government;

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(4) "groundwater" means the water which exits below the surface of the ground at any particulars location; (5) "marginal farmer" means a farmer who holds such an extent of land as may be prescribed; (6) "notified area" means the area declared to be a notified area undLer section9; (7) "sink" with all its grammatical variations and cognate expressions in relation to an existing well or new well includes digging, drilling or boring of new wo\ell and dcepending carried out in the existing well, for exploitation of groundwater; (8) "small farmer" means a farmer who holds such an extent of land as may be prescribed; (9) "user of groundwater" means a person or an institution including a company or an establishment, wheater Government or otherwise, who or which uses groundwater for any purpose, other than domestic purpose, either on a personal or community basis;

CHAPTER II GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

3. (1) The Government shall have power to develop, control, regulate and administer the groundwater in the State and may exercise their power through the Authority in accordance with the provisions of this Ordinance.

(2) The authority shall have power to direct and regulate the D)evelopment and Management of groundwater resources in the State consistent with, conserving it and ensuring its optimal and efficient utilization.

4. Wherever it is feasible, conjunctive use of surfacewater and groundwater shall be urndertaken to maximize beneficial use of the available water resources in the State. The Authority may identify and notify suitable areas for conjunctive use of surfacewater and groundwater to stabilize the existing use or to improve or increase the use of water.

If the Authority is satisfied that to facilitate mining or quarrying of any mineral or rocks, large scale pumping of groundwater is taking place and that (i) the mining activity has led to a fall in the water levels in the vicinity of mines; or (ii) the fall in water levels has affected the agricultural and the social activity in the area; or the pumping or disposal of water from the mining activity has led to degradation in groundwater quality,

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the Authority may direct the disposal of mine water in a manner that it may be directly used by the farmers and its recharge, if feasible, to augment groundwater storage.

The Authority may, in the manner prescribed, lay down or adopt standards for quality of water, depending on the kinds of water use. In doing so it shall pay regard to the standards evolved by institutions either statutorily empowered or technically competent to do so.

CHAPTER III

I'AMIL NADU GROUNDWATER AUTHORITY AND ITS FUNCTIONS.

7.(1) The Government shall, by notification, establish with effect from such date as may be specified in the notification, an Authority to be called "the Tamil Nadu Groundwater Authority".

(2)The Authority shall be a body corporate, having perpetual succession and a common seal and shall be liable to sue and be sued. (3) The Authority shall consist of the following members nominated by the Government namely

(a) an officer of the Government, in such rank as may be prescribed, who shall also be the Chairman; (b) two representatives of different departments, concerned with groundwater exploration; (c) one person having special knowledge or practical experience in matters relating to groundwater; (d) one full time technical officer in the rank of Chief Engineer, Public Works Department, who shall also be the Member-secretary.

(4) The terms of office, the manner of filling the vacancies and other conditions oi service of non (5) The meeting of the Authority shall be at such times and by such procedure as may be prescribed. 8. (1) The Government shall, for the purpose of enabling the Authority to efficiently perform its function or to exercise its power under this Ordinance, appoint such number or technical and other employees as they may consider necessary. (2) The functions, powers and terms and conditions of service of the employees appointed under sub-section (1) shall be such as may be prescribed.

9. (1) If in the opinion of the Authority, it is in the public interest to notify any area for developing groundwater or regulate the extraction or use, or both, of groundwater in any form, in such area, it may, subject to the

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provisions of sub-section (2), from time to time, by notification declare such area to be notified are with efect on and from such date as may be specified therein.

(2) The Authority shall publish a provisional notification and invite representations thereon from the public within one month from the sate of such publication. It shall examine the representations, if any, received and may modify or revise the notification, if necessary. The final notification under sub-section (1) so modified or revised, shall be published before the expiry of three months from the date of publication of the provisional notification.

(3) With effect fiom the date of publication of the final notification, the Authority shall have power to direct, regulate and control the development, extraction and utilization of groundwater in the notified area in such manner as it deems fit.

(4)The Authority may cause to undertake investigations in order to periodically evaluate the groundwater potential in the notified area on a continuous basis. 10. (1) Every user of groundwater in the notified area immediately before the clate of publication of the final notification under section 9 in respect of that area shall, within a period of forty-five days from the date specified in such notification, apply to the Authority, in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed for the grant of a certificate of registration.

Provided that the Authority may entertain an application after the expiry of the said period of forty-five days, if it is satisfied that such user was prevented by sufficient cause from filing the application in time. (2) On receipt of an application under sub-section (1) if the Authority is satisfied that it will not be a against public interest to do so, may grant, subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be specified, a certificate of registration authorizing the use of groundwater. (3) The Authority may, on its own motion, take steps to register the wells existing and in use on the notified date. (4) The registration shall be completed within such time as may be prescribed. (5) The decision of the Authority shall be communicated to the applicatnt within a period of sixty days from the date of such decision or such further extended time as may be notified by the Authority, provided that the reasons for extension of time shall be recorded in writing. (6) Pending communication by the Authority of its decision under sub-section (5), every user of groundwater in the notified area immediately before the date of publication of the final notification under sub-section (1) of section9 in respect of that notified area shall be eligible for the continued use of the groundwater.

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(7) If a registered well becomes defunct, the fact shall be immediately brought to the note of the Authority by the user of groundwater. 11. (1) No person shall, either himself or through any person on his behalf, engage in sinking any well or any other activity connected there with if any notified area without obtaining a permit. Provided that this sub-section shall not apply for sinking of well or extraction or use of groundwater for domestic purpose. (2) Any person desiring to sink a well in a notified area, for any purpose other than domestic purpose, shall apply to the Authority in such manner together with such dee as may be prescribed for the grant of a permit. (3) On receipt of an application under sub-section (2), if the Authority is satisfied after enquiry that it shall not be against public interest to do so, may grant, subject to such conditions and restrictions as it may specify, a permit authorizing the sinking of well and extraction and use of the groundwater from such well, or refuse to grant permit: Provided that, before granting a permit under this sub-section, the Authority shall consultant the local body concerned: Provided further that no applicant shall be refused a permit unless he has been given an opportunity of being heard. Provided also that wher the Authority to whom an application is made under sub-section (2) fails to inform -the applicant of its decision on the application within a period of thirty days from the date of receipt of such application, the permit shall be demand to have granted to the applicant and he shall, for the purpose of this Ordinance, be deemed to be a holder of a permit. Explanation :- For the purpose of this sub-section, "local body" means the Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Town Panchayat, Cantlomnent or village Panchayat, as the case may be. (4) In granting or refusing to grant a permit under sub-section (3), the Authority shall have regard to the following maters, namely:- (a) the purpose for which groundwater is to be used, the quantum and the mode of extraction; (b) the existence of other users including prior users and may any community well in the neighbourhood; (c) the quantum of available groundwater resources in the notified area; (d) whether the applicant concerned has the means and competence to extract water; and (e) any other matter as may be prescribed.

12. (1) All the wells sunk in the State on or after the date of commencement of this Ordinance shall be registred, including the wells in the areas not notified under section9, with the Authority in such manner as may be prescribed.

(2) The provision of sub-section (7) of section 10 shall be applicable for such registration.

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13(1) No person shall transport groundwater by means of lorry, trailer or any other motor vehicle from any notified area for any purpose without obtaining a permit under sub-section(3).

(2) Any person desiring to transport groundwater from any notified area for anry purpose, by beEns of lorry, trailer or any other motor vehicle shall apply to the Authority for the grant of a pennit in such form and in such manner and shall contain such particulars as may be prescribed.

(3) On receipt of an application under sub-section (2), if the Authority is satisfied that it shall not be against public interest to do so, may grant, on payment of such fees as may be prescribed, a permit subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be specified therein, authorizing the transportation of groundwater from the notified area, or refuse to grant a permit.

Provided that no applicant shall be refused a permit unless he has been given an opportunity of being heard.

Provided further that where the Authority to whom an application is made under sub-section (2). fails to inform the applicant of its decision on the application within a period of thirty days from the date of receipt of such application, the permits shall be deemed to have been granted to the applicant and such person shall, for the purposes of this Ordinance, be deemed to be a holder of a permit.

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-sections (1) to (3), any person transporting groundwater by means of lorry, trailer or any other motor vehicle immediately before the date of publication of the final notification under sub-section 91) of section 9 may continue to transport groundwater for a period not exceeding thirty days from such date.

Explanation - For the purpose of this section, the expression 'motor vehicle' shall have the same meaning assigned to it in clause (28) of section 2 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.

(14) (1) No person, either himself or through any person on his behalf, shall after expiry of a period of thirty days from the date of commencement of this Ordinance carry on the business of sinking of well or extraction of groundwater or any activity connected therewith, by drilling or boring, in any notified area withoult obtaining a licence.

(2) Any person desiring to carry on the business of sinking of well shall apply to the Authority in such form and in such manner together with such fee as may be prescribed for the grant of a permit.

(3) On receipt of an application under sub-section (2), the Authority may, after such enquiry as it deems fit and after satisfying itself that the applicant has the means and the knowledge to undertake sinking operation and extraction of groundwater, grant a licence in such form as may be prescribed and subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be specified therein.

15 (1) At any time after the issue of certificate of registration, permit or licence, as the case may be, the Authority may, modify, amend or cancel the terms of certificate of registration, permit or licence, as the case may be, for reasons to be recorded, either permanently or for a specified period to prevent decline in the water table or deterioration in water quality or other effects that may be detrimental to the continued availability or quality of groundwater in the notified area.

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Provided that no such modification, amendment or cancellation shall be made, unless the holder of such certificate of registration, permit or licence, as the case may be, is given an opportunity of being heard.

(2) If the Authority is satisfied, either on information received by it in this behalf or otherwise, that -

(a) the certificate of registration, permit or licence has been obtainied by fraud or suppression or misrepresentation of facts or.

(b) the holder of certificate of registration, permit or licence has contravened any of the provisions of this Ordinance or the rules made thereunder or has failed to comply with the conditions subject to which the certificate of registration, permit or licence has been granted, without prejudice to any other penalty to which the holder of the certificate of registration, permit or licence may be liable under this Ordinance or any other Act, the Authority may, after giving holder of the certificate of registration, permit or licence an opportunity to show cause and considering his representation, by order, cancel the certificate of registration, permit or *.

16. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Electricity Act, 1910, any licence or the Iamil Nadu Electricity Board shall not supply electrical energy for energising.

(a) any well sunk in contravention of the provisions of this Ordinance or the rules thereunder; or

(b) any well in respect of which the permit granted under this Ordinance has cancelled ; or

(c) any source of groundwater in respect of which certificate of registration has been granted in accordance with the provisions of this Ordinance or having been granted certificate of registration has been cancelled.

(d) any well in respect of which conditions including modifications and alternations a down in the permit are not carried out.

17. Every notification under this Ordinance shall be in such form as may be prescribed shall be published.

(a) in the Tamilnadu Government Gazette and in atleast one local daily newspaper the notified area

(b) by proclaiming the contents of the notification by beat of drums or by means of address systems in the notified area;

(c) by displaying a copy of the notification on the notice board of the public office the Revenue and Public Works Department.

18. (1) For carrying out the purposes of this Ordinance, the Authority or any person author by it in writing in this behalf shall have the following powers, namely:-

(a) to enter upon any property belonging to an individual or the Government, as the may be, for investigation or collection of data pertaining to the land or water.

(b) to inspect any well which is sunk or being sunk and the soil, groundwater or materials excavated therefrom.

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(d) to require in writing any person sinking a well to preserve in the prescribed ma specimens of soil, groundwater or any material excavated therefrom for a period not exceed one month from the date of completion of abandonment of the work;

(e) to inspect and take copies of the relevant records or documents and seek information pertaining to the well as may be required.

(f) to serve or cause to be served a notice requiring any person using groundwater furnish such information as required in such form, at such intervals and with such particulars may be prescribed.

(g) to require in writing any person using groundwater to install measuring devices any groundwater supplies;

(h) to seize and take possession of any equipment utilised for unauthorised sinking.

(i) to require in writing any person using groundwater who does nolt comply with provisions of this Ordinance to cease to extract groundwater or dismantle any hiydraulic structure found to be unauthorised or direct the authority concerned to enforce the provision of section 16;

(j) to enter and search at all reasonable tines with such assistance, if any as it considers necessary, any premises in which it has reason to believe that an offence under this Ordinance has been or is being committed and order in writing to the person who has committed or who is committing the offence not to extract or use the groundwater without obtaining a permit.

(2) The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 shall apply to any search or seizure under this section in the same way as it applies to any search or seizure made under the authority of a warrant issued under section 94 of the said Code.

(3) The power conferred under clauase (a) of sub-section (1) shall include the power to break open the door of any premises where such sinking, extraction or use of groundwater is going on:

Provided that such power to break open the door shall be exercised only if the owner or the person in occupation of the property refuses to comply with the notice or directions of the Authority on being called upon to do so.

19. Every order or notice under sub-section (1) of section 18 shall be served,-

(a) by tendering such order or notice either through messenger or sending by registered post to the person for whom it is intended, or

(b) if such person cannot be found, by affixing such order or notice on some conspicuous part of his last known place or residence or of business or tendering such order or notice to some adult member or servant of his family, or by causing it to be affixed on some conspicuous part of the land or building in which the well is being sunk;

(c) where the person on whom an order or a notice is to be served happens to a minor, service upon his guardian int eh manner provided in clause (a) and (b) shall be deemed to be service upon the minor.

20. The authority may, by general or special order in writing, direct that all or any of the powers or functions which may be exercised or performed by it shall, in such circumstances and under such conditions as may be

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specified in such order, be exercised or performed by any employee of the Authority specified in this behalf in such order.

21. (1) Any person aggrieved by any order or decision of the Authority or an ernployee referred to in section 20 may file an appeal to the Government within a period of thirty days from the date on which such order or decision is communicated to him.

(2) On receipt of an appeal under sub-section (1), the Government shall, after examining the case and after giving the petitioner an opportunity of being heard, pass such order as they may the case and after giving the petitioner an opportunity of being heard, pass such order as they may deem fit.

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CHAPTER IV

OFFENSES AND PENALTIES

22. Whoever-

(a) contravenes or fails to comply with any of the provisions of this Ordinance or any rules made thereunder; or

(b) sinks well in notified area without a permit; or

(c) obstructs the Authority or any other employee authorised by it to exercise any of the powers under this Ordinance; or

(d) fails to comply with the requisition made under the provisions of this Ordinance; or

(e) having been required to furnish any information under clause (f) of sub-section (1) of section 18 wilfully refuses, or without lawful excuse neglects, to furnish such information of return; or.

(f) wilfully furnishes or causes to be furnished any information or return which he know to be false, he shall be punishable,

(i) for the first offence, with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees;

(ii) for the second and subsequent offenses, with fine which may externd to two thousand rupees; and

(iii) in respect of continuing contravention of the provisions of section 13, he shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees for every day dturing which such contravention continues.

23. (1) Where an offence punishable under this Ordinance has been committed by a company every person who, at the time the offence was committed, was in-charge of and was responsible to, the company for the conduct of the business of the company, as well as the company, shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punish accordingly:

Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such person liable to any punishment, if he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he had exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such offence.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where any offence under this Ordinance has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company, such director, manager, secretary or other officers shall also be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.

Explanation: For the purposes of this section:

(a) "company" means any body corporate and includes a firm, society, trust or other association of individuals; and

(b) "director" in relation to -

(i) a firm means a partner in the fimn

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(ii) a society, trust or other association of individuals means the person who is entrusted under the rules of the society, trust or other association with the management of the affairs of the society, trust or other association, as the case may be:

24. (1) Any offence punishable under this Ordinance shall be a cognizable within the meaning of the code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.

(2) No court shall take cognizance of any offence punishable under this Ordinance, except upon a complaint in writing by the Authority or an officer generally or specially authorised by it in this behalf. 25. No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against the Government or the Authority or any officer of employee in respect of anything which is done in good faith or intended to be done in pursuance of this Ordinance. 26. No order passed, decision or action taken or direction issued under this Ordinance or the rules made under this Ordinance shall be called in question in any civil court and no injunction shall be granted by any court in respect of any action taken or to be taken by the Government or the Authority or any officer or employee in pursuance of any power conferred under this Ordinance. 27. Every member of the Authority and every officer or employee acting under in pursuance of the provisions of his Ordinance or rules or order or notification made thereunder, shall be deemed to be public servant within the meaning of section 21 of the Indian Penal Code. 28. The provisions of this Ordinance have effect not withstanding any thing inconsistent therewith contained in any other law for the time being in force or any custom or usage or agreement or decree or order of a court or a tribunal or other authority. 29. (1) The Government may, in the public interest, by order, direct the Authority to make an enquiry or to take appropriate proceedings under this Ordinance in any case specified in the order, and the Authority shall report to the Government the result of the enquiry made or the proceedings taken by it within such period as may be prescribed. (2) The Government may issue such orders and directions of a general character as they consider necessary in respect of any matter relating to the powers and functions of the Authority and thereupon the Authority shall give effect to such orders and directions. 30. (1) The Government may make rules to carry out the purposes of this Ordinance. (2) Every rule made or every notification issued under this Ordinance shall, as soon as possible after it is or issued, be placed on the Table of the Legislative Assembly and if, before the expiry of the session in which it is so placed or next session, the Assembly makes any modification in any such rule or notification or the Assembly decides that the rule or notification should not be made or issued, the rule or notification shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be, so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule or notification. 31. If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this Ordinance, the Government may, by an order published in the Tamil Nadu Government Gazette, make such provisions, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Ordinance, as appear to them to be necessary or expedient for removing the difficulty. Provided that no such order shall be made after the expiry of a period of two years from the date of commenlcement of this Ordinance.

14th January 2003. P.S.RAMAMOHAN RAO

Government of Tamil Nadu

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Annex 3.1 Powers and functions of WRCRC

With the high percentage of the state's surface water resources already utilised, the scope for construction of new surface water storage reservoirs is limited. Therefore, more efficient water management is the most promising source for additional productivity in Tamil Nadu. The opportunities for conservation and reuse, in irrigation, industrial use and municipal water supply system have also to be explored. The proposed Council (WRCRC) shall set out policies in this regard. The WRCRC shall establish allocation priority norms for water use for different sectors with provision for drinking water being given the highest priority.

No scheme proposed for exploitation of water shall be excluded from the purview of the Council. The Council will take necessary steps to formulate the water management policy to be followed by the State. After the policy is prepared and accepted, after wide circulation, the Council will implement it, in an effective manner. Monitoring the implementation of the Policy will be the primary function of the Council.

While taking a look at the various schemes proposed by the user departments, the Council will get the technical input for these schemes from the various members of the Council during discussion. The WRCRC will also examine the impact of extraction, utilisation and conservation of water of the other users

The Council shall also:

(i) Formulate water policies for the State and basin water development, control and management; (ii) Establish principles, standards and procedures for allocation of water under licenses, preparation of comprehensive regional or river basin plans and for formulation and evaluation of water policy and related land resources projects using technicail, economic, social, legal and environmental criteria; (iii) Serve as an advisory and co-ordinating body for the State in water and related matters; (iv) Review and approve State and river basin master plans; prioritisation of different sectional water needs; (v) Review and approve macro planning, distribution management of water resources taking into account the water needs of different sectors (agriculture, industrial, drinking, social, etc.): Small schemes need not be referred to the Council (WRCRC) For e.g., drinking water supply schemes less than say 10 million litres need not be referred to the Council (WRCRC); (vi) Review and approve for publication, on annual assessment of the adequacy of supplies of water necessary to meet the present and their projected State and basin water requirements; and (vii) Issue orders as may be necessary to carry out its functions.

Any agreement among Government agencies involving the use of water for domestic and municipal water supply, irrigation, hydro power production, industrial or other commercial uses, watershed, costal areas and environmental protection measures shall, in all cases, be subject to review and approval by WRCRC.

Resolution of conflict arising from projects

With regard to the regulation of conflict arising from project and agreements, it would be resolved by the WRCRC by public hearing or by any other method suitable and practicable.

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TAMILNADU RURAL WATER AND SANITATION MISSION (TNIRWSM) TamilNadu Rural Water supply & Sanitation Mission (TNRWSM) shall be formed as a registered society at State level. TNRWSM shall be assigned specific functions including delegation of powers so as to act as an autonomous body to manage the existing and implementation of new Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programs. The role and responsibilities of the TNRWSM in brief is enumerated below. a) TNRWSM shall exercise overall responsibility for management of program on behalf of the Government of TamilNadu to achieve the Tenth Plan objectives within the framework of program guidelines. b) TNRWSM shall promote the long-term sustainability of the rural water sLupply & sanitation sector by identifying and implementing an appropriate policy framework and strategic plan. c) TNRWSM shall plan and develop schemes and projects for rural water supply and sanitation and to manage the activities for program implementation and encourage & support research and development activities in the areas of rural water supply and sanitation. d) TNRWSM shall coordinate with the Government of TN, the Government of India, External funding agencies and other stakeholders. e) TNRWSM shall cause to take measures to improve the service delivery of rural water supply and environmental sanitation through sustainable and demand- responsive system with community participation. f) TNRWSM shall comprise of General Body and Executive council. The Mission shall have a State Program Management Unit (SPMU) to implement the policies and programs of the RWSS program and to under take the day-to-day activities of the Mission. g) The SPMU shall be headed by the Program Director, TNRWSS Program who is also the Member Secretary of the Mission. h) The SPMU shall be formed with various Specialists in technical, Operation, and Finance in the Water and Sanitation Sector with necessary supporting staff. The Specialists / staff shall be drawn from respective government departments on deputation and from the private sector on contract basis.

DISTRICT RURAL WATER AND SANITATION MISSION (DRWSM)

District Rural Water and Sanitation Mission (DRWSM) shall be formed in each district as a registered society at district level. DRWSM shall be assigned specific functions including delegation of powers so as to act as an autonomous bodly within the concerned district and TNRWSS Program guidelines to manage the existing and implementation of new Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programs. The role andl responsibilities of the DRWSM in brief is enumerated below. a) DRWSM shall exercise overall responsibility for implementation of the program, on behalf of the TNRWSM / Government of TN towards achieving the Tenth Plan objectives within the framework of program guidelines

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b) DRWSM shall plan and develop schemes for rural water supply and sanitation and to manage the activities for program implementation within the district adopting the demand responsive and integrated approach for sustainability. c) DRWSM shall coordinate between the TNRWSM, GoTN, various Government agencies and the Panchayat Raj Institutions, the user group and all important stakeholders in all matter related to the program. d) DRWSM shall cause for: - Construction of new/Augmentation / Rehabilitation I revival of rural water supply schemes and sources; Community based operation, maintenance and management of WS&S scheme; Development of Ground water recharge structures and watershed development; The community to take up Household latrines, Community toilets, Institutional toillets; and Establishing Sullage water disposal & storm water drainage systems, Garbage collection &disposal, community manure pits, other sanitary facilities for habitat development, etc. in the village; e) DRWSM shall comprise of General Body and Executive council. The DRWS Mission shall have a District Program Management Unit (DPMU) to implement the policies and programs of the RWSS program and to under take the day-today activities of the District Mission. F) The District Program Manager, who is also the Member Secretary of the Mission, shall head DPMU. g) The DPMU with various Specialists in technical, Operation, and Finance in the Water and Sanitation Sector, necessary supporting staff drawn from respective government departments on deputation and from the private sector on contract basis.

VILLAGE WATER AND SANITATION COMMITTEE (VWSC) The Village Water & Sanitation Committee (VWSC) is proposeid to be constituted for each village as an extended arm of the VP, so as to broad base the membership with elected and non-elected (to accommodate the eminent persons, experts, NGOs, Community leaders, teachers, Women SHG members, etc.,) and as a dedicated task force to take over implementation and O&M of RWSS facilities

The Village Water & Sanitation Committee shall be constituted for each village Panchayat with necessary delegation of powers and assigning specific roles and responsibilities in regard to management of water supply & sanitation as briefed below. a) The Village Panchayats will be empowered to constitute the Village Water and Sanitation Committee (VWSC) at village level for each Village Panchayat in accordance the TN Panchayat act, 1994 under section 242' (2)(vi). b) The Village Water and Sanitation Committee (VWSC) rules (due to be approved by GOTN) shall authorize VWSC to execute, operate and maintain the public water supply and sanitation schemes. c) VWSC shall perform duties and functions as prescribed by the government of Tamilnadu and the TNRWSM from time to time.

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d) VWSC shall be empowered to fix terms and rates under which water may be supplied for the specified usage and sanitation facilities used within the program guidelines. e) VWSC shall take responsibility for the management olf all public water and sanitation installations in the Village Panchayat. This includes planning, implementation, operation, maintenance, monitoring, and financial management. f \/WSC shall coordinate with the DRWSM and support organizations & collaborate with sub committees, water user groups, NGOs, individuals and women self help groups, which are active in the water and sanitation sector in the village.

SUPPORT ORGANISATIONS (SOs) 1. The Program will have identified Support Organizations (SOs) at district level to facilitate the VWSC and DRWSM in implementing the RWSS program in the State. 2. The SOs shall be either the available government organizations or private sector agencies, NGOs, etc., that are capable to act as facilitator. 3. The SO will serve as the only single facilitating institution providing support to VWSCs on all aspects related to water supply, environmental sanitation and hygiene promotion. 4. The SOs shall assist in undertaking IEC and Capacity Building activities among the stakeholders mainly VWSCs / VPs / Community. 5. The SOs shall assist the community to do need assessment, scheme selection, estimate preparation, tendering and contracting works, execution, supervision, measurement, bill preparation, completion reports and UC, O&M activities, etc. 6. The facilitator charges shall be fixed for the type of facilitation and paid to SOs through DRWSM or VWSC as the case may be including the service tax fixed by the GOI time to time. 7. This will be one of the roles for TWAD Board amongst other SOs. 8. In regard to the Multi VP scheme / CWSS, the work will be awarded to TWAD Board as Deposit work and 0 & M of common component on completion.

SUPPORT AGENCIES (SAs) 1. The institution shall identify Support Agencies (SAs) at State and district llevel to undertake specific consultancy during the RWSS programi implementation in the State. 2. The SAs shall be fixed on competitive or sole source among the available government organizations or private sector agencies, NGOs, etc., that are capable to under take consultancy. 3. TWAD Board will serve as Management Support agency to SRWSM in areas such as Monitoring and Evaluation, Sector Information Management, Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance, Developing management contracts for 0 & M, Ground Water Recharge, Rain water harvesting, GIS based resource mapping, water resources planning, Ground water legislation, etc.

Annex - 4.1 Page 3 Sector Environnmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board Annex 5.1 Methodology for Quantitative Assessment Of Groundwater

To improve the quantitative assessment of groundwater, a methodology suggested by groundwater over exploitation committee in the early eighties the GOI hadl constituted a committee for considering all the aspects of groundwater estimation and for recommending methbdologies. The committee submitted its report - GEC - 1984. Since then the CGWB and State Groundwater organizations have adopted the GEC - 1984 methodology and estimated the groundwater resource. However some limitations were encountered in the estimation and this necessitated revision of methodology for more accurate assessment. Therefore with a view to reviewing the GEC - 1984 and to look into all the related issues a committee was constituted vide GOI, MO\WIR No. 3 / 9 / 93 - GW / 11 I 2333, dt 13.11.95. The revised methodology GWREC - 1997 has incorporated number of changes comlpared to the recommendation of GEC - 1984. In this methodology: * Watershed has been recommended as the assessment unit in hard rock areas. * Groundwater assessment has to be made separately for non - command and command areas of poor quality have to be treated separately. * Groundwater recharge has to be assessed separately for monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. * An alternative methodology has been provided for estimation of specific yield based on application of groundwater balance in dry season, which would be applicable in the non- command part of hard rock areas. * Norms for return flow from irrigation are now based on the source of irrigation i.e groundwater or surface water, type of crops and depth to water table below ground level. * Groundwater levels have been made an integral part of groundwater assessment and categorization of areas for groundwater development is now based on the stage of cgroundwater development and long-term trend of groundwater levels. * Allocation for domestic and industrial water supply is now recommended based on population density and relative load on groundwater for this purpose.

In Tamil Nadu the data in respect of different parameters and variables are not readily available to carryout the computations on watershed basis as recommended in the GVNREC - 1997 methodology. The work of data collection has already been taken up by State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Centre, Chennai. Hence computations have now been carried out with block as the assessment unit and in the absence of data on command and non-command area, they hiave been estimated together and then proportionately allocated. * Groundwater draft has been computed using both crop water requirement and unit draft method. * Groundwater draft has been computed on the basis of cropping pattern.

Annex- 5.1 Page 1 Sector Environnmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

* The well census data has been compiled for each block from the block profile on irrigation statistics published by Dept. of Economics and Statistics. The unit draft for different structures used in the computation is given below.

Dug well 0.7 Ha.m Bore well 1.0 Dug cum Bore well 1.0 Tube well 2.0

RETURN FLOW FROM GROUNDWATER IRRIGATION: Crop water requirement has been calculated on the basis of cropped area and average water requirement. Return flow from groundwater irrigation has been computed oni the basis of the percentage as per the methodology in relation to depth to water level in the irrigated areal. In Tamil Nadu base flow has been assumed as nil as very few rivers are perennial. In case of segregation of crystalline and sedimentary rocks, the percentage of each category was separated for each block, canal seepage, seepage from tanks, return flow from surface water irrigation were considered for recharge during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons.

ALLOCATION FOR DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES The population density (thousand per Sq.km) fractional load oln groundwater for domestic purposes and area (Sq.km) has been used to determine the domestic demand. The data on actual fractional load is not available for each block and according to TWAD Board the share of groundwater (load on groundwater) for domestic water supply in rural and urban area is taken as 0.7 and 0.3 respectively. In hilly areas the load is taken as 0.3. Accordingly the allocation for domestic and industrial purposes has been computed. For computing the groundwater resources, the recharge during monsoon was made after normalization of rainfall recharge. The annual recharge net groundwater availability, potential for future development and stage of development have been computed as per GWREC - 1997. Also the long term trend during pre - monsoon and post monsoon water levels has been used.

ESTIMATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE METHODOLOGY RECOMMENDED BY GWREC The district wise and block wise groundwater potential and utilizable groundwater resource for 28 districts of Tamil Nadu were recalculated as per the GWREC - 1997. The block-wise groundwater potential of Tamil Nadu as on Jan 1998 is furnished in Annexure- 1. The total dynamic groundwater resource in Tamil Nadu is in the order of 23070.4251 Mcm (as on Jan 1998)

Annex- 5.1 Page 2 Sector Environnmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

As on Jan 1998 Total dynamic groundwater resource 23070.4251 MCum Net annual groundwater availability 20763.3828 " Gross draft for irrigation 16581.0128 " Gross draft for domestic and industrial demand 645.5791

Allocation for domestic and industrial supply upto next 25 years . 878.9327 Net groundwater availability for future irrigation. 3303.4471

The following table shows the categorization of blocks in the state of Tamil Nadu as on Jan 1998.

S.No Category Number 1. Safe blocks 137 2. Semi critical blocks 70 3. Critical blocks 35 4. Over exploited blocks 135 5. Saline blocks 8 Total 385

ESTIMATION OF STAGE OF GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION IN TAMIL NADU. The increase in the development of groundwater is reflected in the block - wise assessment made as on Jan 1998 and updated for Jan 2003 which revealed that out of 385 blocks, 138 blocks are overexploited, 37 blocks are critical, 105 blocks are categorized as safe. Out of 385 blocks, 8 blocks were categorized as saline (100% saline areas) and 48 blocks are partially saline areas, which have been excluded for groundwater estimation.

ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT AND ULTIMATE REQUIREMENT OF GROUNDWATER FOR DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL USES: As per the National Water Policy, requirement for domestic water supply is to be accorded top priority. This requirement has to be based on population as projected to the year 2025, per capita requirement of water for domestic use, and relative load on ground water for urban and rural water supply. The empherical relations recommended in the methodology is applied for the computations. The data on actual practical load is not available for each block and TWAD Board, which is responsible for water supply, informed that in general the load on groundwater for domestic water supply in rural & urban area is taken as 0.7 and 0.3 respectively. In hilly areas, the load is taken as 0.3. Accordingly the allocation for domestic and industrial needs have been computed.

Annex - 5.1 Page 3 Sector Environnmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

ESTIMATION OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES AS ON JANUARY 2003 Groundwater resources have been computed as on January 1998 aind it has been suggested by the State Level Working Group to update the estimates to January 2003. Net groundwater availability is assumed to be the same and groundwater withdrawal has been projected on the pro-rata basis. In computation of stage of development, groundwater draft for all purposes is to be considered. The allocation for domestic and industrial purposes at year 25 has been considered as domestic draft. In case of projection of irrigation draft, a uniform rate of 0.6% has been assumed in earlier computations. However, it was felt that the groundwater development in different categories of blocks will not be same and groundwater development will be least in the already over exploited block due to restriction on bank financing. Accordingly, the block categorized as on January 1998 has been taken as a guiding factor to allocate different growth rate as given below:

Block categorized as on January 1998 Growth rate in percentage per year Safe 0.4 Semi Critical 0.3 Critical 0.2 Over Exploited 0.1

The long-term water level trend data for the period 1989 - 98 has been considered for categorization of blocks as on January 1998. In the projection of estiimates to January 2003, the long-term water level trend data for the period 1994 - 2003 has been considered

Annex- 5.1 Page 4 Sector Environmental Analysis and ManagementFramework Dalai Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP- SWAp TWAD Boad

BLOCKS WITH STAGE OF GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT (AS ON JANUARY 2003) OVER-EXPLOITED CRITICAL Between SEMI CRITICAL SAFE SALINE Greater than 100% 90 and 100% 70 and 90% Less than 70%

COIMBATORE DISTRICT (19 Blocks)

1.Annur 1.Gudimangalam 1.Anamalai 2.Avinashi 2.Karamadai 2.Madathukulam 3.Kinathukadavu 3.Palladam 3.Pongalur 4.Madukarai 4.Udumalpet 4.Tiruppur 5.P.N.Palayam 6.Pollachi North 7.Pollachi South 8.Sarkarsamakulam 9.Sultanpet 10.Sulur _ 11 .Thondamuthur _

CUDDALORE DISTRICT (13 Blocks)

l .Annagramam l.Keerapalayam 2.Cuddalore 2.Kumaratchii 3.Kammapuram 3.Portonova 4.Kattumannarkoil 5.Kurinjipadi 6.Mangalore 7.Melbhuvanagiri 8.Nallur ______9.Panruti ______10.Vridhachalamr DHARMAPURI DISTRICT (18 Blocks)

1.Burgur 1.Pennaaaram 1.Hosur 1.Kelamangalamr 2.Dharmapuri 2.Kaveripattinam 2.Thalli 3.Harur 3.Krishnagiri 4.Karimangalam 4.Shoolaairi 5.Mathur 6.Morappur 7.Nallampalli 8.Palacode _ 9.Pappireddipatti 1 O.Uthangarai _ 11 .Veppanapalli _

DINDIGUL DISTRICT (14 Blocks)

1.Attur 1.Nilakkottai 1.Natham l .Kodaikanal 2.Batlagundu 2.Palani 3.Dindigul _ 4.Guzliamparai 5.0ddanchattiram 6.Reddiarchaftiram 7.Sanarpatti 8.Thoppampatti 9.Vadamadurai _ 10.Vedasandur

Annex -5.2 Page 1 Sector EnvironmentalAnalysis and ManagementFramework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP- SWAp TWAD Board

OVER-EXPLOITED CRITICAL Between SEMI CRITICAL SAFE SALINE Greater than 100% 90 and 100% 70 and 90% Less than 70%

NAMAKKAL DISTRICT ( 15 Blocks)

1.Erumaipatti 1.Mallasamudram l .Kabilarmalai I.Elachipala tam 2.Namagiripettai 2.Paramathi 2.Mohanur 2.Kolli Hills 3.Namakkal 3.Tiruchengodu 4.Pallipalayam 5.Puduchatram 6.Rasipuram _ 7.Sendamangalam 8.Vennandur___ __

NILGIRIS DISTRICT (4 Blocks)

______1__I1.C o o n oo r 2.Gudalur ______3.Ko tagiri 4.Udhagamandalam _- PERAMBALUR DISTRICT (10 Blocks)

1.Alathur l.Ariyalur 1.Andimadarn 2.Perambalur 2.Jayamkondam 3.Veppanthattai 3.Sendurai 4.Veppur 4.Thirumanr ______5.T.Palur =______

PUDUKOTTAI DISTRICT (13 Blocks)

______1.Thiruvarankulam 1.Annavasal 2.Aranthangi ______3.Arimalam ______4.Avudiarkoil ______5.Gandharvakottai 6.Karambakudi ______7.Kunnandarkoil 8.Manamelkudi 9.Ponnamaravathi 10.Pudukkottai ______11 .Thirumayam 12.Viralimalai

RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT (11 Blocks)

l.Thirupullani l .Mandapam 1.Bogalur 2.Paramakudi 2.Kadaladi ______3.Ramanathapuram 3.Kamuthi 4.Mudukulathur 5.Nainarkoil 6.R.S.Mangalam 7.Thiruvadanai

Annex - 5.2 Page 3 Sector Environmental Analysis and ManagementFramework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP -SWAp TWAD Board

OVER-EXPLOITED CRITICAL Between SEMI CRITICAL SAFE SALINE Greater than 100% 90 and 100% 70 and 90% Less than 70%

TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT (19 Blocks)

1.Melneelithanallur l .Alankulam 1 .Ambasamudram 2.Radhapuram 2.Kadayanallur 2.Cheranmadevi 3.Sankarankoil 3.Keelapavoor 3.Kadayam 4.Valliyur 4.Kuruvikulam 4.Kalakadu 5.Vasudevanallur 5.Manur 6.Nanguneri 7.Palayamkottai 8.Pappakudi ______9 .S en ko ttai ______1O .T e n k a si

TIRUVALLUR DISTRICT (14 Blocks)

l.Ellapuram 1.Kadambathur l .Gummudipoondi 1.Villivakkarm 2.Minjur 2.Poonamalee 2.Madhavaram 3.Pallipattu 3.Poondi 4.R.K.Pet 4.Sholavaram 5.Thiruvalankadu 5.Tiruvallur 6.Tiruttani

TIRUVANNAMALAI DIST RICT (18 Blocks)

1.Chengam _ 1.Arni West 1.Anakavur l.Pernamallur 2.Kalasapakkam 2.Javadi Hills 2.Arni East 2.Thellar 3.Kilpennathur 3.Chetpet 4.Polur 4.Cheyyar 5.Pudupalayam 5.Vembakkam 6.Thandarampattu 7.Thiruvannamalai 8.Thurinjapuram 9.Vandavasi

TIRUVARUR DISTRICT (10 Blocks)

l .Valangaiman 1.Kodavasal 1.Mannargudi 1.Koradachery 1.Muthupet 2.Nannilam 2.Kottur 2.Thiruthurai poondi ______3.Needamangalam __ -.______4.Thiruvarur _

TUTICORIN DISTRICT (12 Blocks)

1.Kayathar 1.Pudur l .Alwarthirunagar 2.Kovilpatti _ 2.Karunkulam 3.0ttapidaram _ 3.Srivaikundam 4.Sathankulam 4.Tiruchendur 5.Tuticorin 6.Udangudi _ 7.Vilathikulam _

Annex -5.2 Page 5 Sector EnvironmentalAnalysis andManagement Framework Dalal MottMacDonald TNRWSSP-SWAp TWAD Board

District wise water level data

Coimbatore Cuddalore Din, Dharmapuri Erode Karur K.Kurnari Kanchipuram Madurai N Namakkal Pudukottai Peramnbalur Ramanathapuram Period Borewell Borewel Openwell Borewell Openwell Borewell Borewetl Borewett Openwel Borewell Openwell Borewell Openwell Borewell Openwell Borewell Openwell Borewel Openwell Borewell Openwell Borewell OPenwelt M1991 20.65 20.45 5.17 15.27 11.49 19.79 22.14 11.79 7.20 8.39 6.01 5.21 7.17 5.83 4.19 27.58 1.54 9.59 8.30 13.88 22.00 7.14 5.23 J1992 21.86 16.56 2.63 12.70 8.82 6.15 15.78 8.27 5.82 4.70 2.93 5.54 5.30 2.70 1.92 11.76 1.21 8.59 7.90 8.55 5.60 7.60 5.82 M1992 25.12 19.97 4.10 16.19 12.53 9.90 18.60 12.54 5.60 8.47 6.04 8.05 8.10 4.66 3.21 18.70 2.00 10.13 8.10 13.03 12.00 8.90 6.49 J1993 14.07 18.30 2.06 12.26 8.43 7.48 10.91 7.63 4.54 4.55 2.23 5.59 5.31 2.45 1.70 13.42 0.81 6.73 4.20 5.60 3.60 7.67 5.23 M1993 18.70 20.43 4.21 16.07 11.69 15.06 15.24 10.54 5.83 8.89 6.52 7.86 9.10 7.20 2.88 17.91 1.21 10.22 10.30 9.49 10.52 9.24 6.43 J1994 14.56 15.39 1.51 3.90 2.47 7.38 6.73 2.53 5.17 3.46 2.17 4.11 2.90 1.86 0.90 10.17 0.82 1.41 1.20 4.81 2.50 6.07 3.53 M1994 16.85 17.80 3.17 6.52 4.91 13.66 11.14 3.67 5.8t 6.70 5.16 5.95 5.25 5.08 2.59 14.22 1.58 4.05 3.90 5.81 2.25 6.51 4.82 J1995 10.83 16.09 2.24 6.52 3.04 7.71 7.74 4.03 4.69 2.92 1.87 5.74 3.94 1.85 1.46 10.28 0.84 4.22 3.00 4.78 3.05 6.51 4.82 M1995 13.07 20.60 4.58 8.51 4.87 11.47 9.12 6.87 4.74 4.86 3.14 7.24 6.68 5.23 2.90 14.51 1.61 7.07 7.40 4.78 3.05 6.73 5.46 J1996 17.54 16.09 2.24 12.66 7.58 9.31 7.74 4.02 5.18 4.63 3.10 6.09 3.94 2.39 1.57 10.28 0.84 6.13 9.10 16.81 10.35 6.90 2.78 M1996 20.57 24.41 5.34 12.68 8.64 12.62 12.51 15.50 6.94 5.55 4.16 12.09 7.90 6.13 3.22 49.09 1.48 9.37 6.50 16.81 10.35 9.47 7.58 J1997 7.43 19.28 3.38 10.74 6.20 5.60 10.68 11.99 6.24 3.66 2.64 6.12 3.96 2.42 1.35 10.31 0.80 5.95 8.00 3.48 2.10 7.64 5.57 M1997 15.05 19.70 16.33 12.44 7.78 10.88 13.68 12.37 5.02 6.81 5.16 7.67 6.42 4.91 1.23 16.10 2.03 11.57 15.57 8.33 4.35 8.72 6.81 J1998 6.80 19.24 4.34 6.52 4.31 5.32 8.15 9.74 3.20 2.92 2.19 3.09 2.10 1.62 0.76 10.70 0.91 5.16 4.80 6.32 1.35 6.83 4.69 M1998 17.16 24.81 6.16 9.05 7.13 11.89 11.90 11.40 6.29 7.20 5.30 6.73 5.98 3.54 1.44 17.08 1.63 9.72 8.20 6.22 1.35 7.43 5.72 J1999 9.26 17.20 3.74 5.61 3.67 5.53 9.55 6.13 4.03 2.86 2.24 3.75 3.06 1.86 1.01 14.31 0.84 2.42 1.85 6.94 1.70 6.89 4.27 M1999 12.21 21.04 5.12 8.37 6.73 11.89 12.96 8.47 4.41 5.75 4.37 5.75 5.21 2.51 1.74 17.35 1.62 6.05 12.35 10.11 4.50 8.38 6.19 J2000 10.55 17.94 4.25 5.55 4.94 5.95 6.46 3.74 5.70 3.46 2.67 5.95 3.91 1.61 0.79 14.12 1.03 2.65 4.60 6.25 1.50 6.93 4.25 M2000 11.39 20.59 5.23 9.00 7.82 12.42 9.64 7.78 5.66 5.79 5.07 7.35 6.80 2.65 1.78 16.92 2.09 5.48 9.61 8.00 2.80 9.39 7.61 J2001 13.85 18.83 4.25 7.59 6.34 5.98 7.72 9.00 5.02 5.76 5.08 6.61 5.03 1.77 0.94 13.42 0.94 3.25 2.00 6.22 1.45 7.94 5.16 M2001 16.05 20.88 5.44 13.47 12.31 9.83 11.34 12.41 5.92 8.04 6.69 7.94 7.49 3.78 2.17 17.30 1.90 4.59 3.90 8.06 3.60 8.40 5.20 J2002 15.72 19.25 5.20 13.08 9.76 7.20 12.72 9.47 5.21 3.25 2.19 7.46 7.16 1.521 0.65 14.35 0.89 3.09 1.80 8.69 4.85 9.21 5.39 M2002 22.57 20.69 5.21 13.08 9.94 11.14 24.92 13.71 6.05 7.81 5.94 8.241 7.56 3.21 1.83 17.56 7.00 7.86 5.30 11.57 18.50 9.88 5.14

Salem Sivaanga | Thaniavur Theni Tirunelveli Tiruvarur Tirchy Tuticorin Thiruvallore TV Malai Vellore Vihipura | Virudhunagar Period Borewell Openwell Borewell Openwell Borewell Openweti BoreweH Openwell Borewell Openwell Borewell Openwell Borewell Openwell Borewell Openwell Borewell OpenwervBorewefl Borewel Borewell Openwell Borewell Openwell M1991 20.06 5.37 8.13 6.03 13.37 5.94 16.65 15.61 8.76 6.22 9.99 5.07 12.84 3.60 6.23 2.70 12.26 4.83 12.39 13.20 11.89 9.28 7.06 6.45 J1992 8.23 1.47 7.73 6.87 9.10 4.14 30.00 15.12 6.50 6.99 3.81 2.57 7.17 2.10 5.75 1.15 7.60 3.10 4.69 5.45 4.87 3.17 8.49 6.56 M1992 15.76 2.26 9.52 8.71 11.47 5.39 17.35 16.96 8.50 8.22 6.46 4.01 10.63 2.50 7.41 3.50 11.09 6.01 8.67 9.32 8.06 7.09 10.84 9.22 J1993 11.06 1.73 5.69 4.71 5.43 2.09 16.15 13.41 4.34 4.33 2.96 1.48 5.24 2.00 5.32 2.50 10.76 3.39 4.86 7.77 6.26 4.05 8.46 5.91 M1993 16.11 2.32 8.73 7.89 12.20 4.61 19.10 15.19 9.50 8.59 5.56 3.83 8.61 2.82 7.42 1.40 14.40 6.17 8.58 10.35 9.45 7.61 11.41 8.79 J1994 10.66 1.50 3.08 2.21 3.05 1.53 8.55 11.44 1.77 3.80 1.391 1.10 2.55 2.13 4.77 2.20 7.74 1.91 5.02 6.54 4.33 2.71 6.74 5.44 M1994 13.68 1.70 5.50 6.43 10.08 3.72 13.05 14.14 4.56 4.87 4.631 3.29 4.85 2.88 7.83 3.20 9.95 5.79 7.71 10.08 8.30 5.53 8.39 6.90 J1995 11.07 1.43 5.79 4.78 6.05 2.31 10.55 12.23 4.56 4.87 1.941 1.33 5.47 2.20 7.83 3.20 7.52 1.91 3.57 5.96 4.48 2.68 8.88 7.26 M1995 14.95 2.40 4.78 5.62 11.93 4.10 11.55 14.73 4.99 5.07 4.981 3.62 9.17 3.40 6.82 1.71 10.33 4.74 4.55 7.94 7.84 5.49 8.75 8.05 J1996 11.07 1.43 4.98 9.19- 6.94 2.70 10.55. 12.03 4.30 4.90 2.30 1.63 5.47 2.20 5.90 2.10. 7.51 1.30. 7.34 7.08 4.48 2.68 8.88 7.26 M1996 15.98 3.30 8.97 9.66 13.77 5.32 15.55 17.72 10.63 7.69 5.43 3.94 11.34 4.00 8.63 4.58 10.92 4.95 11.00 9.26| 12.36 9.00 10.861 9.83 J1997 10.33 1.50 5.77 5.18 1.271 2.09 12.95 16.26 11.05 4.47 2.18 1.531 9.76 3.60 6.76 1.49 6.02 2.92 1.51 2.99 4.14 3.69 9.511 7.72 M1997 15.76 2.80 7.93 6.29 9.601 4.65 15.40 17.34 12.99 9.49 5.28 3.961 10.32| 4.15 7.30 4.50 10.72 4.34 7.05 5.31 7.70 6.94 10.40 5.54 J1998 11.06 1.43 4.36 2.85 1.631 1.78 12.75 11.26 7.60 3.841 1.82 1.381 6.501 4.05 4.20 1.60 3.94 1.77 2.41 7.68 4.39 3.49 9.00 3.65 1M1998 16.17 3.03 6.76 5.81 5.42 3.701 15.451 14.52 8.56 5.40 6.571 4.86 10471 6.90 7.69 5.00 9.54 3.98 7.84 8.13 6.72 5.52 9.19 7.63 1J1999 11.41 1.00. 5.21 5.00 1.83 1.88 12.00 10.40 5.06 2.39 2.01 1.35 2.32 0.78 3.46 2.30 4.824 2.29- 2.55 4.96 4.48 3.86 6.42 5.29 1M1999I 10.90 0.35 7.00 5.67 5.98 3.741 12.65 14.06 7.42 5.53 4.78 3.35 6.60 3.80 5.80 4.30 9.62 5.94 6.84 7.73 6.90 5.68 7.06 6.53 2000 12.19 1.17 5.60 5.74 2.17 1.80 14.10 12.46 7.96 4.15 1.85 1.02 2.81 1.25 4.67 2.40 4.99 2.70 4.46 9.77 4.55 4.05 6.79 5.99 |M2000 | 10.73 2.53 8.76 7.57 6.47 5.47 18.10 11.40 10.65 6.73 4.98 3.86 5.87 3.10 7.75 3.43 11.08| 6.67 8.35 13.30 7.19 6.01 7.94 7.12 J2001 13.29 1.12 6.28 5.00 2.60 2.40 17.75 14.04 8.86 5.77 1.95 1.07 5.76 2.80 6.31 0.891 8.37 7.04 5.19 8.08 5.57 4.27 5.19 5.05 IM2001 I 15.47 3.201 7.951 7.17I 7.181 .0 18.90I 1.37I 9.661 5.821 5.10I 4.041 7.821 3.001 7.441 1.471 11.80I 9.721 8.761 13.80I 8.091 6.981 8.161 7.081 2002- I9l ' : ____ 6? rirl 941 1 h42 tiJ °' 21- 1 1 - r16 1331 4 5 45 4 5 6h3 4 9,1 7. |M2002 30.601 3.901 8.381 7.561 6.601 4.571 19.901 17.17 10.58| 7.701 4.91 4.071 10531 460 8.981 6.581 11.351 8.591 10.15 13.94 9.25 8.49 8.60 6.49

Annex -5.3 Page 1 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

Annex 5.4

Hydrograph of Palaya Napalayam (1300IU) MINJUR BLOCK-TIRUVALLUR-DISTRICT -.aerI-1- .. v%L | SenelOcEl

(2) -

Time Index

Hydrograph of Pakkam (13024) THIRUVALLUR BLOCK,THIRUVALLUR-DISTRICT

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(01- cC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0,001-L Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Moff MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

Hydrograph of UnJalur (63216) Modakurichi Block , Erode Diet. -Water Levell - Trend -VV -SeriestO

(2)

C4)-

Time Index

Hydrograph of Maladi (63224) Chennimalal Block, Erode Diet. -Water L.-,elj- Tred - VI- -Series-t

C2)-

C3)-

C4)

Ci 0)

Time Index

Hydrograph of Natchipalayam (636156) Madukkrai Block , Coimbatore Diet. - e Le ad11-Tred -V -Series-t

(2)---

C12)- C4)-

C-t4) _____ - ~ ~~~~vt, .- I T d v -I- ri.o

(3) - ~ .- 5

S(4 - r999 99 r99 99 999

Time Index

Hyrgaho elenmat 686

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u 1~~~~~~~~00L-CU- C-I 0 0-DI ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V-OL 9 IO cL E~~~~190 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNIRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

Hydrograph of KallyappaLgoundanur (73071) Thanthoni Block , Karur Dist. -WVater Le..ell- Tren-d -VVL I -Serles10

(1) (2) (3) (4) .

(7) (9).

3: 11)0-- (12) . -- . (13)_

(14)

Time Index .':*-..- X[',...,!,J,'r_v-:.2 . f. ;., -...

Hydrograph of Velayudampalayam (73086) Krishnarayapuram Block, Karur Dist. -WVetsr La e.i -T-- SeieO,

(2)

(6'') = - , , , = , ,,,, ) . : , .

=* (12) : ...... , .

(1 1 ) . L.-.I

4 4 4 $ 4 -^E4 4 4$ 4 4 444E44w 4 i 4 4$ 4 4 4_4 4 44 $ § Time Index

Hydrogaraph of Mandaiyur (731 12) Viralimalai Block , Pudukottai D>iet (0) -WVater Leveff -T rend - VVL! -Serleslo

(2):

-e(4

(7)-

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Time Index s vmas;r4fl *%fr. Ct!:it-~:->tr. 5'-'.-'

Hydrograph of Pudukkottai (73142) Pudukkottai Block, Pudukkottai Dist. -Water Le eII- Trend -VVL I - i aS

.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- a . . .

(2)

88 8? ~48 8 ~

Time Index AnexS g0S eSir. lT-5t4E -P i. 7 gse 9

Annex-5.4 Page 9 Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

Hydrograph of Jayamkonda Cholapuram (43027) Jayamkondam Block, Perambalur Diet. -Water LevII- Trend -Vv,- I-s.riesi 0

(36

(6)

(7)

O n ' ~~~ A -Z ~~~~~== = E = S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . . . . Time Index

Hydrograph of Tiruppayyarnattam (73016) Perambalur Block , Perambalur Diet. -vWater Levell1 -Tr-d -v9L j- S-rles 0

(2)--

(6)

73 (7)

(9)V -

Time Index

Hydrograph of Elumalal (83009) Sedapatti Block , Madural Diet. -Wavter L-11 - Trend vLI -1seri.e1to

(4)-

(1 ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ . I -d -- -I--.i- - - --8- 8------

-W2aterF Leel- Trn - - I eret (0-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?c 7

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Aner-54Pae1 Z CD

CD WaterLevel (mboD WaterLevel (mbgl)WaeLe mblWtrLvl(mg /M (31~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/

01-02 2 la1C~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 01-03-00~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Go: c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ oi~~~~~.02-00-- 01-02-00- =3 01-0 00 U,~~~~~~~~01030 01-0.0 J310.0I 01-05-00- 01-03-00- 01-03-00- CD 01.01.00 - 01-07-00- 01-074-00 01-07-00-C 01-00-00 01-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I-0000 01-00a oi-00-00- 01-00-00 01~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o-00-0q 01-00i-00 0-00 * 01-10-00. 011-0: 110 0-0 01-11-00 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~01-01-00-01-11-00- 01-11-00- r 01-12-00-0-20 0-20 120 01-01-01 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~01-08-01-01-01-01- 01-01-01- 'C 01-02-01 00. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~01-02-01-I - 10201 *c-

01-03-01 -, ft~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1-0-0010 0f1-03-01 0 CD 01-11-00- 0-0-0 i I c7l01-0 01-04-01 01-04-0~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~01-1-04-0101-1004-0 ) 01-05-01 01-05-01 -1-25001 90 O~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~01 U1 12-050i. - 01-07-01 -~~~~~~~~~~~~<,01-07-101-0101 - 0 01-07 7T-' C JH a Zioo Cu, ;.0-00 e C ~01-02-1 W 01-02-01- MI..0 ~0. 01 -o i - 70 Ism Oi03-0 -1100 a 01-11 C 01:0-10l0 01r401 Gi04-01-3 0~~~~~~~~~~~: -I C 01-01-0 la -0. 01-0k-02 0iu0 01-01-01 ' = 01-06-02100-J ,c 010-2 o - 01-03-02 ~~~~~~~~~~~~( 0 01-03-02 01-06-01 -- 10

01-&070 010 000 01-07-02 - 01-07-02 ~~~~~~~~~~~~C 01-07-02 0 01-0-1%'0-70

01-00.0-( < 1 0-0 0100 2 01-G -0 01-11-02 21-11-02~~~~~~~03is01-11-02. PI0111 CD 01-12-02 01-1-024 N 011202 01-02 0) 01~~~~~~~ tD0,80t-0 011.02-3 01-0203 ( . 0 014-030 01030 /o10-0 01-04-03 . i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1:1i 0 -I.I 3-0 CD 01-05-0~~01-1-05-03 -J 01-05-03. 01-1205-0 / 01-02-02 - 01-.02-0 f] 01-00-03 3 01-0202) 9 CD 1 '1 101- 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~O32

01-0732 01-06-032-.7 01-07-032 C CD ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~WaterLevel(mbgl) WaterLevel (mbgQ WaterLevel (mbgl) WaterLevel (mbgl)

01-02-00- ...... ~~~~~~~~~ 01-02-00-~~~~~~~~~~~~O1-0%00 -u 01-03-00- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~01-04-0-030 oi-oo-oo 01 00 ~~~~~~~~~~ 01-04-00-~~~~01-04-00- 01-02-00 wwoo.-on] I~~~~~~~~~~010400 01-04-00 0 0 01-0700 3-11 01-00-00 al~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0-06-00n 01-0-00.. 0 - 01-07a-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~010-n0 at ... . . 000000 . . ~~~~~~~~~~~01-0700- 01a0-nor 01-00-00 . . . ~~~~~~~~0108-0-01-090.0001-00-00 ni-on-rn- 01-09-00- 01-10-00 ,0 CD1-0 01-10.00 ~~~~~~~~~ ~~. ~~~.01-11-00 ~~~~01-10-00 01-11-00- 0) ni-u-no - ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~01-11-rn-. 0-200I4 01.121.00. N. 01-12-00- . E 011-01 00-1-1- -0-10 ~~o01-01-01 I 'C ~~~~~~~~~~~~0. . 010O-02-01 9 0101,00 0 01-02-1 0 10-0101.5 01-03-01- 0 10-0 01-02.01DIC ,. 0104-01~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-n 00 pO. c~~~~~~~~~0-0-0 DI -0.1-01 -:5q 0-0300 1 < uo 0104-1D 01-05-01C 4 0~~~~~~~~~'101-02-01. . c oLlC 01-06.01- P ! 01-la1f 01-04-00101- 1-04-01 ~~~~~~~~~~~~+ 1 01-03-01 01-04-01- CD- ~01-04-01-/ 0) I .3 07 -07-01 ~~~~~~~~~~~~W0 ~~~~~~01-07-ni- ~, *-0%1-0O0-i RO CD 03 ~~~r C - i01-00-01 : 1--001.ii0 2: 5ji 7-/Oii a a -1 OtiOi 1 '~~~~~~~~~~~I~ ~~~ - oW~0 w0m0000011-0' 90 L 01-07-Oi Oi~C.07-01-oiA C 011201oi - ) * 011-0 Oi-06-oi - C000 01-09-01-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ~~I~ 01 ta ~al ~ ~ C -PI 01-01-01 CD/ 01-09-02- 0 % 1 4 1.0-02j 01.1001-0 /ii-i 10-2' ~10 7 0103 01-04-02 01-03-02 - 01040 / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. 01-040'~~~~~0-i-O M ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~01 x 01-12-01- A x ~~~~~~~~~~~~~01-00-01 100 01-02-02 Oi ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~03-0702/ 01-07-02 . . . /~~~~~~~~~~~~~1.4.2-r 01-00-00 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~01-03-02-.o-o- -01-0402-0 I-;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~01-lOu0- 01-10-02- 01 -10 6-00" 011002 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~01-106-02-1-0702

01-11-02. 0-0i-i02- \ .01-19-02- 01-11-02. 01-12-02 01091i 0140..04000 Oi-ii-02. .11.11O?. ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1-2-201-12-02- 01.1202-N ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~01-01-03 01-02-03 01-01-03o "-03 O0-01-03 -~ 01-01-033 01-02-03 01 20-01-03-03 01-03-3 Ci01-03-0 01-03-03- 014-03- 61-04-03> 01-04-03 - 01-04-03] 01-05-03 1/0I-05,0 O C C 01-05-00- C100I~0-003i~O

01-06-03 - . .i jh04 0) ) N) a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E > x 0 Z CD Water Leyd (mbgQ 3 la 01-02-00- WaterLevel (mbgl) Iz --q Co WaterLevel (mbgQ 01-02-00- 0 ul-04-uu. WaterLevd (mbgl) . . 1 3 9 z CQ M o- ...... 2 la 2 2 - - 0 ------C/) GI-66-00- 01-04-00- 01-03-00. 01-02a- - 01-07-00. 01-05-00- Cl) CD 01-06-00- 01-06-0001-04-00- 01-09-00-- 01-05-00- 01-04-00- Oi-07-00- 01-06-00 Di-io-oo 01-O&00- 01-07-00 01-05-00- 01-11-00. 01-M-00- 01-12-00- 0140-00- 01-07-00- 01-01431- 01-08-00- 01-09-000141-00- 0140-00- 01-01-01- r 01-09-00. CL 01-02.0i.01-03-Oi -- 01-12-00- 01-12-00- 01-01-01-0141-00 01 4ql - 01-02-01- ID ol 01.04-Oi :3 01-04-01. - 01-01-01. 01-02-Oi- 01-0601- 0 0 01-07-01- ;gO'D0 oi-ow01-05-01- C 0 01M-01 - 01-03-Oi - F 03 3' < 3 .070, I 01-0Q . 3 a] o 01-07-01- 'r ME a-1 01-04-01- Is 0. CD oi-moi - 01-05-01- r oi-og-ol 1 - 3 oia-01. DI.08-01 -- 0 ciz-oi 7 310-n 0 01-06-01-01-07-01- -1 3- 0.0 0140-01- 0) 0140-M- -n -ft CD ;7 r. 01-11-oi- 0 01-07-01- oi-iw - !7 o 3 01-01-02. .0 C' 01-09-01-oi-08-01 - X' c 0) oia-01.01-10-01. e, 0 (D 3 (4 01-01-02, 01-02-02- 0 - :, M '3 01-03-02.01-02-02- I 01-12-01-Oi-io01 - e.(D 0 01.1I-011 - 0146-02. K 01-01 -0? - I Al(L 01-04-02...... CL0) 01-01-02- 'T . 14 01-05-02-01-04-02-- 01-03-02 01-07-02.01-06-0" 01-04-02- 14 01-03-02 K) N) 01-08-02- Gi-07-02101-06-02- (4 01-05-02.01-02M2- 11-05-02-01-06-02- 01-10-02- MV-022- - Di.01-ffi-02- 01-07-02- 01-11-02- 01-08-02- 01-12-02- 01.0: A-Q, 09-02- Ch-0243'- -Of-M-03- 01-02-03- 01-10-02- 01-02-03. 01-0103 01-043- 0142-02 01-01-03 01-04-03. 01-02-03 01-03-03. CD 01-07-03-L- 0 01-04-03 0 0 01-07-03N I 01-06-03- 0 01-05a 0 I i OF.n'

01-09 :3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ZCD 029 x(D WOM WaterLevel (mbgQ WaterLevel (mb gQ WaterLevel (mbgl) WaterLevel (mbgQ s - - -. ) DA CNJ-S WJ ------NJ,- c ~~~~~~~~N

PDJ 01.02.001 01 003 01-0-001 0,.nl1 01-03-001-3-0 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~01030 00~~~~~D-300 01.0344 01-03-00-1 (D 01-Dw. - "~~~~~~~~~~I 01-04-00 0-04.004 /1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~01-04-00-01-04-00- 0 01"0-0 01-05-00- 01-05-00' 01-05-00 01.0-00 100 01-06-00 01-06-00- 01-07-00-0 01-07-00 01-07-00- 01-07M-0 010 _ 00-00-0 01-00-00- 00-08-00- 01-09-00 0101-00O 01 ~ 1FA_~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~-~010-0>010-00910-0 00-10-00 C 01-140-0- 00-10-00 - 01.10-00 00142-00 00-1240 2-00-0-A0 01-12-00rc~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 . 01-01-00 0 01-01-01 - 00-1 00-02-01 71 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~01-01-0?--L0-0-0 CC -p0 MM- '

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01-07-03 ______01-07-03 -~~ 00 -03.a ' - 000-07-03 Sector Environnmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board

Status of Total Sanitation Campaiqn Name of the IHHLS 'ichool toilets district Target as per Performance Target as per Peiformance TSC TSC Coimbatore 83520 42626 591 589 Cuddalore 86000 37120 1055 1000 Dharmapuri 134000 14894 1081 381 Dindigul 45000 0 1000 0 Erode 91820 63267 1187 528 Kanchipuram 100000 5200 795 266 Kanyakumari 38800 27038 250 271 Karur 55727 4512 431 408 Madurai 25000 8392 405 156 Nagapattinam 86000 0 1436 0 Namakkal 62000 0 1000 0 Nilgiris 20000 0 750 0 Perambalur 78600 63644 676 588 Pudukkottai 126000 5100 600 30 Ramanathapuram 80000 13381 637 231 Salem 112000 0 975 0 Sivagangai 63000 0 865 0 Thanjavur 50000 0 24:2 0 Theni 37788 1415 250 71 Thiruvannamalai 103529 0 1925 0 Thiruvellore 90000 0 1383 0 Tirunelveli 58000 3605 1300 32 Tiruvarur 77000 0 1803 0 Trichy 30000 13050 256 80 Tuticorin 27800 0 1100 0 Vellore 125000 129917 2707 802 Villupuram 153808 0 1339 0 Virudhunagar 79744 42966 465 465 Total 2120136 476127 26504 5898 Source: Directorate of Rural Development

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Action plan for Total Sanitation Campaign

Name of the Individual Women School Anganwadis I RSM I PCs district household complex latrines balwadi latrines toilets Coimbatore 40894 0 2 412 0 Cuddalore 48880 16 55 436 10 Dharmapuri 65820 0 700 856 10 Dindigul 15000 5 500 700 7 Erode 28553 23 659 0 1 Kanchipuram 31889 75 529 417 9 Kanyakumari 11762 2 0 148 1 Karur 18576 48 23 50 0 Madurai 8334 0 249 177 7 Nagapattinam 28000 30 798 290 4 Namakkal 20000 15 500 2000 7 Nilgiris 8000 15 412 110 2 Perambalur 14956 13 88 156 3 Pudukkottai 41873 8 570 418 9 Ramanathapuram 25294 215 326 326 5 Salem 35000 50 500 480 10 Sivagangai 21000 50 435 250 6 Thanjavur 17000 13 150 400 8 Theni 12556 2 164 164 7 Thiruvannamalai 41000 30 1058 572 6 Thiruvellore 36000 21 761 721 5

Tirunelveli 19317 10 433 1053 ___ 19 Tiruvarur 30800 30 991 285 4 Trichy 12361 0 176 326 0 Tuticorin 9000 50 550 250 4 Vellore 0 18 1000 1119 0 Villupuram 61000 30 736 550 7 Virudhunagar 36778 0 0 0 10 Total 739643 769 12365 12666 161 Source: Directorate of Rural Development

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No of cases due to various diseases in Tamil Nadu

Year No. of Cases affected Malaria Polio VPD VPD Diphtheria 1991 57403 812 NA NA 11 1992 52298 420 NA NA 12 1993 42908 204 NA NA 6 1994 39736 216 NA NA 1 1995 40739 130 3080 8 6 1996 27249 25 1885 3 1 1997 23429 92 2418 9 4 1998 16023 91 730 3 2 1999 12141 7 1841 16 0 2000 7574 0 820 1 2 2001 5189 0 258 0 1 Source: Directorate of Public Health, Tamil Nadu

Death by Causes in Tamil Nadu

Si. No Cause 1999 No. of Death Rate 1 2 3 4 1 Cholera 65 0.02 2 Dysentery 2305 0.62 3 Malaria 4 Typhoid 451 0.12 5 Other Fever 22899 6.20 6 Tuberculosis (T.B) 14763 4.00 7 Other Respiratory 19001 5.1 Infection 8 Accidents and Injuries 10717 2.90 9 Heart Diseases 92976 25.19 10 Other Specified Diseases 11 All other Causes 205888 55.85 Total 369065 100.00 Source: Statistical Handbook of Tamil Nadu, 2002

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District-wise ADD cases and deaths from 1999 to 2003 in Tamil Nadu

S.No DISTRICT 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Dis 1. Chennai 2997 0 2277 0 3217 3 4895 0 2399 C0 2. Coimbatore 1995 1 3317 2 1881 0 1871 0 1594 0' 3. Cuddalore 4733 4 5359 17 3724 12 3862 11 3176 5 4. Dharmapuri 2258 24 1386 10 1876 31 1433 17 1797 7 5. Dindigul 1339 8 1237 6 1770 0 4022 8 3071 3 6. Erode 1703 1 1659 0 1706 0 2619 3 1905 1 7. Kanchipuram 9862 9 8009 5 7033 2 3773 7 4452 1 8. Kanyakumari 229 2 150 2 97 0 78 0 3 0 9. Karur 375 4 343 1 247 0 381 0 322 0 10. Madurai 4393 3 5271 0 5673 3 7403 8 5476 0 11. Nagapattinam 2010 50 1432 22 500 12 189 14 399 6 12. Namakkal 1457 11 1217 13 1367 5 157Q 3 889 1 13. Nilgiris 230 0 235 0 219 0 332 0 7 2 14. Perambalur 356 3 288 4 263 6 476 15 56 1 15. Pudukkottai 1589 2 1775 0 660 0 1064 1 1711 1 16. Ramanathapuram 954 25 427 11 1152 6 1826 16 723 1 17. Salem 86 0 25 1 169 5 172 5 464 1 18. Sivagangai 621 3 922 2 1308 3 1249 4 545 0 19. Thanjavur 722 1 194 5 185 1 1209 9 232 2 20. Theni 3428 18 3923 11 3185 2 2154 2 3065 1 21. Thiruvannamalai 8891 15 5733 3 7441 2 8909 7 8167 1 22. Thiruvellore 2813 1 2472 1 1966 13 212$ 12 4038 7' 23. Tirunelveli 1944 0 1337 4 2120 1 3410 3 2463 3 24. Tiruvarur 1323 19 905 23 481 2 1050 2 1265 1 25. Trichy 571 3 399 10 267 3 760 7 771 4 26. Tuticorin 1169 2 1410 4 1071 3 1797 6 1308 0 27. Vellore 9675 20 7706 26 6014 23 5781 20 5884 16 28. Villupuram 3940 33 2498 8 1601 8 2620 7 2121 0 29. VirudhLinagar 2920 4 2224 4 2318 13 2861 12 1168 1

_ Total 74583 266 64130 195 59511 159 69889 199 59471 66, Cs: Cases Ds: Deaths Source: Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, GoTN

The incidence of ADD cases has a direct bearing on the quality of water and the personal hygiene status of individuals handling water and food. It is seen from the above table that there has been high incidence of ADD cases in Kanchipuram, Vellore, Thiruvannamalai, Theni and Dindigul. However, the incidence of ADD cases as well as deaths do not follow any definite trend during the past 5 years excepting that the cases are consistently occurring year after year.

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District-wise cholera cases and deaths from 1999 to 2003 in TamilNaduL S.No District 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds Cs Ds 1 Chennai 1501 0 1096 0 923 0 1175 0 283 0 2 Coimbatore 0 0 20 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 Cuddalore 6 0 6 0 7 0 4 0 1 0 4 Dharmapuri 14 0 4 0 12 0 18 2 30 1 5 Dindigul 15 1 6 0 2 0 12 1 1 0 6 Erode 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 Kanchipuram 20 0 8 0 32 0 37 0 16 0 8 Kanyakumari 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Karur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Madurai 44 0 99 0 53 0 229 0 7 0 11 Nagapattinam 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 Namakkal 10 0 15 0 7 1 15 0 4 0 1 3 Nilgiris 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 Perambalur 0 0 2 0 7 0 17 0 1 0 15 Pudukkottai 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 16 Ramanathapuram 2 0 2 0 9 0 3 0 8 0 17 Salem 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 18 Sivagangai 5 0 11 1 1 0 7 0 1 0 19 Thanjavur 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 20 Theni 12 0 5 0 3 0 6 0 0 0 21 Thiruvannamalai 8 0 11 0 6 0 11 0 3 0 22 Thiruvellore 104 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 22 10 23 Tirunelveli 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 8 0 24 Tiruvarur 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 Trichy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 Tuticorin 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 27 Vellore 37 0 33 0 20 0 13 0 8 0 28 Villupuram 20 0 8 0 15 0 10 0 5 0 29 Virudhunagar 6 0 2 0 6 0 11 0 0 0 Total 1807 1 1328 1 1110 1 1591 3 390 1 Cs: Cases Ds: Deaths Source: Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, GoTN

Reported cases of Malaria in Tamil Nadu SNO TOWN 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1 Aranthangi 146 83 26 33 26 10 2 Chennai corp 40475 38165 31861 23652 27205 22154 3 Cheyyar 102 138 82 84 115 92 4 Coimbatore 21 125 7 10 12 21 5 Cuddalore 137 140 42 34 35 46 6 Dharapuram 14 41 5 C) 8 5 7 Dharmapuri 505 1320 401 263 401 769

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8 Dindigul 398 232 357 110 123 88 9 Erode 662 818 555 285 163 82 10 Kallakurichi 341 261 170 102 130 153 11 Kancheepuram 62 21 9 6 16 10 12 Karur 53 23 4 20 40 26 13 Kovilpatti 140 140 42 42 97 145 14 Krishnagiri 38 57 27 8 40 337 15 Madurai 119 82 31 35 51 58 16 Nagapattinam 406 233 179 95 51 59 17 Nagerkoil 1167 1439 992 587 630 547 18 Namakkal 793 867 446 3118 127 62 19 Palani 12 6 11 2 9 6 20 Paramakudi 279 141 105 68 111 107 21 Perambalur 100 108 57 73 45 51 22 Poonamallee 1373 2222 1605 1457 817 899 23 Pudkottai 54 35 18 17 18 13 24 Ramanathapuram 5180 1319 818 809 958 5435 25 Saidapet 114 143 97 40 54 97 26 Salem 1583 1581 1527 1189 497 353 27 Sankarankoil 120 80 46 28 35 39 28 Sivakasi 163 215 24 () 21 4 29 Sivangagai 146 102 46 38 52 54 30 Thanjavur 80 95 38 18 33 43 31 Theni 14 2 6 4 32 Thirunelveli 98 126 622 31 91 65 33 Thiruppattur 292 178 118 161 181 110 34 Thiruppur 6 1 4 7 15 0 35 Thiruvallore 214 364 115 32 16 26 36 Thiruvannamalai 964 818 459 236 311 525 37 Thiruvarur 107 74 62 35 39 30 38 Trichy 71 378 70 33 20 48 39 Tutivorin 5560 2998 1313 1079 1029 1002 40 Udhgamandalam 9 15 6 6 18 27 41 Vellore 1068 833 489 378 673 290 42 Villupuram 687 343 168 125 197 189 43 Virudunagar 42 6 3 31 7 6 State total 63915 56366 43043 31551 34523 34089 Source: Directorateof Public Health and Preventive Medicine, GoTN

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Annex - 5.9 GDI is important for comparing the stages of gender development and to assess the extent of gender equality. In this area, Tamil Nadu's achievement is better than the attainment of the country as a whole, while within the State there is a symbiotic correlation between human development and gender development indices. This reinforces the view that human development is not an end in itself; rather it is necessary to create an overall improvement in the condition of the people.

Employment, Income and Poverty Employment: The working population of Tamil Nadu, 24.2 million in 1991, had increased to 27.8 million in 2001.However, statistics reveal that the proportion of workers to the total population had actually declined during the 40-year period of 1961-2001 from 45.7 percent to 44.8 percent, though there was an upward trend between 1981 and 2001,from 41.7 percent to 44.8 percent. What is disturbing is that the number of marginal workers increased from 1.4 million in 1991 to 4.1 million in 2001.This implies that the increase in the worker participation rate (WPR) was the result of an increasing number of marginal workers rather than main workers. The Ihigher rate of worker participation in the rural areas, as compared to the urban areas, has been a disquieting trend, though the urban WPR accelerated at a faster rate when compared to the rural WPR during the period 1981-2001.A positive feature was that female WPRs, in both rural and urban areas, increased at a faster rate than male WPRs with the result that total female workers increased from 31.4 percent in 1981 to 34.7 percent in 1991. In sectoral terms, the primary sector is the major provider of emiployment. Though the proportion of main workers in this sector decreased from more than 60 percent in 1961 to about 50 percent in 1999-2000, it is still the largest contributor to employment. In 1999-2000 the secondary sector accounted for 23.6 percent while the tertiary sector accounted for 26.1 percent of employment. Agriculture continues to be the primary source of bulk employment, though this is not reflected in the income generated from the sector. Agricultural income declined over the period 1993-4 to 1999-2000 from 24.82 percent to 18.16 percent, whereas the slhare of income from the secondary and tertiary sectors improved in the same period. In per capita terms, this means that the average output per worker in the primary sector increased only marginally compared to the other sectors.

Income and Poverty: In 1996-7 the per capita income of Tamil Nadu was Rs.15,929 as compared to the all India per capita income of Rs.1 1,554.This placed Tamil Nadu fifth out of the 15 major States. (Maharashtra ranked first with Rs.19,098 followed by Punjab, Haryana and Gujarat all with per capita incomes over Rs.15000). However, an analysis of the situation within the State revealed wide differentials where Kanchipuram had a per capita income of Rs.23075, three times more than Villupuram, which was among the

Annex - 5.9 Page 1 Sector Environnmental Analysis and Management Framework Dalal Mott MacDonald TNRWSSP - SWAp TWAD Board lowest in the State. It would be generally expected that a district with high per capita income should also have better education and health standards. But a closer examination of the data available shows that this does not always hold true. While Chennai with a high per capita income has a high level of literacy, districts like Salem and Erode which have relatively high-income levels have quite low literacy levels. The same situation can be found in the area of health. Poverty levels, relatively static at well above the 50 percent levell during the 1970s and 80s witnessed a dramatic decrease since then. From 45.80 percent in 1987-88 it declined to 32.48 percent in 1993-4 and further to 21.12 perc:ent in 1999-2000.The estimated number of people living below the poverty line in 1999-.2000 was 13.05 million of which 8.05 million were in the rural areas and 5 million in the urban areas. Poverty levels declined from about 32 percent to 20 percent in the rural areas, while the decline in the urban areas was from about 39.77 percent to 22.11 percent making the two levels of poverty almost equal. Region wise estimates show that poverty levels have been especially high in Chennai at 44.23 percent, while the Coastal region shows 21.09 percent living below the poverty line. Among the social groups also it was found that greater poverty levels exist among the Schedule Castes and Tribes, where 56.30 percent of urban households and 33.38 percent of rural households live below the poverty line.

Table 4.1: Districts according to level of poverty

Poverty Ratio Range No. of Districts Names of Districts

High Poverty 6 Cuddalore, Thiruvannamalai, Dindigul, Tuticorin, (above 40 percent) Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari.

Moderate poverty 5 Chennai, Vellore, Salem, Thanjavur and Madurai (30-40 percent) ______Kanchipuram, Dharmapuri, Nilgiris, Trichy, Low poverty 11 Pudukkottai, Sivagangai, C'oimbatore, (below 30 percent) Virudhunagar, Ramanathapuram, Nagapattinam and Erode

Demography, Health and Nutrition In Tamil Nadu, an analysis of the decennial growth of population in the State from 1901 to 2001 shows a population growth of over three times. After 19Il, the population grew sharply but since 1970 birth rates have fallen significantly. From the 1980s, both birth and death rates have shown a sustained decline. Between 1971 and 2000 the State's Crude Birth Rate (CBR) declined 39 percent from 31.4 to 9.3 per 1000, more than the national rate of 30 percent. Birth rates declined rapidly since 1980 and in 10 years reached about 20.3, but since 1993 there has been a le velirig off of the natural growth rate of population in the State. The decline in death rates was not so

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impressive and came down to 7.9 per 1000 in 2000 from 14.4 in 1971.1n recent times the gap in the rural-urban divide has been narrowing with the rural birth rate at 21 as compared to 19 for urban while the rural death rate stood at 8.8, compared to 6.6 for urban. Tamil Nadu's sex ratio has improved from 974 to 986 in the period 1991-2001 and it is much higher than the national average. The adverse ratio is, nevertheless, a matter of concern. Rural sex ratios are higher than urban ones all over India and Tamil Nadu is no different. According to SRS, life expectancy at birth for Tamil Nadu for 1996-2001 was 65.2 years for males and 67.6 for females. It is significant that in all districts female LEB exceeded male LEB and in 10 of the 29 districts female LEB was over 70 years.

Literacy and Education While the overall literacy rate had gone up from 62.7 percent in 1991 to 73.47 in 2001, male literacy level grew even more from 73.75 percent to 82.33 percent in the same period. Equally encouraging was the growth in the literacy rate for females, which went up from 51.33 percent in 1991 to 64.55 percent in 2001.The ratio of male literacy to female literacy also came down from 1.4 in 1991 to 1.27 in 2001, indicating a narrowing of the gender inequality ratio in the State. Despite this, wide disparity exists in the districts where gender and social groupings appear to make a difference. This gender discrimination, evident in almost all districts and the low level of rural literacy rates need careful analysis and appropriate strategies.

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